Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is OP-AMP ?

An Operational Amplifier, or op-amp for short, is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device

designed to be used with external feedback components such as resistors and capacitors between
its output and input terminals. These feedback components determine the resulting function or
“operation” of the amplifier and by virtue of the different feedback configurations whether
resistive, capacitive or both, the amplifier can perform a variety of different operations, giving
rise to its name of “Operational Amplifier”.

An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device which consists of two high

impedance inputs. One of the inputs is called the Inverting Input, marked with a negative or
“minus” sign, ( – ). The other input is called the Non-inverting Input, marked with a positive or
“plus” sign ( + ).

A third terminal represents the operational amplifiers output port which can both sink and source
either a voltage or a current. In a linear operational amplifier, the output signal is the
amplification factor, known as the amplifiers gain ( A ) multiplied by the value of the input signal
and depending on the nature of these input and output signals, there can be four different
classifications of operational amplifier gain.

Fig 1 . Op-amp

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Chapter 2: Basic Theory

2.1 What is an Ideal OP Amp?

An operational amplifier (OP Amp) is a direct current coupled voltage amplifier. That is, it
increases the input voltage that passes through it. The input resistance of an OP amp should be
high whereas the output resistance should be low. An OP amp should also have very high open
loop gain. In an ideal OP amp, the input resistance and open loop gain is infinity whereas the
output resistance is zero.

An ideal OP amp has have following characteristics ---------

Characteristic Value

Open Loop Gain (A) ∝

Input Resistance ∝

Output Resistance 0

Bandwith of Operation ∝

Offset Voltage 0

2.2 Operational Amplifier General Conditions

• The Operational Amplifier, or Op-amp as it is most commonly called, can be an
ideal amplifier with infinite Gain and Bandwidth when used in the Open-loop mode
with typical DC gains of well over 100,000 or 100dB.
• The basic Op-amp construction is of a 3-terminal device, with 2-inputs and 1-output,
(excluding power connections).

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 • An Operational Amplifier operates from either a dual positive ( +V ) and an
corresponding negative ( -V ) supply, or they can operate from a single DC supply
voltage.
• The two main laws associated with the operational amplifier are that it has an infinite
input impedance, ( Z = ∞ ) resulting in “No current flowing into either of its two
inputs” and zero input offset voltage V1 = V2.
• An operational amplifier also has zero output impedance, ( Z = 0 ).
• Op-amps sense the difference between the voltage signals applied to their two input
terminals and then multiply it by some pre-determined Gain, ( A ).
• This Gain, ( A ) is often referred to as the amplifiers “Open-loop Gain”.
• Closing the open loop by connecting a resistive or reactive component between the
output and one input terminal of the op-amp greatly reduces and controls this open-
loop gain.
• Op-amps can be connected into two basic configurations, Inverting and Non-
inverting.

2.3 Operational Amplifier Gain

Fig 2. Gain of an Op-amp

 The Open-loop gain called the Gain Bandwidth Product, or (GBP) can be very high
and is a measure of how good an amplifier is.
 Very high GBP makes an operational amplifier circuit unstable as a micro volt input
signal causes the output voltage to swing into saturation.
 By the use of a suitable feedback resistor, ( Rƒ ) the overall gain of the amplifier can
be accurately controlled.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,BPIT

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Chapter 3: Hardware Implementation
3.1 Block diagram:

Fig 3. Block diagram of an Op-amp

3.2 Description of Block Diagram :

 Input Stage − The input stage is the dual input, balanced output differential amplifier. This
stage provides most of the voltage gain and introduces the input resistance of operational
amplifier.
 Intermediate Stage − This stage is dual input, unbalanced output differential amplifier,
which is driven by the output of first stage.
 Level Shifting Stage − Since direct coupling is used, therefore the DC voltage at the output
of intermediate stage is above the ground potential. Hence, the level shifting transistor
circuit is used after intermediate stage to shift the DC level at intermediate stage output
downward to zero volts with respect to ground.
 Output Stage − The output stage is a push-pull complementary amplifier. The output stage
increases the output voltage. The output stage also provides low output resistance.

3.3 Application of Op-amp :

 VOLTAGE FOLLOWER : A voltage follower (also known as a buffer amplifier,

unity-gain amplifier, or isolation amplifier) is an op-amp circuit whose output voltage is
equal to the input voltage (it “follows” the input voltage). Hence a voltage follower op-amp
does not amplify the input signal and has a voltage gain of 1.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,BPIT

IV
 Fig 4. Voltage follower

 INVERTING AMPLIFIER : An inverting amplifier takes the input through its

inverting terminal through a resistor 𝑅1, and produces its amplified version as the output.
This amplifier not only amplifies the input but also inverts it (changes its sign).

Fig 5. Inverting Amplifier

 NON - INVERTING AMPLIFIER : A non-inverting amplifier takes the input

through its non-inverting terminal, and produces its amplified version as the output. As the
name suggests, this amplifier just amplifies the input, without inverting or changing the
sign of the output.

Fig 6. Non Inverting Amplifier

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,BPIT

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  DIFFERNTIATOR : An op-amp based differentiator produces an output, which is
equal to the differential of input voltage that is applied to its inverting terminal.

Fig 7. Differentiator

 INTEGRATOR : An op-amp based integrator produces an output, which is an integral

of the input voltage applied to its inverting terminal.

Fig 8. Integrator

3.4 CIRCUIT COMPONENTS :

For OP-AMP application Trainer Kit

 Op amp IC IC 741
 Resistor 10k ohm (6)
 Variable resistor 10k ohm (2)
 Capacitor 1 uF (3)
 Switch
 Connector
1. Op amp IC (741) : An op amp ic is dual inline ic.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,BPIT

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 Fig 9. Op-amp IC-741
2. RESISTOR : A passive electrical component with two terminals that are used for
either limiting or regulating the flow of electric current in electrical circuits.

Fig 10. Resistor

3. CAPACITOR : Capacitors mainly exist to store an electric charge or energy. The

capacitor is composed of two conducting parallel plates separated by a dielectric medium,
which by design is a poor conductor of electricity

Fig 11. Capacitor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,BPIT

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CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION

4.1 Advantages:-

Op-amps are made of transistors. The advantages of using op-amps as gain blocks instead of
simpler transistor circuits is usually simpler design made with fewer mounted parts (even though
the total device count is higher, considering the complexity inside the op-amps) and more ideal
and predictable performance, often at lower supply current. There are exceptions, where
individual transistors are more suited to the desired functions, when higher frequencies, larger
currents, voltages or higher power are involved. Also, if cost is more important than ideal
performance, transistor designs can often beat op- amp ones, even though there are some very
low cost op-amps available.

4.2 Limitations of op-amp:-

The primary limitation of op-amp is that they are not especially fast: The typical performance
degrades rapidly for frequencies greater than about 1 MHz, although some models are designed
specially to handle higher frequencies.

4.3 Application of Project:-

This operational amplifier kit can be used in electronics labs to understand the basic operations
performed by OP-AMP. It is easy to handle and easily under stable by the students who are
willing to understand the basic applications of OP- AMP.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,BPIT

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CHAPTER-5 : REFERENCE

Websites:

 http://www.ti.com/product/LM741
 www.electronics world.com
 www.opamp circuits.com

Books:
 A.N. Gayakwad, op-amp integration
 Jacob Milllman & Halkias, Integrated Electronics
R.S. Sedha, App

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,BPIT

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INSTITUTE VISION
 To establish a leading Global Center of excellence in multidisciplinary education,
training and research in the area of Engineering, Technology and Management.
 To produce technologically competent, morally and emotionally strong and ethically
sound professionals who excel in their chosen field, practice commitment to their
profession and dedicate themselves to the service of mankind.

INSTITUTE’S MISSION
1. To develop world class laboratories and other Infrastructure conducive in acquiring latest
knowledge and expertise.
2. To bridge the knowledge and competency gaps of institute's fresh pass-outs vis-à-vis field
requirements.
3. To strengthen Industry-Institute Interaction and partnership for imbibing corporate culture
amongst our faculty and students.
4. To promote research culture among faculty and students enhancing their academic and
professional confidence needed to face global challenges.
5. To honor commitment towards social and moral values.

ELECTRONIC & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARMENT , BPIT 1

 DEPARTMENT OF ELCTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

VISION:
To emerge as a center of excellence producing globally competent and morally sound
professionals in the field of Electronics & Communication Engineering who will practice
commitment to their profession and dedicate themselves to the service of mankind.

MISSION:
To develop state-of-the-art laboratories providing relevant practical inputs to students. To
provide strong knowledge base to students in the area of Electronics & Communication
Engineering, and to train them as per requirement of industries and research organizations. To
facilitate institute industry interaction to the benefit of stake holders and to motivate teachers
for continuous improvement of their academic standards.

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs):

PEO1:
Graduate will have the fundamental and advance knowledge in Mathematics, Science,
Electronics & Communication Engineering and design methodologies to successfully
accomplish their professional career in industry as an Engineer, theoretically practically, in the
field of Electronics & Communication Engineering, or become an entrepreneur.
PEO 2:
Graduate will have strong fundamental knowledge in specialized areas of Electronics &
Communication Engineering to contribute towards research and developments through paper
publications, projects and pursue higher studies in their specialized fields.
PEO 3:
Graduate shall learn all interpersonal skills and inculcate sense of social responsibilities and
environmental concerns so as to make them good leaders and citizens.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs):
PSO1:
Students will have proficiency in grasping fundamental principles of Electronics &
Communication Engineering and effectively applying them across diverse domains, including

ELECTRONIC & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARMENT , BPIT 2

Semiconductors, Communications, Signal processing, Antennas, Networking, VLSI,
Embedded systems, and becoming adept in the latest tools and methodologies employed in
both research and industry.
PSO2:
Student will foster critical thinking to evaluate engineering issues pertinent to Electronics &
Communication Engineering through the cultivation of profound expertise and skills in the
realms of fundamental sciences, engineering mathematics, and core engineering principles,
enabling the resolution of intricate engineering dilemmas.
PSO3:
Student will be able to acquire the skill to conduct independent research, seek innovative
solutions, and make contributions to the progress of knowledge in specialized areas of
electronics and communication engineering. Adhere to ethical principles in engineering
practice, research, and innovation, while exemplifying a steadfast dedication to integrity, social
responsibility, and sustainable development.

ELECTRONIC & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARMENT , BPIT 3

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. LIST OF FIGURES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- V
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ VI
3. ABSTRACT ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VII
4. Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 What is OP-AMP ? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
5. Chapter 2 : BASIC THORY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
2.1 What is an ideal Op-amp ?----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
2.2 Operational Amplifier General Condition------------------------------------------------------------ 2
2.3 Operational Amplifier Gain ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
6. Chapter 3 : HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION ------------------------------------------------------- 4
3.1 Block Diagram of op-amp --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
3.2 Description of Block Diagram : --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
3.3 Op-amp application :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
3.4 Circuit components :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
7. Chapter 4 : CONCLUSION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
4.1 Advantage of op-amp application -------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
4.2 Limitation of op-amp application -------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
4.3 Application of project ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
8. Chapter 5 : References --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

ELECTRONIC & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARMENT , BPIT 4

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 : OP-AMP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

Figure 2 : Gain of op-amp ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3

Figure 3 : Block diagram of op-amp ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

Figure 4 : Voltage follower ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

Figure 5 : Inverting Amplifier ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

Figure 6 : Non-inverting Amplifier ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

Figure 7 : Differentiator ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

Figure 8 : Integrator ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

Figure 9 : OP-AMP IC-741 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

Figure 10 : Resistor ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7

Figure 11 : Capacitor --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

ELECTRONIC & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARMENT , BPIT 5

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We the students of third year of electronics and communication engineering are really thankful to
our Lecturers team for guiding us so precisely, so we can take the challenge on such ambitious
project. We always thankful to Dr . Rajiv Sharma, Head of Department (Electronics and
Communication Engineering.) for cooperation and trust which they shown in us and for supporting
us in this project, so we can focus on the target.

We are thankful to our Project Guide Ms. Preeti Singh for such a devoted guidance on our project
and showing faith in our project, their instructions are like the guiding light on the path of the
excellence of our graduation period. We also thankful to, Mr. Risheek kumar, for the constantly
working on potential of the students and always telling them what is the right way to solve the
problems, they are our inspiration for solving the problems at the professional level. We are also
really thankful to our mentor , Ms. Usha Sharma and all the faculty members for being shining stars
of our night sky.

ELECTRONIC & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARMENT , BPIT 6

 ABSTRACT

"OP-AMP APPLICATION TRAINER KIT "

Operational amplifier is usually Called Op Amps. An amplifier is a device that accepts a varying
input signal and produces a similar output signal with a larger amplitude.They are the basic
components used to build analog circuits. The name "operational amplifier" comes from the fact
that they were originally used to perform mathematical operations such as integration and
differentiation.We also easily perform its application on bread board trainer and check that our
project will successes or not. So we show on this project the various application of opamp using
bread board trainer.

Applications:

 Inverting amplifier
 Non-inverting amplifier
 Summing amplifier
 Comparator
 Integrator
 Differentiator

ELECTRONIC & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARMENT , BPIT 7

ELECTRONIC & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DEPARMENT , BPIT 8