Bayley Scales of Child Development
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Bayley scales of child development.
The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) measure
mental and motor development and assess behavior in infants
from one to 42 months of age. It is a very complete tool that
helps detect possible developmental delays and develop an
early intervention plan that minimizes long-term effects,
offering each child the opportunity to succeed and progress.
Internationally recognized, the Bayley scales, thanks to their
excellent psychometric properties and their quantitative
scoring system, are ideal for monitoring the child's
performance throughout the intervention.
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Purpose
BSIDs are used to describe infants' current developmental
functioning and to assist in the diagnosis and treatment
planning for infants with developmental delays or
disabilities. The goal of the test is to measure a child's
level of development in three domains: cognitive, motor
and behavioral.
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Cognitive development
Cognition can be defined as a process by which knowledge is obtained from
perceptions or ideas. Cognitive development refers to how a child perceives,
thinks, and gains an understanding of the world. Within the history of
developmental psychology, the work of Jean Piaget (1896–1980), the Swiss
psychologist, has had the greatest impact on the study of cognitive
development. Piaget's theory focuses on cognitive development processes
and states that children are born with an innate curiosity to interact and
understand their environment. It is through interaction with others that the
child actively builds his Development.
The BSID was first published by Nancy Bayley in The Bayley Scales of
Infant Development (1969) and in a second edition (1993). The scales have
been widely used around the world to assess infant development.
motor development
During the first two years of life, babies grow and develop in many ways.
Two types of motor development occur at this stage. Cephalocaudal
development occurs in the following sequence: head before arms and trunk
and arms and trunk before legs. Proximodistal development occurs as
follows: head, trunk, arms before hands and fingers. Motor development has
a powerful impact on babies' social relationships, thinking, and language.
Large motor development allows babies to have more control over actions
that help them move around their environment, while small motor
development gives them more control over movements that allow them to
reach, grasp, and handle objects. The sequence of these developments is
similar in most children; However, the rate of growth and development
varies depending on the individual.
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Behavior development
Temperament is the set of genetically determined traits that organize
a child's approach to the world. They are instrumental in the
development of the child's personality and distinctive behavior. This
style of behavior appears very early in life, within the first two
months after birth, and develops, focusing on characteristics such as
intensity, activity, persistence or emotionality.
In addition to measuring normal levels of cognitive, motor, and
behavioral development, the BSID is also used in cases where
there are significant delays in acquiring certain skills or
performing key activities to qualify a child for special
interventions. Specifically, they are also used to do the
following:
identify children who have developmental delays
chart a child's progress after the start of a program
intervention
teach parents about their babies' development
Conduct research in developmental psychology.
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BSID evaluates individuals on three scales :
Mental Scale: This part of the assessment, which
produces a score called the Mental Development
Index, evaluates several types of abilities:
sensory/perceptual acuity, discriminations, and
response; acquisition of object constancy; memory
learning and problem solving; vocalization and
beginning of verbal communication; basis of abstract
thought; mental mapping habituation; complex
language; and formation of mathematical concepts.
Motor scale: This part of the BSID assesses the
degree of body control, large muscle coordination,
finer manipulation skills of the hands and fingers,
dynamic movement, postural imitation, and the ability
to recognize objects through the sense of touch
(stereognosis).
Behavioral Rating Scale: This scale provides
information that can be used to complement the
information obtained from the mental and motor
scales. This 30-item scale rates relevant child
behaviors and measures attention/arousal,
orientation/participation, emotional regulation, and
motor quality.
BSIDs are known for their high reliability and validity. The
mental and motor scales have high correlation coefficients (.83
and .77 respectively) for test-retest reliability.
Parental concerns
Starting in 2004, it was recognized that the participation of
parents in the evaluation of their children's development is
very important. First, because parents are more familiar with
their child's behavior, their evaluation may be more indicative
of the child's developmental status than an evaluation that is
based on limited observation in an unfamiliar clinical setting.
Parents' participation in their children's developmental testing
also improves their knowledge of child development issues
and their subsequent participation in required intervention
programs, if any. In cases of developmental problems, parents
should keep in mind that scoring and interpreting test results is
a highly technical matter that requires years of training and
experience.
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