MBCHB

1.
1 Course Structure
a. Course duration
i) The programme should extend over a period of not less than 6 years;
ii) An academic year could either be divided in semesters or terms;
iii) The first three years will be regarded as pre-clinical years and the
others as clinical years;
iv) The duration of the programme should not be more than 12 years.
b. Units/credit system
The minimum credit hours for a unit course will be equivalent to 15 hours of lecture,
30 hours of tutorial hours and 45 hours for practicals. The programme should not
exceed 40 weeks of teaching per year.
The programme will be weighted 220 units in 6 years. One unit of medical courses
is equivalent to one week of teaching. Teaching should not exceed 40 weeks in a
year. The examination period is expected to cover another 2 weeks.
1.2 Admission Requirements/Criteria

All candidates admitted to the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
(MBChB) degree programme must satisfy the following requirements:
i) K.C.S.E. holders: Minimum university admission requirement is C+.

Additionally, an average of B Plain in the following subjects.
Biology
Chemistry
Physics or Mathematics
English or Kiswahili.
ii) Advanced Level Holders: A minimum of 2 principal passes; in

Biology, Chemistry, and a subsidiary pass in either Mathematics
or Physics.
iii) IB: Grade 5 and above in International Baccalaureate (IB).
iv) Diploma in Medical Sciences - A minimum “O” level Division II

pass or C+ (plus) Mean Grade and credit pass C+ in the cluster
subjects in K.C.S.E., in addition to a three year diploma with a
2 Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Core Curriculum

minimum of a credit pass from a Medical Training Institution
recognized by the Medical Practitioners and Dentists Board.
v) Holders of any degree in Biological Sciences or Equivalent

qualifications from a recognized University.
vi) Holders of other qualifications deemed to be equivalent to (a-e)

mentioned above from institutions recognized by the different
Institutional Senates may also be admitted.
vii) Proficiency in English language.
1.3 Curriculum Design

Every Medical School must have a written curriculum indicating programme
outcomes, curriculum models and mode of delivery employed. The curriculum
should be based on sound learning principles that encourage students to be
responsible for their learning process and prepare them for lifelong, self-directed
learning. It should aim at integrating basic and clinical sciences, reducing the
factual burden (the need of memorization) on students and fostering ability to
participate in the scientific development of medicine.
1.4 Learning/Instructional Methods

Each medical school must define the its instructional methods that encompass
diverse teaching and learning approaches including any of the following:
i) Lectures/Overviews;
ii) Tutorials and Seminars;
iii) Practical classes/ Skills laboratories;
iv) Clinical demonstrations;
v) Clinical Teaching: Includes bedside teaching, ward rounds, ambulatory
care teaching,
vi) operating theatre experiences, emergency and critical care;
vii) Post-mortem demonstrations;
viii) Laboratory practicals;
ix) Fieldwork and community based learning;
x) Self-directed learning; and
xi) eLearning complementary.
Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Core Curriculum 3

1.5 Modes of Assessment
The mode of Assessments should employ both formative and summative methods
with emphasis on clinical aspects that encourage problem solving skills as far as
possible.
a. Continuous assessment (Formative)

i) Log of experiences and procedures done (necessary competencies):
with essential skills to be acquired for each course;
ii) Case reports; Portfolios.
iii) Project reports;
iv) Regular course examinations: written, practicals, clinical (OSCEs,

Short and Long cases), and Vivas;
v) Attitudinal assessment.
b. University End of Year Examinations (Summative)

i) Written: MCQs, SAQs, MEQs, LEQs;
ii) Clinicals: OSCEs, Clinical Short and Long cases;
iii) Practicals;
iv) Viva voce.
c. Examination regulations
i) Certification will be an MBChB Degree.
ii) Distribution of marks will be specified by individual institutions.
However, continuous assessment should cover 30-50% of the final
mark;
iii) The pass mark will be 50%;
iv) It is mandatory to pass clinical examinations in order to proceed into
the next year of study;
v) MBChB Degree is not classified.
Grading
• 75 -100% A (Distinction)
• 65- 74% B (Credit)
• 50 - 64% C (pass)
• 0-49%: F (Fail)

S/No COURSES TITLE UNITS
Pre-Clinical
1. Introduction to Computers 2
2. Human Anatomy 14
3. Medical Biochemistry 12
4. Medical Physiology 12
5. Behavioural and Social Sciences (Anthropology, Sociology and
3
Psychology)
6. Nutrition and Dietetics 2
7. Communication Skills for health workers 3
8. University common courses 15
Total 63
Pathology/ Laboratory Medicine

1. Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology 11
2. General and Systemic Pathology 10
3. Haematology and Blood Transfusion 3
4. Clinical Chemistry 3
Total 27
Population Health, Health Systems and Research

l. Biostatistics and Demography 3
2. Epidemiology 3
3. Environmental Health 2
4. Occupational Health and Safety 2
5. Leadership, Management and Governance in Health systems 3
6. Entrepreneurship 2
7. Research methodology and Research project 6
8. Health Service Attachment 4
Total 25
Clinical Courses
l. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 8
2. Child Health and Paediatrics 14
3. Internal Medicine 14
4. Reproductive Health 14
5. Surgery 14
6. Medical jurisprudence and Applied Toxicology 3

S/No COURSES TITLE UNITS
7. Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine 3
8. Otorhinolaryngology 3
9. Ophthalmology 3
10. Dermatology and Venereology 3
11. Orthopaedics and Traumatology 6
12. Radiology and Imaging 3
13. Medical Electives 6
14. Mental Health 8
15. Medical Ethics, Professional Conduct and Medico-Legal Issues 3
Total 105
GRAND TOTAL 220
Pre-Clinical
1. Introduction to Computers 2
2. Human Anatomy 14
3. Medical Biochemistry 12
4. Medical Physiology 12
Behavioural and Social Sciences (Anthropology, Sociology and
5. 3
Psychology)
6. Nutrition and Dietetics 2
7. Communication Skills for health workers 3
8. University common courses 15
Total 63
Pathology/Laboratory Medicine
1. Microbiology and Parasitology 8
2. Immunology 3
3. General and Systemic Pathology 10
4. Haematology and Blood Transfusion 3
5. Clinical Chemistry 3
Total 27
Population Health, Health Systems and Research

1. Biostatistics and Demography 3
2. Epidemiology 3
3. Environmental Health 2

4. Occupational Health and Safety 2
S/No COURSE TITLE UNITS
5. Health Services Management 3
6. Entrepreneurship 2
7. Research methodology and Research project 6
8. Health Services Attachment 4
Total 25
Clinical Courses - Junior Clerkships

1. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 8
2. Junior Clerkship: Child Health and Paediatrics 7
3. Junior Clerkship: Internal Medicine 7
4. Junior Clerkship: Reproductive Health 7
5. Junior Clerkship: Surgery 7
Total 36
Special subjects
1. Medical Jurisprudence and Applied Toxicology 3
2. Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine 3
3. Otorhinolaryngology 3
4. Ophthalmology 3
5. Dermatology and Venereology 3
6. Orthopaedics and Traumatology 6
7. Radiology and Imaging 3
8. Medical Electives 6
Total 30
Senior Clerkships
1. Senior Clerkship: Mental Health 8
2. Senior Clerkship: Child Health and Paediatrics 7
3. Senior Clerkship: Internal Medicine and Geriatrics 7
4. Senior Clerkship: Reproductive Health 7
5. Senior Clerkship: General Surgery 7
6. Medical Ethics, Professional Conduct and Medico-Legal Issues 3
Total 39
GRAND TOTAL 220

1.6 Credit Transfers
i) Will depend on the curriculum model or design between the institution
where the credit transfer will take place;
ii) Credits from the clinical disciplines are not transferrable;
iii) Students seeking the transfer must have satisfied the requirements and
passed all the relevant courses, with the results reflected in an official
transcript;
iv) The student should present a letter from the Dean in their previous institution;
v) The students seeking transfers should have taken the course not more than
three years prior to their seeking of credit transfer;
vi) Transfer of credits will be subjected to the availability of space in the

institution;
vii) The Medical Practitioners and Dentists Board shall be concurrently notified
of the credit transfers.
1.7 Students with Medical Problems

Students with medical problems that make it difficult for them to continue with
their studies without interruptions in any academic year or who may put patients
at risk, should be discontinued from the medical programme at the earliest
possible time.
In special circumstances, a student shall be discontinued on medical grounds if

found unfit to qualify as a medical doctor, and Medical Practitioners and Dentists
Board shall be notified.
1.8 Course Description

Each course should have a title and description under the following sub titles:
1. Course weighting;
2. Course purpose;
3. Course outcomes;
4. Course Content.

SECTION 2
Course Description and
Weighting
2.1 Pre-Clinical Courses
i. Introduction to Computers (2 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with computer knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for
learning, health care delivery and research.
2. Course Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
a) Describe the classification and components of computer system.
b) Apply the principles of computer operating systems and information
processing.
c) Apply common computer software packages for word processing
and data management.
d) Apply the skills of computer technology in learning, delivery of
health care and research.
3. Course Content
Classification of computers: Microcomputer; minicomputer; palm computers;
main frame computer; supercomputers; Hardware, and software: Input
devices: monitor; mouse; voice data entry; light pen; scanner; key board;

touch screen; Output devices: monitor; printer; plotter; Storage devices:
buffer; central processing unit; back-up; file storage devices; Operating
systems; Utilities and operations software.
Principles of data management: Setting up files; modifying; storing; data

coding; data entry; data processing and analysis; databases.
Software and programming: System programmes; operating systems; utility

programmes; special purposes programmes; application programmes;
programming languages; Word processing: word perfect; word; SPSS; EPI-
info; Internet access; Medline; Cochrane databases; World wide web; Ovid:
Statistical programmes: statistical tests; data entry; data cleaning.
Computer applications in health services and research. Medical literature

search, medical record keeping, and retrieval; and searching for information;
Telemedicine; Virtual reality; security of information, levels of access and
confidentiality.
ii. Human Anatomy (14 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To describe the normal topographic, microscopic and developmental anatomy of
tissues and organs of the human body, as a foundation for medical training.
A. Cell and Tissue Biology, Genetics and Embryology
2. Course Outcomes
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
a) Describe cell and tissue structure and function

b) Explain the principles and concepts of human genetics.
c) Describe development of the human embryo.
3. Course Content
Cell and Tissue Structure and Function
Cell: cell theory, cell structure and organelles; cell functions and functional
specialization, cell cycle regulation and disorders.

Supporting tissue: Classification, cell types, structure, functions of fibrous
tissue, cartilage, bone and blood and applied anatomy; Propulsion tissue:
classification, structure, characteristics, regeneration, distribution and
functions; Nervous tissue: structural features of neurons and neuroglial
cells; organization of peripheral nerves and ganglia; Epithelial tissue:
characteristics, structural features, classification, distribution, functions
and applied anatomy.
Principles and concepts of human genetics

Genetic code and chromosomes; gene expression, genetic drift and
polymorphism, multifactorial traits and polygenic inheritance patterns,
polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium.
Development of the Human Embryo
Reproductive cycles and female reproductive system
Gametogenesis, Gamete viability and transport. Fertilization: definition,

events and results, Formation and transport of the morular. Blastula,
normal and abnormal implantation. Bilaminar germinal disc, gastrulation,
neurulation
Embryonic folding and organogenesis. Placenta and foetal membranes.

Umbilical cord and twinning. Teratology and teratogenesis.
B. Systemic Anatomy
1. Course Purpose
(See number 1 on page 10)
2. Course Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should be able to
a) Describe normal topographic and imaging anatomy, blood supply

lymphatic drainage of various organs, regions and systems of the
human body.
b) Describe the normal microscopic organization of the various organs

of the human body.
c) Describe the normal development and developmental defects of the

various organs of the human body.

3. Course Content
Topographic Anatomy
Lower Limbs: Bones, joints, muscles, nerves and vessels. Layers and arches
of the foot. Mechanism of walking
Upper limb: Bones, joints, muscles, nerves and vessels. Breast, features,
blood supply and lymphatic drainage. Scapular region and shoulder joint
complex. Axilla; boundaries and contents. Formation and distribution of
the brachial plexus. Cubital fossa; boundaries and contents. The hand;
palmar spaces, intrinsic muscles, arterial arches, finger movements and
prehension
Back: features, articulations and movements of the vertebrae. Vertebral

venous plexi and their communications. Layers of the extensor muscles of
the back.
Head and neck: features, foramina and aspects of the skull. Layers, blood
vessels, nerves, lymphatics and applied anatomy of the scalp and the face.
Cranial fossae, meninges, dural venous sinuses and hypophysis cerebri.
Boundaries and contents of the orbit. Optic nerve and visual pathways.
Nasal cavity- boundaries, nasal conchae, paranasal sinuses and olfactory
pathways. Ear - features of the external ear, tympanic cavity and inner ear.
Neck - boundaries and contents of the triangles. Fasciae - investing, carotid
sheath, pretracheal and prevertebral. Pharynx - layers and subdivisions,
nerves and vessels. Larynx - cartilages, muscles, nerves, vessels and the
internal features. Trachea – cartilages, muscles, nerves, vessels.Thyroid and
parathyroid glands. Oral cavity; organization of the tongue, palate, gums
and the salivary glands and teeth . Root of the neck; subclavian vessels,
jugular system and the scalene triangle
Neuroanatomy: Spinal cord segments, blood supply internal features,

laminae of the gray mater, ascending and descending tracks. Brain;
topography and the functional areas. Cerebral vessels, ventricles and
cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebellum: features, phylogeny and connections.
Brain stem; features of midbrain; pons and the medulla. Components and
connections of the diencephalons, basal ganglia and limbic system. Cerebral
white matter; association, commissural and projection fibres. Peripheral
nervous system; cranial spinal nerves and autonomic nerves
Thorax: Thoracic cage, intercostals spaces, and divisions and recesses

of pleura. Lungs: features, relations, lobes bronchopulmonary segments

and blood vessels. Pericardium; layers, relations nerve supply. Heart;
surface landmarks, external features, interior of the chambers, conducting
system and coronary blood vessels; Mediastinum; subdivisions contents
and relations
Abdomen: Surface landmarks, Peritoneum; folds, mesenteries, cavities

and recesses. Abdominal organs; features, relations, blood supply, nerves
and lymphatics. Posterior wall, muscles, aorta, inferior vena cava, thoracic
duct, lumbar plexus and the sympathetic chains. Diaphragm; attachments,
openings, nerves and vessels
Pelvis: Walls and dimensions, male and female bony pelvis. Pelvic
diaphragm, attachments, relations, nerves and vessels. Perineum;
urogenital triangle, external genitalia, anal canal and ischiorectal fossae.
Urinary bladder surfaces, relations, blood, nerve and lymphatic supply.
Rectum: relations, blood, nerve and lymphatics supply. Uterus, ovaries
and vagina; features, position, relations, vessels and nerves Prostate;
lobes, capsules, relations, vessels and nerves. Male and female urethra;
parts and features. Seminal vesicles; position and features. Sacral plexus
and the pelvic vessels
Microscopic organization of human body organs
Skin and subcutaneous tissue: structure, appendages ,adaptations and

functions
Respiratory system: structure of the nasal cavity; larynx, trachea, the

bronchial tree and alveoli.
Circulatory system: organization of the blood vessels and the heart
Lymphatic system: organization of the lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus and

the spleen
Digestive system: major mucosal cell types, hepato-biliary structures and

pancreas
Urinary system: structure of the uriniferous tubules, ureters, the urinary

bladder and the urethra.
Genital system: gonads, gametes, seminiferous tubules and the interstitial

cells. Organisation of genital ducts, uterus, uterine cervix and vagina.
Organisation of the prostate, seminal vesicles and the bulbourethral
glands.

Endocrine system: microscopic organization, cell types and their features
of pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, adrenal
glands
Nervous System: Structural and functional organization of the spinal

cord, brain, peripheral nerves, ganglia, receptors of general and special
sensation
Propulsion tissue (muscle and bone): microscopic organization, cell types

and features of skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscles and bone.
Developmental Anatomy and birth defect
Development and anomalies of the skin and appendages, cartilage and

bone, muscles, limbs and axial skeleton
Neural tube formation, derivatives and anomalies. Pharyngeal arches,

origin, derivatives and anomalies. Morphogenesis and defects of the face,
nose, palate, maxilla, mandible and tongue
Histogenesis and anomalies of endocrine glands. Development and

anomalies of the ear and eye.
Stages of development and anomalies of lung diverticulum
Appearances of blood islands and early development of blood vessels

and lymphatics. Heart tube formation, sacculation, partitioning and fate.
Foetal circulation and its postnatal changes
Congenital abnormalities of the heart and blood vessels. Fate of the

coelomic cavity and development of the diaphragm. Foregut; derivatives;
rotation and anomalies of the stomach. Midgut; loop herniation, rotation,
development and anomalies of the intestines. Development and anomalies
of liver, biliary passages and the pancreas
Development and anomalies of the urinary system
Development and anomalies of the gonads, uterus, vagina, oviducts, male

and female external genitalia
Development and anomalies of endocrine system.

iii. Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Course
(12 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with knowledge of the chemical composition and processes
of the normal human body, their regulation and the composition of the various
biological agents the body encounters.
2. Course Outcomes
a) Explain the basic chemistry of the constituents of the body.
b) Describe the structure and functions of biomolecules including

enzymes; vitamins; hormones and neurotransmitters.
c) Outline the principles of the various intermediary metabolic

processes.
d) Apply the knowledge of cell, and molecular biology and genetics in

medical practice.
e) Outline the basic chemistry of microorganisms relevant in medicine.
f) Describe the principles of biochemical techniques.
3. Course Content
Basic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry: Water, solutions and colloids; Ion producing substances;

water, acids, bases and salts; Acidity: detection, control, and measurement;
Kinetic theory and chemical reactions; the periodic table and electrovalent
bond formation. Concept of oxidation and reduction processes
Organic chemistry: IUP AC nomenclature. Classification of organic

compounds. Organic structure representation; structural diagrams,
condensed formulas, bond line notation, Newman projection, Fischer
projections, Haworth projection, stereo projection. Electrophiles,

nucleophiles and their reactions. Nomenclature, structures. physical
and chemical properties and reactions of alkanes, alkyl halides, alkanes,
alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, ethers, esters. Covalent bond
formation and molecular orbitals. Hydrogen, dative, hydrophilic and
hydrophobic bonds. Carboxylic acids and amines. Aldol condensation
and claisen reaction.
Biomolecules
Classification, function and structural formulas of amino acids, lipids,

nucleic acids, carbohydrates. Peptide bond formation, protein structure and
methods of separation
Enzymes: classification catalysis, inhibition, kinetics and units of measuring

activity, covalent modification, role of cofactors and zymogen activation.
Clinical enzymology
Vitamins: Classification, structural formulas, mechanisms of action and

assay methods Hyper- and hypo- vitaminoses
Neurotransmitters: Classification, synthesis, storage, transport and

metabolism of the types of neurotransmitters and other neurochemicals
Hormones: synthesis, storage, release, transport, mode of action and

degeneration of peptide, steroid, amino acid derived hormones and
prostaglandins.
Intermediary metabolism
Standard free energy change of a chemical reaction. Exogenic and endogenic

reactions. A TP, NADPH and other high energy compounds
Carbohydrate metabolism; glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, anaplerotic

reactions and glyoxylate cycle electron transport chain, oxidative
phosphorylation, mitochondria shuttle system, gluconeogenesis,
phosphogluconate pathway. Glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis
Lipid metabolism; fatty acid biosynthesis, beta oxidation, ketone bodies

synthesis and utilization. Cholesterol triacyl glycerol synthesis and
mobilization. Lipid digestion.
Fate of amino acid carbon skeletons and urea synthesis; Special

derivatives of amino acids; Special metabolism; Purine and Pyrimidine
metabolism; Haem metabolism

Disorders of metabolism
Tissue metabolism: Differential metabolism in Liver, Muscle, Adipose, Brain

and erythrocytes Integration of metabolism
Steroid metabolism.
Cell Biology, molecular biology and genetics

Cell biology: Cell membranes, organelles, functions and disorders. Cell
cycle, its regulation and disorders
Molecular biology: DNA and RNA structure, replication and consensus

sequences. DNA recombination and repair. Mutagens and their effect
on DNA and suppressor mutations. Polymerase chain reaction and its
application. Transcription and translation. Post-translation modification
of proteins. Protein targeting in the cell. Control of gene expression
Molecular genetics: Organization of the human genome, structure of the

human chromosomes and karyotypes. Satellite DNA and DNA families.
C value of a genome Cot Yz values of DNA and its relation to repetition.
Gene structure, organization, and gene family. Nuclear and mitochondrial
chromosomes, karyotypes. Mendelian laws of inheritance, Inheritance
disorders and genetic diseases.
Chemical microbiology
Molecular virology: Classification and properties of viruses. Replication and
life cycle. Interferons, oncogenes and oncogenic viruses. Viroids and prions
Parasite biochemistry: Special metabolism in parasitic protozoa and

helminthes
Bacterial biochemistry: cell wall structure of gram positive and gram negative
bacteria. The lipopolysaccharide molecule, bacterial toxins and virulence
Fungal biochemistry: cell wall structure and metabolism of fungi
Bioterrorism.
Bio-chemical techniques
Introduction to basic bio-informatics and biotechnology
Carbohydrates, protein and lipid isolation and identification
Biotechnology: cloning of important proteins.

iv. Medical Physiology (12 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with the knowledge required to understand the normal
functioning of the human body.
2. Course Outcomes
a) Explain physiological concepts and processes.

b) Describe the organization and functions of body tissues.
c) Describe the organization and functions of body systems.
d) Discuss the regulatory mechanisms involved in the functioning of

body systems.
3. Course Content
Physiological Concepts and processes
Introduction to physiological concepts: Descriptive terms and units.

Properties of physiological solutions; Concept of homeostasis and normal
physiology. Cell structure and function; cell physiology and human
genetics. Body fluids and compartments; Intravascular and extravascular
compartments. Interstitial fluid composition, function and disorders.
Functional organization of the body. Variability, homeodynamism and
homeostasis. Human genetics: Nucleic acids; Chromosomes, genes, and
gene expression; Genetic basis of inheritance; Genetic code; Alleles and
genetic polymorphism; Sex-linked genes
Physiological processes: Cellular communications, Membrane receptor

physiology and ligand signalling; Electrical, endocrine,exocrine, autocrine
and paracrine communications; Second messengers and amplification
cascades; Exchange of materials across cell membranes.
Body Tissues
Nervous tissue: Neuronal types, structure and function, Membrane
potentials, Bernstein’s theory, Donan-Gibbs equilibrium, Nernst equation
and the Goldman constant field equation. Action potential: generation’

and propagation; subthreshold potentials; Peripheral nerve classification
and properties, axoplasmic transport, nerve injury, degeneration and
regeneration. Nerve growth factors. The synapse: types, functional
organization; Neurotransmission, neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter
receptors
Muscular tissue: Muscle types, organization and functions. The theories

of muscle contraction. Disorders of muscle structure and function. Normal
and abnormal electromyogram
Bone and Connective tissues: The physiology of connective tissue proper-

cells, fibres and ground substance. Physiology of cartilage and bone:
Functional organization, functions, metabolism and disorders. Composition
and functions of synovial membranes and fluids
Blood and blood components: Blood composition and functions; plasma,

serum, formed elements, and the immune system. Physiology of blood of
blood group and blood group serology. Blood coagulation and hemostasis.
Immune system: Physiology of lymphoid organs mucosa and vascular

associated lymphoid tissues, and mononuclear phagocytic cell functions.
Cellular interactions in body defence. Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDs and
other immune disorders. Interraction between nervous, endocrine and
immune systems
Epithelial tissue: Functional organization, functions and disorders of lining

epithelia, mucous and serous membranes. General physiology of exocrine
and endocrine glands.
Systemic Physiology
Cardiovascular system: Functional organization of the heart and the blood
vessels, Physics of flow in tubes and haemodynamics. Electrical activity of
the heart and the electrocardiogram. Blood volume, cardiac output and
blood pressure. Integrated control mechanisms. Response to exercise and
training. Haemorrhage and shock. Fetal and neonatalcirculation; Circulation
through special regions.
Respiratory system: Functional organisation. Gas laws and physical

properties of gases; Breathing, ventilation, lung volumes and capacities.
Lung morphometry; Alveolar function; Air-blood barrier. Pulmonary
circulation and ventilation perfusion ratios. Integrated control mechanisms
and acid base balance. None one atmosphere respiratory function. Non
respiratory functions of the lungs

Gastrointestinal system: Functional organization and design. Humoral
and neuromyogenic control of regional gut functions. Gut motility and
secretion. Gastrointestinal intrinsic and extrinsic glands. Basic nutrition
and regional metabolism. Appetite and satiety: regulation of food and
water intake; Digestion, absorption, and assimilation. Liver and the
biliary system.
Renal system: Functional organization of the urinary system; kidney, cortex

and medulla; the nephron and its functions; Osmoregulation, Acid-base
and electrolyte balance and the kidney. Concept of glomerular filtration
rate and renal clearance. Hormonal functions of the kidney. Integrated
regulation of blood osmolality, volume and pressure. Autoregulatory
control mechanisms; Functional organization of the urinary bladder and
micturition reflex
The endocrine system: Location, organisation, functions and integrated

control of discrete endocrine organs. The hypothalamus, hypothalamo-
hypophyseal axis and the pituitary. Pineal gland and its functions. Thyroid
hormones and iodine metabolism. Parathormone, calcitonin, vitamin D
and calcium metabolism. Adrenal medulla and the catecholamines. The
adrenal cortex and the corticoids. The gonads and the sex hormones. The
endocrine pancreas and glucose homeostasis. Diffuse neuro endocrine
system: Other organs with endocrine or paracrine functions
Reproductive systems and Human development: Functional organization;

and development of the reproduction system; puberty and the climacteric.
Gametogenesis and semen formation. Testicular function and its regulation.
Blood testis barrier. Epididymal function and vas deferens. Physiology
of glands of male reproduction system - prostate, seminal vesicles,
bulbourethral glands. Penile tumescence and detumescence, potency.
Ovarian functions, reproductive cycles, ovulation, coitus and fertilization.
Uterine and fallopian tubular functions and cyclical changes. Pregnancy,
feto-placenta unit, foetal homeostasis and development. Parturition and
fetal adaptation at birth. Lactation, breast feeding and neuro-hormonal
control. Milk composition and functions. Physiological basis of cellular and
organ ageing
Nervous system: Somatosensory nervous system Functional organization

of sensory receptors and organs. Peripheral sensory mechanisms, coding
and information handling. Sensory pathways. Pain and pain behaviour and
its central processing at the brainstem reticular formation and thalamus.
Special senses: organs of vision, hearing, olfaction, balance and taste.

Motor nervous system: Components of the spinal reflexes, the muscle
spindle and golgi tendon organs. Central motor mechanisms at the spinal
cord, the brain stem, the cerebellum and cerebrum. Concept of upper
and lower motor neurons. Vestibular function and balance. Sub cortical
motor control. Higher neural functions: Regional cortical functions,
language and speech, learning and memory, motivation and behaviour.
Cortical dominance and lateralization. Reticular formation mechanisms
of sleep and arousal. Cerebral blood flow regulation, physiological
blood brain barrier, cerebral-spinal fluid-formation, composition and
function. Blood-CSF barrier. Autonomic Nervous system: Sympathetic,
parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems. Hierarchical organization
and their regulation. Control of visceral functions; the hypothalamic
nuclei, functions and connections. Integration of autonomic reflexes,
vital centres and vegetative functions. Body temperature regulation and
skin function
Integument system: Physiology of the skin and its appendages; nails,

hair and breast. The skin in body immunity, metabolism and homeostasis
Musculoskeletal system: Physiology of bone and muscle as a system

(functional organization). Musculoskeletal disorders.
v. Behavioural Sciences (3 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with knowledge of the psychosocial, cultural, and environmental
influences on behaviour, health, and disease processes.
2. Course Outcomes
At the end of this course, students should be able to:
a) Describe the basic principle of psychology, sociology and anthropology.
b) Describe the life cycle (birth through senescence) and the development
of the person.
c) Discuss the psychological and social factors influencing patient

behaviour.
d) Describe the role of society in health and disease.

e) Discuss the role of behavioural sciences in the management of illness
and disability.
3. Course Content
Basic principles
Developmental psychology; theories of motivation and learning; proper

socialization process; emotional development and support.
Concepts in sociology; emerging relationship between medicine and

sociology; social behaviours and disease occurrence; health seeking
behaviours; the sick role.
Basic principles of anthropology: concept of culture, health and disease;

cultural concepts of illness; ethnomedicine.
Life cycle and the development of the person
Pregnancy and childbirth; Reproductive issues; Development in early

infancy; Childhood and child health; Adolescence; Adulthood and mid
age; Ageing; Bereavement.
Personality development; Understanding learning; Perception; Memory

and forgetting; Development of sexuality; Intelligence; Development of
thinking.
Factors influencing patient behaviour
Personality
Psychodynamic and behavioural factors, related past experience
Family and cultural factors, including socio-economic status
Adaptive behavioural responses to stress and illness
Maladaptive behavioural responses to stress and illness
Interactions between the patient and the physician or the health care
system.
Society and health
Understanding groups; concepts of health, illness and disease; measuring

health and illness; changing patterns of health and illness; social class and

health; gender and health; ethnicity and health; quality of life; media and
health; ageing, society and health; housing, homeless and health; work
and health; education and health; unemployment and health; labelling
and stigma.
(Introduction to Illness and disability) – to be taught in more detail in the

clinical years
Impact of illness on individual, family and community
Death and dying
Coping with illness and disability: counselling; adaptation, coping and

control; stress management; cognitive behaviour therapy; role of career;
self-help groups; palliative care; complementary therapies; management of
pain; health beliefs and behaviour; bereavement.
vi. Nutrition and Dietetics Course (2 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip students with knowledge on nutrition and dietetics in health and disease.
2. Course Outcomes
Explain the principles of nutrition and dietetics.
a) Discuss requirements for energy and other essential nutrients in relation

to different phases of life, physiological conditions and disease.
b) Describe aetiology, prevalence, manifestation and consequences of
disease states resulting from malnutrition.
c) Describe principal methods used in assessment and the indicators of
the nutritional status of an individual, a family and the community.
d) Discuss the major means of tackling malnutrition at individual and
community level, including nutrition interventions.
e) Discuss the relevance and applicability of international growth standards
in growth monitoring.
f) Discuss the role of nutrition in the management of HIV / AIDS, chronic
diseases and critically ill patients.

3. Course Content
Introduction
Basic nutrition: Basic principles of nutrition and dietetics, Nutrients: Types,
sources and role in the body; Micronutrients and trace elements: Social
cultural factors in nutrition: Generation, expenditure and storage of
nutrients at the whole body level: Digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Functions of essential nutrients: Caloric and nitrogen balance.
Nutrition in the life cycle
Maternal nutrition: Pregnancy and Lactation, Infant and Childhood

Nutrition, Adolescents Nutrition, Nutrition of Older People.
Malnutrition
Overview of causes: Protein energy malnutrition (pEM); Nutritional Anaemia;
Vitamin deficiency disorders and toxicities; mineral deficiencies and
toxicities; Iodine deficiency disorders: Overnutrition (obesity); Underlying
causes of malnutrition (Food Security, Care and Public Health Factors):
Synergism between malnutrition and infections and its effects on mental
and physical growth and development of children.
Nutrition Diagnosis
Causes of malnutrition
Assessment of nutritional status: Protocols in nutrition assessment,

Methods for assessment of nutritional status; Nutritional status indicators
and classification systems
Nutrition Status Data Management, Analysis, Community Feedback.
Community Nutrition interventions

Types and distribution of nutrition interventions
Public Health Aspects of Over-nutrition (Obesity).
Nutritional Management and Care of Patients

Priority nutrition interventions within the health sector
Nutritional policies within the health sector(including HIV / AIDS and infant
feeding)

Nutritional supplements: Role in health care
Nutrition and HIV/AIDS: Relation between Nutrition and HIV/AIDS;

Nutritional management of common symptoms
Nutritional management in disease states.
vii. Communication Skills For Health Workers (2 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To enable the graduate develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary
for effective and sensitive communication with patients, families, care givers
professional colleagues and other stakeholders.
2. Course Outcomes
a) Explain the theories and principles of relating to human communication
b) Demonstrate interviewing skills appropriate for the doctor patient

interactions.
c) Explain the importance of socio-cultural knowledge, age, gender

and emotional status during doctor patient interactions.
d) Cope when communicating with patients in difficult or delicate

circumstances.
e) Demonstrate empathy to the patient’s experience of illness and health

care.
f) Demostrate effective communication with relevant stakeholders.
3. Course Content
Concept and principles of human communication: verbal and non-
verbal communication; Language; Interviewing; definition, environment;
behaviour, techniques. Interview; recording reproduction.
History taking and communication skills: Questioning and active listening:

open questions, focused and closed questions, probing questions; Listening:
effective listening, verbal and non-verbal cues, appropriate body language,
facilitative comments; Encouraging; Summarizing Socio-cultural variations

in human communication. Use of appropriate communication skills for the
patients’ culture during interviews, Ethics in interviewing.
Challenging patients: angry patients; reticent patients; talkative patients;

those with physical impairments which hinder communication i.e. deafness,
speech impediments. Communicating about sensitive subjects (breaking
bad news):what constitutes a sensitive subject; factors that can make us
reluctant to impart bad news; empathy with the patient; sexual history-
importance of a sexual history both in physical and psychological illness,
sexual history from eg. the opposite sex, adolescents, elderly people,
disabled people, people from different cultures.
Communication with professional colleagues and other stakeholders

including care givers, family members, community, financiers, politicians,
media, etc.
2.2 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
i. Microbiology and Parasitology (8 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with knowledge of microorganisms and its application to the
practice of medicine.
2. Course Outcomes
a) Classify and characterize microorganisms of medical importance.
b) Describe the pathophysiology of infections caused by medically

important bacteria, viruses, parasites and, fungi
c) Apply the principles of sterilization and disinfection
d) Discuss the principles of antibiotic use and chemotherapy of bacterial,

viral, parasitic, fungal and entomologic infections
e) Outline the principles of public health bacteriology
f) Describe the principles of laboratory methods and diagnosis for

pathogenic organisms.

3. Course Content
Definitions and classification of medically important microbes
Bacteria and bacterial diseases
Structure, composition, metabolism, physiology and regulation of bacteria
Principles of bacterial genetics
Pathophysiology of infection, virulence
Antibiotics and chemotherapy of bacterial infections
Principles and methods of sterilization and disinfection
Pathogenic bacteria: Gram positive; Gram negative; Acid fast bacilli;
Enterobactericceae; Anaerobes. Other bacteria: Spirochaetes, rickettsiae,

Chlamydia, mycoplasma and actinomycetes
Public health bacteriology: Epidemiology and ecology. Bacteriology of food,

water and sewage; food poisoning
Clinical microbiology: Systemic infections; upper and lower respiratory

tract infections; central nervous system infections; septicemia and
endocarditis; gastrointestinal infections; urinary tract infections and
sexually transmitted infections; wound, skin, musculoskeletal and soft
tissue infections; collection and handling of clinical specimens: body
fluids including CSF, urine, blood, sputum, stool, wound, genitourinary
specimens and tissue biopsies
Principles of laboratory diagnosis: microscopy and microbiological

methods; isolation and identification of pathogenic organisms, antibiotic
sensitivity testing, interpretation, minimum inhibitory concentration,
minimum bactericidal concentration. Quality control.
Viruses and viral infections
Classification, general properties related to viral families, physical and

chemical properties
Replication and cultivation of viruses
Host response to viral infections
Genetics

Molecular basis of pathogenesis
Latent and persistent infections
Epidemiology
Oncogenic viruses
Principles of cultivation, assay and laboratory diagnosis, laboratory safety
Pathogenic viruses: DNA viruses; RNA viruses
Viral syndromes, HIV/AIDS and other viral sexually transmitted diseases;

emerging viral infections
Viral childhood fevers
Viral CNS infections
Viral skin manifestations
Prions and their disorders
Anti-retroviral agents and mechanisms of action (this section could be dealt

with in pharmacology/internal medicine).
Mycology
Classification of medically important fungi
Epidemiology, structure, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and

control of: superficialand cutaneous mycosis: dermatophytes and non
dermatophytes; systemic, subcutaneous and deep mycoses, mycetoma,
eumycetoma, yeast infections, candida and Cryptococcus, aspergillosis,
mycotoxins.
Medical Parasitology
Definitions and terminology
Taxonomy and classification of medically important parasites
Life cycles, epidemiology, pathogenesis, host response, clinical

manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and control of diseases caused
by nematodes, cestodes and trematodes

Life cycles, epidemiology, pathogenesis, host response, clinical
manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and control of diseases caused
by protozoan parasites including blood protozoa, gastrointestinal
protozoa and tissue protozoa.
Emerging parasitic disease in immuno-suppressive states (HIV / AIDS)
Laboratory methods; collection and handling of clinical specimens,

identification of pathogenic organisms.
Medical entomology
Medically important vectors of parasitic infections
Ecology, physiology, population biodynamics, vectoral capacity and control
Ectoparasites, blow flies, bot flies, venomous bites and stings
Laboratory methods: Collection, handling of clinical specimens, identification

of pathogenic organisms.
ii. Immunology and Immunopathology (3 Units)
1. Course Purpose
This course aims at equipping the student with knowledge of the organization and
function of the immune system in health and disease.
2. Course Outcomes
a) Describe the functional organization of the immune system.
b) Describe the structure and function of antibodies and antigens and

their interactions.
c) Describe the immune effecter mechanisms.
d) Explain immune responses found in healthy and disease states.
e) Outline the principles of vaccination.
f) Describe laboratory methods in immunology.

3. Course Content
Introduction to immunology
Functional organization of the immune system: Innate and acquired

immunity; active, passive and adaptive immunity; hum oral and cellular
immunity; diversity of immune response; damaging effects of the immune
response; regulation of Immune response.
Elements of immune response: Immune response cells; lymphatic system;

interrelationship between acquired and innate immunity.
Immunogens and antigens: Immunogenicity, primary and secondary

immune response, antigenicity, antigen-binding sites, epitopes, major
classes of antigens, cross-reactivity; immunologic adjuvants.
Antibody structure and function: Structure of light and heavy chains,

immunoglobulin structural and biological characteristics, kinetics of the
immune response, primary and secondary response.
Activation and function of T and B cells: Biology of the T and B

lymphocytes, CD 4+ T cell functions, cytotoxic T-cell function, super
antigens, B-cell activation and function, T-B cooperation, T-independent
immune responses. Immune effecter mechanisms.
Cytokines: actions and interactions in the immune responses; properties

and functional categories; role in disease especially toxic shock syndrome,
bacterial septic shock, cancers, autoimmunity; therapeutic applications
of cytokines/cytokine receptors.
Compliment systems: Classical pathway, alternate pathway, terminal

pathway; biological activities of compliment fractions; compliment and
disease.
Cell mediated immunity: Effecter cells in CMI, effecter responses,

assessment of cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Hypersensitivity reactions: Type I (lgE-mediated) hypersensitivity, Type

II (Antibody mediated), Type III (Immune complex-mediated), Type IV
(Delayed type) hypersensitivity.
Control mechanisms in the immune response: Tolerance; immune

regulation in the individual; immunologically privileged sites;
immunosuppression by drugs, radiation and others.

Immune responses in health and disease
Host defence against pathogens: Innate and adaptive immune defences;

mechanisms used by pathogens to evade the immune response
Major immuno-histocompatibility complex in the immune system:

Variability of MHC; genes and genetic polymorphism; Structure and
function of MHC class I and II molecules; association of MHC with
disease.
Autoimmunity and autoimmune disorders: Etiology, examples of

autoimmune disease – autoimmune hemolytic anemia, myasthenia
gravis, Graves’ disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple
sclerosis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,
rheumatoid arthritis; Autoimmune diseases resulting from compliment
deficiency.
Transplantation immunology: Allograft rejection – Hyper, acute and

chronic rejection; histocompatibility antigens; tests for histocompatibility
Ag’s; prolongation of allograft survival; bone marrow and peripheral stem
cell transplantation; graft-vs-host reactions; fetal-maternal relationship
Tumour immunology: Tumour antigens categories; immunologic

factors and cancer; effectors mechanisms in tumour immunity; B-cell
responses; cell-mediated responses; cytokines; limitations of tumour
immune response; Immunodiagnosis; Tumor immunoprophylaxis;
Immunotherapy.
Principles of immunization: Passive and active immunizations; basic

mechanisms of protection; precautions; Current methods of vaccine
production – Recombinant DNA vaccines, conjugated polysaccharides,
synthetic peptide vaccines, anti-idiotype vaccines, virus-carrier vaccine,
toxoids; immunotherapy.
Immune assays and laboratory methods: Principles of antigen-antibody

interactions; comparison of agglutination and precipitation reactions,
direct binding and solid-phase immunoassays; Immunoflourescence,
Fluorescence activated cell-sorting analysis; comparison of
immunoadsorption and immuno absorption, Monoclonal and genetically
engineered antibodies.

iii. General and Systemic Pathology (10 Units)
1. Course Purpose
This course aims at equipping the student with knowledge of the etiology and
pathophysiology of disease.
2. Course Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
a) Describe the biology of tissues and their response to disease.
b) Discuss the classification, biology, immunology, spread and effects

and diagnosis of tumours.
c) Demonstrate knowledge of pathology as relates to genetic/

congenital and acquired disorders of the various body systems.
d) Accurately determine causes of death.
e) Demonstrate knowledge of laws related to medicine.
3. Course Content
Introduction to anatomic pathology
Principles of pathology, terminology, definitions and concepts.
Biology of tissues and response to disease
Cell types, growth and differentiation, cell and tissue injury, types
(including drugs and Irradiation, trauma) and adaptation
Inflammation: acute inflammation – mediators, effects, cellular components,

chemo taxis, phagocytosis, vascular responses, chemical mediators, systemic
manifestations; chronic inflammation
Repair, regeneration and degeneration; skin, bone, brain – Reparative

process; wound and injury healing: granulation tissue, angiogenesis;
scar formation.

Neoplasia
Classification of neoplasms
Basis for histological diagnosis of tumours
Carcinogenesis; Carcinogens: genetic, environmental, physical, chemical

factors, viruses;
Cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology of neoplasms;
Tumour immunology; spread of malignant tumours; clinical effects of tumours:

paraneoplastic manifestations; cancer epidemiology and prevention.
Systemic pathology
Genetic/congenital, inflammatory, infectious, immunologic, toxic disorders,

metabolic disorders; endocrine disorders, traumatic, degenerative disorders
and neoplasms of:
Central and peripheral nervous systems
Skin, bone and connective tissue
Respiratory system
Cardiac and vascular systems
Gastrointestinal system
Renal/urinary system
Reproductive system
Endocrine system
Pathology of HIV / AIDS disorders.
Autopsies and Laws related to Medical Practice
Limited and full autopsies; demonstration of disease and cause of death

both gross and microscopic
International and national laws related to the practice of medicine;

confidentiality, negligence and medical malpractice.

iv. Haematology and Blood Transfusion (3 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with knowledge of haematological, and lymphoreticular
disorders and their management including blood transfusion.
2. Course Outcomes
At the end of this course, the student should be able to:
a) Describe anatomy and functional organization of the haemopoietic

and lymphoreticular tissues.
b) Describe blood groups, blood group serology and the blood

transfusion service.
c) Describe the red cell abnormalities, their laboratory evaluation and

principles of management.
d) Explain normal and abnormal haemostasis and the principles of

laboratory evaluation ofhaemostatic defects.
e) Apply principles of blood transfusion and use of blood and blood

products.
f) Describe and classify the benign leucocytes abnormalities.
g) Describe neoplastic haematological disorders and outline their

management.
h) Discuss the principles and practice of laboratory evaluation in

haematology and blood transfusion.
3. Course Content
Normal Hematological system
Haemopoiesis: erythropoiesis, haemoglobin, metabolism of nutritional
factors in production and function of erythrocytes (especially iron, vitamin
B 12 and folate); erythrocyte function; leucopoiesis, function of leucocytes;
thrombopoiesis and function of platelets; Lymphoreticular system, spleen
function and role; Haemostasis: Normal haemostatic function, role of
platelets and vascular endothelium, coagulation system, fibrinolysis, natural
inhibitors of coagulation. Laboratory evaluation of haemostasis; Blood
groups and blood group serology especially ABO, Rhesus blood groups;
significance of blood groups; Blood Transfusion Service.

Disorders of the red blood cell
Anaemias: Disorders of iron metabolism: Iron deficiency; iron overload

states; Megaloblastic anaemia: deficiency of Vitamin B 12 and folate;
Haemolytic anaemias: Haemoglobinopathies (especially sickle cell),
membraneopathies, enzymopathies and extracorpuscular causes
(e.g. immune haemolytic anaemias, parasitic causes, mechanical
fragmentation); Anaemia of chronic disorders: Bone marrow failure;
Hypersplenism; Secondary Polycythaemias; Haematology of HIV/AIDS;
Laboratory evaluation of red cell disorders.
Benign leucocvte disorders
Leucopenia: Hereditary and acquired causes; leucocytosis; reactive

leukamoid reaction; laboratory evaluation of leukocyte disorders.
Disorders of haemostasis
Hereditary disorders (especially Haemophilias)
Acquired disorders of haemostasis (especially idiopathic thrombocytopenic

purpura, liver disease, disseminated intravascular coagulation)
Thrombotic disorders
Anticoagulant and thrombolytic agents and their control
Principles of investigation of a haemostatic disorder.
Neoplastic disorders
Acute leukaemias -acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia
Chronic myeloproliferative disorders – Chronic myeloid leukaemia,

myelofibrosis, polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia
Lymphoproliferative disorders especially chronic lymphocytic leukaemia,

lymphoma, multiple myeloma
Laboratory evaluation of neoplastic disorders.
Blood transfusion
Clinical indications and use of blood and blood components/products
Compatibility testing
Transfusion complications; investigation and their management.

Laboratory evaluation and investigation of haematological disorders and
blood transfusion
Principles of laboratory evaluation
Routine investigations
Special and other investigations.
v. Chemical Pathology (3 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with knowledge of the biochemical basis of disease
2. Course Outcomes
a) Describe specimen handling, in Chemical pathology
b) Describe the biochemical basis of normal and abnormal metabolic,

physiologic and regulatory pathways
c) Demonstrate knowledge of the biochemical assessment of organ

systems
d) Describe the biochemistry of neoplastic disorders
e) Describe the principles of clinical toxicology
f) Describe the laboratory methods and quality assurance processes

used in Clinical Chemistry.
3. Course Content
Specimen collection, processing and analysis; instrumentation and point
of care testing; interpretation of results; biostatistics in clinical chemistry:
clinical sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and efficiency of a test, test
selection; quality assurance
Normal metabolic, physiologic and regulatorv pathways

Fluid and electrolyte balance: body fluid distribution and regulation; acid
base balance

Endocrinology; anterior Pituitary function, adreno-cortical and thyroid
function and endocrine pancreas
Bone metabolism
Plasma enzymes: isoforms and isoenzymes, clinical enzymology
Plasma lipids, serum proteins
Purine metabolism
Biochemical assessment of renal, hepatic, gastric and pancreatic function
Porphyrins and porphyrynuria
Vitamins, trace elements.
Disorders involving metabolic, physiologic or regulatory pathways
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism: Diabetes mellitus and hypoglycaemia
Disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: hyperlipidaemias
Disorders of protein metabolism: Protein energy malnutrition
Purine metabolism disorders; gout
Disorders of fluid and electrolytes: acid base and electrolyte imbalance
Renal disorders: Biochemical tests in acute and chronic renal failure, renal
osteodystrophy, biochemical monitoring of dialysis and renal transplant
patients, renal calculi
Liver disorders: Jaundice and classification
Inherited metabolic disorders
Iron metabolism in health and disease
Principles of Clinical toxicology: chemical poisoning including drug

overdose, management ofpoisoning, therapeutic drug monitoring
Biochemistry of neoplastic disorders: Biomarkers, paraneoplastic endocrine

syndromes, ectopic hormone production
Laboratory methods in Clinical Chemistry and their interpretation.

2.3 Population Health, Health Systems and
Research
i. Biostatistics and Demography (3 Units)

1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with knowledge of the principles of biostatistics and
demography and their application to health care delivery and research.
2. Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, the student shall be able to:
a) Describe the concepts and terminologies used in biostatistics
b) Apply the principles of biostatistics in health care delivery and research
c) Describe principles of demography.
3. Course Content
Introduction to basic concepts and terminologies
Descriptive statistics, inferential statistics; types of data and data

presentation; measures of central tendency; measures of variability
(dispersion), probability, binomial, Poisson and normal distributions;
Bayes’ theorem
Sampling methods and sample size; Sampling distribution; distribution of

sample mean; population parameters and sample statistics; estimation of
standard error
Statistical Inference and Types of statistical hypotheses: Null and

Alternative hypotheses, Type I error and Type II error; level of significance;
confidence interval; relationship between the variables (Chisquare test,
regression analysis and correlation); comparison of means (student’s
t-test, z-test, paired t-test etc)
Sources of biostatistical and demographic information
One way analysis of variance.

Biostatistics in health care delivery and research
Organizing information for policy matters and decision making
Principles of biostatistics in health care delivery and research
Data use for the prediction of certain health related conditions

Models to predict disasters with potential to cause health impacts.
Demography
Principles of demography
Population, growth rate, mortality rate, fertility, migration
ii. Epidemiology (3 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with knowledge of disease occurrence its’ determinants and
its application in health care research.
2. Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, the student shall be able to:
a) Describe and apply the concepts of epidemiology and its role in the
identification and solving of health problems in the community
b) Apply the principles of epidemiology in medical practice and research
c) Apply statistical methods in epidemiology.
3. Course Content
Introduction to concepts and principles of epidemiology
Epidemiologic concepts: definition; scope; variations in severity of disease;

methods of disease causation
Descriptive epidemiology (“Person, Time and Place”); classification of diseases;

measures of morbidity and mortality; incidence and prevalence rates; crude,
specific, and adjusted rates

Determinants of disease transmission and causation; host, agent, and
environmental factors; natural history of disease; levels of disease
prevention
Importance of screening of diseases; types of screening and screening

tests: sensitivity; specificity; predictive values.
Epidemiology in medical practice and research
Disease surveillance and outbreak investigation: definition of outbreak,

epidemic, pandemic and endemic;attack rate and their investigation of
disease out breaks
Epidemiologic methods: observational studies- cross sectional, cohort,

case control, case series, community surveys. Experimental study designs
(Clinical trials, community intervention trials)
Sampling and sample size: probability sampling methods-simple; stratified,

systematic, cluster and multistage sampling; non probability sampling;
convenience, quota and purposive sampling.
Statistical methods in epidemiology

Measurements: relative risk; risk ratio; odds ratio; attributable risk;
confidence intervals; sensitivity; specificity; validity.
Statistical methods: data gathering, cleaning and entry; analysis;

presentation of findings; measures of central tendency; dispersion and
association; Interpretation of data: statistical power; p-value; sample size.
iii. Environmental Health (2 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with the knowledge of the relationship between the environment
and health.
2. Course Outcomes
By the end of the course the student will have learnt and will be able to:
a) Describe the principles in environmental health

b) Discuss clean water provision and environmental sanitation

c) Discuss the management of solid and liquid waste
d) Describe the causes and effects of pollution
e) Describe the relationship between human shelter and health
f) Demonstrate understanding of the national and/international
environmental regulatory frameworks.
3. Course Content
Principles of Environmental Health
Historical perspective; Relationship between environment, agents and

human beings (susceptible host); Environmental factors and the health
implications.
Water and Health
Sources and types of water; The importance of potable water in relation to

health; The health implications in terms of quality and quantity; Waterborne,
water washed, water based diseases; Control measures in reduction of
morbidity and mortality rates
Biochemical Water Related Health Conditions: Fluorides in water, dental

and skeletal fluorosis; Implications of fluoridation and de-fluoridation of
drinking water; Appropriate interventions
Water Treatment: Rural and urban water treatment processes; Quality

control tests; WHO drinking water guidelines/standards; Local Water Act
requirements.
Solid and Liquid Waste Management
Classification of solid wastes; Generation points (sources) and storage;

Collection, transportation and disposal methods; Health problems
associated with solid wastes
Human Excreta Disposal Systems: Rural excreta disposal methods; Health

implications of each system; Advantages and disadvantages of each system;
Intervention methods
Municipal and County Excreta Disposal systems: Peri-urban and urban

excreta disposal systems; Health implication for each system; Appropriate
control measures.

Pollution
Physical pollution, i.e. noise, radiation, light; Sources of physical pollution;

Health impacts and control measures;
Air pollution; Impact on environment and health; Legislative controls eg.

Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999; Control measures;
Water and land pollution; Sources of pollutants and their health

impacts; Control measures; Rural Agricultural/Environmental Pollutants:
Agrochemicals and health dangers to handlers;Health and environmental
implications; Regulatory bodies, eg. NEMA, Polution Control Protection
Board (PCPB); Appropriate handling procedures.
Human Shelter Environment and Health
Human shelter and shelter needs; Diseases associated with poor/unsanitary

shelter environment; Possible control measures.
Food Sanitation
Emphasis of food sanitation; sanitary conditions for food establishments;

Role of Public Health Act, Food, Chemicals and Drugs Substances
Act; Sanitary requirements for food handlers; Appropriate transport,

storage and preservation methods; Types of food borne diseases;
Causes of food borne disease outbreaks; Investigation procedures and
environmental control measures.
iv. Occupational Health and Safety (2 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with knowledge of the relationship between occupation,
workplace and health.
2. Course Outcomes
By the end of the course the students will be able to:
a) Describe the principles of occupational health
b) Explain the cause-effect relationship between occupational risk

factors and the health of workers

c) State the aims and functions of occupational health and safety
services
d) Describe the causes, effects and control/management of occupational

diseases and accidents at the work place
e) Describe the regulatory frameworks in occupational health and

safety.
3. Course Content
Introduction to Occupational Health
Principles of Occupational Health
Vulnerable groups in Occupational Health.
Specific hazardous agents in work environment
Chemical hazards
Biological hazards eg. blood borne pathogens
Physical agents
Psychosocial hazards eg. Stress
Ergonomic hazards
Radiation hazards.
Aims and Functions of Occupational Health Services
Occupational Health Services (Curative and Preventive): Aims and objectives;
Functions-Medical exams, Surveillance; Types of Occupational Health

Services;
Prevention and control of occupational hazards: Engineering, Administrative,

Education, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
Occupational diseases and accidents
Occupational Chest/Lung Diseases: Pneumoconiosis; Asbestosis; Silicosis;

Byssinosis, Baggossis; Workers vulnerable to chest lung diseases; Management
of chest/lung diseases;
Occupational Dermatoses :Contact and irritant dermatitis; Photosensitivity;

Occupational acne etc; Management and prevention;

Industrial Toxicology: Dose response relationships; Factors influencing the
toxicity; Short and long term impact on the workers;
Occupational Hazards in the agricultural sector: Agrochemical hazards;
Zoonotic\parasitic hazards; Impact on agricultural workers and vulnerable

groups;
Control measures;
Industrial Hygiene: Causes; effects; Control measures (engineering,

educational, industrial etc);
Occupational related accidents: Type and causes; Fire safety as form of

accidents;
Prevention and management of accidents, workman’s compensation act;
Occupational hazards in radiation and related industries.
Regulatory Frameworks in Occupational Health and Safety
Directorate of Occupational Health and Safety Services: Composition

of the personnel; Role and policies in promotion of health and safety in
work environment; Services and functions related to work environment;
Occupational safety and health act (CAP 514); Radiation Protection Board.
v. Leadership, Management and Governance in Health

Systems (3 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with knowledge and skills required for effective leadership,
management and governance of health care systems.
2. Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, the graduate shall be able to:
a) Describe the basic concepts, theories, functions and principles of

leadership and management.
b) Describe the organization and management of health services.
d) Describe the health management information system.
e) Apply practical approaches to improvement of health care.

f) Describe organizational and leadership skills
g) Apply resource management skills in provision of healthcare
h) Describe communication skills
i) Describe National health sector governance and health policy

development and implementation
j) Discuss the principles of project management
k) Describe skills in quality management in health service delivery
l) Principles of performance appraisal and improvement
m) Describe the governance structures, systems and their operations.
3. Course Content
Principles and theories of leadership and management
Leadership and Management concepts
Introduction to Leadership and Management; concepts, theories, styles,
practices; Relationship between leadership and management; roles and
functions.
Mission and Vision.
Organizational structures
Organizational structure of the health care system; structures, functions;
Health services delivery; levels of service, health services at each level,
actors, cadres, referral system.
Human Resource Management

Concepts and principles; Practices in human resource management; Human
Resource Development.
Commodity and supplies Management
Commodity Management Cycle including: Distribution and storage;
Inventory management procedures including; Procurement procedures;
Ethical and legal implications in commodity and supplies management.
Quality assurance in health services
Quality assurance; concepts, principles.
Quality assurance in the healthcare setting

Methods and tools of measuring quality;
Standards in measuring quality.
Financial resource management

Sources of health care financing
Financial accounting systems and mechanisms
Accounting documents; Imprest, vouchers, per diem, Facility Improvement

Fund (FIF), Salary, Allowances, Vote Books.
Health Information Systems

Health Information; Sources, types, systems.
Data collection methods and analysis
Information utilization; applications, policy development, decision making.
Project Management
Principles, concepts, the importance of planning: Project Planning: Types of
plans; planning process.
Monitoring and Evaluation

Concepts, types, processes; tools; logical framework approach (LFA); Reports.
Governance
Governance policy and operational documents, constitution, structures;
operations.
Managing health services

Strategic management, health reforms, national health plans; Project
management; Organization of health services; Human resource
management; Financial management Supplies management /Logistic
cycle; Management of materials; Managing change.
Performance improvement
Performance appraisal
Quality management
Operations management.

vi. Introduction to Entrepreneurship (1 Unit)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the students with knowledge of entrepreneurship and its application to
their well being.
2. Course Outcomes
By the end of the course, the student should be able to:
a) Describe what is entrepreneurship and its fundamental concepts.
b) Describe the processes involved in starting a new business.
c) Describe alternative ways of investment and entrepreneurial financing.
3. Course Content
Fundamental concepts of entrepreneurship: evaluating business
opportunities: market opportunity; idea conception; business models
and planning, sources of value; resources and risk taking; drivers of
long-term competitive advantage
Core elements of starting new businesses: financial projections and

modelling; business development and sales strategies; the investment
process; creating and communicating a business plan
New Venture Finance: private equity; investing in private companies, and

entrepreneurial finance, the financial tools most relevant to young companies.
vii. Research Methodology and Research Project (6 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with the knowledge and skills to undertake a scientific
research and utilize research findings.
2. Course Outcomes
By the end of the course the students will be able to:
a) Explain the scope of scientific enquiry
b) Write a research proposal
c) Collect data, analyse and interpret results
d) Discuss and disseminate research findings.

3. Course Content
Research
Definition; nature of; use and application; scientific enquiry; concept, nature
and process.
Types of research
Basic; Applied; Operational; Evaluative.
Research designs and Methods
Descriptive; cross sectional; analytical; longitudinal; cohort retrospective;

case control; experimental; clinical trials; quasi-experimental
Research methods: Qualitative: focus groups, key informants, case studies,

Interviews, Quantitative-descriptive and analytical
Sampling methods: simple random; stratified; cluster; same size

determination
The role of institutional research and ethics committee: Processing the

research protocol through the right channels; Confidentiality; Consent;
Intervention; incentives and inducement.
Proposal design
Research instruments: questionnaires, interview guides; characteristics and

application
Proposal development: identification of problem; problem statement;

introduction background information; rationale/justification; study
objectives; literature review; methodology; data management; budget
and time frame; appendix; bibliography.
Disseminating of findings
Report writing:
Dissemination of research findings: methods of dissemination – scientific

paper, reports, seminars, use of findings.

viii. Health Services Attachment (4 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To expose the student to the practical aspects of the overall functioning and
management of health and health care systems in a county.
2. Course Outcomes
At the end of the attachment, the student should be able to:
a) Describe the various aspects of health services of a county.
b) Participate in and be able to explain the delivery of health services in

a county.
c) Conduct community diagnosis that provide practical solution to an

operational bottleneck within the county.
3. Course Content
County Health Services
Organization, management and delivery of the county health services.

Role of the Medical Officer (MO); role of the County Medical Officer of
Health (CMOH) and other members of the CHMT; provincial administration
structures and their importance to health planning and management;
Hospital Based Aspects: Diagnostic; clinical management; pharmaceutical

activities; autopsy; evaluation of service utilization; management systems
and functional departments.
Community Oriented Aspects

Primary Health Care (PHC); Health promotive, preventive and rehabilitative
services; school health programmes. Public health: epidemic monitoring,
investigation and control; management of community, development of
relevant materials; program implementation; assessment of effectiveness,
community diagnosis, operational bottlenecks, assessment and practical
solutions.
Health Agencies Boards

Observation of and participation in: decision making; reporting; monitoring
and evaluation functions of Management Committees and Boards.

Statutory bodies and programmes at international, national , provincial and
county levels: Centre for Disease Control (CDC); World Health Organization
(WHO); Medical Practitioners and Dentist Board; Pharmacy and Poisons
Board; Provincial Health Management Teams (PHMT); County Development
Committees (CDC); County Health Management Teams (CHMT); County
Health Management Boards (CHMB); Hospital Management Teams (HMT).
Integrated programmes
Functions of: Kenya Expanded program for Immunization (KEPI). Essential
Drugs program (EDP), AIDS Awareness program, SID Control program
Social medicine-provision of health services to the under privileged: the
aged, motherless babies, destitute and relief measures.
Attachment Practicum
Visit to a Board accredited institution – commodity and supplies
management; 3 weeks attachment in management position (County
Hospital) and cover the following topics – Financial management, HR
management, quality assurance.
ix. Medical Jurisprudence and Applied Toxicology

(4 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with medical knowledge for application in the legal field.
2. Course Outcomes
a) To describe the collection and analysis of medical samples for use in
the legal system
b) Statutory provisions for autopsy; exhumation laws and procedures;

contested parentage
c) Medical-legal aspects of therapeutic substances, drug and alcohol

abuse and dependence
d) Important laws in medicine: Medical Practitioners and Dentists Act,

Public Health Act,Human Tissue Act
e) Forensic odontology, radiology and psychiatry
f) Legal and ethical knowledge of physicians

g) Civil rights of individuals and of the physician (legal and ethical
rights) with respect to medicine
h) Physical and sexual abuse
i) Liability.
3. Course Content
Samples
Appropriate specimen collection, preservation, security, analysis/processing,
transportation and reporting.
Autopsy and exhumation

Statutory provisions, laws and procedures.
Gender based violence

Types and forms of violence, sexual violence and the law, medical
management, forensic management, psychosocial care and support.
Contested parentage
Counselling, legal aspects, medical and forensic management.
Drug and substance abuse

Definition, types and forms of abuse, Interventions; psychological,
psychiatric, counselling, medico-legal aspects with relevant laws and
ACTS (CAP 244).
Laws in Medicine
All relevant laws and acts related to medical practice; Health Bill; human
tissue act (CAP 253) and public health act; Sexual offences act, Abortion
act, Children’s act.
Forensic Odontology and Radiology

Definition, types of evidence, applications and medico-legal aspects.
Mental Assessment of suspects

Refer to mental health unit (cf – pp 80-81).
Liability and litigation

Definition and types of liability; legal aspects; Due process for establishing
the liability; Disciplinary procedures.

2.4 Clinical Courses
i. Pharmacology and Therapeutics (8 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip students with knowledge in principles of basic and clinical pharmacology.
A. Basic Pharmacology
2. Course Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
a) Discuss the general principles of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
processes
b) Describe the general properties of autacoids, neurotransmitters and
endocrine, anti infectives, anti neoplastic agents.
3. Course Content
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Mechanisms of drug absorption, distribution, and the passage across

cell membranes; routes of administration; bio-availability and dosage
forms; drug distribution; drug biotransformation; sites of metabolism and
activation/inactivation; drug excretion and the entero-hepatic circulation
Mechanisms of drug action; structure-activity relationships; receptors
Factors affecting the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of

drugs.
Factors altering drug effects
Individual: disease, physiological conditions- age, pregnancy, gender,

obesity, compliance, dependence,
Drug interactions and pharmacogenetics; side effects, overdosage, toxicology
Drug metabolism in liver, intestine, kidney, lung, brain, skin.
General properties of autacoids
Prostaglandins; prostaglandin inhibition; leukotrienes and thromboxanes

Biogenic amines: adrenergic; cholinergic; dopaminergic; serotonergic;
histaminergic; GABAergic
Peptides and analogs such as endorphins, substance P, erythropoietin
Smooth muscle/endothelial autacoids: nitric acid, platelet-activating factor,

endothelin, atrial natriuretic peptide
Cytokines: interleukins, tumour necrosis factor.
Neurotransmitter and endocrine pharmacology
Introduction- Autonomic and somatic motor nervous system
Adrenergics: Pharmacological actions of noradrenaline; comparison with

adrenaline; actions and uses of (α- and β- adrenoreceptor agonists and
antagonists; adrenergic neurone blocking drugs; drugs that interfere with
synthesis, storage and metabolism of noradrenaline
Acetylcholine: pharmacological actions; drugs affecting cholinergic

transmission Anticholinesterases. Actions and uses of selective agonists
and antagonists for muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
Non-adrenergic, non cholinergic transmission. Nitric oxide, adenosine and

other NANC transmitters
Central neurotransmission. Location and function of neurones that release

dopamine, GAB A, glutamine, 5-HT and acetylcholine.
Anti-infectives (Chemotherapy of microbial diseases)
Antibiotic treatment, modes of action and resistance including penicillins,

cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, B:lactamase inhibitors,
tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, erythromycin, 4-quinolones, vancomycin
and fusidic acid and anti-tuberculosis agents
Antimicrobial synergy, antagonism and resistance
Viral infections and their treatment including Herpes, Varicella and HIV,
HPV
Fungal infections including dermatophytes and Candida albicans and

treatment with amphotericin and azole agents
Treatment of protozoal infections, including malaria. Helminths and

arthropods, especially tropical issues such as schistosomiasis, filariasis

Tropical diseases: malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, trypanosomiasis,
leishmaniasis, and public health implications.
Cancer Drugs (Anti-neoplastic agents)
Introduction and principles of chemotherapy. The mechanisms of action,

uses and limitations of the major groups of chemotherapeutic agents,
e.g. alkyl ting and cross linking agents, anti metabolites, topoisomerase
inhibitors, spindle inhibitors and biologicals. New and future therapies
Immunomodulation, monoclonal antibodies and conjugates, pro-drugs,

vaccines, gene and RNA targeting, aptomers, gene therapy, DNA repair
and resistance inhibition. Novel delivery systems
Inhibition of angiogenesis and the metastatic cascade
Radiation and chemotherapy sensitisers and protectors.
B. Clinical pharmacology
1. Course Purpose
(See number 1 on page 52)
2. Course Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
a) Describe the therapeutic principles of the drugs used in the treatment

of disease in the various systems of the body (mechanisms of action,
main therapeutic indications, contra indications, adverse effects and
clinically significant drug interactions).
b) Discuss the rational evidence based use of drugs
c) Describe the principles of prescription writing and monitoring of
patient compliance.
d) Describe the role of the pharmacy and poisons board.
3. Course Content
Cardiovascular drugs
Antihypertensive drugs. Diuretics, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors, AT1,

antagonists, – adrenoceptor blockers; – adrenoceptor antagonists,

calcium entry blockers and CNS active drugs, endothelin antagonists,
endopeptidase inhibitors
Ischaemic heart disease and its treatment; nitrates, – adrenoreceptor blockers

and calcium channel blockers
Lipid lowering drugs: statins, cholestyramine, nicotinic acid and ACA T

inhibitors
Antiarrhythmic drugs. Class I-IV anti-arrhythmic drugs Sodium channel

blockers, Potassium channel blockers such as amiodarone and sotalol;
calcium entry blockers, digoxin, adenosine, beta-adrenoceptor
antagonists
Heart failure: ACE inhibitors, I-blockers, adrenoceptor antagonists, inotropic

agents and vasodilator drugs in the treatment of heart failure
Anticoagulant therapy – warfarin, heparin, ximelagatran; Fibrinolytic

mechanisms LMW Heparin.
Pharmacology and therapeutic role of streptokinase and tissue plasminogen

activator (tPA)
Anti-platelet drugs and their use in vascular embolic disease
Treatment of anaemia (Haematopoietic agents).
Dermatological drugs
Acne treatment; keratolytics, comedolytics, antibiotics, retinoids
Psoriasis - inflammatory and hyperproliferative nature of the disease. Use of

topical vitamin D analogues, corticosteroids, dithranol; use of intravenous
therapy in resistant cases
Alopecia: minoxidil; anti-androgens; antimicrobials and antineoplastics.
Endocrine and Reproductive Drugs (Hormones and hormone antagonists)
Drug treatment of diabetes mellitus: Insulin and oral hypoglycaemics
Hormones of the pituitary and hypothalamus; Drugs suppressing prolactin

release: vasopressin and analogues
Drugs used in thyroid diseases
Corticotrophin and adrenal steroids

Drugs affecting calcium homeostasis; Osteoporosis and Paget’s disease.
Use of calcitonins, bisphosphonates, oestrogen receptor modulators,
vitamin D analogues; calcium
Hormone replacement therapy; Contraceptive drugs; oestrogens and

progestogens, Mechanism of contraceptive action.
Drugs affecting the uterus - uterine relaxants and stimulants
Anabolic/androgenic steroids - use and abuse
Antimicrobials and antineoplastics.
Gastrointestinal drugs
Drugs for peptic ulcer disease - antacids, cytoprotective agents, H2 antagonists
and proton pump inhibitors. Antibiotic treatment to eliminate H. pylori
Drugs for motility disorders - stimulants and anti-spasmodics
Drugs for nausea and vomiting - dopamine antagonists, antihistamines,

anticholinergics and 5HT3 antagonists
Laxatives - bulking agents, stool softeners, stimulant and osmotic laxatives
Anti-microbial, immunosuppressive and anti-neoplastic agents
Agents used for Biliary and Pancreatic Disease; pancreatic enzymes.
Genitourinary drugs
Drugs for urinary incontinence – anticholinergics, antidiuretic hormone
analogues
Drugs for benign prostatic hypertrophy – a blockers and 5-reductase

inhibitors. Antiandrogens and prostate cancer
Drugs for – erectile dysfunction – phosphodiesterase inhibitors; treatment

of impotence
Anti-microbial agents
immunosuppressive and anti-neoplastic agents.
Anti-inflammatorv / Musculoskeletal drugs

Anti-inflammatory drugs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID);
glucocorticoids as anti-inflammatory agents; second-line antirheumatic
drugs

Pharmacology of immuno-modulatory drugs used to treat autoimmune
diseases, including cytotoxic and immunosuppressive agents; botulinum
toxin.
Drugs for Neurological diseases and Psychotropics (CNS drugs)
Analgesics: Narcotic and non-narcotic; local and central analgesia
Anaesthetics: local and general, inhalational and intravenous anaesthetics
Anti-convulsants
Hypnotics and sedatives: the barbiturates, benzodiazepines, non-

benzodiazepine anxiolytics and sedatives
Psychopharmacologic agents (e.g antidepressants, mood stabilizers,

antipsychotic agents); stimulants (e.g amphetamines)
Antiparkinsonian drugs
Skeletal muscle relaxants; neuromuscular blocking agents; antiglaucoma

drugs; anti-inflammatory agents
Antimicrobial; immuno-suppressive and antineoplastic drugs
Management of drug dependence.
Respiratory Drugs
Decongestants; cough suppressants and expectorants; anti-microbial

agents
Pharmacotherapy of asthma – bronchodilators; b-agonists, xanthines,

anticholinergics, leukotriene receptor antagonists. Anti-inflammatory
drugs-corticosteroids, cromoglycate, etc. Use of longer acting b-agonists
Pharmacotherapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – chronic

bronchitis, emphysema and smoking
Immunosuppressive and anti-neoplastic agents.
Clinical Toxicology
Concepts of drug toxicology: Therapeutic index; adverse drug reactions;
“predictable” versus unexpected toxic actions of drugs, management of
adverse reactions

Non-drug toxicology, industrial and environmental toxicants. (Heavy
Metals and Heavy-metals Antagonists, Non-metallic Environmental
Toxicants: Air pollutants, Solvents and Vapours, and Pesticides).
Regulations
Relevant Acts/laws/pharmacy and poisons board act Cap 244
Public health/ environmental issues/protection of environment.
ii. Child Health and Paediatrics (12 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to manage
child health and paediatric problems.
2. Course Outcomes
a) Describe principles of new born care.
b) Describe normal growth and development of children and adolescents
c) Make a diagnosis from relevant history, physical examination and

investigations.
d) Participate in the management of common paediatric conditions.
e) Perform routine clinical procedures in neonates and children.
f) Apply preventive measures and carry out health promotion.
g) Apply research principles in solving paediatric health problems.
3. Course Content
Principles of new born care
Resuscitation\birth complications including birth asphyxia, meconium
aspiration syndrome and prematurity; Congenital anomalies; feeding
of new born; pathopysiology and management of common neonatal
disorders; jaundice; temperature management; sepsis; haemolytic disease
of new born (ABO, Rhesus incompatibility), PMTCT.

Normal growth and development of children and adolescents
Normal growth and development stages; components; assessment of
growth and development; cognitive and psychosocial development
Nutrition: normal nutritional requirements in childhood; breastfeeding

and breast milk; HIV and breast feeding; complementary feeding; clinical
significance of micro nutrients in child nutrition; malnutrition.
Comprehensive paediatric history

Birth history; immunization history feeding history; socio-economic
history; growth and development; childhood illnesses; use of appropriate
non-patient information sources; summarized history.
Comprehensive paediatric examination

Vital signs anthropometric signs, general examination, systemic and mental
examination.
Routine clinical procedures

Indications; limitations; potential complications; interpretation of the
results of blood biochemistry, urine biochemistry,; lumbar puncture;
insertion of N/G tube; veno-puncture; rectal examination, catheterization,
basic CPR, pleural tap, ascitic tap, administer oxygen safely, injections,
peripheral blood film, blood slide for malaria parasites, CSF analysis,
specimen handling, genital examination.
Investigations and Data Interpretation

Laboratory tests; haematology, blood bi~chemistry, urine biochemistry,
microbiologic tests, arterial blood gases; coagulation studies, CSF studies,
endocrinologic tests, immunologic tests
Imaging: plain X-rays and basic contrast studies, basic CT scan, ultra sound
imaging.
Management of the sick child

Designing of an appropriate comprehensive management plan for health
problem diagnosed
Patient monitoring: vital signs,clinical and laboratory monitoring
Consultation and referrals
Clinical use of pharmacotherapeutic agents and other therapeutic modalities

In children

Counselling
Palliation and care of the terminally ill child.
Common paediatric health problems
Scientific basis of illness; anatomical; biochemical; microbiological; pathologic;
Sick child; abnormal growth and development; pathophysiology of disease;

care for the sick child; care for the terminally ill child
Common paediatric disorders including: malaria; HIV; anaemia; acute

respiratory infections; diarrhoeal and vomiting; nutritional disorders and
immunizable diseases; paediatric emergencies.
Systemic paediatric disorders; congenital; infective; traumatic;

immunologic; metabolic; neoplastic; degenerative; genetic and impact of
environmental factors in disease conditions of the systems: Respiratory:
congenital, inflammatory and infective, immunologic, neoplastic.
Neuromuscular: congenital, inflammatory and infections of the brain
and meninges, seizure disorders, cerebral palsy, muscle and spinal
cord disorders. Reproductive: congenital, inflammatory and infections
of the reproductive system, immunologic, neoplastic conditions.
Urinary: congenital, inflammatory and infections of the urinary system,
immunologic (including nephrotic syndrome), neoplastic conditions.
Haematologic and oncologic disorders: anaemias, haemoragic
disorders, leukemias, solid tumours of childhood. Cardiovascular:
congenital, inflammatory and infections including rheumatic heart
disease and infective endocarditis, cardiac failure. Endocrine: hormonal
dysfunctions including thyroid disorders, diabetes mellitus, growth
disorders, precocious puberty. Skin and integumentary: congenital,
inflammatory and infections of the skin and connective tissues
including atopy, urticaria and dermatoses. Behaviour and psychiatric
disorders: phobias; hysteria; anxiety; antisocial behaviour; truancy; drug
abuse; behaviour problems associated with physical illness; neurotic
and psychotic disorders. Adolescent medicine: neurosis; behaviour
disorders; alcohol and substance abuse; psychotic disorders; hysteria;
adolescent psychiatry. Skeletal systems: congenital, inflammatory,
infective, traumatic, degenerative and neo plastic.
Paediatric accident and emergencies.

Prevention and Health Promotion
Recognition of genetic predisposition, ethnic/cultural, and environmental
factors that influence health of children.
Screening programmes
Immunization programmes: EPI schedules
Communication and advocacy for right to health of children
Intervention and health promotion: child health statistics; preventive and

promotive child health; child health programmes; sanitation and safe
water supply; child abuse; delinquency; child labour; child advocacy; child
fostering and adoption; children living in difficult circumstances.
Research and Ethics

Limitations of scientific underpinnings guiding diagnosis, management and
prevention of diseases
Role of research in the advancement of diagnosis, therapy and management

of patients
Ethical issues; medico-legal issues, informed consent, assent, autopsy.
iii. Internal Medicine (12 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip students with knowledge, skills and attitudes in general and specific areas
of internal medicine.
2. Course Outcomes
a) Make a diagnosis from relevant history, physical examination and
investigations.
b) Participate in the management of the common disorders in internal
medicine
c) Describe influence of ageing on medical conditions, particularly care
of the elderly.

d) Describe the principles of human genetics and gene therapy.
e) Perform routine clinical procedures and carry out basic laboratory

investigations.
3. Course Content
Clinical process
Focused history taking; comprehensive physical and mental examination;;
recording of clinical data; interpretation of findings; interpretation of results of
commonly done investigations including basic haematology, blood biochemistry,
urine and stool examination, X-rays, basic CT scans, electrocardiography, basic
contrast studies among others; clinical decision making based on the available
data; outline of patient management plan; case presentation, ultra sound.
Investigations and data interpretations
Management of Medical Disorders
Designing an appropriate comprehensive treatment plan for the problem

diagnosed; supportive treatment and optimization of the patient; definitive
treatment; medical prophylaxis
Patient monitoring; vital signs; clinical and laboratory monitoring
Rational use of pharmacotherapeutics; other therapeutic modalities
Counselling
Palliation and care of the terminally ill
Pathophysiology of the ageing process, care of the elderly, medication

compliance, dosing and nutritional needs.
Principles of human genetics, ethics and practice in clinical medicine.

Indications; limitations; potential complications; specimen handling; lumbar
puncture; insertion of nasogastric tube; venepuncture; rectal examination,
bladder catheterization, pleural tap,; ascitic tap; cardio pulmonary resuscitation
(CPR); administer oxygen safely; Injections, (intravenous, intramuscular,

subcutaneous); urianalysis; peripheral blood film; blood slide for malaria
parasites; Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) analysis, bone marrow aspiration,
nebulisation, arterial gas sampling.
Common disorders in internal medicine

a. Respiratory disorders
Rhinitis,sinusitis, laryngitis, epiglotitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonitis,
interstitial lung disease, pleuritis, pneumonia, empyema, tuberculosis, fungal
infections, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypersensitivity
disorders, pneumoconioses, HIV /AIDS and associated disorders, other
immunodeficiency states, aspiration, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, acute
and chronic alveolar injury, ARDS; hypoventilation; neoplastic disorders;
idiopathic disorders; Vascular disorders: pulmonary emboli, pulmonary
hypertension; oxygen and ventilator therapy.
b. Cardiovascular disorders
Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, valvular heart disease,
heart failure; chronic and acute including cardiogenic shock, arterial
hypertension; hypotension, coronary artery disease: risk factors; clinical
syndromes i.e. stable coronary disease, acute coronary syndromes; prevention
pericardial disease; acute pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis, pericardial
effusion, pleural effusion and tamponade, venous thromboembolism; DVT,
pulmonary embolism, myocardial diseases; myocarditis, cardiomyopathies
(dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive) pulmonary hypertension; primary,
secondary e.g. cor pulmonale, infective endocarditis, dysrrhythmias,
peripheral artery disease HIV/AIDS associated cardiovascular disorders
congenital heart disease.
c. Endocrine and metabolic disorders

Pituitary and hypothalamic disorders; diabetes insipidus, inappropriate secretion
of ADH, hypopituitarism, acromegaly, thyroid disorders; hypothyroidism,
hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, parathyroid disorders; hyperparathyroidism,
hypoparathyroidism; metabolic bone disorders, disorders of glucose
metabolism: diabetes mellitus; acute and chronic complications, hypoglycaemia,
obesity and the metabolic syndrome adrenal disorders; cushing’s syndrome,
hyperaldosteronism, corticoadrenal insufficiency, hypoaldosteronism,
phaeochromocytoma. disorders of lipid metasbolism, disorders of the sex
hormones, neoplastic disorders; ectopic hormone production, HIV/AIDS and
associated endocrine disorders.

d. Neurological disorders
CNS infections; meningitides, encephalitis, cerebral abscess, neurosyphyllis,
poliomyelitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, neurological manifestations of HIV/
AIDS, cerebrovascular disorders (cerebral infarctions; haemorrhages; aneurysms;
carvenous sinus thrombosis, seizure disorders, degenarative disorders Alzheimer’s
disease, Parkinson’s disease, myotrophic lateral sclerosis, demyelinating disorders
(multiple sclerosis, diseases of peripheral nerves, diseases of the spinal cord and
spinal nerve roots, congenital anomalies, neoplasms, diseases of muscle and the
neuromuscular junction, paroxysmal disorders headache, trigeminal neuralgia),
metabolic and nutritional deficiencies e.g. thiamine and cyanocobalamine
deficiency,symptoms and signs of ill defined conditions; coma, delirium,
confusion, dementia, syncope, ataxia, sleep disorders.
e. Gastro-enteric disorders
Oesophaeal disorders; esophagitis, GERD, motility disorders, oesophageal
varices, hiatus hernia o Peptic ulcer, gastritis, Pancreatitis; acute, chronic, Hepato-
bilary disease; Hepatitis; liver cirrhosis; metabolic liver disease; liver failure;
portal hypertension; Jaundice, prehepaic, hepatic, post hepatic; cholecystitis
and cholelithiasis, cholangitis, Small and large bowel disease; Crohn’s disease,
ulcerative colitis malabsorption syndromes, diarrhoeal disease, parasitic
infestations food poisoning, Peritonitis, ascites\ HIV/AIDS related disorders.
f. Renal disorders
Pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, glomerulonephritis, interstitial
nephritis, transplant rejection; traumatic and mechanical disorders, obstructive
uropathy, Disorders involving metabolic, physiological, or regulatory processes:
renal failure, cortical and medullary necrosis, nephrotic syndrome, tubular
disorders, disorders of collecting system, renal calculi, Prostatic disorders;
neoplastic disorders: Wilm’s tumour, bladder carcinoma; vascular disorders;
effects of systemic disease on the kidney; fluid/electrolyte disorders; acid and
base balance, Management of end stage renal disease (transplant).
g. Rheumatological disorders
Connective tissue disorders, Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, polymaylgia rheumatica.
h. Haematopoietic and Iymphoreticular disorders

Anaemias; Iron deficiency, megaloblastic anaemias (B 12 and folate deficiency),
haemolytic, anaemia of chronic illness, pancytopaenia, Haemolytic disorders
(sickle cell anaemia), Bone marrow suppression

Disorders ofhaemostasis; coagulopathies and platelet disorders (Haemophilia),
von Willebrand’s disease, DIC, ITP
Neoplastic disorders; Acute and chronic leukaemias, lymphomas, multiple

myeloma, polycythaemia rubra vera, Transfusion and tranfusion reactions.
i. Infectious diseases
Epidemiology; prevention, clinical and community; socio-economic and cultural
dimensions, Mechanisms of disease; aetiology, transmission, pathology,
pathogenesis, natural history, behavioural and socio-cultural determinants,
clinical course and complications, General aspects; specific organisms and types
of infectious diseases; host responses e.g. inflammation, fever; Immunity (innate
and acquired); factors predisposing to infection, bacteraemia, septicaemia,
septic shock, toxic shock; nosocomial infections; bases for susceptibility
and resistance to antimicrobial measures, Specific infections, bacterial, viral,
parasitic, fungal, Principles of management and anti microbial treatment, acute
or emergency problems; septicaemia, septic shock; the immuno compromised
host, Fever of unknown origin.
j. Oncology (neoplastic disorders)

General aspects; basic biologic behaviour of tumours; principles of primary
therapeutic interventions; site and size related complications and their
management; paraneoplastic syndromes; ectopic hormone secretion; palliation,
Neoplastic disorders; osteogenic sarcoma.
k. Emergency medicine
Aetiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation prevention and
epidemiology of common medical emergencies; Epistaxis, airway obstruction,
status asthmaticus, tension pneumothorax, pulmonary oedema, acute
respiratory failure, pulmonary embolism, shock, arrhythmias, anaphylactic
reactions, Diabetic ketoacidosis, hypoglycaemis, thyroid storm, adrenocortical
crisis, urinary retention, hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia, acute renal failure,
status epilepticus, acute complicated malaria, acute psychotic state, meningitis,
carvenous sinus thrombosis, cerebbovascular accident, the unconscious
patient, acute poisoning, sickle cell crisis, septicaemia, snake bites, haemoptysis,
haematemesis, hypertensive emergency, acute coronary syndromes.
l. Health Promotion in Medicine

Factors influencing the medical care of individuals and community; Socio-
economic, cultural, familial, psychological, economic, environmental, legal,

political and spiritual factors, Communication and advocacy for health issues
(non-communicable diseases), Prevention of diseases and accidents, Medical
appliances, Role of research, Health insurance.
iv. Reproductive Health (12 Units)

1. Course Purpose
To equip students with knowledge, skills and attitudes in general and specific areas
of Reproductive Health.
2. Course Outcomes
By the end of the course, the student should be able to:
a) Describe the scientific foundation of obstetrics and gynaecology and

apply this knowledge to solve medical problems
b) Make a diagnosis from relevant history, physical examination and
investigation
c) Participate in the management of common obstetric and gynaecological
conditions
d) Perform and record procedures in common obstetric and gynaecological
conditions.
e) Record portfolios of cases managed.
3. Course Content
Obstetric anatomy and Reproductive Physiology: anatomy of male and
female reproductive organs; the menstrual cycle; spermatogenesis; sex
hormones; puberty; menopause and male climacteric; Normal pregnancy:
conception; foetal growth and development; and antepartum management;
Normal labour, delivery and puerperium, foetal death; Foetal and neonatal
physiology. Basic pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics and safety in
pregnancy
Clinical process: focused history taking including socio-cultural issues;

comprehensive physical and mental examination; summarized history;
recording of clinical data; interpretation of findings; case presentation. basic
diagnostic and technical procedures: partogram, recording and record
keeping, imaging techniques,

Antenatal care, Obstetric problems: multiple gestation; abortion; ectopic
pregnancy; third trimester; abnormal bleeding; eclampsia; gestational
diabetes; Disorders associated with the puerperium: lactational problems;
post-partum haemorrhage; sepsis; depression; Antepartum, intrapartum
and postpartum disorders of the fetus; neonatal resuscitation. Abnormal
labour; induction; methods of operative delivery; Genital tract trauma;
prolapse and incontinence (uro gynaecology)
Vulvovaginitis; salpingitis; pelvic inflammatory disease; toxic shock

syndrome; mastitis; breast abscess; orchitis; epididymitis; sexually
transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDs, Prevention of Mother to Child
Transmission (PMTCT), abnormal vaginal bleeding, genital tract, trauma;
prolapse and incontinence,
Gynaecological malignancies: Tumors of the vulva uterus, cervix, ovaries,

breast, testis; Radiotherapy and chemotherapy; investigations: PAP smear,
colposcopy
Menstrual disorders; infertility; polycystic ovarian disease; endometriosis;

sexual dysfunction; assisted reproductive technology Treatment of
menstrual disorders; hormone replacement; antimicrobials; antineoplastics;
contraception and pregnancy; population dynamics, the Family Planning.
Common clinical procedures Catheterization; Rupture of membranes;

Normal deliveries; Resuscitation of the newborn; Apgar scoring; Episiotomy
and repair; Repair of perineal tears; Clinical pelvimetry; Nasogastric-tube
insertion; Manual vacuum aspiration; Speculum examination; Pap smear;
Insertion and removal of Intra Uterine Contraceptive Devices; Venepuncture-
-Induction of labour; Vacuum delivery; Breech delivery; Breech extraction;
Amniocentesis; Paracentesis; Culdoscentesis; Hysterosalpingogram;
Laparatomy for ectopic pregnancy; Manual removal of placenta; McDonald
stitch insertion; Minilap Bilateral Tubal Ligation; Caesarean section;
Oophorectomy; Myomectomy; Drainage of pelvic abscess, laparascopy,
basic Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Advanced Life Support for
Obstetrics (ALSO).
Communication skills.
Research methods: quantitative studies- cross sectional, case control,

cohort, clinical trials, community trials, qualitative studies - rapid appraisal
procedures, research proposal writing
Paediatric and adolescent \gynaecology.

v. General Surgery (12 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with the knowledge, skills and attitudes to manage surgical
problems.
2. Course Outcome
a) Discuss the principles of surgery
b) Make diagnosis from relevant history, physical examination and
investigation
c) Perform and record routine clinical procedures
d) Participate in the management of common surgical problems.
3. Course Content
Principles of Surgery
Aseptic and anti-septic techniques; hazards and precautions in operating theatre;

patient evaluation; informed consent; peri-operative care and management
of surgical complications; wounds and wound healing; fluid therapy and
electrolyte balance; pain management; shock in surgery; multiple injury and
critical care; co-morbidities of surgical importance; metabolic response to
trauma; transfusion and transplant surgery.
Clinical process
Comprehensive and focused history of a surgical patient; comprehensive

physical, mental, emergency directed and focused examination; recording of
clinical data; interpretation of findings; interpretation of results of commonly
done investigations; clinical decision making based on the available data; case
presentation.
Indications, complications and limitations of: venopuncture including

blood cultures; starting a peripheral venous access: basic Cardio Pulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR), Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS); control of external
haemorhage; insertion of nasogastric tube; sterile techniques; universal

precautions; injections; urethral catheterization; fundoscopy; suturing of
lacerations; lumbar puncture; incision and drainage of abscess superficial
lesions; rectal examination; excisional biopsy of lumps, suturing of wounds,
insertion of chest tubes, superficial and easily accessible lesions; abdominal
paracentesis; thoracocentesis, circumcision.
Investigations and data Interpretation
Laboratory tests; heamatology, blood chemistry, urine biochemistry,microbiologic

tests, arterial blood gases; coagulation studies; Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF)
studies; endocrinologic tests; basic imaging studies.
Management of surgical disorders
Designing an appropriate comprehensive treatment plan for the surgical

problem diagnosed; supportive treatment and optimization of the surgical
patient; definitive treatment; surgical prophylaxis.
Patient monitoring; vital signs, clinical and laboratory monitoring;

biochemical parameters;
Counselling
Palliation in surgery and care of the terminally ill
Pathophysiology of the ageing process, care of the elderly, medication

compliance, dosing and nutritional needs
Principles of human genetics, ethics and practice in surgery
Management of trauma and common emergencies.
Systemic surgical disorders
Gastro-intestinal tract: acute abdomen; congenital; dysphagia; foreign body;

caustic burns; peptic ulcer disease; neoplasms; hepatobilliary disorders;
peri-anal lesions; trauma; : inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal
bleeding, hernias; Cardiovascular: congenital vascular lesions; infective
processes complication of arterial diseases; trauma to vessels and heart;
aneurysms; varicose veins and varicose ulcers; arteriovenous shunts, diseases
of pericardium.

Endocrine system: congenital disorders; thyroid and parathyroid glands;
adrenal glands among others Genito-urinary systems; congenital disorders;
infective processes, obstructive uropathy; haematuria, malignancies; acute
scrotum; trauma, inquino-scrotal swellings. Nervous system: congenital lesions;
infective processes space occupying lesions; head injury; cord compression
malignancies. Respiratory system: congenital lesions; infective processes,
pleural effusion, chest injury and complications; empyema thoracis; foreign
body in bronchus, malignancies. Skin and integumentary; congenital skin
lesions, infective processes, benign and malignant lesions, basic reconstructive
skin surgery, Surgical procedures, diagnostic techniques, plastic surgery, biopsy
(punch, shave and excision), curettage, electrosurgery, cryosurgery, laser and
intense pulsed light, diseases of the breast, Tuberculosis in surgery., HIV and
AIDS in surgical patients.
Preventive and Health Promotion in surgery

Recognition of genetic predisposition, ethnic/cultural factors, occupational
risks, exposure and lifestyle: Screening programmes; Behaviour modification:
Appropriate and timely intervention programmes: Advocacy for right to health
of individuals and community: Educational programmes and other interventions:
Prevention of disease.
Research in Surgery
Role of research in the advancement of diagnosis, therapy and management
of surgical patients. Limitations of scientific underpinnings guiding diagnosis,
management and prevention of diseases:
vi. Orthopaedics and Traumatology (6 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with knowledge, skills and attitudes to handle trauma,
orthopaedic emergencies and common orthopaedic problems.
2. Course Outcomes
At the end of this course the student should be able to:
a) Discuss the principles of orthopaedic and traumatology.
b) Make diagnosis from relevant history, physical examination and investigation.
c) Perform and record routine clinical procedures.

d) Participate in the management of common orthopaedic problems.
3. Course Content
Principles of Surgery
Aseptic and anti-septic techniques; hazards and precautions in operating

theatre; patient evaluation; informed consent; peri-operative care and
management of surgical complications; wounds and wound healing; fluid
therapy and electrolyte balance; pain management; shock; co-morbidities
of surgical importance; metabolic response to trauma; transfusion; bone
fixation; resuscitation.
Clinical process
Focused history taking; comprehensive physical examination and mental

examination; summarized history; recording of clinical data; interpretation
of findings; case presentation, informed consent, pre-op care.
Indications; limitations and complications; perform routine clinical procedures

including specimen handling; interpretation of the results of blood
biochemistry, urine biochemistry, X-rays, basic CT, basic contrast studies
among others; lumbar puncture; insertion of N/G tube; vene-puncture;
suturing of wounds and application of splints, casts and traction; Basic Life
Support (BLS), Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS).
Investigations and data interpretation
Results of blood chemistry, urine, x-rays, bone CT, MRI
Management of Orthopaedic Disorders
Designing an appropriate comprehensive treatment plan for the

orthopaedic/trauma problem diagnosed; supportive treatment and
optimization of the patient; definitive treatment; surgical prophylaxis
Patient monitoring; vital signs; biochemical parameters
Counselling
Palliation in orthopaedics and care of the terminally ill

Common orthopaedic/trauma disorders
Bone and joint infections; fractures of bones; compartment syndrome; spinal

injury and cord compression; neuro-vascular injury; joint dislocations; multiple
injuries; Congenital Bone and Joint Disorders: affecting the foot, the knee
and hip joints. Achondroplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta; Inflammatory and
Infective Conditions: Hand infections, tuberculous and parasitic bone infections,
Osteomyelitis, Septic arthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis and synovitis, chronic
inflammations associated with other systemic diseases; Degenerative bone and
Joint Disorders: synovial joint disorders, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, low back
pain. Metabolic Bone Disorders: rickets, gout; Neoplasms: Primary and metastatic
musculoskeletal tumours.
Common fractures and fracture dislocations: soft tissue injuries. Grading and
types of fractures: first aid and transportation: management of patient with
multiple injuries: management of fractures; complications of fracture; fracture
healing. Response to trauma. Injuries to tendons, nerves, blood vessels; and
their management; Spinal injury and cord compression; neuro-vascular injury:
dislocations, fractures and fracture dislocations; soft tissue injuries Injuries
to tendons, nerves, blood vessels compartment syndrome, management of
patient with multiple injuries;
Triaging and mass accidents, resuscitation, Rational use of pharmacotherapeutics;

other therapeutic modalities Consultation and referrals: Rehabilitation,
Counselling Palliative care of the terminally ill.
Health Promotion in Orthopaedic
Factors influencing care of individuals and community; sociocultural, familial,

psychological, economic, environmental, legal, political and spiritual factors.;
Advocacy; Prevention of orthopaedic diseases and accidents; Orthopaedic
appliances; Role of research.
vii. Radiology and Imaging (3 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with the basic principles of imaging and skills in
interpretation of radiological images and reports to enable them make
appropriate diagnosis.

2. Course Outcome
At the end of this course, the student will be able to:
a) Describe the scope and basic principles of diagnostic imaging
b) Interpret reports and images of common imaging modalities.
3. Course Content
The scope and basic principles of diagnostic imaging techniques and modalities
Conventional; plain radiography and contrast procedures
Newer imaging modalities; ultrasound, computerized tomography, Doppler

utra sound, radionuclide scanning, MRI, pet scan
Concept of radiographic contrast media and its application
Indications, contraindications and complications of radiological procedures
interventional radiology
Radiation protection, monitoring and legislation.
Description and Interpretation of the common imaging outcomes

Skeletal tissue: normal appearance and pathologic changes of bones,
healing and complications of fractures, inflammatory changes of bones
and joints, degenerative diseases of joints, diagnostic features of bone
tumours
Chest: diagnostic features of infectious and inflammatory diseases of

lungs and bronchi, pulmonary tuberculosis, tumours of lungs and pleura,
pulmonary oedema and embolism, air fluids in pleural-space, mediastinal
disorders
Esophagus: tumours and motility disorders
Stomach and Intestines: tumours, peptic ulceration, perforations
Billiary System: stones
Cardiovascular system: abnormalities of the heart, abnormalities of the

blood vessels and lymphatics
Special radiological features in children

Central Nervous System: fractures, space occupying lesions, degenerative
disorders, pathologies involving the spine
Head and neck radiology: imaging modalities; pathologies of the nasal

cavity, paranasal sinuses, orbits, and temporal bones; other head and neck
pathologies; systemic diseases involving the head and neck
Breast radiology: imaging modalities, breast cancer screening,

mammography
Pelvic and urogenital radiology: imaging modalities, imaging in obstetrics

and gynecology, pelvic masses, urinary lithiasis, neoplasia and renal cystic
disease, tuberculosis, renovascular hypertension, kidney transplantation,
prostatic and scrotal pathology, trauma.
Osteoarticular and muscular radiology: imaging modalities; anatomy and

physiology; congenital, infectious, neoplastic, inflammatory, metabolic,
traumatic, and vascular diseases.
Vascular and interventional radiology: basic concepts.
viii. Ophthalmology (3 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To provide a foundation in ophthalmology to enable the graduate to manage basic
ophthalmic conditions and to know when to refer.
2. Course Outcomes
a) Discuss the anatomy of the eye and the physiology of vision
b) Describe the human eye as an optical system
c) Explain the principles of common refractive errors and their correction
including refractive surgery
d) To take an ophthalmic history and perform a basic ocular examination
e) Demonstrate ability to correctly perform routine clinical procedures
and order appropriate investigations
f) To triage other ocular diseases
g) To participate in the management of the common ophthalmic disorders

3. Course Content
Anatomy and Physiology
Ocular Anatomy: Orbit; lids; conjuctiva; lymph nodes; lachrymal system; cornea;
anterior chamber; iris and pupil lens; vitreous; choroids and retina; Anatomy of
extraocular muscles including origin, course, insertion, innervation, and blood
supply; Normal alignment. Ocular physiology: Visual pathways; Oculomotor
pathways; Facial and trigeminal nerves; Autonomic pathways; Pupillary pathways
Aqueous humor physiology,
The eye as an optical system

Visual acuity; Refractive states: Emmetropia; Myopia; Hypermmetropia;
Astigmatism; Presbyopia and accommodation; Spectacle correction; Contact
lenses; Intra-ocular lenses; Low vision and low vision aids; Refractive surgery
including newer procedures like PRK and LASIK.
Clinical process
History taking; basic examination with flashlight; slit-lamp examination;
fundoscopy; visual fields by confrontation; summarized history; recording of
clinical data; interpretation of findings; case presentation.

Indications; limitations; potential complications; Visual acuity; External
inspection; Papillary reflexes; Ocular motility; Direct ophthalmoscopy;
Pupillary dilatation; Anterior chamber depth assessment; Visual fields by
confrontation (perimetry); lOP measurement (tonometry); Fluorescein
staining; Extraocular motility; Neuroimaging: X-rays; CT scan; MRI; Ultra-
sound, among others.
Management of Ophthalmic Disorders
Designing an appropriate comprehensive treatment plan for the ophthalmic

problem diagnosed; supportive treatment and; definitive treatment
Patient monitoring; vital signs, laboratory and clinical monitoring;

biochemical parameters
Consultation and when to refer
Rational use of pharmacotherapeutics: drops; ointments; local injections;

local anaesthesia; other therapeutic modalities
Counselling

Rehabilitation and care of the visually impaired.
Common ophthalmic disorders

Ocular trauma; blunt and penetrating injuries; orbital trauma and blowout
fracture; burns and chemical injuries; ocular foreign bodies
Red eye diffential diagnosis: Glaucoma; Anterior uveitis; keratitis; Conjuctivitis
Scleritis; Episcleritis; Adnexal disease; Subconjuctival haemorrhage;

Pterygium; Keratoconjuctivitis sicca; Abnormal lid function; Symptoms
associated with the red eye and steps to differentiate red eye. Indications
for referral
Eyelid diseases: Malpositions; Inflammations; Infections; and tumours.

Lacrimal system:; lacrimal disease; Congenital and acquired nasolacrimal
duct obstruction; Dacryocystitis. Orbital diseases: orbital cellulites; Thyroid
disease; Pseudotumor, Orbital tumors: Aetiology, Measurement of proptosis,
Investigations in proptosis including radiological investigations
Cataract: Symptoms; Lens examination; and red reflex; Cataract surgery;

Artificial lenses
Xerophthalmia; vitamin A deficiency and its effect on the eye; WHO

classification; community health aspects
Trachoma: causes; treatment; Complications; SAFE strategy
Glaucoma: Definition; risk factors, signs, and symptoms of primary open

angle glaucoma and angle closure glaucoma; Visual acuity and visual
fields; lOP and ways of measurement; optic neuropathy in glaucoma;
Pharmacological and treatment
Amblyopia: strabismic; refractive; form deprivation; and occlusive
Strabismus: classification; strabismus testing: causes, effects and basics of

management
Vitreoretinal disorders: Symptoms: loss of vision; flashes; floaters; leucocorea;

Fundus features of important ocular diseases: endophthalmitis and
panophthalmitis; retinal detachment; age-related macular degeneration;
Fundus features of important systemic diseases: diabetes mellitus;
hypertension; vaso occlusive disease; HIV/AIDS
Cranial nerve palsies; Myasthenia gravis
Optic nerve diseases: papilloedema; papillitis; optic atrophy;

Neoplasms: Retinoblastoma: malignant melanoma; other intra-ocular
tumors and metastasis; SCC and Kaposis
Sudden loss of vision.
Health Promotion in Ophthalmic Surgery

Vision 2020 and Kenya ophthalmic program
Prevention of ophthalmic diseases and accidents
ix. Otorhinolaryngology (ORL) (3 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with knowledge, skills and attitudes to handle common
otorhinolaryngology conditions.
2. Course Outcomes
a) Discuss the principles of otorhinolaryngology.

investigation.
d) Participate in the management of common otorhinolaryngology

problems
3. Course Content
Principles of ORL
Review of anatomy of the ear, (outer, middle and inner), nose;nasopharynx
and paranasal sinuses,Larynx ,trachea and broncho-pulmonary tree, and the
oral cavity including congenital anomalies, The neck including lymphatics and
fascial planes; Physiology of hearing and the auditory pathway, balance and the
vestibular pathway.
Clinical process
Focused history taking; comprehensive physical examination and mental
examination; summarized history; recording of clinical data; interpretation of

findings; case presentation. Use of flashlight, tongue blade, otoscope, nasal
specula, laryngoscope. Designing an appropriate comprehensive treatment
plan for the ORL problem diagnosed; supportive treatment and optimization
of the patient; definitive treatment; surgical prophylaxis; Patient monitoring;
vital signs; biochemical parameters; Consultation and referrals;Rational
use of pharmacotherapeutics; other therapeutic modalities; Counselling;
Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy for common head and neck tumours;
Palliation in ORL and care of the terminally ill.

Indications; limitations; potential complications; X-rays, basic CT, basic contrast
studies among others; insertion of N/G tube. Common tuning fork tests;
Webbers, rinnes, schwabach’s, stenger’s tests; Eustachian tube dysfunction in
middle ear pathology; Tracheostomy, removal of foreign bodies.
Common ORL disorders

Diseases of the ear: Acute and chronic otitis media and externa; Acquired
deafness and rehabilitation; Dizzines and vertigo; Tinnitus; Common tumours
of the outer, middle and inner ear; Radiology and imaging in ear diseases:
Diseases of the nose and sinuses: Rhinitis; Sinusitis; Epistaxis; Nasal Polyps;
Fracture of the nasal bones; Carcinoma of the postnasal space, Nasal Fbs:
Diseases of the throat: Tonsils and adenoids; Pharyngitis; Laryngitis; Aetiology
of dysphagia and management, Carcinoma of the Larynx; Tumours of the
oral cavity and palate: Neck masses, differential diagnosis and management;
clinical significance of lymph nodes in the neck and their levels: URTI; Vertigo;
Salivary gland tumours; and Foreign bodies in ORL.
Health Promotion in ORL Surgery

Factors influencing surgical care of individuals and community; sociocultural,
familial, psychological, economic, environmental, legal, political and spiritual:
Advocacy: Prevention of ORL diseases and accidents: ORL appliances: Role
of research.
x. Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (3 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with knowledge, skills and attitudes in anaesthesiology and
critical care medicine.

2. Course Outcomes
a) Discuss the principles of anaesthesiology and critical care
investigation
c) Perform and record routine clinical procedures
d) Participate in the management of common anaesthesia and critical care
e) Discuss medico-legal and ethical issues in anaesthesia and critical care
f) Discuss the role of intensive care in medicine.
3. Course Content
History of anaesthesia. Introduction to anaesthetic drugs and Anaesthetic
equipment: Anaesthetic machine and accessories; Anaesthetic techniques:
Local, regional and general anaesthesia; Preoperative assessment of the
patient: preoperative patient preparation and care of the anaesthetised patient;
Physiological monitoring of the anaesthetised patient: Cardiovascular system;
respiratory system; neurological system; and the other systems. Complications
of anaesthesia. Post-operative management: fluid, nutrition and pain
management. Postoperative patient care; shock and its management; Medical
legal and ethical issues in anaesthesia: the consent form; anaesthetic accidents;
anaesthetic death; Organisation of the intensive care unit. End of life decisions;
de-escalating care; counselling the patient, guardians, staff, delivering bad
news. HIV/AIDS; Basic anaesthetic procedures such as Insertion of IV -lines,
oropharyngeal airways, laryngeal mask airways, Endotracheal intubation,
Insertion of NG-tubes and Urethral Catherterization, including the indications
and complications Basic Life Support (BLS), Advanced Cardiac Life Support
(ACLS), Paediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS), ICU/ HDU layout, personnel
and equipment, criteria for admission, principles of ICU/ HDU management.
ICU patient management and cardiopulmonary/cerebral resuscitation.
xi. Dermatology and Venereology (3 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with knowledge, skills and attitudes to handle common
dermatology and veneral conditions.

2. Course Outcomes
a) Discuss the principles of dermatology and venereology.

investigations.
d) Participate in the management of common dermatology and

venereology problems
3. Course Content
Bacterial infections of skin and soft tissues eg. impetigo, folliculitis;
Superficial fungal infections eg. candidiasis, mycoses, tinea; Viral e.g. herpes
simplex and zoster, warts, molluscum contangiosum; Parasitic eg. Scabies,
pediculosis, jiggers; Sexually transmitted diseases; Skin manifestations of
HIV and AIDS infection; Immunologic and allergic disorders eg. contact
dermatitis, atopic eczema, urticaria, drug reactions; Inflammatory disorders:
Psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, acne.
Benign tumours, precancerous lesions and malignant neoplasms of the

skin, melanoma, squamous and basal cell carcinoma, kaposi’s sarcoma,
metastatic diseases,;Cutaneous manifestations of auto immune connective
tissue disorders; lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis and scleroderma;
Skin manifestations of systemic diseases; Dermatological emergencis such as
drug reactions, photosensitivity; Paraneoplastic skin syndrome; Pigmentary;
disorders, vitiligo, melasma;
Disease of the hairs, nails and mucous membranes.
Dermatologic therapeutics
Topical medications: types of formulations and vehicles (cream, ointment,
paste, powder, lotion, solution, suspension, gel, tincture, collodion and
aerosol), their effects and indications according to the skin condition,
its location, spectrum of inflammation and age of the patient; Principles
sustaining the prescription of the topical and systemic medications;
Selected synthetic wound dressings (hydrocellular, hydrogel, hydrocolloid,
hydrofiber, activated charcoal silver, alginate, silicone, Unna’s boot, protease
modulating, activated polyacrylate) and their formal indications, in particular
in the setting of leg ulcers; therapeutic modalities in dermatology

xii. Mental Health (8 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with knowledge and skills that will enable them to identify,
manage and refer mental disorders and promote mental health.
2. Course Outcomes
At the end of the course the student should able to:
a) Conduct an interview in a manner that facilitates information

gathering and formation of a therapeutic alliance
b) Recognize manifestations, evaluate and manage neuropsychiatry

disorders
c) Recognize, evaluate, and manage patients with mood disorders
d) Demonstrate competency in the recognition, evaluation, and refer of

persons with psychosis
e) Apply laws and acts governing management and rights of patients

with behavioural and mental disorders e.g. mental health act,
constitution of Kenya.
3. Course Content
Psychiatric formulation, mental state examination; respect, empathy,
responsiveness, and concern regardless of the patient’s problems or personal
characteristics; psychotherapy; counselling; team concept in management
of patients; psychopharmacology; alternative forms of therapy
Delirium, dementia Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and HIV

encephalopathy; seizure disorders, strokes and head injuries; disorders of
eating, sleeping and psychosexual functions, suicide
Pathology and management of behaviour and personality disorders, phobic

and obsessions states, anxiety, neuroses, acute and chronic psychiatric
states, organic syndromes, drug and alcohol abuse, acute reaction to stress,
somatoform disorders; community liaison, child, adolescent, forensic and
geriatric psychiatry; mental retardation
Schizophrenic, affective disorders

Mental health legislation; involuntary admission; fitness to plead,
testamentary capacity; power of attorney, court report, Appropriate
history taking and documentation mental status examination.
xiii. Medical Ethics, Professional Conduct and Medico-

Legal Issues (3 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To equip the student with the knowledge of ethical and medico-legal issues of the
practice of medicine.
2. Course Outcomes
At the end of this course, the students should be able to:
a) Discuss the ethical principles and values which underpin the practice
of good medicine and medical research
b) Demonstrate ethical knowledge in the care of special/vulnerable groups
c) Discuss ethical and legal issues in human reproduction and emerging/

re-emerging issues, inappropriate relationships and consequences
d) Discuss the concept of Life, Death, Dying and Killing and apply ethical
principles in Medical research Recognize vulnerabilities created by
the duties of doctors and medical student
e) Interpret the National and International Codes and Relevant Acts

of Parliament relating to the practice of medicine according to the
constitution of Kenya 2010.
3. Course Content
Ethical principles and values
Definitions: ethics, morality, professionalism; characteristics of the medical
profession
Informed consent and refusal of treatment: Why respect for autonomy is

so important; adequate information and comprehension, non-coercion;
treatment without consent and proxy consent competence;
The clinical relationship: truthfulness, trust, and good communication-

Ethical limits of paternalism; building trust; honesty, courage, and other
virtues in clinical practice;

Confidentiality: Clinical importance of privacy: compulsory and discretionary
disclosure; public v private interests; importance of cultural, gender, inter-
generational, religious, and racial sensitivity.
Ethics in vulnerable groups

Children’s rights and interests; age in the determination of competence
to consent to or refuse treatment; legal boundaries of consultation with
younger and older children as regards consent to treatment; doctor/
parent relationship: proxy decision making and protecting children’s
interests; child abuse, battery and negligence
Mental disorders and disabilities: Ethical and legal justifications for detention
and treatment without consent; conflicts of interests between patient, family,
and community
Prisoners and people in detention.
Human reproduction and emerging issues

Ethics and the legal status of the embryo/foetus; maternal foetal relationship;
assisted conception; abortion, including prenatal screening. Surrogate
motherhood
Sterilisation; pre and postnatal screening and testing: informed consent by

patient or guardian, and vulnerable groups
The ‘New Genetics: Legal, moral and ethical issues; Gene therapy; genetic
counselling; genetic testing and screening after birth: the risks of unwelcome
information and of genetic stigmatization; cloning: genetic versus personal
identity implications; transplantation, gender identity disorders.
Life, death, dying and killing

Palliative care, length and quality of life and good clinical practice. The duty of
care and ethical and legal justifications for the non-provision of life prolonging
treatment and the provision of potentially life shortening palliatives:
Euthanasia and assisted suicide concepts and principles
Organ donation and harvesting – legal and social issues
Death certification in patients who are brain dead
Medical research
Individual rights, moral dilemma, and the interests of others. Therapeutic
and non therapeutic research; Professional and legal regulation of medical

research; Ethical distinctions between research, audit and innovative and
standard therapy, patients and healthy volunteers;
Ethical and legal tensions in doing medical research on patients, human

volunteers, vulnerable groups, and animals; the need for effective regulation;
Helsinki declaration; Hypocritic oath.
Professional vulnerabilities
Public expectations of a medical doctor; the need for teamwork; the health
of doctors and students in relation to professional performance; responding
appropriately to clinical mistakes; whistle blowing. The law of negligence, MPDB
complaints and disciplinary procedures; risks, sources of help and duties to
disclose; human rights; medical ethics and the involvement of doctors in police
interrogation, torture and capital punishment.
Patient rights
Human rights bill, new constitution of Kenya, Article 20, 43, 53-57 etc., Helsinki
declaration, International recognition of human rights.
Codes and Acts

National: Medical practitioners’ and Dentists’ Act; Public Health Act; The
Human Anatomy Act
International: The Helsinki Declaration; The Nuremberg Convention;

Geneva Convention; The International Code of Medical Ethics; the Tokyo
Declaration; The Malta Declaration; The Oath of Athens; Hippocratic Oath
Health Acts.
xiv. Medical Electives (6 Units)
1. Course Purpose
To provide students with opportunities to widen their curriculum based experiences
in areas of their interest which will be useful in their career.
2. Course Outcomes
a) Provide a report on their elective experience.

3. General Guidelines
a) During this period students may choose to take a programme in
basic social or clinical sciences or any other field relevant to their
future career.
b) Develop a plan of their learning activities and the implementation
process.
c) The students will be responsible for making arrangements (including
finances) pertaining to the elective.
d) The students shall submit a plan of their activities for approval.
e) Upon completion of the elective the students shall submit a written
report.
f) A confidential report shall be submitted to the Dean from the host
institution regarding the students performance.
g) The institution shall provide students with guidelines of their conduct
during the elective.
h) Students shall conform to the rules and regulations of the host
institution during their electives. Where research is involved, approval
will be sought from the host institution.

Section 3
Annexes
Annex 1: List of Suggested Readings and

Supplementary Reference Materials
(a) Important Notice to Users
The list provided herebelow comprises both the recommended Core Text
Books as well as, suggested further readings and other Reference Materials for
each of the courses covered within the Core Curriculum Guidelines, and which
students should find useful.
While every effort has been made to ensure that the list is as comprehensive
and as accurate as possible at the time of publication, the Board cannot
take any responsibility for omissions or commissions that may lead to the
acquisition of material not necessarily required for a particular course at any
given time. Furthermore, the Board stresses that the list provided here, is by no
means, an exhaustive one, and whereas every effort has been made to ensure
currency and accuracy, it remains the sole responsibility of course leaders at
every academic institution to provide proper guidance to students in ensuring
acquisition as well as purchase and reference to the most recent sources; books
as well as any other new developments in their respective areas of study.
(b) Suggested Readings and Reference Materials
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
1. Aggarwal, Shalini (2009). Communications Skills. ANE Books.
2. Sen, AnaLeena (2007). Communication Skills. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt Ltd.

3. Okoth, Okombo (1990). A Student’s Guide to Writing and Study Skills. Nairobi
University Press.

4. Bint, P. (1990). A University Course in Academic Communication Skills. Nairobi
University Press.
COMPUTER STUDIES
1. Kalicharan, Noel (1988). An Introduction to Computer Studies. Cambridge

University Press.
2. Clark, James (1991). Computers and Information Processing: Workbook:

Concepts and Applications. South Western Publishers.
3. Bjelland, Harley and Levy, Joseph R (1995). Create Your Own Virtual Reality
System. Windcrest; Pap/Dis edition.
4. Villamil-Casanova, John and Molina, Louis( 1997). Multi-Media Production,

Planning and Deliver. Prentice Hall India.
5. Williams, Brian and Sawyer, Stacey (2009). Using Information Technology: a

Practical Introduction to Computers. Career Education.
HIV AND DRUG ABUSE

1. Bellenir, Karen(ed.) AIDS Sourcebook (1999) (Health Reference) Illustrated
Hardcover, 2nd illustrated edition Omnigraphics Inc., U.S.
2. Grimes, Deanna and Grimes, Richard (1994). AIDS and HIV Infection. Mosby’s
Clinical Nursing Series.
3. Sen, Amartya (2000). Development as Freedom: Anchor.
4. Muindi, et-al (2003). The Status, Impact and Management of HIV/AIDs in

Kenya: CUEA Publications.
5. Meeks, Linda, et-al (1999). Drugs Alcohol and Tobacco: McGraw-Hill.
NURSING SKILLS
1. Perry, Anne Griffin; Porter, Patricia A, Ostendorf, Wendy (2009). Clinical

Nursing Skills and Techniques, 8th Edition [Paperback]. Prentice-Hall.
2. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins (2008). Lippincott’s Nursing Procedures.
3. Ackely, Betty J and Ladwig, Gail B (2007). Nursing Diagnosis Handbook:

Evidence Based Planning.
4. DeLaune, Sue C and Ladner, Patricia Kelly (2002). Fundamentals of Nursing:

Standards and Practices (Nursing Education).

MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY
1. Barett, Kim E, Barman, Susan M, Scott, Boitano, Brooks, Heddwen (2009).
Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology.
2. Boron, Walter F and Boulpaep, Emile L (2011). Medical Physiology. W B
Saunders.
3. Hall, John E and Guyton, Arthur C (1996). Textbook of Medical Physiology. W
B Saunders.
4. Rhoades, Rodney A and Bell, David R (2012). Medical Physiology. Principles
for Clinical Medicine. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
HUMAN ANATOMY
1. Sadler, Thomas W (PhD) (2009). Clinical Embryology for Medical Students.
Lippincott William and Wilkins.
2. Moore, Keith L and Persaud T. V. N (2011). The Developing Human: Clinical
Oriented Embryology: W B Saunders.
3. Moore, Keith L, Agur, Anne, M. R., Dalley II, Arthur, F (2013). Clinically Oriented
Anatomy. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
HISTOLOGY
1. Mescher, Anthony (2013). Junquiera’s Basic Histology: Text and Atlas,
(thirteenth Edition). Mc Graw-Hill.
2. Ross, Michael H and Pawlina, Wojciech (2005). Histology: A Textbook and
Atlas with Cell Molecular Biology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
3. Snell, Richard (2005). Snell Clinical Anatomy. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
4. Drake, Richard L, Vogl, Wayne A and Mitchell, Adam W M (2009). Grays
Anatomy for Students. Churchill Livingstone.
GROSS ANATOMY
1. Tixa, Serge (2008). Atlas of Surface Palpation: Anatomy of the Neck, Trunk,
Upper and Lower Limbs, 2e (Netter Basic Science). Churchill Livingstone.
2. Lumley, John S P (2008). Surface Anatomy The Anatomical Basis of Clinical
Examination. Churchill Livingstone.
3. Field, Derek and Hutchinson, Jane Owen (2012). Field’s Anatomy, Palpation
and Surface Markings. Butterworth-Heinemann.
4. Hansen, John T Netter’s Clinical Anatomy (2009)-with Online Access-(Netter
Basic Science). Saunders.

CELL BIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS
1. Sherwood, Lauralee (2012). Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems.

Cengage Learning.
2. Wolfe, Stephen L (1995). Introduction to Cell and Molecular Biology- 1st
edition. Brooks Cole.
3. Landowne, David (2006). Cell Physiology (LANGE Physiology Series).
McGraw-Hill Medical.
4. Becker, Wayne M. Kleinsmith, Lewis J. Hardin, Jeff. Bertoni, Gregory Paul
(2008). The World of the Cell. Benjamin Cummings.
5. Scanlon, Valerie; Sanders, Tina (2010). Essentials of Anatomy. F A Davis
Company.
CREATIVE AND CRITICAL THINKING

1. Paul, Richard and Elder, Richard (2013). Critical Thinking: Tools for Taking
Charge of Your Professional and Personal Life. F T Press.
2. Paul, Richard and Elder, Richard (1999). Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking
Concepts and Tools: Foundation for Critical Thinking.
3. Browne, Neil. M and Keeley, Stuart. M (2011). Asking the Right Questions: A
Guide to Critical Thinking. Pearson.
4. Facione, Noreen C and Facione, Peter (2008). Critical Thinking and Clinical
Reasoning in the Health Sciences. An International Multidisciplinary Teaching
Anthology. The California Academic Press/Insight Assessment.
5. Facione, Noreen C and Facione, Peter (2007). Thinking and Reasoning in
Human Decision Making: Analyzing Explanations of Seemingly Irrational
Choices. An international journal of applied Physiology: The California
Academic Press/Insight Assessment.
6. Gilovich, Thomas. Griffin, Dale and Kanheman, Daniel (2002). Heuristics and
Biases. The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge University Press.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
1. Ghosh, R. N and Gupta, K. R (2010). Development Studies. Atlantic Publishers
and Distributors (P) Ltd.
2. Todaro,Michael (1999). Economics for a Developing World: An Introduction
to Principles, Problems and Policies for Development. Longman.
3. Sen, Amartya (2000). Development as Freedom. Anchor.

4. Ghosh, R. N. and Gupta, K. R (2010). Development Studies. Atlantic Publishers
& Distributors (P) Ltd.
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Nelson, Daniel and Cox, Michael (2012). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry:
W H Freeman.
2. Stryer, Lubert and Tymoczko, John (2002). Biochemistry Illustrated.
3. Murray, Robert and Bender, David (2012). Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry:
McGraw Hill Medical.
4. Lehniger, Albert and Nelson, David (2000). Principles of Biochemistry: Worth
Pub.
BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES
1. William, Simon, J; Gabe, Jonathan and Michael Calman (2000). Health
Medicine and Society, Key Theories, Future Agendas (classic text). Routledge.
2. Gabe, Jonathan; Calnan, Michael and Bury, Michael (1991). The Sociology of
the Health Service: Routledge.
3. Yacorzynski, G. K (1951). Medical psychology: A Basis for Psychiatry and
Clinical Psychology. New York : Ronald Press Company.
4. Inglehart, Marita Rosch (1991). Reactions to Critical Life Events: A Social
Psychological Analysis: Praeger
5. Sargent, Carolyn (1996). Medical Anthropology: Contemporary Theory and
Method: Praeger.
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

1. Tortora, Gerald (2012). Microbiology: An Introduction (11th Edition). Benjamin
Cummings.
2. Gladwell, Mark and Trattler, Mark (2011). Clinical Biology Made Ridiculously
Simple: MedMaster Inc.
3. Capuccino, James and Sherman, Natalie (2013). Microbiology: A Laboratory
Manual: Benjamin Cummings.
4. Nester, Eugene; Anderson, Denise and Roberts, Evans (2011). Microbiology:
A Human Perspective: McGraw-Hill.
5. Bauman, Robert (2010). Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy (3rd Edition)
(Symbiosis: The Pearson Custom Library for the Biological Sci. Benjamin
Cummings.

6. Black, Jacquelyn (2012). Microbiology: Principles and Explorations-8th Edition.
Wiley.
7. Pollack, Robert (2011). Laboratory Exercises in Biology: Wiley.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS

1. Aschengrau, Anne and Searge, George R (2007). Essentials Of Epidemiology
In Public Health: Jones & Barlett Learning.
2. Rothman, Kenneth and Lash, Timothy (2012). Modern Epidemiology (Third,
Mid-cycle revision edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3. Friis, Robert and Sellers, Thomas (2013). Epidemiology for Public Health
Practice (‘Friis, Epidemiology for Public Health Practice’-5th edition). Jones
& Bartlett Learning.
4. McCusker, Jane (1978). Epidemiology in Community Health. Nairobi: AMREF.
5. Gordis, Leon (2008). Epidemiology-4th Edition. Saunders.
6. Lilienfield, David and Stolley, David (1994). Foundations for Epidemiology.
Oxford University Press.
7. Rothman, Kenneth. J. (2012). Epidemiology: An Introduction: Oxford University
Press.
8. Moon, Graham and Gould, Myles (2000). Epidemiology (Social Science for
Nurses and the Caring Professions). Buckingham: Open University Press.
9. Gertsman, Burt (2013). Epidemiology Kept Simple: An Introduction to
Traditional and Modern Epidemiology. Wiley-Blackwell.
10. Gregg, Michael (2008). Field Epidemiology: Oxford University Press.
11. Trichopoulos, Dimitrous and Olsen, Jorn (2010). Teaching Epidemiology (A
guide for teachers in epidemiology, public health and clinical medicine).
Oxford University Press.
12. Oleske, Denise (2010). Epidemiology and the Delivery of Health Care Services,
Methods and Applications. Springer.
HUMAN COMMUNICATION SKILLS

1. Lundlow, Ron and Panton, Fergus (1993). The Essence of Effective
Communication: Prentice Hall Trade.
2. Mutua, R W; Omulando, S J and Otiende J E (1992). Study and Communication
Skills. Macmillan Education.
3. Bovee, Courtland and Thill, John (2009). Business Communication Today:
Prentice Hall.

4. Hybels, Saunders and Weaver, Richard (2011). Communicating Effectively:
McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
5. Sears, Melanie (2007). Choose Your Words: Compassionate Communication.
OPA Publishing.
6. Rothwell, Dan (2012). In Mixed Company: Communicating in Small Groups.
7. Clampitt, Philip (2012). Communicating for Managerial Effectiveness:
Problems, Strategies and Solutions. SAGE Publications.
8. http://www.gobookee.org/introduction-to-business-communication-abe-
study-manual/.
IMMUNOLOGY
1. Bain, Barbara J (2006). Blood Cells: A Practical Guide: Wiley-Blackwell.
2. Harmening, Denise (2012). Modern Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices.
F A Davis Company.
3. Harmening, Denise (2008). Clinical Haematology and Fundamentals of
Haematosis. F A Davis Company.
4. Hillyer, Christopher; Silberstein, Leslie. Ness, Paul; Anderson, Kenneth; Roback,
John. (2006). Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine: Basic Principles and
Practice. Churchill Livingstone.
5. McCullough, Jeffrey (2004). Transfusion Medicine: Churchill Livingstone.
6. Klein, Harvey and Anstee, David (2014). Mollison’s Blood Transfusion in Clinical
Medicine. Wiley-Blackwell.
NUTRITION AND DIETETICS

1. American Dietetic Association (2008). International Dietetics and Nutrition
Terminology Reference Manual; American Dietetic Association.
2. Escort-Stump, Sylvia (2011). Nutrition and Diagnosis-Related Care: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
3. Mahan, Kathleen; Raymond, Janice; Escort-Stump, Sylvia (2011). Krause’s
Food and Nutrition Therapy: Saunders.
4. Gropper, Sareen and Smith, Jack (2008). Advanced Nutrition and Human
Metabolism: Cengage Learning.
5. Long Sarah; Sucher, Kathryn, et-al (2007). Nutrition Therapy and
Pathophysiology. Cengage Learning.

6. Pronsky, Zaneta, and Crowe Patricia Jeanne, Sr. (2012). Food-Medication
Interactions Food Medication Interactions.
7. Roth, Ruth (2011). Nutrition & Diet Therapy: Cengage Learning.
8. Eschleman, Marian Maltese (1983). Introductory Nutrition & Diet Therapy:

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
9. Peckenpau, Nancy (2009). Nutrition Essentials and Diet: Saunders.
10. Grodner, Michelle; Roth, Sarah Long and Walkingshaw, Bonnie (2011).
Foundations and Clinical Applications of Nutrition: A Nursing Approach:
Mosby.
PHARMACOLOGY
1. Katzung, Bertram; Masters, Susan and Trevor, Anthony (2011). Basic and
Clinical Pharmacology: Mc-Graw Hil.l
2. Brunton, Laurence; Chabner, Bruce, and Knollmann, Bjorn (2010). Goodman

and Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Twelfth Edition.
McGraw-Hill Professional.
3. Frenay, Agnes Claire (1973). Understanding Medical Terminology. Catholic

Hospital Association.
4. Tripathi, K.D (2008). Essentials of Medical Pharmacology –Hardcover. Jaypee

Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
CLINICAL TECHNIQUES AND BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
1. Glynn, Michael and Drake, William (2012). Hutchison’s Clinical Methods: An

Integrated Approach to Clinical Practice. Saunders Ltd.
2. Douglas, Graham; Nicol, Fiona and Robertson, Colin (2013). Macleod’s Clinical
Examination. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2009.
3. Lumley, J.S. P (2000). Hamilton Bailey’s Demonstration of Physical Signs in

Clinical Surgery. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.
4. Williams, Norman. Bulstrode, Christopher and O’Connell, Ronan (2004).

Bailey & Love’s Short Practice of Surgery - 24th edition. CRC Press.
5. Garden, James. Bradbury, Andrew. Forsythe, John and Parks, Rowan (2012).
Principles and Practice of Surgery: Elsevier Health Sciences.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
1. Levison, David (2008). Muir’s Textbook of Pathology - Fourteenth Edition.
Hodder Arnold.
2. Kumar, Vinnay: Kubbas, Abul Aster, Jon and Fausto, Nelson (2009). Robbins
& Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences.
3. Majno, Guido and Joris, Isabelle (2004). Cells, Tissues and Disease: Principles
of General Pathology: Oxford University Press.
4. Underwood, J. Cressee, E (2009). General and Systematic Pathology: Churchill
Livingstone.
5. Goljan, Edward(2013). Rapid Review Pathology: Elsevier Health Sciences,
2011.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
1. Walker, Simon and Beckett, Geoffrey (2013). Lecture Notes: Clinical
Biochemistry. Wiley.
2. Gaw, Allan and Murphy, Michael (2013). Clinical Biochemistry: An Illustrated
Colour Text: Churchill Livingstone.
3. Bradley, John R (2009). Lecture Notes: Medical Genetics. Wiley-Blackwell.
4. Koay, E S C and Walmsley, Noel (1996). A Primer of Chemical Pathology:
World Scientific Publishing Company Inc.
5. Walmsley, R,N; et-al (1999). Cases in Chemical Pathology: A Diagnostic
Approach. World Scientific.
6. Walmsley, Noel (1996). Chemical Pathology: Interpretative Pocket Book:
World Scientific Publishing Company.
7. Vaughan, Victor Clarence (2011). Lecture Notes on Chemical Physiology and
Pathology: BiblioBazaar.
HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION

1. Bain, Barbara (2006). Blood Cells: A Practical Guide. Wiley-Blackwell.
2. Harmening, Denise (2012). Modern Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices:
F A Davis.
3. Harmening, Denise (2008). Clinical Haematology and Fundamentals of
Haematosis. F A Davis.

4. Hillyer, D. Christopher (2007). Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine: Basic
Principles and Practice: Elsevier Health Sciences
5. McClough, Jeff (2011). Transfusion Medicine: John Wiley & Sons
6. Klein, Harvey (2008). Mollison’s Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine. John
Wiley & Sons
SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
1. Kumar, Vinay and Abbas, Abul (2009). Pathologic Basis of Disease: Saunders.
2. McGee, J.O’D; Wright, Nicholas, A (1992). Oxford Textbook of Pathology/
Vol 1, Vol 2 in Books A and B. Oxford University Press.
3. Harsh, Mohan (2005). Textbook of Pathology: Anshan Publishers.
4. Kemp, William and Burns, Denis (2007). Pathology: The Big Picture. Mc-
Graw Hill.
5. Slauson, O David; Cooper, Barry, J. (2002). Mechanisms of Disease: A Textbook
of Comparative General Pathology. Mosby.
6. Fenoglio-Preiser, M.C, et-al (2008). Gastrointestinal Pathology: An Atlas and
Text: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
7. Levinson, David; Reid, Robin, et-al (1992). Muir’s Textbook of Pathology.
Hodder Education.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

1. Rukunga, G. K (2001). Environmental Health for East Africa. AMREF.
2. Schilling, Francis, S.R (1981). Occupational Health Practice. Butterworths.
3. The Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change: UN/UNEP Publication.
RESEARCH METHODS
1. Taylor, Bev and Francis, Karen (2013). Qualitative Research in the Health
Sciences: Routledge.
2. Mugenda, Olive (1999). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques.
Nairobi: Acts Press.
3. Kothari, C.R (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New
Age International.
4. McKenzie, James, et-al (2011). An Introduction to Community Health: Jones
and Bartlett Publishers.

5. Wood, C H; Glanvill, D. H and Vaughan, J. P (eds.) (1997). Community Health-
2nd Edition. Nairobi: AMREF.
COMMUNITY HEALTH
1. McKenzie, James, et-al (2011). An Introduction to Community Health: Jones
and Bartlett.
2. Wood, C H; Glanvill, D. H and Vaughan, J. P (eds.) (1997). Community Health-
2nd Edition. Nairobi: AMREF.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
1. Graham-Smith, David and Aronson, Jeffrey (2002). Oxford Textbook of Clinical
Pharmacology and Therapy. Oxford University Press.
2. Kaztung, Bertram and Masters, Susan (2011). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology:
McGraw-Hill-Medical.
3. Rang, Humphrey and Dale, Maureen, et-al (2011). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology:
Churchill Livingstone.
MEDICAL LEGAL ISSUES AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

1. Veatch, Robert (1989). Medical Ethics: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
2. O’Rouke, Kevin and Boyle, Philip (2011). Medical Ethics: Sources of Catholic
Teachings . Georgetown University Press.
3. Flint Austin Jnr. (2012). Medical Ethics and Etiquette: The Code of Ethics
Adopted by the American Medical Association (AMA).
4. Synder, John and Gauthier, Candace, et-al (2010). Evidence-Based Medical
Ethics: Cases for Practice- Based Learning. Human Press.
5. Singer, Peter and Viens A. M (2008). The Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics.
Cambridge University Press.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
1. Philip, Baker and Kenny, Louise (2011). Obstetrics by Ten Teachers. CRC
Press.
2. Monga, Ash (2011). Gynaecology by Ten Teachers. CRC Press.
3. Hanretty, Kevin (2009). Obstetrics Illustrated. Churchill Livingstone.
4. Hart, David and Norman, Jane (2000). Gynaecology Illustrated. Churchill
Livingstone.

5. Smith, Roger (2008). Netter’s Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Saunders.
6. Anderson, Barbara (2004). Reproductive Health: Women’s and Men’s Shared
Responsibility. Jones and Bartlett.
7. Yazbeck, Abdo, Campbell-White, Arlett and Merrick, Thomas (2006).
Reproductive Health: the Missing Millennium Development Goal - Poverty,
Health, and Development in a Changing World: World Bank Publications.
8. DeCherney, Alan et-al (2011). Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Obstetrics &
Gynaecology . Mc-Graw Hill.
9. Gordon, John (2007). Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Infertility: Handbook for
Clinicians. Scrub Hill Press.
10. Hoffman, Barbara and Schorge, John (2011). Williams Gynaecology (‘Schorge,
Williams Gynaecology’): Mc-Graw Hill.
11. Cunningham, F and Leveno, Kenneth (2009). Williams Obstetrics. Mc-Graw
Hill.
CHILD HEALTH
1. Hay, William (2012). Current Diagnosis and Treatment Paediatrics -Twenty-
First Edition (Current Pediatric Diagnosis & Treatment): McGraw Hill.
2. Rudolf, Mary (2011). Paediatrics and Child Health: Wiley-Blackwell.
3. Kliegman, Robert (2011). Nelson Textbook of Paediatrics: Wiley Blackwell.
4. Glynn, Michael and Drake, William (2012). Hutchison’s Clinical Methods: An
Integrated Approach to Clinical Practice. Saunders.
INTERNAL MEDICINE
1. Colledge, Nicki and Walker, Brian (2010). Davidson’s Principles and Practice
of Medicine. Churchill Livingstone.
2. Kumar, Praveen and Clark, Michael (2012). Kumar and Clark’s Clinical
Medicine. Saunders.
3. Glynne, Michael and Drake, William (2012). Hutchison’s Clinical Methods: An
4. Douglas, Graham and Nicol, Fiona (2013). Macleod’s Clinical Examination.
5. Longo, Dan; Fauci, Anthony, et-al (2011). Harrison’s Principles of Internal
Medicine. Mc-Graw Hill.

6. Wiener, Charles; Fauci, Anthony, et-al (2012). Harrison’s Principles of Internal
Medicine, Self-Assessment and Board Review. Mc-Graw Hill.
7. Warrell, David; Cox, Timothy, et-al (2010). Oxford Textbook of Medicine
(‘Warrell, Oxford Textbook of Medicine’). Saunders.
GENERAL SURGERY
1. Williams, Norman and Bulstrode, Christopher (2013). Bailey and Love’s Short
Practice of Surgery. CRC Press.
2. Lumley, J (1997). Bailey’s Physical Signs: Demonstration of Physical Signs in
Clinical Surgery. CRC Press.
3. Garden, James; Bradley, Andrew, et-al (2012). Principles and Practice of
Surgery. Churchill Livingstone.
4. Wilmore, Douglas (2001). ACS Surgery: Principles and Practice of Surgery.
WebMD Reference.
5. Tjandra, Joe; Clunie, Gordon, et-al (2006). Textbook of Surgery. Wiley-Blackwell.
6. Brunicardi, F; Anderson, Dana, et-al (2010). Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery
Self-assessment and Board Review. McGraw Hill-Professional.
7. Cameron, John and Cameron, Arthur (2013). Current Surgical Therapy.
Saunders.
8. Velasco, Jones, et-al (2011). Rush University Medical Centre Review of Surgery.
Saunders.
MENTAL HEALTH
1. Drake, Michael; Lynde, David, et-al (2005). Evidence-Based Mental Health
Practice. W W Norton and Company.
2. Sadock, Benjamin and Sadock, Virginia (2008). Kaplan and Sadock’s Concise
Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry. Lippincott Williams and Wilcock.
3. Sadock, Benjamin; Sadock Virginia and Ruiz, Pedro (2009). Comprehensive
Textbook of Psychiatry. Lippincott Williams and Wilcock.
4. Black, Donald and Andreasen, Nancy (2010). Introductory Textbook of
Psychiatry: American Psychiatric Publishing.
5. Hossain, Fatemi and Clayton, Paula (2008). The Medical Basis of Psychiatry:
Humana Press.
6. Bhugra, Dinesh; Craig, Tom and Bhui, Kamaldeep (2011). Textbook of Cultural
Psychiatry. Cambridge University Press.

HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS
1. Taylor, Robert and Taylor, Susan (1994). The AUPHA Manual of Health Services
Management . Jones and Bartlett.
2. Williams, Stephen and Torrens, Paul ( 2007). Thompson Delmar: Introduction
to Health Services. Cengage Learning.
3. Cleverly, Williams and Cleverly, James (2010). Essentials of Health Care
Finance. Jones and Bartlett.
4. Wood, C H; Glanvill, D. H and Vaughan, J. P (eds.) (1997). Community
Health-2nd Edition. Nairobi: AMREF.
5. Ehrlich, Rodney and Joubert, Georgina (2008). Epidemiology: A Research
Manual for South Africa: Oxford University Press.
6. Walker, James (1992). Human Resource Planning. McGraw-Hill.
7. Mckenzie, James, et-al (2011). An Introduction to Community Health: Jones
and Bartlett.
8. Mckenzie, James; Mckenzie, John, et-al (2007). An Introduction to Community
Health: Student Note-taking Guide-6th edition. Jones and Bartlett Learning
LLC.
9. Bensley, Robert and Brookins-Fisher, Jodi (2008). Community Health
Education Methods- A Practical Guide. Jones and Bartlett.
DERMATOLOGY
1. Habif, Thomas (1996). Clinical Dermatology: A Colour Guide to Diagnosis
and Therapy. Mosby.
2. Habif, Thomas, et-al. (2011). Skin Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment: Saunders.
3. Mann, Margaret, et-al (2009). Handbook of Dermatology: Practical Manual.
Wiley-Blackwell.
4. Pasricha, J. S. and Verma, Kaushal (2013). Treatment of Skin Diseases. JP
Medical Ltd.
5. Pasricha, J. S. and Gupta, Ramji (2013). Illustrated Text Book of Dermatology:
JP Medical Ltd.
6. Thaapa, Devinder Mohan (2009). Text Book of Dermatology, Venereology
and Leprology. Elsevier Health Sciences.
7. Neena Khanna (2002). Dermatology & Sexually Transmitted Diseases (PB).
CBS Publishers & Distributors.

8. Bhutani, L. K (1985). Atlas of Dermatology: Ishiyaku Euroamerica.
9. Bhutani, L. K (1985). Atlas of Sexually Transmitted Disease: Ishiyaku
Euroamerica.
RADIOLOGY AND IMAGING

1. Weissleider, Ralph, et-al (2006). Primer of Diagnostic Imaging with CD-ROM.
Mosby.
2. Major, Nancy, M and Brant, William (2005). Fundamentals of Body Ct.
Saunders.
3. Huda, Walter (2009). Review of Radiologic Physics. Lippincott Williams and
Wilkins.
4. Donnelly, Lane (2008). Paediatric Imaging: the Fundamentals. Saunders.
5. Mettler, Fred, et-al ( 2012). Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Imaging. Saunders.
6. Shackett, Pete (2008). Nuclear Medicine Technology: Procedures and Quick
Reference. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
OPTHALMOLOGY
1. Bartlett, Jimmy and Jaanus, Siret (2007). Clinical Ocular Pharmacology:
Butterworth-Heinemannn.
2. Gerstenblith, Adam and Rabinowitz (2012). The Wills Eye Manual: Office
and Emergency Room Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Disease. Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins.
3. Kanski, Jack and Bowling, Brad (2011). Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic
Approach. Saunders.
4. Kanski, Jack (2001). Parson’s Diseases of the Eye: Mosby.
5. Scheimann, Michelle and Wick, Bruce (2013). Clinical Management of
Binocular Vision, Heterophoric, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders.
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
ANAESTHESIOLOGY AND PERIOPERATIVE MEDICINE

1. Smith, Graham and Aitkenhead, Alan (2006). The Book of Anaesthesia:
2. Smith, Tom, et-al (2009). Fundamentals of Anaesthesia: Cambridge University
Press.

3. Hutton, Peter, et-al (2002). Butterworth Fundamental Principles and Practice
of Anaesthesia. CRC Press.
4. Longnecker, David, et-al (1998). Principles and Practice of Anaesthesiology:
Mosby.
5. Marini, John and Wheeler, Arther (2009). Critical Care Medicine: The Essentials.
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
6. Baughan, Verna, et-al (2011). Anaesthesiology & Critical Care Drug Handbook:
Lexi-Comp.
7. Stoetling, Robert, et-al (2005). Pharmacology and Physiology in Anaesthetic
Practice. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
EAR, NOSE AND THROAT SURGERY

1. Ludman, H.S and Bradley, P. (2012). ABC of Ear Nose and Throat. John Wiley
& Sons Ltd.
2. Maqbool, Mohamed (2013). Textbook of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases: JP
Medical.
3. Gleeson, Michael, et-al (2008). Scott-Brown’s Otorhinolaryngology: Head and
Neck Surgery. CRC Press.
4. Musheer, Hussain (2014). Logan Turner’s Book of ENT. CRC Press.
5. Gleeson, Michael, et-al (2008). Scott Brown’s Otolaryngology: CRC Press.
6. Blair, Robin, L(ed.) (2011). Logan Turner’s Text Book of ENT. Hodder Arnold.
7. Lee, K. J (2012). Essential Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Mc-Graw
Hill.
ORTHOPAEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY

1. Miller, Mark, et-al (2012). Adams’s Outline of Orthopaedics. Saunders.
2. Hablin, David and Simpson, Hamish (2007). Adams’s Outline of Fractures,
Including Joint Injuries. Churchill Livingstone.
3. Ip, David (2008). Orthopedic Traumatology: A Resident’s Guide: Springer.
4. Berman, Louis, et-al (2006). A Clinical Guide to Dental Traumatology. Mosby.
5. Kerschbaumer, Fridun (1987). Operative Approaches in Orthopedic Surgery
and Traumatology. Thieme.
6. Ip, David (2007). Orthopedic Rehabilitation, Assessment and Enablement:
Springer.

7. Frontera, Walter, et-al (2008). Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
Saunders.
ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE

1. Evans, William Charles (2009). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy: Saunders.
2. Kokwaro, John (2009). Medicinal Plants of East Africa. University of Nairobi
Press.
3. World Health Organization (1998). WHO Quality Control Methods for
Medicinal Materials. World Health Organization.
DENTAL HEALTH
1. Bonner, Michael (2003). The Oral Health Bible. Basic Health Publications.
2. Breiner, Mark and Atkins, Robert (1999). Whole-body Dentistry: Quantum
Health Press.
3. Sutton, Anne ( 2008). Dental Care and Oral Health Sourcebook: Omnigraphics
Inc.
4. Sutton, Amy (2008). Dental Public Health: Contemporary Practice for the
Dental Hygienist. Omnigraphics Inc.
5. Nathe, Christine (2010). Contemporary Practice for the Dental Hygienist:
Prentice Hall.
6. Neil-Gehrig, Jill and Willmann, Donald (2008). Foundations of Periodontics
for the Dental Hygienist.Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
7. Haveles, Elena (2010). Applied Pharmacology for the Dental Hygienist. Mosby.
8. Ibsen, Olga and Phelan, Joan Andersen (2008). Oral Pathology for the Dental
Hygienist. Saunders.
FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY

1. Reddy, K.S.N (1978) The Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. Reddy.
2. Subrahmanyam, B. V (2005). Modi’s Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence and
Toxicology. Butterworths.
3. Parikh, C. K (2007). Parikh’s Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence Forensic
Medicine and Toxicology. CBS Publishers and Distributors.
4. Bardale, Rajesh (2011). Principles of Forensic Medicine. J P Brothers Medical
Lab.

5. Vij, Krishan (2008). Text Book of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology – Principles
and Practice. Elsevier, India.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1. Kuratko, Donald (2008). Entrepreneurship Theory Process and Practice.
Cengage.
2. Drucker, Peter (2006). Innovations and Entrepreneurship. Harper Business.
3. Spinelli, Stephen and Adams, Rob (2011). New Venture Creation:
Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
ONCOLOGY AND PALLIATIVE MEDICINE

1. Colledge, Nicki, et-al (2010). Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine
.Churchill Livingstone.
2. Kumar, Parveen and Clark, Michael (2012). Kumar and Clark’s Clinical
Medicine. Saunders.
3. Glynne, Michael and Drake, William (2012). Hutchison’s Clinical Methods: An
4. Douglas, Graham, et-al (2013). Macleod’s Clinical Examination. Churchill
Livingstone.
5. Longo, Dan, et-al (2011). Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. McGraw-
Hill.
6. Wiener, Charles, et-al (2012). Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, Self-
Assessment and Board Review. McGraw-Hill.
7. Warrell, David, et-al (2010). Oxford Textbook of Medicine (Warrell, Oxford
Textbook of Medicine). Oxford University Press.
THERAPEUTICS
1. Brunton, Laurence, et-al (2010). The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.
McGraw-Hill.
2. Katzung, Bertram, et-al (2011). Basic & Clinical Pharmacology: McGraw-
Hill.
3. Bennett, Peter, et-al (2012). Clinical Pharmacology: Churchill Livingstone.
4. Tripathi, K. D (2013). Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. Jaypee Brothers
Medical Pub.

5. Rang, Humphrey, et-al (2011). Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology: Churchill
Livingstone.
HEALTH INFORMATICS AND ELECTRONIC RECORDS SYSTEM

1. Norton, Peter (2004). Introduction to Computers: McGraw-Hill.
2. Downs, Timothy Edward (2003). How Computers Work: Que.
3. Hoyt, Robert and Yoshihashi, Anne (2012). Medical Informatics: Practical
Guide for Healthcare and Information: Lulu.com.
4. Wager, Karen, A; Lee, Francis W and Glaser, J.P (2009). Health Care Information
Systems. Jossey-Bass.
5. Wager, Karen, et-al (2013). Health Care Information Systems: A Practical
Approach for Health Care Management. Jossey-Bass.

Annex 2: List of Contributors
1. Prof. George A. O. Magoha - Chairman
2. Dr. Francis Kimani - DMS/Registrar
3. Prof. Alice Mutungi - Vice Chair
4. Prof. Jacob Kaimenyi - Member, MPDB
5. Prof. Barasa Khwa Otsyula - Chair, ESRC, MPDB
6. Prof. Zipporah Ngumi - Member ESRC, MPDB
7. Dr. Samson Wanjala - Member, MPDB
8. Dr. Fatmah Abdallah - Member, MPDB
9. Dr. Tom Ocholla - Member, MPDB
10. Dr. Elly NyaimOpot - Member, MPDB
11. Dr. Josephine Omondi - Member, MPDB
12. Dr. Stephen Ochiel - Member, MPDB
13. Dr. Judith Bwonya - Member, MPDB
14. Dr. Mahendrah Pancholi - Member, MPDB
15. Mr. Daniel M. Yumbya - CEO/Secretary, MPDB
16. Dr. James Mwanzia - Chief of Party, FUNZOKenya
17. Prof. Stephen Okeyo - Assistant Director, Systems Strengthening FUNZO

Kenya
18. Dr. John Tole - Dean, Aga Khan Hospital University
19. Dr. Kennedy Onyango - Lecturer, Maseno University
20. Dr. Frederick Ndede - Snr. Lecturer, Kenya Methodist University
21. Dr. Bernard Mua - Lecturer, University of Nairobi Dental School
22. Dr. Tonnie K. Mulli - Lecturer, University of Nairobi Dental School
23. Dr. Elizabeth Dimba - Lecturer, University of Nairobi Dental School

24. Dr. Tom Mboya Dienya - Lecturer, University of Nairobi Dental School
25. Dr. Daniel K. Ojuka - Lecturer, University of Nairobi Medical School
26. Prof. Maged Lotfy - Senior Lecturer, Moi University Dental School
27. Dr. Brenda Okumu - Lecturer, Moi University
28. Dr. Pamela Tsimbiri Fedha - Dean, Egerton University
29. Dr. Reuben Thuo - Dean, JKUAT
30. Dr. Okello Agina - Dean, Kenyatta University
31. Dr. Joseph Nkuranga - In-Service Lab, PACE University of Maryland
32. Dr. Marybeth Maritim - Pre-Services Lecturer, PACE University of Nairobi
33. Dr. Jessie Githanga - Trainer Lecturer, PACE University of Nairobi
34. Dr. Wambeti Njiru - Trainer Lecturer, PACE University of Nairobi
35. Prof. Francis G. Macigo - Acting Dean, Dental School University of Nairobi
36. Dr. Caroline Kibosia - Dean, Dental School, Moi University
37. Prof. Mark L. Chindia - School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi
38. Dr. Bernina Kisumbi - School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi
39. Dr. Mary A. Masiga - School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi
40. David Maingi - Senior Manager, Regulatory Systems FUNZOKenya

project
41. Peter Shikuku - Curriculum and Instructional design Manager, FUN

ZOKenya project
42. Irene Chami - CPD and Accreditation Manager, FUNZOKenya

project
43. Rose Wafula - Compliance and Training Officer, FUNZOKenya

project
44. Josephine Mbiyu-Kinyua - Management Sciences for Health
45. Millicent Olulo - PharmAccess / Safecare
46. Nicole Spieker - PharmAccess / Safecare
47. Shakirah Hudani - IFC/Health Initiative in Africa

48. Christine Muriu - Medical Practitioners and Dentists Board
49. Rose Wafukho - Medical Practitioners and Dentists Board
50. Beverly Cheptoo - Medical Practitioners and Dentists Board
51. Sarah Were - Medical Practitioners and Dentists Board

NOTES

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1.

1.2 Admission Requirements/Criteria

i) K.C.S.E. holders: Minimum university admission requirement is C+.

ii) Advanced Level Holders: A minimum of 2 principal passes; in

iii) IB: Grade 5 and above in International Baccalaureate (IB).

iv) Diploma in Medical Sciences - A minimum “O” level Division II

2 Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Core Curriculum

v) Holders of any degree in Biological Sciences or Equivalent

vi) Holders of other qualifications deemed to be equivalent to (a-e)

vii) Proficiency in English language.

1.3 Curriculum Design

1.4 Learning/Instructional Methods

Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Core Curriculum 3

a. Continuous assessment (Formative)

iv) Regular course examinations: written, practicals, clinical (OSCEs,

b. University End of Year Examinations (Summative)

4 Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Core Curriculum

Pathology/ Laboratory Medicine

Population Health, Health Systems and Research

Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Core Curriculum 5

Population Health, Health Systems and Research

6 Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Core Curriculum

Clinical Courses - Junior Clerkships

Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Core Curriculum 7

ii) Credits from the clinical disciplines are not transferrable;

vi) Transfer of credits will be subjected to the availability of space in the

1.7 Students with Medical Problems

In special circumstances, a student shall be discontinued on medical grounds if

1.8 Course Description

8 Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Core Curriculum

2.1 Pre-Clinical Courses

i. Introduction to Computers (2 Units)

Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Core Curriculum 9

 Principles of data management: Setting up files; modifying; storing; data

 Software and programming: System programmes; operating systems; utility

 Computer applications in health services and research. Medical literature

ii. Human Anatomy (14 Units)

A. Cell and Tissue Biology, Genetics and Embryology

a) Describe cell and tissue structure and function

Cell and Tissue Structure and Function

10 Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Core Curriculum

Principles and concepts of human genetics

Development of the Human Embryo

 Reproductive cycles and female reproductive system

 Gametogenesis, Gamete viability and transport. Fertilization: definition,

 Embryonic folding and organogenesis. Placenta and foetal membranes.

a) Describe normal topographic and imaging anatomy, blood supply

b) Describe the normal microscopic organization of the various organs

c) Describe the normal development and developmental defects of the

Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Core Curriculum 11

 Back: features, articulations and movements of the vertebrae. Vertebral

 Neuroanatomy: Spinal cord segments, blood supply internal features,

 Thorax: Thoracic cage, intercostals spaces, and divisions and recesses

12 Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Core Curriculum

 Abdomen: Surface landmarks, Peritoneum; folds, mesenteries, cavities

Microscopic organization of human body organs

 Skin and subcutaneous tissue: structure, appendages ,adaptations and

Principles of data management: Setting up files; modifying; storing; data

Software and programming: System programmes; operating systems; utility

Computer applications in health services and research. Medical literature

Reproductive cycles and female reproductive system

Gametogenesis, Gamete viability and transport. Fertilization: definition,

Embryonic folding and organogenesis. Placenta and foetal membranes.

Back: features, articulations and movements of the vertebrae. Vertebral

Neuroanatomy: Spinal cord segments, blood supply internal features,

Thorax: Thoracic cage, intercostals spaces, and divisions and recesses

Abdomen: Surface landmarks, Peritoneum; folds, mesenteries, cavities

Skin and subcutaneous tissue: structure, appendages ,adaptations and

Respiratory system: structure of the nasal cavity; larynx, trachea, the

Circulatory system: organization of the blood vessels and the heart

Lymphatic system: organization of the lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus and

Digestive system: major mucosal cell types, hepato-biliary structures and

Urinary system: structure of the uriniferous tubules, ureters, the urinary

Genital system: gonads, gametes, seminiferous tubules and the interstitial

Nervous System: Structural and functional organization of the spinal

Propulsion tissue (muscle and bone): microscopic organization, cell types

Development and anomalies of the skin and appendages, cartilage and

Neural tube formation, derivatives and anomalies. Pharyngeal arches,

Histogenesis and anomalies of endocrine glands. Development and

Stages of development and anomalies of lung diverticulum

Appearances of blood islands and early development of blood vessels

Congenital abnormalities of the heart and blood vessels. Fate of the

Development and anomalies of the urinary system

Development and anomalies of the gonads, uterus, vagina, oviducts, male

Development and anomalies of endocrine system.

Physical Chemistry: Water, solutions and colloids; Ion producing substances;

Organic chemistry: IUP AC nomenclature. Classification of organic

Classification, function and structural formulas of amino acids, lipids,

Enzymes: classification catalysis, inhibition, kinetics and units of measuring

Vitamins: Classification, structural formulas, mechanisms of action and

Neurotransmitters: Classification, synthesis, storage, transport and

Hormones: synthesis, storage, release, transport, mode of action and

Standard free energy change of a chemical reaction. Exogenic and endogenic

Carbohydrate metabolism; glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, anaplerotic

Lipid metabolism; fatty acid biosynthesis, beta oxidation, ketone bodies

Fate of amino acid carbon skeletons and urea synthesis; Special

Tissue metabolism: Differential metabolism in Liver, Muscle, Adipose, Brain

Molecular biology: DNA and RNA structure, replication and consensus

Molecular genetics: Organization of the human genome, structure of the

Parasite biochemistry: Special metabolism in parasitic protozoa and

Fungal biochemistry: cell wall structure and metabolism of fungi

Carbohydrates, protein and lipid isolation and identification

Biotechnology: cloning of important proteins.

Introduction to physiological concepts: Descriptive terms and units.

Physiological processes: Cellular communications, Membrane receptor

Muscular tissue: Muscle types, organization and functions. The theories

Bone and Connective tissues: The physiology of connective tissue proper-

Blood and blood components: Blood composition and functions; plasma,

Immune system: Physiology of lymphoid organs mucosa and vascular

Epithelial tissue: Functional organization, functions and disorders of lining

Respiratory system: Functional organisation. Gas laws and physical

Renal system: Functional organization of the urinary system; kidney, cortex

The endocrine system: Location, organisation, functions and integrated

Reproductive systems and Human development: Functional organization;

Nervous system: Somatosensory nervous system Functional organization

Integument system: Physiology of the skin and its appendages; nails,

Musculoskeletal system: Physiology of bone and muscle as a system