“A” LEVEL CHEMISTRY REVISION QUESTIONS

1. A certain organic liquid contains 54.5% carbon, 36.4% oxygen and 9.1%

hydrogen. If the relative formula mass of the organic liquid is 44,

calculate the

(i) Empirical formula

(ii) Molecular formula

2. A compound contains 40% carbon, 6.67 % hydrogen and the rest is

oxygen. If the molecular mass of the compound is 180, calculate the

(i) Empirical formula

(ii) Molecular formula

3. 1.5 grams of compound ,A containing carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen,

gave 2.2 grams of carbon dioxide and 1.8 grams of water on complete

combustion in excess pure oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of

A.

(C = 12, H = 1, N = 14)

4. 2.5 grams of an organic compound Z, which contains carbon, hydrogen

and oxygen; gave, on combustion, 2.0 grams of carbon dioxide and 1.3

grams of water. Calculate the empirical formula of Z.

5. The combustion of a hydrocarbon X gave 8.8 grams of carbon dioxide

and 4.5 grams of water. If the molecular mass of X is 58.

(a) (i) Calculate the empirical formula of X

(ii) What is the molecular formula of X?

1
 (b) Write the names and structural formulae of the isomers of X.

6. Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, nitrogen

diffuses 1.42 times as fast as a gaseous hydrocarbon, which contains

85.7% carbon.

Using this data, calculate the

(i) Molecular mass of the hydrocarbon

(ii) Molecular formula of the hydrocarbon

(N = 14, C = 12, H = 1).

7. Two pieces of glass wool, one soaked in an amine and the other in

concentrated hydrochloric acid were placed at the opposite ends of a

glass tube as shown in the diagram. After sometime, a white ring was

observed 0.52 metres from the end containing the amine.

0.52m

Calculate the molecular mass of the amine ( H = 1, Cl = 35.5)

8. (a) Oxygen diffuses through a small hole 0.935 times faster than

gas X. Calculate the relative molecular mass of X.

(b) Gas S in (a) contains 57% oxygen and the rest is carbon.

(i) Determine the molecular formula of X.

2
 (ii) Write an equation for the reaction between X and Copper

(II) oxide.

9. A 0.1M solution of sodium hydroxide was added to 20cm3 of a solution

of ethanoic acid. 25cm3 of the sodium hydroxide was required for

complete neutralization. Calculate the molarity of the ethanoic acid.

10. During a certain titration, 25cm3 of a 0.1m solution of sodium

hydroxide required 38 cm3 of sulphuric acid using methyl orange

indicator for complete neutralization.

(a) Calculate the number of moles of NaOH used.

(b) (i) Calculate the number of moles of sulphuric acid

that reacted.

(ii) Determine the molarity of sulphuric acid.

(c) Determine the concentration of sulphuric acid in grams

per litre.

11. 25.0 cm3 of a saturated solution of lead (II) chloride required 20cm3

of 0.1M silver nitrate solution for complete removal of chloride ions

from the solution at 250C. Calculate the molar concentration of Pb2+

ions in the solution.

12. 21.40 grams of hydrated sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 XH2O was

dissolved in water to make up a litre of solution. 25cm3 of this

solution required 18.70cm3 of 0.2M standard hydrochloric acid for

complete neutralization. Calculate the value of X.

(Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1).

3
13. 4.1 grams of bromoalkane was reacted with excess sodium hydroxide

solution. The resulting solution was acidified with excess nitric acid

and diluted to exactly 250cm3 . 25cm3 of this solution required

33.28cm3 of 0.1M silver nitrate solution for complete precipitation of

silver bromide.

(a) Calculate the relative formula mass of the bromoalkane.

(b) From your answer to (a), deduce the molecular formula

of the bromoalkane.

14. FAI is a solution which contains 3.20 grams of Potassium manganate

(VII) per litre of solution; and P is a hydrated substance. The

molecular formula of P is R.nH2O, where n is the number of molecules

of water of crystallization. 5 Moles of R.nH2O react completely with 1

mole of potassium manganate (VII) in acid medium. You are required

to determine the value of n.

Procedure:

Weigh accurately about 8.0 grams of P and transfer it into a 250cm3

volumetric flask. Dissolve it in 50cm3 of 1M sulphuric acid and add

water to make the solution up to the mark. Label the solution FA2.

Pipette 25cm3 of FA2 into a conical flask, add 10cm3 of 1M sulphuric

acid and titrate with FA1. Record your results in the table in the usual

way. (Assume the average volume of FA1 used to be 20.00cm3.

(K = 39, Mn = 55, O = 16, H = 1)

(a) Calculate the molarity of FA1

(b) Determine the value of n.

(Fomula mass of R = 284).

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15. You are provided with FA1 which is a solution containing 2.41 grams of

manganate (VII) ions per litre of solution and FA2 which is a solution

of hydrogen peroxide. In acid medium, hydrogen peroxide reacts with

manganate (VII) ions according to the following equation.

5H2O2(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 2MnO4-(aq) 2Mn2+(aq)+8H2O(l)+ 5O2(g)

You are required to determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide

in FA2 in grams per litre.

Procedure:

Pipette 10.0cm3 of FA2 into a conical flask. Add 20cm3 of 1M

sulphuric acid and titrate the mixture with FA1.

Record your results in the table provided in the usual way

(Assume the average volume of FA1 used to be 38.50cm3)

(a) Determine the molarity of FA1

(b) Calculate:

(i) the molarity of FA2

(ii) the concentration of FA2 in grams per litre.

16. The pH ranges over which indicators change colour are given below

Indicator pH range

Methyl Orange 3.0 – 5.0

Litmus 5.0 – 8.0

Phenolphthalein 8.0 – 10.0

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 (i) Which one of the indicators above would be the most suitable

for the reaction below?

(ii) Give a reason for your answer.

17. When 110 grams of the monomer of neoprene was polymerized, 2.59 x

10-4 mole of neoprene was formed. Calculate the relative molecular

mass of neoprene.

18. A sample of a divalent metal, M, contaminated with its oxide was

dissolved in 50.00cm3 of 0.1M hydrochloric acid.

30 cm3 of hydrogen measured at s.t.p. was evolved. 20.0cm3 of 0.1M

sodium hydroxide solution was required to neutralize the excess acid.

Calculate the percentage of metal M in the sample.

(1 mole of gas at s.t.p. occupies 22.4 litres)

19. In order to determine the molecular mass of a compound, 8.0g of the

compound was dissolved in 250g of water. The solution froze at

0.3310C. Using this data, determine the relative molecular mass of the

compound.

(Kf for water = 1.86 deg. Mol1-kg -1

)

20. When 15g of glucose, C6H12O6 was dissolved in 50g of solvent of

relative molecular mass, 180, the freezing point was depressed by

8.00C. From this data, calculate the freezing point depression constant

for the solvent.

(C = 12, H = 1, O = 16)

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21. The freezing point of pure solvent X is 300C. at what temperature will

solution containing 2.0g of oxalic acid, H2C2O4 . 2H2O per 100g of X

freeze? (Kf for solvent X = 5.5 deg. Mol.-1kg-1; C = 12, H = 1, O = 16)

22. The vapour pressure of carbon disulphide, CS 2 at a certain

temperature is 53330 pascals. At the same temperature, a solution of

5g of sulphur in 63cm3 of CS2 has a vapour pressure of 52340 pascals.

The density of CS2 at this temperature is 1.27gm/cm3. from this

data, calculate the

(i) relative formula mass of sulphur,

(ii) molecular formula of sulphur in CS2

(C = 12, S = 32).

23. (a) State two methods that may be used to obtain positive ions in

the mass spectrometer.

(b) What property of the ions does the mass spectrometer

measure?

(c) When chloromethane, CH3Cl is analysed in the mass

spectrometer, two peaks are observed having an abundance

ratio of 3:1. Explain this observation.

(d) When hydrogen chloride, HCl, is analysed in the mass

spectrometer, four peaks are observed in the molecular ion

region. Explain this observation.

(e) When chlorine, Cl2, is analysed in the mass spectrometer,

three peaks are observed in the molecular ion region.

Explain this observation.

(f) What is meant by the term isotope?

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24. (i) What volume of a 0.25M ethane – 1, 2 – dioic acid solution will

reduce 20.0 cm3 of 0.2M potassium permanganate solution which is

acidified with 2M sulphuric acid?

(ii) What volume of carbon dioxide measured at s.t.p will be

liberated in the above reaction?

25. 20.0cm3 of acidified potassium permanganate solution required

20.0cm3 of 0.5M Hydrogen peroxide solution to discharge all the

purple colour. Determine the molarity of potassium permanganate

solution.

26. To 15cm3 of acidified potassium iodate, was added an excess of

potassium iodide. The liberated iodine required 25cm3 of 0.5M sodium

thiosulphate solution, using starch as an indicator, for complete

reaction. Calculate the concentration of potassium iodate in moles per

cubic decimeter.

27. (a) Calculate the value of n in the formula BaCl2 . nH2O from the

following data: 3.15g of barium chloride was dissolved in water and the

solution made up to one litre of solution using distilled water. 20cm3

of this solution was pipetted into a conical flask, and then excess of

potassium sulphate added, after which, it was titrated with silver

nitrate solution which contained 11.45g of silver ions per litre. 4.90cm3

of the silver nitrate solution was added to just precipitate the

chloride ions completely. (Ag = 108, Ba = 137, Cl = 35.5, H = 16).

28. 5.0g of ammonium chloride, contaminated with sodium chloride, was

boiled for some time with 100cm3 of 2M sodium hydroxide solution .

8
 The residual solution was made up to 250cm3 with distilled water and

25cm3 of this solution required 22.4cm3 of 0.5M hydrochloric acid for

neutralization. Calculate the mass of sodium chloride in the ammonium

chloride.

29. (a) An organic liquid C has a freezing point of 198.50C and molecular

depression of 45.50C per 1,000g of solvent. When 0.049 of a

substance A was dissolved in 0.521g of C, the resulting mixture was

found to freeze at 1860C. Calculate the molecular mass of A.

(b) Water boils at 1000C at a pressure of 760mm Hg. When the

pressure is reduced to 660mm Hg, water boils at 960C. Explain

this observation.

(c) A metallic element was found to consist of two isotopes of

masses 63.0 and 65.0 in the atomic ratio of 3:1 respectively.

When an aqueous solution of a salt of the metal was

electrolysed using a current of 1.0A for 50 minutes, 0.987g of

the metal was deposited. Calculate the charge on the metal ion.

(1 Faraday = 96500C).

30. The elements Be, Mg, Ca and Ba belong to a group (II) in the periodic

table.

(a) State three chemical properties shown by the elements. For each

property, write an equation to illustrate your answer.

Explain the trend in the solubilities of the hydroxides and sulphates

of the elements in water.

(b) Be differs in some of its properties from the rest of the elements in

the group.

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 (i) State two properties in which Be differs from the rest of the

elements in the group.

(ii) Give reasons why Be shows different properties from the rest

of the elements.

(c) Name one reagent that can be used to distinguish between each of

these ions. In each case state what is observed when the reagent is

used and write equations for the reactions taking place.

(i) Mg2+ and Ba2+

(ii) Ca2+ and Ba2+

(iii) Mg2+ and Ca2+

(d) Explain

(i) Why MgCl2 solution has PH less than 7

(ii) Why the tendency to form complexes by group (II) metals

decreases down the group.

(iii) Group (II) metals form less ionic compounds than group (I)

metals.

(e) State three properties in which Li and Mg resemble and explain why.

31. Carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead are elements of group (IV)

in the periodic table.

(a) (i) State two important oxidation states exhibited by the elements.

(ii) Describe how the stability of the two oxidation states vary

down the group.

(b) Describe the type of chlorides formed by these elements and show

how they react with water

(c) Describe the trend in the basicity of the oxide of group (IV)

elements and write equations to show how oxides of C, Si, Ge and Pb

react with sodium hydroxide.

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 (d) When a mixture of carbon and an oxide of a group (II) elements was

heated to a very high temperature, a compound Z was formed. Z

reacted with cold water to give a gas Y which decolourised bromine

water

(i) Identify the element in group (II) and the substances Z and

Y.

(ii) Write equations for reactions leading to the formation of

Y.

(e) (i) Write equation to show how lead (II) chloride can be prepared in

the laboratory.

(ii) State the type of bonding in PbCl2 exhibits the type of

bonding stated.

(f) Explain why the boiling point in of the Hydrides of group (IV) is in

order

CH4< Si H4 < GeH4 < SnH4

32. (a) Describe one general method for preparing the halogens in the

laboratory (excluding Flouride) and write the equation for the

reaction.

b) Describe the reactivity of Flouride, Chlorine and bromine with

(i) Sodium hydroxide

(ii) Water (use equations to illustrate your answer).

c) How would you distinguish between sodium bromide and sodium

iodine given chlorine water and tetrachloromethane

d) State and explain

(i) The trend in the boiling points of the halogens down the

group.

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 (ii) The trends in the acidity of the hydrides of group (VII)

elements.

e) Outline one process by which sodium hydroxide is manufactured

industrially.

33. The elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P and Cl are members of the third

period of the Periodic Table

(a) (i) Write down the formula of the principle oxides and

chloride of the elements listed above and in each case indicate

the type of bonding.

(ii) Explain what happens when each of the above oxides and

chloride is added to water and indicate whether the resultant

solution will be acidic, basic or neutral.

(b) (i) Which of the oxides listed above form oxide of the type

M2O3.

(ii) Describe briefly how you would prepare each of the oxide and

give the equations for reactions involved.

(iii) What would be observed if each of above oxides in (b) (ii) was

reacted with sodium hydroxide? Write equation for the

reactions involved in each case.

(c) The melting points of Mg, Si and S are 6500C, 14230C and 1200C

respectively. Explain the differences in the melting points of the

elements.

(d) Name the type of bonding that exists in the hydride of the elements

Na, P and S and write equations to show the reaction if any of

the hydrides with water.

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34. In the extraction of aluminium, the ore is purified by first treating it

with sodium hydroxide solution.

(i) Write the name and formula of one ore from which aluminium is

extracted.

(ii) Name two impurities in the ore.

(iii) Describe what takes place when the ore in (i) above is treated

with sodium hydroxide and write equation for the reaction.

(b) Describe how pure aluminium is obtained from the purified ore.

(c) Aluminium chloride whose relative molecular mass in vapour phase

is 267 can be obtained from aluminium.

(i) Write an equation to show how anhydrous aluminium

chloride can be obtained from aluminium

(ii) Write the molecular formula and structural formula of

aluminium chloride in vapour phase indicating the bonding.

(d) Explain with reference to aluminium oxide what an ampotheric

oxide is. Write the appropriate equations.

(e) Explain giving the necessary equation why

(i) Solution of simple Al3+ salts are acidic.

(ii) Aluminium utensils should not be washed in strongly

alkaline solutions.

35 One property of transition elements is that they form complexes

(a) (i) What is meant by the term complex?

(ii) State four other properties exhibited by Transition

elements.

(b) Determine the oxidation state co-ordination number of

the central ion and name of the following complexes.

(i) Cu (NH3)4 (OH)2

(ii) [Fe(CN)5 NI-]2-

13
 (iii) [Cr(H2O)5 Cl] Cl2 H2O

(iv) [Co(CN)6 ]3-

(v) [Co(NH3)5 SO4 ]+ Br -

(vi) [V(CN)6]3-

36. (a) (i) state two common oxidation states of chromium

(ii) Write the electronic configuration of the chromium ions in the

oxidation states stated in (i).

(iii) Write the formula of one compound in each of the oxidation

stated in (i)

(b) A dilute solution of chromium alum K2 Cr (SO4 )4 24 H2O was prepared

and divided into three portions.

(i) The first portion turned blue litmus red. Explain the

observation and write equation to illustrate your answer.

(ii) To the second portion was added sodium hydroxide drop-

wise until in excess. State and explain what was observed.

(iii) To the third portion was added a few drops of hydrogen

peroxide and sodium hydroxide. Explain the observation

made.

(c) When 1 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid was added to about

1cm3 of potassium chromate, an orange solution was

formed. Addition of an excess of dilute sodium hydroxide

to the mixture gave a yellow solution. Write equations for

the reactions taking place.

(d) Briefly describe a test that can be carried out in the

laboratory to confirm that potassium chromate contains

chromium ion.

14
 (e) Aqueous Sn2+ solution was added to a solution containing

chromium in the +6 oxidation state.

(i) State what was observed.

(ii) Write half equations for the reactions that took place and the

overall equation of reactions.

(f) Chromium exhibits structural isomers in some of its

complexes, Cr(H2O)6 Cl3 has at least three coloured

isomers. When one of the isomer, which is violet in colour,

reacts with silver nitrate solution, all the chlorine is

precipitated as silver chloride. A second, light green

isomer also reacts with silver nitrate but only two-thirds

of the chlorine is precipitated as silver chloride. The

third, dark green isomer precipitates only one-third of its

chlorine as silver chloride with silver nitrate solution.

(i) Write the structural formulae and names of each of the

three isomers.

(ii) Arrange the isomers in order of their increasing

conductivity and explain the order.

(g) Give equations of the reaction to show how Cr 3+(aq) can be

converted to Cr2O3(s)

37 When a pale green solid P was heated, it decomposed to a green solid Q

and a gas that turned lime water milky was evolved. Q dissolves in nitric

acid to give a green solution R. On adding dilute sodium hydroxide

solution to R, a green precipitate S insoluble in excess alkali was

obtained. S dissolved in aqueous ammonia to give a purplish blue solution.

(a) Identify the compound P, Q, S and solution R.

(b) Write equations for the reaction between

(i) Q and nitric acid

15
 (ii) R and sodium hydroxide

(iii) S and ammonia.

38 Dilute solution of iron alum (NH4)2 SO4 ∙ Fe2(SO4)3 24H2O was

prepared and divided into three parts.

(i) To the first part was added dilute sodium hydroxide drop-wise

until in excess and warmed. Explain what reactions took place and

state any observation made.

(ii) To the second part was added a few drops of potassium

thiocynate. State the observation made and write the equation of

reaction taking place.

(iii) To the third part was added a few drops of potassium hexacyno

ferrate (II), state any observation made and write an equation

for the reaction that took place.

(b) Describe an experiment that can be carried out in the laboratory

to determine the percentage of iron in the salt above.

39. (a) A metallic element A has atomic number of 29.

(i) Write down the electronic configuration of element A.

(ii) To which of the S, P and d-blocks of elements of the

periodic table does A belong?

(b) When A was heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, sulphur

dioxide gas was given off and a blue solution was formed.

(i) Name a reagent used to test for the gas.

(ii) Write an equation.

(c) A small volume of the blue solution from (b) was treated with

conc. HCl added drop-wise until in excess and then the acid

solution diluted about ten times its own volume with water. State

16
 and explain what was observed and what species of A were

produced.

(i) When the acid was added.

(ii) When the acid solution in (i) was diluted.

(d) Describe briefly how you would determine the amount of A

present in the blue solution by titration method.

(e) Element A exhibits two oxidation states of +1 and +2. Explain.

40. (a) (i) Write the name and formula of one ore of zinc.

(ii) Briefly describe how pure zinc can be obtained from the

ore you have named.

(b) State:

(i) Two properties that do not qualify Zn as a transition

element.

(ii) One property that qualifies Zn as a transition element.

(c) (i) Name one reagent that can be used to distinguish Zn2+ and

Al3+

(ii) State what is observed when Zn2+ and Al3+ are treated

separately with the reagent. Write equation for the

reaction.

(d) Explain how zinc protects iron from rusting.

41. (a) Write the name and formula of an ore from which copper is

extracted.

(b) Explain the following processes as used in the extracting

(i) Flotation

(ii) Roasting

(iii) Smelting

(iv) refining

17
 (c) Explain what would be observed if to a solution of Cu 2+ ion was

added.

(i) A few drops of potassium hexacyno ferrate (II) solution

(ii) Magnesium powder.

42. (a) Explain what is meant by

(i) First ionization energy

(ii) Atomic radius

(b) Explain how first ionization energy and atomic radius vary

(i) Across period 3

(ii) Down group (VII)

(iii) Among Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni

(c) Explain why

(i) 1st ionization energy of Al is more than that of Mg

(ii) 1st ionization energy of P is higher than that of S.

(d) Briefly explain the importance of ionization potential in

determining the chemistry of an element.

43. Discuss the three main processes involved in obtaining pure metals from

their ores.

44. The date below shows the boiling points and bond energies of the

halogens.

F Cl Br I

Bond energy (X-X)KJ mol-1 268 238 192 151

Boiling points 0C -188 34 58 183

Explain the trend in the variation of

(a) Bond energies

(b) Boiling points

45. The table below shows the variation of bond lengths and bond energies

of the hydrides of group VII.

18
 H-F H-Cl H-Br H-J

Bond length / nm 0.092 0.128 0.141 0.160

Bond energy/KJ mol+1 614 430 364 293

Explain the trend in the variation of

(a) Bond length

(b) Bond energies

46. (a) Hypochlorite, Chlorate (1), is a component of domestic bleaching

compounds and undergoes dispropotionation reaction.

(i) State the oxidation state of chorine in the ion

(ii) Explain what is meant by the terms disproportionation reaction.

(iii) Write equation to show the reaction of chlorate (I) ion in (a)(ii)

above.

(b) Excess chlorine gas was bubbled through a hot concentration

solution of potassium hydroxide. Write the equation of the

reaction that took place.

(c) 1.6g of the mixture of the salts in (b) were dissolved to make

250cm3 of solution. 10.0cm3 of this solution was then mixed with

excess potassium iodide acidified with sulphuric acid.

(i) State what was observed.

(ii) Write the equation of reaction that took place.

(iii) If the product of reaction in (c) above required 12.8cm3 of

0.1M sodium thiosulphate solution for complete reaction calculate

the percentage of potassium chlorate in mixture of the salt.

47. Scandium, chromium, copper and zinc are some of the elements of d-

block series

(a) (i) Write the electronic configuration of the elements

19
 (ii) Explain why the electronic configuration of chromium and

copper differ from those of other elements mentioned above.

(b) Using copper and chromium, explain the transitional

characteristics of d-block elements.

(c) Explain why scandium and zinc are not transitional and yet are d-

block elements.

48. Explain giving examples what is meant by each of the following terms.

(a) interstitial compound

(b) paramagnetism

(c) chelation

(d) monodantate, bidentate and multidentate

(e) co-ordination number

49. Iron (III) ion is aqueous solution exists as [Fe(H2O6]3+.

(a) State:

(i) The oxidation number of iron in the complex.

(ii) The co-ordination number.

(iii) And explain the nature of this solution whether the P H is

greater, equal or less than 7.

(b) State the characteristics feature present in water molecule

which enables it act as ligand.

(c) (i) Name the two possible reactions undergone by [Fe(H2O6]3+

complex ion

(ii) Write an equation in each case.

(d) Draw a sketch of the hydrated iron (III) ion and name its shape.

50. (a)State four features of titanium that are typical of other transition

elements.

(b) Titanium (iv) chloride was dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric

acid.

20
 (i) Write the formula of the product formed.

(ii) State the oxidation state of titanium in the product

(iii) State the co-ordination number of titanium ion in product.

(c) Write the equation of reaction of titanium (IV) chloride with

water.

51. (a)State what would be observed and write equation for each if excess

potassium cyanide solution was added to aqueous solution

containing.

(i) Nickel (II) ion

(ii) cobalt (II) ion

(iii) Iron (II) sulphate solution

(b) State what would be observed and write equation of reaction if

potassium ferrocyanide (potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) was

added to solution containing.

(i) Fe3+

(ii) Zn2+

(iii) Cu2+

52. (a) Discuss the role of disodium phosphate in the qualitative analysis of

the ion

(i) Mg2+

(ii) Ca2

(iii) Al3+

(b) Show how ammonium ethanedioate (oxalate) can be used to

distinguish between the following ions Ca2+ and Ba2+.

53. Show how you would use chemical tests to detect an impurity of

(a) Nickel sulphate in iron (II) sulphate

(b) Iron (III) sulphate in iron (II) sulphate

21
 (c) Ammonium nitrite in ammonium nitrate

(d) Sodium sulphite in sodium sulphate

(e) Cobalt chloride in nickel chloride

(f) Ammonium ethanoate in ammonium ethandioate

(g) Potassium iodate in potassium iodide.

54. (a) Describe an industrial manufacture of chlorine.

(b) Flourine and fluoride show some properties which are not typical

of the rest of the group (VII) members.

(i) State three of these properties

(ii) Suggest reasons for that

(c) Write equation and state the condition for the reaction of

chlorine with;

(i) Ammonia

(ii) Sodium thiosulphate

(iii) Calcium hydroxide

(d) Describe how you can qualitatively distinguish between sodium

fluoride and sodium chloride.

(e) Describe how you would determine titrimetrically the

concentration of a given solution of sodium hypochlorite.

(f) State the principal oxidation states shown by chlorine and for

each state give one of the compounds formed.

(g) Give an account of the nature, structure and uses of

interhalogens.

(h) Briefly describe the manufacture of;

(i) Potassium chlorate

(ii) Potassium iodate

(i) State three uses of chorine gas.

22
55. (a) Brass is an alloy of which copper is a component. Describe an

experiment that can be carried out to determine the percentage

of copper in brass.

(b) 2.4b of brass was dissolved to make 250cm3 of copper (II)

nitrate. To 10.0cm3 of the solution was added excess potassium

iodide solution. The iodine liberated required 9.60cm3 of 0.1M

sodium thiosulphate for complete oxidation.

(i) Write the equation of reaction which took place between

the potassium iodide and the brass solution.

(ii) Calculate the percentage of copper in the sample of brass.

(c) Explain why copper (I) chloride is insoluble in water and dilute

hydrochloric acid but dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid.

56. (a) State the condition by which potassium magnate (VII) is reduced

to;

(i) Manganese (IV) oxide

(ii) Manganese sulphate

(iii) Potassium manganate (VI)

(b) State the oxidation states of chromium in each of the following

(i) Cr2O3

(ii) CrO2Cl2

(iii) CrO3

(c) Explain each of the following:

(i) When potassium dichromate solution is shaken with sulphur

dioxide, a clear dark green solution remains but if

hydrogen sulphide is used, however the green solution

contain a precipitate.

23
 (ii) Addition of an acid to a solution of potassium chromate

turns it from yellow to orange. Addition of sodium

hydroxide solution, however reverses the change.

(iii) On adding water to anhydrous copper (II) sulphate if turns

blue. When ammonia solution is added to the blue solution,

a pale blue precipitate is first formed which dissolves in

excess ammonia forming a deep blue solution. This colour

is completely discharged by addition of potassium cyanide

solution.

57. Write equation and state the conditions for the reaction of

hydrochloric acid with each of the following.

(a) Tin

(b) Aluminium

(c) Calcium oxide

(d) Aluminium oxide

(e) Lead IIV) oxide

(f) Barium Carbonate

(g) Iron (II) sulphide

(h) Sodium thiosulphate

58. (a) Write equations for the reaction of water with

(i) Aluminium chloride

(ii) Calcium oxide

(iii) Tin (IV) chloride

(iv) Phosphorus trichloride

(b) How and under what condition tin (II) oxide and tin (IV) oxide

react with

(i) Oxygen

(ii) Hydrochloric acid

24
 (iii) Sodium hydroxide

(c) State four similarities in the chemistry of Tin and lead.

(d) How is tin (IV) oxide prepared from tin.

59. (a) (i) Name two reagents which when treated with a solution

containing a sulphite or a sulphate ion give similar

observation. Give equation of reaction for each of the ions.

(ii) Give one reaction which is undergone by SO2-4.

(b) (i) Give examples of two reactions which are undergone by

both nitrite and nitrate, NO-3 ions.

(ii) Give three reactions that can be carried out to distinguish

NO-2 from NO-3 ion.

60. Describe briefly how

(a) The presence of a chromate ion, CrO42- can be determined

qualitatively.

(b) The amount of a chromate ion in any soluble salt may be

determined quantitatively.

(c) 3.20g of an impure salt of potassium chromate was dissolved to

make 1dm3.

25.0 cm3 of this solution was pipetted and to it was added 25 cm3

of potassium iodide solution. The iodine produced required

11.40cm3 of M sodium thiosulphate solution.

(i) Write the equation of reaction which took place to

produce iodine.

(ii) Calculate the percentage purity of the salt.

61. The following ions below show the range of oxidation states shown by

aqueous vanadium in acidic medium.

V(s) → V2+(aq)→V3+(aq) → VO2+(aq) →VO+2(aq)

(i) State the oxidation state of vanadium in VO2+(aq) and VO+2(aq)

25
 (ii) Write ionic equation to show how the following conversions could

be effected.

V2+(aq) → V3+(aq)

V3+(aq) → VO2+(aq)

VO2+(aq) → VO2+(aq)

(b) Give reagents and conditions required to effect the following

changes. In each case write equation of reaction involved.

(i) CrO42-(aq) to Cr2O72-(aq)

(ii) Cr2O2-7(aq) to Cr3+(aq)

(iii) MnO2 to MnO2-4

(iv) MnO2-4 to MnO2

(c) The following reaction series was carried out starting with

(d) Cr3+(aq) OH(aq) X(s) Heat Y(s) Fuse with Z(s)

KOH/KNO3

(i) Identify X, Y and Z

(ii) Write equation to show how the following conversions took

place.

Cr3+(aq) → X(s)

X(s) → Y(s)

Y(s) → Z(s)

62. (a) Consider the reaction scheme below:

Water Excess NaCl(aq)

CuSO4(aq) L(aq) M(aq)

Excess SO2/water

P(aq) N(s)

26
 Identify L, M, N and P.

Write equation to show how the following conversion are

effected.

(b) State what would be observed if to L was added

(i) Ammonia solutions drop-wise until in excess

(ii) A few drops of potassium iodide solution.

(iii) A few drops of potassium hexacynoferrate (II)

(iv) A few drops of potassium cyanide solution

Write equation in each.

(c) Outline the laboratory preparation of copper (I) chloride.

(d) Explain why transition elements

(i) Are suitable as catalyst

(ii) Form complexes

(iii) Have high melting points.

63. (a) Write equation of reactions to show the effect of heat on

(i) PbO2

(ii) Pb3O4

(b) Write equation of reaction of each of the following with sodium

hydroxide.

(i) Beryllium

(ii) Aluminium oxide

(iii) Chromium (III) oxide

(iv) Cl2O

(v) ClO2

(vi) Cl2O6

(vii) Cl2O7

64. (a) (i) Explain what is meant by the term diagonal relationship.

27
 (ii) Give two examples of pairs of elements which show

diagonal relationship.

(iii) State three chemical properties for each pair to illustrate

the relationship.

(b) (i) Write the formulae of the oxides formed by Na,Ca,Al,Si

and P.

(ii) State the type of bonding and structures adopted by these

oxides.

(iii) Illustrate one trend in the periodic table by considering

the properties of these oxides.

(c) Explain why

(i) Sodium melts at only 97.80C and magnesium melts at

66500C and yet both are metals.

(ii) Phosphorous has a lower melting point than sulphur.

(iii) Radius of potassium ion, K+(0.13nm) is smaller than that of

potassium atom (0.23nm)

(iv) Chloride ion Cl- (radius 0.18nm) is bigger than chlorine

atom (radius 0.099nm).

65. (a) State the oxidation state of chlorine in

(i) Cl F.

(ii) ICl

(b) Name a reagent that can be used to distinguish between each of

the following. In each case state what is observed if each

member of the pair is treated with reagent.

(i) S2O32- and SO42-

(ii) CO32- and HCO3

(iii) SO42- and SO32-

28
 (iv) NO2- and NO3-

Where possible give an equation of reaction.

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY REVISION QUESTIONS

Question 1

(a) Define the term ionization energy

(b) The first ionization energies of elements in period III of the
periodic table and their atomic numbers are given in the table
below:

Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Ionization 494 742 581 791 1062 1000 1256 1522
energy
(Kjmol-1)
Atomic 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
number

Plot a graph of ionization energy against atomic number and explain the
shape of the graph.

Question 2

a) The melting points of Magnesium, Sillicon and Sulphur are 651 oC,
1422 oC, and 120 oC respectively. Explain the differences in the
melting points of the elements.
b) State the type of bonding that exists in the hydrides of each of
the elements sulphur, potassium, phosphorus and sodium.
c) Write equation to show the reaction, if any, of the hydrides in (b)
with water.

Question 3

(a) State the principal oxidation states exercised by carbon, silicon,

Germanium, Tin and Lead.
(b) Describe how the stability of the oxidation states you have named
in (a) vary from carbon to lead. Use the oxides of the Elements
to illustrate your answer.

29
Question 4

(a) State what would happen if tetrachloromethane, silicon (IV) chloride,

tin (IV) chloride are separately shaken with water. Use equations to
illustrate your answer.

(b) Write equation to show how lead (IV) chloride can be prepared in the
laboratory and state the conditions for the reaction.

(c) What type of bonding exists in Lead (II) chloride and Lead (IV)
chloride?

(d) State three physical properties which show that lead (II) chloride
exhibits the type of bonding you have stated in (c) above.

Question 5

Explain the following observations:

Beryllium chloride is more soluble in ethanol than in water whereas calcium
chloride is more soluble in water than in ethanol.

Question 6
Propan-l-ol boils at a much higher temperature than 1-aminopropane although
both compounds have almost the same relative formula masses. Explain.

Question 7

Phenol is more acidic than phenylmethanol. Explain.

Question 8

A crystalline solid, X, dissolved in water to form a violet solution. When

aqueous NaOH solution was added, a green precipitate was formed. The
precipitate dissolved in excess alkali, forming a green solution. The solution
changed from green to yellow when sodium peroxide was added to it.

(i) Name the cation in X.

(ii) Write equation(s) for the reaction(s) that took place when NaOH(aq)
was added to the solution of X.

30
(iii) Write the formula of the species responsible for the yellow colour in
the final solution.

Question 9

In the extraction of iron, the ore is mixed with limestone and coke and then
heated in a blast furnace.

(a) State the role of coke and limestone.

(b) Explain why iron is usually extracted by the method described above.
(c) State one other method that could be used to extract iron from its
ore.
(d) State one reason why the method you have named in (c) above is not
commonly used in the extraction of iron.

Question 10
The table below shows the first three ionization energies in KJmol-1 of the
elements X, Y, Z and k.
Element Ionization energies (KJmol-1)
First Second Third
X 740 1502 7730
Y 494 4562 6901
Z 577 1816 2745
K 1311 3460 5302

(a) Which one of the elements belongs to group 1 of the periodic Table?
Give a reason for your answer.

(b) Which one of the elements forms a cation with three positive
charges?

(c) Write the formula of the compound formed by the elements X and K.

Question 11

State what would be observed and write an equation for the reaction that
occurs when
(i) A solution of potassium carbonate is added to aqueous aluminium
sulphate.

(ii) Solid potassium iodide is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid.

31
Question 12

(a) Describe briefly how bauxite is concentrated (or purified).

(b) Explain why cryolite is added to the purified ore before it is

electrolysed.

(c) Write equations to show the reactions that take place at the
electrodes during the electrolysis of the purified ore.

(d) Explain why the anode is replaced from time to time.

(e) State two reasons why aluminium is not obtained from bauxite by
heating the purified ore with carbon.

Question 13

(a) The elements of group II are known to form few complexes.

Explain why the tendency to form complexes decreased down the
group.

(b) Explain briefly what is meant by the term, complex.

Question 14
[Cr(CN)6]3- and [CuCl4]2 are complex ions formed by chromium and copper
respectively.
State
(i) the oxidation states of chromium and copper.
(ii) The co-ordination numbers of chromium and copper in these
complexes.

Question 16

A clear solution of sodium thiosuphate becomes cloudy when left standing in

air. Explain this observation.

Question 17

(a) C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb are elements of group IV in the periodic.

Table

32
 (i) Describe the type of chloride formed by these elements.
(ii) Show how the chlorides of the elements react with water with the use
of equations.

(b) Show how the basicity of the oxides of the elements of group IV
varies down the group.
(c) Show how the oxides of carbon, silicon, germanium and tin react with
sodium hydroxide.

Question 18

A certain oxide of an element in group II was mixed with carbon and heated
to a very high temperature and a compound B was formed. B reacted with
cold water to give a gas K which decolourised bromine water.

(i) identify the element in Group II and the substances B and K.

(ii) Write equations for the reactions leading to the formation of K.

Question 19

(a) Chromium belongs to the d-block of elements in the periodic Table.

State five properties of the d-block elements that make them
different from the s-block elements.

(b) The melting points of Cr, Mn and Fe are given below.

Element Atomic number m.pt/ oC

Chromium 24 1832
Manganese 25 1240
Iron 26 1528

(i) Write the electronic configuration of the atom of each element.

(ii) State the trend in the melting points of the elements.

Question 20

(a) Aqueous ammonia was added dropwise until in excess, to a solution

containing chromium (III) ions.

33
 (i) State what was observed.
(ii) Write equation for the reactions that took place.

(b) Concentrated HCl was used as one of the reagents for the
determination of the percentage of Manganese (IV) oxide in an Ore of
Manganese.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction between Manganese (IV) oxide and
hydrochloric acid.

(ii) Name two other reagents that were used in the determination of the
percentage of manganese (IV) oxide in the ore.

(iii) Describe briefly how the percentage by mass of manganese (IV) oxide
in the ore was determined volumetrically.

Question 21

Explain each of the following observations:

(a) Sodium chloride is more soluble in water than in concentrated

hydrochloric acid whereas lead (II) chloride is more soluble in
concentrated hydrochloric acid than in water.

(b) The bonds in tetrachloromethane molecule are polar but

tetrachloromethane molecule is not polar.

Question 22

The boiling points of the hydrides of group IV elements in the periodic Table
are in the order CH4<SiH4<SnH4, Whereas the boiling points of the hydrides
of group VII elements are in the order HCl<HBr<HI<HF. Explain these
observations.

Question 23

Name one reagent that can be used to differentiate between each of the
following pairs of ions. In each case, state what would be observed.

(i) Nl2+(aq) and Cr3+(aq)

(ii) SO32-(aq) and S2O32-(aq)

(iv) Cl-(aq) and I-(aq)

34
Question 24

A green powder was dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid to form a green

solution. The resultant solution was divided into three portions.

(a) Potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) (Potassium ferrocyanide) solution

was added dropwise to the first portion. A brown precipitate was
formed. Name the cation in the green powder.

(b) Concentrated hydrochloric acid was added dropwise until in excess to

the second portion.

(i) State what was observed.

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that took place.

(c) Calcium was added to the third portion of the solution and the mixture
was warmed.

(i) State what was observed.

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction.

Question 25

The melting points of the chlorides of some elements are given below:
Chloride MgCl2 FeCl3 PCl3
o
M.pt/ C 713 281 -113

(a) State the type of bonding that exists in each of the chlorides above.
(b) State what would be observed and write an equation for the reaction
that takes place when water is added to each chloride.

Question 26

(a) (i) Define the term, transition element.

(ii) State five properties that characterize transition elements.

(b) Explain why Zinc and Sodium are not considered to be true transition
elements.

Question 27

35
(a) (i) Ammonia solution was added dropwise until in excess to solution
of Nickel (II) nitrate. Explain the observations made and give the
relevant equations.

(ii) Excess potassium iodide solution was added to a solution of

copper (II) nitrate. With the aid of equations, explain the
observations made.

(b) When ammonium thiocyanate was added to an aqueous solution of salt

A, a blood red solution was formed. Identify the cation in A.

Question 28

(a) Beryllium, which is the first member of group II in the Periodic Table
shows many anomalies. Outline eight anomalies of Beryllium.

(b) The Table below gives the solubilities of the hydroxides of group II
of the periodic table.

Hydroxide Solubility/g per 100g of H2O at 25

o
C
Be(OH)2 Insoluble
Mg(OH)2 0.0009
Ca(OH)2 0.157
Sr(OH)2 0.799
Ba(OH)2 3.999

State and explain the trend in the solubility of the hydroxides in water.

Question 29

(a) The relative formula mass of aluminium chloride in the vapour phase is
267. Write the molecular formula of aluminium chloride in the vapour
phase and its structural formula in the same state.

(b) With reference to aluminium oxide, explain the term, “amphoteric

oxide”. Write equations where necessary.

(c) Explain with the aid of equations why

(i) aqueous solutions of simple Al3+ salts are acidic.

36
 (ii) aluminium utensils are not washed in strong alkaline solutions.

Question 30

Explain the following observations

(a) Lead (II) chloride is less soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid than in
water, yet it is quite soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid.

(b) Methane and water have relative molecular masses of 16 and 18

respectively yet their boiling points are -161 oC and 100 oC respectively.

(c) Aluminium hydroxide is soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide, yet

insoluble in aqueous ammonia whereas zinc hydroxide readily dissolved
in both.

Question 31

One property of Chromium as a transition metal is its ability to form

coloured compounds, for example, chromium (III) sulphate is green.

(a) State three other properties of chromium as a transition metal.

(b) Chromium (III) chloride -6- water: CrCl3•6H2 O in an example of

hydrate isomerism. Write the formulae of three possible isomers of
CrCl3•6H2O.

(c) The co-ordination number of chromium is the same in the isomers of

CrCl3•6H2O.

(i) Explain briefly what is meant by the term, co-ordination

number.
(ii) What is the co-ordination number of chromium in CrCl3•6H2O?

Question 32

(a) Some tests were carried out on two of the isomers of CrCl3•6H2O and
the results obtained are shown in the table below:
Test Results
Isomer P Isomer Z

37
 1. Excess 0.15 mole of the 0.45 mole of
aqueous Silver chloride ions was chloride ions was
nitrate was precipitated. precipitated.
Added to 0.15
mole of aqueous
solution of the
isomer.

2. Conductivity Two moles of Four moles of

measurements conducting conducting
species were species were
detected. detected.

From the above tests, write the possible molecular formulae of P and Z. Give
reasons for your answers.

(b) To an aqueous solution of chromium (III) sulphate was added an

aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate followed by dropwise addition of
aqueous ammonia, until it was in excess.

(i) What was observed?

(ii) Write ionic equations to explain the observations made in (b) (i).

Question 33

The elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P and Cl belong to the same period in the
periodic Table.

(a) Write the formula of the principal chloride of each element and state
the type of bonding.

(b) Show how each of the chlorides you have given in (a) reacts with water
and state the pH of the resultant solution.

(c) Which elements form the M2O3 type of oxide?

(d) Show how the oxide of Al reacts with concentrated sodium hydroxide
solution.

Question 34

38
The atomic number of element X is 14.

(a) Write down the electronic configuration of X.

(b) What is the formula of
(i) the hydride of X?
(ii) the chloride of X?
(c) Water was added to the chloride of X.

(i) State whether the pH of the resultant solution was less than 7,
or greater than 7 or 7.
(ii) Explain your answer to (c) (i) and give the relevant equation.

Question 35

(a) Using limestone as the starting material, outline using equations, a

method for preparing each of the following:

(i) Calcium hydroxide (ii) Calcium carbide.

(b) Explain each of the following:

(i) Anhydrous calcium chloride is commonly contaminated with

calcium oxide.
(ii) Limestone is added as a flux to furnaces when smelting metal
ores.

Question 36

Explain the following observations:

(a) Lead (II) chloride is insoluble in ethanol whereas Lead (IV) chloride
readily dissolves in the same solvent.

(b) When water is added to lead (IV) chloride, white fumes are observed
and a dark-brown precipitate is formed.

(c) Lead (IV) chloride, readily decomposes to lead (II) chloride and
chlorine when heated but Lead (II) is not affected by heat.

39
 (d) Carbon which is in the same group as lead in the periodic table shows
one valency of 4 but lead shows two valencies of 2 and 4.

(e) The solubilities of Lead (II) halides increase in the order

PbI2<PbBr2<PbCl2.

Question 37

Explain, giving balanced equations, the following:

(a) Action of heat on iron (II) sulphate crystals.

(b) Action of Zinc metal on Copper (II) sulphate solution.
(c) Action of concentrated hydrochloric acid on potassium manganate
(VII).
(d) Pure nitric acid is a colourless liquid but the concentrated nitric
acid used in the laboratory is yellow.

Question 38

(a) Write the name and formula of the principal ore of copper.
(b) Suggest one method by which the ore you have named may be
concentrated.
(c) (i) Outline, giving equations, the process by which impure copper is
obtained from the concentrated ore.
(ii) Name the method by which impure copper is purified in
industry.
(d) 6.61g of impure copper was dissolved in excess dilute nitric acid.
The solution obtained was made up to 200cm3 of this solution,
excess potassium iodide was added. The reaction that took place is
given by the equation.

2Cu2+(aq) + 4I-(aq) 2CuI(s) + I2(aq)

The iodine liberated reacted with 20cm3 of 0.5M aqueous sodium

thiosulphate according to the equation.

I2(aq) + 2S2O32- S4O62-(aq) + 2I-(aq)

Calculate the percentage by mass the purity of copper in the sample (Cu =
64.)

40
Question 39

(a) When nitric acid was added to a bright red powder A and warmed, it
changed into a dark brown solid. On filtering, washing and adding
concentrated hydrochloric acid to the brown solid, a greenish – yellow
gas was evolved on warming, leaving white residue on cooling. Identify
A and explain the reactions involved.

(b) (i) Compare the reactivity of the elements of group II and group I
with water and indicate the trend in the reactivity within each group.

(ii) Group II elements form few complexes. The tendency to form

complexes decreases as the group is descended. Explain this
statement.

(c) (i) Iron (III) iodide is very unstable whereas aluminium iodide is
stable. Explain this statement.

(ii) Aluminium iodide in its fused state does not conduct an electric
current whereas aluminium fluoride conducts electricity. Explain.

Question 40

Sketch the shape and name of the structure of each of the following
chemical species.

(i) CO2 (iii) H3O+ (v) PH3

(ii) H2 O (iv) PCl5 (vi) CH4

Question 41

Write an equation for dissolution of each of the following salts in water.

State whether the resultant solutions would be acidic, neutral or basic.
(a) Calcium Chloride
(b) Sodium Methanoate
(c) Chromium (III) Chloride
(d) Iron (III) Chloride.

Question 42

41
Explain each of the following:

(a) Aqueous solutions of manganese (II) and manganese (III) ions are
coloured while that of zinc (II) is not.

(b) Chromium, manganese, iron and cobalt form ions in the +2 oxidation
state which decrease in size from chromium to cobalt.

(c) The oxy-acids, HClO2 and HClO4 are of structures.

O
|
H – O – Cl – O and H – O – Cl – O
|
O

HClO4 is a stronger acid than HClO2 (Assume that oxygen is more

electronegative than chlorine).

(d) Aqueous Chromium (III) sulphate has a pH of less than 7.

Question 43

(a) Explain the following observations:

(i) The salts of group I metals are more soluble than those of the
corresponding group II metals of the periodic Table.

(ii) Calcium Chloride is more soluble in water than calcium

carbonate.

(b) Although aluminium is in group III of the periodic Table, its

properties resemble those of beryllium in group II.

(i) Discuss the similarities in the properties of the two elements.

(ii) Explain why the two metals show similarity in chemical

properties.

Question 44

(a) Define the term ionization energy

(b) Explain how the following factors affect the value of ionization.

(i) The penetrating power of valence electrons

42
 (ii) The shielding effect of electrons

(iii) The net charge on an atom or ion.

(c) The table below shows the first ionization energies (IE) and atomic
numbers, (At No.) of elements in the third period of the periodic
Table.

Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

1st IE 500 740 590 790 1025 1000 1262 1532

(KJmol-
1
)

At. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

(i) Plot a graph of the first ionization energy against atomic number of
the elements of the third period.

(ii) Explain the shape of the graph.

Question 45

(a) Give the name and formula of the principal ore of aluminium from
which the aluminium metal is extracted.

(b) Describe the process by which aluminium is extracted from its ore.
Include in your answer, the relevant equations (Diagram not required.)

(c) (i) A low voltage is used in the extraction of aluminium. Why?

(ii) State one disadvantage involved in the extraction of aluminium

by this method.

(d) State three uses of aluminium in relation to its properties.

(e) Under what conditions and how does aluminium react to form
aluminium chloride, Al2Cl6?

Question 46

(a) The first seven ionization energies of an element W are shown below

Ionization Energies / KJmo-1

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th

43
 785 1581 3231 4361 16002 20001 23602

(i) Explain what is meant by the term, First ionization energy?

(ii) What factors determine the magnitude of the first ionization energy?

(iii) State the group in the periodic table to which element W

belongs. Give a reason for your answer.

(b) Explain what is meant by the term electronegativity. What factors

determine the magnitude of electronegativity of an element?

(c) Explain how the following factors affect the magnitude of

electronegativity of an element:
(i) Nuclear charge
(ii) Atomic Radius
(iii) The screening effect of the inner electrons

(d) What is the difference between electron affinity and

electronegativity?

Question 47

(a) Briefly describe the process by which sulphuric acid can be

manufactured from iron pyrites.

(b) How can be extracted from iron (III) oxide (Haematite)?

Question 48

The elements Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, are in group II of the periodic Table.

(a) Explain how the following factors vary within the group:

(i) Ionisation energy

(ii) Atomic radius

(iii) Electropositivity

(b) Beryllium, like aluminium can react with sodium hydroxide solution, but
Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba do not.

44
(i) Write ionic equations for the reactions of aluminium and beryllium
with sodium hydroxide solution.

(ii) State four other properties in which beryllium shows similarity to

aluminium.

(iv) Explain why beryllium behaves differently from the other elements of
group II.

(v) Name two other elements which have similar relationships like
beryllium and aluminium.

Question 49

Lithium in group I and magnesium in group II show some common chemical

properties.

(a) State the name given to this type of relationship.

(b) Give examples of the properties in which the two elements show
similarities.

(c) Name two other pairs of elements that show similar type of
relationship as lithium and magnesium.

Question 50

(a) Chromium (III) Sulphate was dissolved in water and a few drops of
concentrated sodium carbonate solution added to the solution.

(i) State what was observed

(ii) Give a reason for your answer and write equations for the
reactions.

(b) Potassium chromate was dissolved in water. State the shape of

chromate ion.

(c) To the solution in (b) was added a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid
followed by aqueous sodium hydroxide drop wise until in excess.

(i) State what was observed.

(ii) Write equations for the reactions that took place.

45
46