UNIT 3 Speed Control and Application of Induction Motor

SPEED CONTROL, STARTING
METHODS AND APPLICATIONS OF

INDUCTION MOTOR
UNIT III
SPEED CONTROL METHODS OF INDUCTION MOTOR
An induction motor is practically a constant speed motor that means, for the
entire loading range, change in speed of the motor is quite small. Speed of a
DC shunt motor can be varied very easily with good efficiency, but in case of
Induction motors, speed reduction is accompanied by a corresponding loss of
efficiency and poor power factor. As induction motors are widely being used,
their speed control may be required in many applications. Different speed
control methods of induction motor are explained below.
Here we can divide the first the speed control in general and that is:
1. Induction motor speed control from stator side
2. Induction motor speed control from the rotor side
Induction Motor Speed Control from Stator Side
1. By changing the applied voltage
From the torque equation of induction motor,
This method is the easiest and cheapest, still rarely used, because
• Large change in supply voltage is required for relatively small change in
speed.
• Large change in supply voltage will result in a large change in flux density,
hence, this will disturb the magnetic conditions of the motor.
2. By Changing the Applied Frequency
Synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field of an induction motor is
given by,
where, f = frequency of the supply and P = number of stator poles.

Hence, the synchronous speed changes with change in supply frequency.
Actual speed of an induction motor is given as N = Ns (1 - s).
3. Constant V/F Control of Induction Motor
This is the most popular method for controlling the speed of an induction
motor. As in above method, if the supply frequency is reduced keeping the
rated supply voltage, the air gap flux will tend to saturate. This will cause
excessive stator current and distortion of the stator flux wave. Therefore, the
stator voltage should also be reduced in proportional to the frequency so as to
maintain the air-gap flux constant.
4. Changing the Number of Stator Poles
From the above equation of synchronous speed, it can be seen that synchronous speed (and
hence, running speed) can be changed by changing the number of stator poles. This method is
generally used for squirrel cage induction motors, as squirrel cage rotor adapts itself for any
number of stator poles. Change in stator poles is achieved by two or more independent stator
windings wound for different number of poles in same slots.
For example, a stator is wound with two 3phase windings, one for 4 poles and other for 6
poles.
Supposed we have a supply frequency of 50 Hz
i) synchronous speed when 4 pole winding is connected, Ns = 120*50/4 = 1500 rpm
ii) synchronous speed when 6 pole winding is connected, Ns = 120*50/6 = 1000 rpm
Speed Control from the Rotor Side
1. Rotor Rheostat Control

This method is similar to that of armature rheostat control of DC shunt motor.
But this method is only applicable to slip ring motors, as addition of external
resistance in the rotor of squirrel cage motors is not possible.
2. Cascade Operation
In this method of speed control, two motors are used. Both are mounted on a
same shaft so that both run at same speed. One motor is fed from a 3phase
supply and the other motor is fed from the induced emf in first motor via slip-
rings. The arrangement is as shown in following figure.
Motor A is called the main motor and motor B is called the auxiliary motor.
Let, Ns1 = frequency of motor A
Ns2 = frequency of motor B
P1 = number of poles stator of motor A
P2 = number of stator poles of motor B
N = speed of the set and same for both motors
f = frequency of the supply
Now, slip of motor A, S1 = (Ns1 - N) / Ns1.
Frequency of the rotor induced emf in motor A, f1 = S1f
Now, auxiliary motor B is supplied with the rotor induce emf.
Therefore, Ns2 = (120f1) / P2 = (120S1f) / P2.
Now putting the value of S1 = (Ns1 - N) / Ns1
At no load, speed of the auxiliary rotor is almost same as its synchronous speed.
i.e. N = Ns2.
from the above equations, it can be obtained that
With this method, four different speeds can be obtained

1. When only motor A works, corresponding speed = Ns1 = 120f / P1
2. When only motor B works, corresponding speed = Ns2 = 120f / P2
3. If cumulative cascading is done, speed of the set = N = 120f / (P1 + P2)
4. If differential cascading is done, speed of the set = N = 120f (P1 - P2)
By Injecting EMF in Rotor Circuit

In this method, speed of an induction motor is controlled by injecting a
voltage in rotor circuit. It is necessary that voltage (emf) being injected
must have same frequency as of the slip frequency. However, there is no
restriction to the phase of injected emf.
Starting Methods of Induction Motor for
Polyphase Induction Motor
A three phase induction motor is theoretically self – starting. The stator of
an induction motor consists of 3 phase windings, when connected to a 3
phase supply creates a rotating magnetic field.
Therefore, 3 phase induction motors employ a starting method not to
provide a starting torque at the rotor in the following reasons:
1. Reduce the heavy starting currents and prevent motor from overheating.
2. Provide overload and no voltage protection.
Starting Methods of Induction Motor for
Polyphase Induction Motor
There are 3 methods that we can use in starting the induction motor:
1. Direct On-Line Starter (DOL)
2. Star-Delta Starter
3. Auto Transformer Starter
Direct On Line Starter (DOL)
The Direct On - Line Starter is the simplest and the most inexpensive of all
starting methods and is usually used for squirrel cage induction motors. It
directly connects the contacts of the motor to the full supply voltage.
The Direct On - Line Starter (DOL) consist a MCCB or Circuit Breaker,
Contactor and an overload relay for protection. Electromagnetic contactor
which can be opened by the thermal overload relay under fault conditions.
Direct On Line Starter (DOL)
Star Delta Starter
The Star Delta starting is a very common type of starter and expensive used,
compared to other types of starters. This method is used to reduce the supply
voltage in starting. The method achieved low starting current by first
connecting the stator in star configuration and then after the motor reaches a
certain speed, throw switches changes the wiring arrangements from star to
delta configuration.
Star Delta Starter
Auto Transformer Starter
The working principle of auto transformer method is similar to the star delta
starter. The starting current is limited by using three phase auto transformer.
That is, to reduce the initial stator voltage applied.
Auto Transformer Starter
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
It is desired to install a 3- phase cage induction motor restricting the maximum
line current drawn from a 400 V, 3 phase supply to 120 A. If the starting current
is 6 times full load current, what is the maximum permissible full load kVA of
the motor when:
a.) It is directly connected to the mains
b.) It is connected through an auto-transformer with a tapping of 60%
c.) It is designed for used with star – delta starter.
Solution:
a.) Using DOL:
Maximum line current, IL = 120 A
Starting current, Ist = 6IFL
IL = 6IFL
120 = 6 IFL
IFL = 20 A
Maximum permissible rating of the motor:
P = √3 VL IFL
P = √3 (400) (20); P = 13.86 kVA
b.) Using Auto transformer starting
Ist = x2 Isc
Where:
x = percent tapping
Ist = starting current with an autotransformer
Isc = starting current of motor
Isc = 6 IFL
120
IFL =
0.6 2 (6)
IFL = 55.55 A
Maximum permissible rating of the motor:
P = √3 VL IFL
P = √3 (400) (55.55)
P = 38.49 kVA
c.) Star – Delta Starting
1
Ist = Isc ; Isc = 6IFL
3
Ist = 2IFL
120
IFL =
2
IFL = 60 A
Maximum permissible kVA rating of the motor:
P = √3 VL IFL
P = √3 (400) (60)
P = 41.56 kVA
Applications of Induction Motor
Most of the motors used for household and commercial purposes are
induction motors. Use of induction motor as induction generators is
insignificant. An induction motor as a nearly constant speed motor
characteristics. Other types of motors are used only in special purpose
applications where variable speed control is needed.
Application of various types (with respect to starting torque and starting
current) of squirrel-cage motors and wound-rotor motors are mentioned
below:
Squirrel Cage Motor
1. General purpose with normal torque and normal starting current
Applications:
Fans
Blowers
Centrifugal pumps
Line shafting
2. High Torque, Low Starting Current
Conveyors
Compressors
Crushers
Agitators
Reciprocating pumps
3. High Torque, Medium and High Slip
Used for high inertia loads
Sheering
Punch presses
Die stamping
4. Low Starting Torque, Normal Current

Fans and Centrifugal Pumps
Wound Rotor Type
These motors are used in situations where high starting torque is required
such as in hoists, compressors, lifts, crushers, large ventilating fans, cranes
etc.

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UNIT 3 Speed Control and Application of Induction Motor

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SPEED CONTROL, STARTING

METHODS AND APPLICATIONS OF

where, f = frequency of the supply and P = number of stator poles.

1. Rotor Rheostat Control

With this method, four different speeds can be obtained

By Injecting EMF in Rotor Circuit

4. Low Starting Torque, Normal Current

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