•Technical Solution

•Content Solution
•Project Management Solution
What is a technical solution?
▪A technical solution is a plan for how to
implement a web project using specific
technologies and tools.
▪It should consider the project's functional and
non-functional requirements, such as
performance, scalability, security, and
maintainability.
Steps to develop a technical solution
▪Requirements gathering: Identify and document the project's functional and non-
functional requirements.
▪Technology selection: Choose the right technologies and tools to implement the
project requirements.
▪System architecture design: Define the overall structure of the system, including its
components, interactions, and interfaces.
▪Database design: Design the database to store and manage the project's data.
▪Application design: Design the application's user interface, user experience, and
business logic.
▪Security design: Implement security measures to protect the system and its data
from unauthorized access and attacks.
▪Deployment plan: Develop a plan for deploying the system to production.
Requirements gathering
Functional Requirements: • Non-Functional Requirements:
1.User Registration: 1.Performance:
1. Users can create accounts with 1. The web application should load pages
a unique username and and content within 3 seconds.
password. 2. It should handle a minimum of 500
concurrent users without significant
2. User registration should performance degradation.
include email verification for
account activation. 2.Security:
1. User data, including passwords and
2.User Profile: personal information, must be securely
1. Users can update their profiles stored and encrypted.
with personal information and 2. The application should protect against
a profile picture. common web vulnerabilities, such as
2. Users can set privacy settings SQL injection and cross-site scripting
(XSS).
for their profiles, such as
public, private, or friends-only.
Technology selection
Consider
▪Budget and licensing
▪Team expertise and training
▪Scalability and Future-Proofing
▪Evaluate security
▪Appropriateness of Frameworks and Libraries
Technology selection
•Front-End Technologies (HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, Frameworks)
•Back-End Technologies (Server-Side
Languages, Databases)
•Content Management Systems (CMS)
•DevOps Tools
•Cloud Platforms
System architecture design
System architecture design
System components:
•Web server: A server that delivers web pages and other web content to users' browsers.
•Application server: A server that hosts the web application and provides the computing
resources needed to run it.
•Database server: A server that stores and manages the web application's data.
•Load balancer: A device that distributes traffic between multiple web servers to improve
performance and reliability.
•Content delivery network (CDN): A network of servers that delivers static content, such as
images, CSS, and JavaScript files, to users from servers that are located close to them.
System architecture design
System architecture design
System interactions:
•When a user visits the web application's website, their browser sends a request to
the load balancer.
•The load balancer distributes the request to one of the web servers.
•The web server retrieves the requested files from the CDN
•The web server then generates the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code that makes up
the web page.
•The web server sends the generated code back to the user's browser.
•The user's browser displays the web page to the user.
Database design
1.Identify the entities and relationships in the web application. What are the different types
of data that the web application needs to store? How are these different types of data
related to each other?
2.Create an entity-relationship diagram (ERD) to represent the entities and relationships. An
ERD is a graphical representation of the database that shows the different entities and how
they are related to each other.
3.Normalize the ERD to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. Normalization is the
process of organizing the database to reduce the amount of duplicate data and to ensure
that the data is consistent.
4.Implement the database using a relational database management system (RDBMS). An
RDBMS is a software application that is used to create and manage relational databases.
Application design
•System architecture is the high-level design of a system, which
includes both hardware and software components. It defines
the overall structure of the system and how the different
components interact with each other.

•Application architecture is the design of a software application,

which focuses on the software components and how they
interact with each other. It does not typically consider the
hardware components of the system.
System architecture vs Application design
Consider a web application that allows users to The application design for the web
book flights. The system architecture for this application would define the design of the
application would define the overall structure of the software components, such as the
system, such as the following: following:
•A web server to deliver the web pages to users •A component to handle user
•An application server to process user requests and authentication and authorization
generate output
•A component to search for flights and
•A database to store information about flights, users, display results to users
and bookings
•A component to allow users to book flights
•A network to connect the different components of
the system •A component to manage bookings
Application Design
1.A component to handle user authentication and authorization: This component
focuses on user security and access control, ensuring that only authorized users can
access certain parts of the application.
2.A component to search for flights and display results to users: This component is
responsible for the search functionality, retrieving flight data from the database, and
presenting it to users in an understandable and user-friendly manner.
3.A component to allow users to book flights: This component deals with the
booking process, facilitating the selection of flights, providing options for users to
enter passenger information, and completing the booking.
4.A component to manage bookings: This component is responsible for handling and
managing existing bookings, including modifications, cancellations, and viewing
booking details.
Types of Architecture in application design
Monolithic architecture: This is a traditional approach where all components of the system
are tightly coupled and run on a single server. The components are often tightly integrated
and share a common codebase.
Microservices architecture: In this approach, the system is broken down into a set of small,
independent services that communicate with each other over a network. Each service is
responsible for a specific task and can be developed, deployed, and scaled independently.
This allows for greater flexibility and scalability, but also requires more complexity in
managing the interactions between services.
Event-driven architecture: This approach is based on the idea of sending and receiving
events between different components of the system. Events are generated by one
component, and are consumed by other components that are interested in that particular
event. This allows for a more asynchronous and decoupled system.
Serverless architecture: this approach eliminates the need for provisioning and managing
servers, by allowing to run code without thinking about servers. In this way, the cloud
provider is responsible for scaling and maintaining the infrastructure, allowing the
developer to focus on writing code.
Security design
1.Identify the client's security requirements. What are the client's concerns about
security? What types of data will the web application collect and store? What are
the client's compliance obligations?
2.Assess the client's existing security posture. What security measures are currently
in place? What are the strengths and weaknesses of these measures?
3.Design security measures to meet the client's requirements. Based on the client's
security requirements and existing security posture, design security measures that
will protect the web application and its data.
4.Develop a plan to implement the security measures. The plan should include a
timeline and budget for implementing the security measures.
Security design
How to effectively communicate the security design to the client
•Use clear and concise language.
•Avoid using technical jargon that the client may not understand.
•Focus on the benefits of the security measures, rather than the
technical details.
•Use examples to illustrate how the security measures will protect the
web application and its data.
•Be prepared to answer the client's questions about security.
Security design considerations
•Authentication and authorization: Implement strong authentication and authorization
mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access to the web application and its resources.
•Data encryption: Encrypt sensitive data at rest and in transit to protect it from unauthorized
access.
•Input validation: Validate all user input to prevent common attacks such as SQL injection and
cross-site scripting (XSS).
•Output encoding: Encode all output before displaying it to users to prevent attacks such as
cross-site scripting (XSS).
•Session management: Implement secure session management practices to prevent session
hijacking and other attacks.
•Error handling: Handle errors gracefully and securely to prevent attackers from exploiting
them.
Deployment plan
A deployment plan is a document that outlines the steps required to deploy a web
application to production. It should include the following information:
1. Identify the deployment environment. What type of production environment will the
web application be deployed to? This could be a cloud-based environment, a dedicated
server, or a shared hosting environment.
2. Choose a deployment method. There are a number of different deployment methods
that can be used, such as manual deployment, continuous integration (CI)/continuous
delivery (CD), and blue/green deployment.
3. Develop a deployment process. The deployment process should define the steps that
need to be taken to deploy the web application to production. This should include steps
for testing the web application in the production environment, deploying the web
application to the production environment, and rolling out the web application to users.
4. Define a rollback plan. The rollback plan should define the steps that need to be taken to
roll back the deployment of the web application in case of a problem
Deployment plan
▪Manual deployment
▪Continuous integration (CI)/continuous
delivery (CD)
▪Blue/green deployment
Deployment plan
▪Manual deployment is the simplest deployment method, but it can also be the most time-
consuming and error-prone.
▪Manual deployment involves manually copying the web application files to the production
environment and configuring the web server and database server.
▪Examples:
•File Transfer Protocol (FTP) clients: FTP clients are used to transfer files between a local
computer and a remote server. Some popular FTP clients include FileZilla, WinSCP, and
Cyberduck.
•Secure Shell (SSH) clients: SSH clients are used to connect to a remote server and execute
commands. Some popular SSH clients include PuTTY, MobaXterm, and Termius.
•Version control systems: Version control systems, such as Git and Mercurial, can be used to
track changes to the web application files and to create new releases.
•Deployment scripts: Deployment scripts can be used to automate the process of copying the
web application files to the production environment and updating the web server
configuration.
Deployment plan
▪Continuous integration (CI)/continuous delivery (CD) is a more automated
deployment method.
▪CI/CD pipelines automate the build, test, and deployment process.
▪This can help to reduce the time it takes to deploy the web application to
production and improve the quality of the deployment.
Deployment plan
▪Blue/green deployment is a deployment method that minimizes downtime.
▪Blue/green deployment involves running two identical production environments,
called the blue environment and the green environment.
▪New deployments are made to the green environment first.
▪Once the deployment is complete and has been tested, traffic is switched from the
blue environment to the green environment.
Deployment plan
▪These tools can help to automate the build, test, and deployment process, and to
implement blue/green deployments.
▪The specific tools that are best for a particular web application will depend on a
number of factors, such as the programming language used, the deployment
environment, and the budget.
▪It is important to note that CI/CD and blue/green deployment are not mutually
exclusive.
▪In fact, they are often used together to achieve a high degree of automation and
reliability.
▪For example, a development team might use Jenkins to automate the build and test
process, and then use Kubernetes to implement blue/green deployments.
Content Solution
•A content solution is a plan for creating, managing, and publishing the content for a
web project.
•It should consider the project's target audience, content goals, and editorial
calendar.
Steps to develop a content solution
1.Audience analysis: Identify and understand the project's target audience.
2.Content goals: Define the project's content goals, such as increasing brand
awareness, generating leads, or driving traffic to the website.
3.Editorial calendar: Develop a plan for creating and publishing content on a regular
basis.
4.Content creation: Create high-quality, informative, and engaging content that is
relevant to the target audience and aligned with the project's goals.
5.Content management: Organize and manage the content in a way that makes it
easy to find, update, and republish.
6.Content publishing: Publish the content to the website and promote it through
social media and other channels.
Content Solution
Here are some specific examples of tasks that can be included in a content solution
for a web project in the early phase of the project clarification phase:
•Conducting keyword research. This will help to identify the keywords that the
client's target audience is searching for online.
•Developing personas. This will help to create a better understanding of the client's
target audience and their needs.
•Creating a content map. This will help to organize the client's content and ensure
that it is aligned with their content goals.
•Developing a content calendar. This will help to plan and schedule the creation and
publication of content.
•Identifying content promotion channels. This will help to determine how the
client's content will be promoted to their target audience.
Tools and documentation
• Content management systems, such as WordPress or Drupal
• Content planning tools, such as Trello or Asana
• Content creation tools, such as Google Docs or Microsoft Word
• Image editing tools, such as Adobe Photoshop or GIMP
• Video editing tools, such as Adobe Premiere Pro or Final Cut Pro
• Social media management tools, such as Hootsuite or Sprout Social
Project Management Solution
❑Project Management Solution refers to the approach and tools used to efficiently
plan, organize, and oversee all aspects of the project.
❑This solution is essential to ensure that the project is well-defined, properly
scoped, and aligned with the client's objectives before moving on to the
development and implementation phases.
Project Management Solution
Here are key aspects of a Project Management Solution during the project clarification phase:
1.Scope Definition: Clearly define the project's objectives, requirements, and deliverables. Ensure that
all stakeholders have a shared understanding of what the project aims to achieve. This phase often
includes initial client meetings, requirement gathering, and feasibility assessments.
2.Project Charter: Create a project charter that documents the project's purpose, scope, objectives,
stakeholders, and initial timeline. This charter serves as a reference document and helps in getting
buy-in from all involved parties.
3.Team Formation: Identify and assemble the project team, including project managers, designers,
developers, content creators, and any other required roles. Assign responsibilities and establish
communication channels.
4.Requirements Analysis: Collaborate with the client to gather detailed requirements. This includes
understanding the target audience, user stories, functional and non-functional requirements, and
content strategy.
5.Risk Assessment: Identify potential risks and challenges that may arise during the project. Develop a
risk management plan to mitigate these issues as they come up.
Project Management Solution
6. Project Timeline: Create an initial project timeline and define milestones for key project
phases. This timeline serves as a high-level roadmap for the project and helps in setting client
expectations
7. Budgeting and Resource Allocation: Estimate the project's budget and allocate resources,
including time, personnel, and technology. Ensure that the project is feasible within the
allocated budget and resources.8.
8. Client Collaboration: Maintain open and transparent communication with the client
throughout the project clarification phase. This involves regular meetings, feedback sessions,
and addressing any concerns or questions.
9. Documentation: Document all project-related information, including meeting minutes,
client communications, requirement specifications, and project charter. Proper
documentation helps in ensuring that the project stays on track.
10. Quality Assurance: Establish quality assurance and testing processes that will be used to
evaluate the project's progress and deliverables. Define criteria for success and methods for
measuring project performance.
11. Change Management: Develop a process for managing changes and scope creep that
may arise during the project. Ensure that any requested changes are evaluated for their
impact on the project timeline and budget.