1 English Essay

1.1 Syllabus
Candidates will be required to write one or more Essay in English. A wide choice of topics will be given.
Candidates are expected to reflect comprehensive and research based knowledge on a selected topic.
Candidate’s articulation, expression and technical treatment of the style of English Essay writing will be
examined.

1.2 Reports & Reviews from FPSC

1.3 Tips from Experts

1.4 Notes:
1.5
 2 English Precis & Composition
2.1 Syllabus
I. Precis Writing (20 marks)

A carefully selected passage with an orientation of generic understanding and enough

flexibility for compression shall be given for précising and suggesting an appropriate
title. Out of the total 20 marks allocated to this question, 15 shall go to précising the text
and 5 to suggesting the title.

II. Reading Comprehension (20 marks)

A carefully selected passage that is rich in substance but not very technical or discipline
specific shall be given, followed by five questions, each carrying 4 marks.

III. Grammar and Vocabulary (20 marks)

Correct usage of Tense, Articles, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Punctuation, Phrasal Verbs,

Synonyms and Antonyms etc.

IV. Sentence Correction (10 marks)

The sentences shall be given each having a clear structural flaw in terms of grammar or
punctuation. The candidates shall be asked to rewrite them with really needed
correction only, without making unnecessary alterations. No two or more sentences
should have exactly the same problem, and 2-3 sentences shall be based on correction
of punctuation marks.

V. Grouping of Words (10 marks)

A random list of twenty words of moderate standard (neither very easy nor utterly
unfamiliar) shall be given, to be grouped by the candidates in pairs of those having
similar or opposite meaning, as may be clearly directed in the question.

VI. Pairs of Words (10 marks)

Ten pairs shall be given of seemingly similar words with different meanings, generally
confused in communication, for bringing out the difference in meaning of any five of
them by first explaining them in parenthesis and then using them in sentences.

VII. Translation (10 marks)

Ten short Urdu sentences involving structural composition, significant terms and
figurative/idiomatic expressions shall be given, to be accurately translated into English.

2.2 Reports & Reviews from FPSC

2.3 Tips from Experts

 3 Urdu
3.1 Syllabus

3.2 Reports & Reviews from FPSC

3.3 Tips from Experts

 4 General Science & Abilities
4.1 Syllabus
4.1.1 Part-I (General Science) 60 Marks
1) Physical Sciences
a) Constituents and Structure:-Universe, Galaxy, Light Year, Solar System, Sun, Earth, Astronomical
System of Units.
b) Process of Nature: - Solar and Lunar Eclipses, Rotation and Revolution, Weather Variables (Global
Temperature, Pressure, Circulation, Precipitation, Humidity) and Weather Variations.
c) Natural Hazards and Disasters: - Earth Quake, Volcanic Eruption, Tsunami, Floods, Avalanche,
Travelling Cyclone (Tropical Cyclone, Middle Latitude Cyclone and Tornadoes), Drought, Wildfire,
Urban Fire. Disaster Risk Management.
d) Energy Resources: - Sources of Energy (Renewable i.e. LED Energy, Solar Energy, Wind Energy
and Non-Renewable Energy conservation and its sustainable use.
e) Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding, Electromagnetic Radiations.
f) Modern Materials/Chemicals: - Ceramics, Plastics, Semiconductors. Antibiotics, Vaccines,
Fertilizers, Pesticides.
2) Biological Sciences
a) The Basis of Life: - Cell Structures and Functions (Subcellular Organelles such as Nucleus,
Mitochondria and Ribosomes).
b) Biomolecules: - Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Enzymes.
c) Plant and Animal Kingdom: - A brief survey of plant and animal kingdom to pinpoint similarities
and diversities in nature.
d) A Brief Account of Human Physiology.
e) Common Diseases and Epidemics: - Polio, Diarrhea, Malaria, Hepatitis, Dengue their Causes and
Prevention.
f) New Model Concept of Producing BIO Fuel Method
3) Environmental Science
a) Environment: - The Atmosphere (Layered Structure and Composition), Hydrosphere (Water
Cycle, Major Water Compartments), Biosphere (Major Biomes) and Lithosphere (Minerals and
Rocks, Rock Types, Plate Tectonics).
b) Atmospheric Pollution: - Types, Sources, Causes and effects of major air pollutants (COx,
Particulate Matter, NOx, SOx, Tropospheric Ozone, Volatile Organic Compounds, Dioxins).
Regional and Global air pollution issues (Acid-rain, Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and
Global Warming). International agreements on air pollution control (Montreal Protocol and
Kyoto Protocol).
c) Water Pollution:- Types, sources, causes and effects of major water pollutants (Synthetic Organic
Chemicals, Oxygen Demanding Wastes, Plant Nutrients, Thermal Pollution, Infectious Agents,
Sediments, Radioactivity, Heavy Metals and Acids). Drinking water quality and standards.
d) Land Pollution: - Solid waste management and disposal.
e) Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Environmental Science.
f) Population Planning.
4) Food Science
a) Concept of Balance Diet: - Vitamins, Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats and oil, Minerals, Fiber.
 b) Quality of Food:- Bioavailability of Nutrients, Appearance, Texture, Flavor, Quality of Packed and
Frozen Food, Food Additives, Preservatives and Antioxidants
c) Food Deterioration and its Control: - Causes of Food Deterioration, Adulteration, Food
Preservation.
5) Information Technology
a) Computer (Hardware & Software Fundamentals); I/O Processing and data storage, Networking &
Internet Standards, Application and business Software, Social Media Websites. Information
Systems. Fundamentals of artificial intelligence.
b) Telecommunications: - Basics of Wireless Communication (Mobile, Satellite, Surveillance and
GPS and Fiber Optic etc.

4.1.2 Part-II (General Ability) 40 Marks

6) Quantitative Ability/Reasoning
a) Basic Mathematical Skills.
b) Concepts and ability to reasons quantitatively and solve problems in a quantitative setting.
c) Basic Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry (Average, Ratios, Rates, Percentage, Angles, Triangles,
Sets, Remainders, Equations, Symbols, Rounding of Numbers
d) Random Sampling
7) Logical Reasoning and Analytical Reasoning/Ability
a) Logical Reasoning includes the process of using a rational, systematic series of steps based on
sound mathematical procedures and given statements to arrive at a conclusion
b) Analytical Reasoning/Ability includes visualizing, articulating and solving both complex and
uncomplicated problems and concepts and making decisions that are sensible based on available
information, including demonstration of the ability to apply logical thinking to gathering and
analyzing information.
8) Mental Abilities
a) Mental Abilities Scales that measures specific constructs such as verbal, mechanical, numerical
and social ability

4.2 Reports & Reviews from FPSC

4.3 Tips from Experts

 5 Current Affairs
5.1 Syllabus
Candidates will be expected to display such general knowledge of history, politics and

International Affairs, as deemed necessary to interpret current affairs.

1) Pakistan's Domestic Affairs (20 marks)

I. Political
II. Economic
III. Social
2) Pakistan's External Affairs (40 marks)
I. Pakistan’s relations with its Neighbors (India, China, Afghanistan, Russia)
II. Pakistan’s relations with the Muslim World (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Turkey)
III. Pakistan’s relations with the United States
IV. Pakistan’s relations with Regional and International Organizations (UN, SAARC, ECO, OIC, WTO,
GCC)
3) Global Issues (40 marks)
I. International Security
II. International Political Economy
III. Human Rights
IV. Environment: Global Warming, Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen Accord
V. Population: world population trends, world population policies
VI. Terrorism and Counter Terrorism
VII. Global Energy Politics
VIII. Nuclear Proliferation and Nuclear Security
IX. Nuclear Politics in South Asia
X. International Trade (Doha Development Round and Bali Package)
XI. Cooperation and Competition in Arabian Sea, Indian and Pacific Oceans.
XII. Millennium Development Goals, Current Status
XIII. Globalization
XIV. Middle East Crisis
XV. Kashmir Issue
XVI. Palestine Issue

5.2 Reports & Reviews from FPSC

5.3 Tips from Experts

 6 Pakistan Affairs
6.1 Syllabus
I. Ideology of Pakistan-----definition and elucidation, historical aspects: Muslim rule in the Sub-
Continent, its downfall and efforts for Renaissance. Movements for reforms-- Shaikh Ahmad
Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah, Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed, Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwah, and other
educational institutions-------Sindh Madrassah and Islamia College Peshawar. Ideology of
Pakistan in the light of Speeches and statements of Allama Iqbal and Quaid- i Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
II. Land and people of Pakistan------- Geography, Society, Natural resources, Agriculture,
Industry and education with reference to characteristics, trends and problems.
III. Pakistan and Changing Regional Apparatus
IV. Nuclear Program of Pakistan, its Safety and Security; International Concerns
V. Regional Cooperation Organizations (SAARC,ECO,SCO) and the Role of Pakistan
VI. Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan
VII. Economic Challenges in Pakistan
VIII. Non-Traditional Security Threats in Pakistan: Role of Non-State Actors
IX. Pakistan’s Role in the Region
X. The Palestine Issue
XI. Changing Security Dynamics for Pakistan: Challenges to National Security of Pakistan
XII. Political Evolution Since 1971
XIII. Pakistan and US War on Terror
XIV. Foreign Policy of Pakistan Post 9/11
XV. Evolution of Democratic System in Pakistan
XVI. Ethnic Issues and National Integration
XVII. Hydro Politics ; Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context
XVIII. Pakistan’s National Interest
XIX. Challenges to Sovereignty
XX. Pakistan’s Energy Problems and their Effects
XXI. Pakistan’s Relations with Neighbors excluding India
XXII. Pakistan and India Relations Since 1947
XXIII. The Kashmir Issue
XXIV. The war in Afghanistan since 1979 and its impact on, and challenges to Pakistan in the Post
2014 era.
XXV. Proxy Wars: Role of External Elements
XXVI. Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous and
Current Budgets, and the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy.
XXVII. The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments and
Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts.
XXVIII. The Prevailing Social Problems of Pakistan and the Strategies to Deal with Them, Poverty,
Education, Health and Sanitation.

6.2 Reports & Reviews from FPSC

6.3 Tips from Experts

6.4 Notes
 7 Islamic Studies
7.1 Syllabus
1. Introduction to Islam.
I. Concept of Islam.
II. Importance of Din in Human Life.
III. Difference between Din and Religion.
IV. Distinctive Aspects of Islam.
V. Islamic Beliefs & its Impact on Individual & Society and the Fundamental of Islam
VI. Islamic Worships: Spiritual, Moral and Social Impact.
2. Study of Sirah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as Role Model for: -
I. Individual
II. Diplomat
III. Educator
IV. Military Strategist
V. Peace Maker
3. Human Rights & Status of Woman in Islam.
I. Human Rights and Status of Woman in Islam
II. Dignity of Men and Women
4. Islamic Civilization and Culture:
I. Meanings and the Vital Elements
II. Role of Civilization in Development of Human Personality and Community
III. Characteristics of Islamic Civilization (Tawhid, Self-purification, Dignity of Man,
Equality, Social Justice, Moral Values, Tolerance, Rule of Law)
5. Islam and the World.
I. Impact of Islamic Civilization on the West and Vice Versa
II. The Role of Islam in the Modern World.
III. Muslim World and the Contemporary Challenges.
IV. Rise of Extremism.
6. Public Administration and Governance in Islam
I. Concept of Public Administration in Islam
II. Quranic Guidance on Good Governance
III. Concept of Governance and its Applications in the light of Qur’an, Sunnah and Fiqh.
IV. Governance Structure in Islam (Shura, Legislation, Sources of Islamic Law)
V. Governance under Pious Khilafat
VI. Particular letters of Hazrat Umar (R.A) and Hazrat Ali (R.A) to different Authority.
VII. Responsibilities of Civil Servants
VIII.System of Accountability(hisbah) in Islam
7. Islamic Code of Life.
I. Salient Features of Islamic System, Social System, Political System, Economic System,
Judicial System, Administrative System,
II. Procedure of Ijma and Ijtihad
7.2 Reports & Reviews from FPSC

7.3 Tips from Experts

 8 International Relations
8.1 Syllabus
8.1.1 Paper—1 (Marks-100)
1) Introduction
a.  The Definition and Scope of International Relations.
b.  The Nation-State System
c.  Evolution of International Society
2) Theories and Approaches
a.  The Classical Approaches-Realism and Idealism
b.  The Scientific Revolution-Behavioral Approach, System Approach,
c.  Neo-realism, Neo-liberalism.
d.  Post-modernism, Critical Theory, Feminism, Constructivism
3) International Political Security.
a.  Conceptualization of security in the Twenty-First century
b.  Power. Elements of National Power
c.  Balance of Power
d.  Foreign Policy: Determinants, Decision Making and Analysis
e.  Sovereignty
f.  National Interest
4) Strategic Approach to International Relation.
a.  War: Causation of War, Total War, Limited War, Asymmetric Warfare, Civil War, Guerilla
Warfare
b.  Strategic Culture: Determinants of Pakistani Strategic Culture.
c.  Deterrence: Theory and practice with special reference to India and Pakistan
5) International Political Economy.
a.  Theories in IPE: Mercantilism, Economic Liberalism, and Neo- Marxism
b.  Theories of Imperialism, Dependence and Interdependence discourse
6) International political community.
a.  Nationalism
b.  Internationalism
c.  Globalization
7) Approaches to Peace
a.  Diplomacy
b.  International Law
c.  Arms Control /Disarmament and Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime
8) International Political Institution
a.  United Nations
b.  International Monetary Fund (IMF)
c.  World Bank
d.  International Court of Justice

8.1.2 Paper- II (Marks-100)

1. International Relation between two Wars
 a.  Russian Revolution, Fascism, League of Nations, Second World War
2. Cold War
a.  Decolonization in Asia and Africa.
b.  Rise of United States and Soviet Union,
c.  Era of Tight Bipolarity, Détente and Loose Bipolarity, Revival of Cold War
3. Post Cold War
a.  End of History, Clash of Civilizations, Terrorism, Globalization, Unipolarity (New World
Order) and Revival of Multi-Polarity
4. International and Regional Organizations
a.  League of Nations, United Nations, Regional Organizations, EU, ASEAN, NAFTA, SAARC,
SCO, OIC, ECO, WTO.
b.  Reforms in the United Nations, World Bank and the IMF
5. Foreign Policy of Selected Countries
a.  USA, Russia, China, UK, India, Pakistan and EU
6. South Asia
a.  Peace-making and Peace-Building in South Asia: Analytical overview of peace
processes between/among the states of South Asia especially between India and
Pakistan.
b.  India and Pakistan: Overview of agreements and accords, Indus Water Treaty;
Composite Dialogue; Sir Creek & Siachen border, Visa and People to people contact;
Trade; and Role of civil society
c.  Afghanistan: Cold war theatre; Soviet Invasion and Mujahedeen; Geneva Accord; Post
Cold War situation---Rise of Taliban, AL-Qeada & 9/11; Operation Enduring Freedom;
The Bonn Process- Withdrawal
7. Weapons of Mass Destruction
a.  Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
b.  Nuclear Weapon States- Programs and Postures: Indian-Pakistan Nuclear Doctrines
c.  Nuclear Non –Proliferation Regime: International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty; Nuclear Supplier Group; Partial Test Ban Treaty; Comprehensive Test
Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
d.  Challenges of Non-Proliferation, Cooperation for Nuclear Energy
e.  The Missile Defence Systems and their impact on global strategic environment
f.  Militarization and Weaponization of Space.
8. Contemporary Issues
a.  Euro-Atlantic Vs. Asia Pacific: Great Power Policies
b.  Kashmir Issue
c.  Palestine Issue

8.2 Reports & Reviews from FPSC

8.3 Tips from Experts

 9 Public Administration
9.1 Syllabus
1. Public Administration: Concepts, Approaches and Context

Definitions; Role and Scope of Public Administration in Society; Issues in Public Administration Theory
and Practice: Democracy versus Bureaucracy, Politics versus Administration, Efficiency versus Equity;
Core Values of Public Administration: Rule of Law, Efficiency, Equity and Fairness, Responsiveness;
Traditional Public Administration; New Public Management; New Public Service; Governance Approach
to Public Administration; Islamic Concept of Public Administration; Historical roots of Public
administration in Pakistan.

2. Public Administration: Classical and Contemporary Theories and Concepts

Bureaucracy; Scientific Management; Human Relations Approach; Leadership, Motivation, Network

Governance; Strategic Management; Public Choice Theory; Types of Organizational Structure;
Organization of Federal, Provincial, and Local Government in Pakistan; Administrative Culture of
Pakistan; Inter-governmental Relations at Federal and Provincial level in Pakistan.

3. Public Policy Planning, Implementation and Evaluation

Strategic Planning and Management; Planning Process; Policy Analysis; Policy Implementation; Program
Evaluation; Planning Machinery; Role of Donors and International Institutions in Public Policy and
Management; Policy making and implementation in Pakistan.

4. Budgeting and Financial Management

Budget as a Policy Tool; The Budget as a Managerial Tool; Principles of Budgeting, Audit and Accounting
in Government; Line-Item Budgeting; Performance Budgeting; Program Budgeting; Zero-Base Budgeting;
Outcome-Based Budgeting. Planning and Budgeting in Pakistan.

5. Managing Human Resources

Spoil system versus Merit System in Public Employment; Personnel versus Human Resources
Management; Close system versus Open System of Public Employment; Functions of Human Resources
Management; Implementation of HRM in Public Sector: Key Issues and Challenges.

6. Administrative Law

Meaning; Scope and Significance; Nature and Contents of Administrative Law, Administrative Ethics,
Delegation of Authority and Legislation, Administrative Tribunals; Administrative Law in Pakistan.

7. Public Management Skills

Planning; Decision Making, Conflict Management; Leading, Communication, Administrative Buffering;

Managing Change; Managing Diversity; Stress Management; Delegation; Public Service Motivation;
Creativity and Problem Solving; Issues of Public Management.

8. The Civil Service of Pakistan

Historical Background of Civil Service, The Structure of civil Service; History of Civil Service Reform;
Management of Civil Service; Institutional and Cultural Context of Civil Service; Role of Civil Service in
Good Governance, Gender and Civil Service.

9. Organization of Provincial and Local Government

Governance Structure of Provincial Administration; Organization of Provincial Secretariat; Organization

and Functions of Provincial Authorities and Agencies and their Relationship with Government
Departments; Post-devolution Local Governance; Organization and Functions of District Government and
Administration; Organization and Structure of City District Government; Issues and Challenges of Local
Governance.

10. Governance and Administrative Reforms

Theories of Administrative Reforms; Types of Administrative Reforms; Privatization; Regulation; De-

regulation; Decentralization; Partnerships and Collaboration; BusinessRe-engineering, Quality Assurance;
Administrative Reform in Pakistan.

11. Public Administration Accountability & Control

Bureaucratic Responsiveness; Representative Bureaucracy; Citizens Engagement in Public Service;

Accountability & Control; Concept and Approaches to Public Accountability; Institutional Framework for
Administrative Accountability; Legislative, Executive and Judicial Control over Administration;
Administrative Corruption; Role of Civil Society in Good Governance; Media, Interest Groups and Civil
Society Organizations; The Situation in Pakistan.

12. Public Administration and Development

Role of Public Administration in Development; Concept of Development Administration; Difference

Between Development Administration and Development Management; Changing Role of Public
Administration in Development, Issues and Challenges of Public Administration in Pakistan.

9.2 Reports & Reviews from FPSC

9.3 Tips from Experts

 10 British History
10.1 Syllabus
10.1.1 Part –I (Marks 50)
1. The Glorious Revolution (1688)
a.  Causes, and Results
b.  William III and Mary II (1689-1702)
c.  Queen Anne (1702-1714)
2. Hanoverian Era (1714-1790)
a.  Jacobite Rebellions (1715 and 1745)
b.  Robert Walpole and Whig Oligarchy
c.  American War of Independence (1776)
3. The Union of England and Scotland
4. Union of England and Ireland
5. The Old Colonial system
6. The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
a.  Causes
b.  Britain and Napoleonic Wars
c.  Impact on Britain
7. Industrial and Agricultural Revolution
a.  Causes
b.  Effects on Political and Social Life of Britain
c.  Party Politics
d.  The Methodist Movement
e.  Socialism
f.  Liberalism
g.  Colonization
h.  Chartest Movement
8. Robert Peel and return of Torries
a.  Internal policies
b.  Irish Problem
9. Victorian Era (1837-1901)
a.  Internal Reforms
b.  Liberals
c.  Foreign Policy
d.  Disraeli, Gladstone and Problems in Ireland
e.  Great Britain and Free Trade
10. Edwardian Era (1901-1910)
a.  Domestic and Foreign Policies (1901-1910)
b.  The Origins of Labor Party
11. Britain, World War I and its Aftermath
a.  Causes
b.  Britain and Peace settlement
c.  Effects of War on Britain
 d.  League of Nations
e.  The Great Depression
f.  Appeasement and Rearmament

10.1.2 Part –II (Marks 50)

12. Britain ,World War II and its Aftermath
a.  Causes and events
b.  Churchill, War Conferences
c.  Creation of U.N.O
d.  Effects of war
e.  Reforms of Labour Government
13. Great Britain and Cold War
a.  Creation of Common Wealth
b.  NATO
c.  Decolonization of the British Empire
d.  Internal Policies and EEC
e.  Foreign Policy
14. Thatcherism to Cameron (1979-2012)
a.  Internal Policy
b.  Society and culture
c.  Foreign Policy
d.  Falkland War
e.  John Major and his Policies
f.  European Common Market and the Great Britain
g.  Formation of EU
h.  Tony Blair “New Labour” Economic Crunch, War on Terror and his Policies
i.  Global Financial Crisis 2008 and the Great Britain
j.  Reforms under Cameroun

10.2 Reports & Reviews from FPSC

10.3 Tips from Experts

 11 Gender Studies
11.1 Syllabus
1) Introduction to Gender Studies
a) Introduction to Gender Studies
b) Difference between Gender and Women Studies
c) Multi-disciplinary nature of Gender Studies
d) Autonomy vs. Integration Debate in Gender Studies
e) Status of Gender Studies in Pakistan
2) Social Construction of Gender
a) Historicizing Constructionism
b) Problematizing the category of “Sex”: Queer Theory
c) Is “Sex” socially determined, too?
d) Masculinities and Femininity
e) Nature versus Culture: A Debate in Gender Development
3) Feminist Theories and Practice
a) What is Feminism
b) Liberal Feminism
c) Radical Feminism
d) Marxist/Socialist Feminism
e) Psychoanalytical Feminism
f) Men’s Feminism
g) Postmodern Feminism
4) Feminist Movements
a) Feminist Movements in the West. First Wave, Second Wave and Third Wave Feminism. United
Nation Conferences on Women, Feminist Movements in Pakistan.
5) Gender and Development
a) Colonial and Capitalistic Perspectives of Gender
b) Gender Analysis of Development Theories; Modernization Theory, World System Theory,
Dependency Theory, Structural Functionalism.
c) Gender Approaches to Development: Women in Development (WID), Women and Development
(WAD), Gender and Development (GAD); Gender Critique of Structural Adjustment Policies
(SAPs).
d) Globalization and Gender
6) Status of Women in Pakistan
a) Status of Women’s health in Pakistan
b) Status of Women in Education
c) Women and Employment
d) Women and Law
7) Gender and Governance
a) Defining Governance
b) Suffragist Movement
c) Gender Issues in Women as Voters
d) Gender Issues in Women as Candidates
 e) Gender Issues in Women as Representatives
f) Impact of Political Quota in Pakistan
8) Gender Based Violence
a) Defining Gender Based Violence
b) Theories of Violence against Women
c) Structural and Direct Forms of Violence
d) Strategies to Eliminate Violence against Women
9) Case Studies of:
a) Mukhtaran Mai
b) Mallala Yousaf Zai
c) Shermin Ubaid Chinoy

11.2 Reports & Reviews from FPSC

11.3 Tips from Experts

 12 Criminology
12.1 Syllabus
Section-I (25 Marks)

1. Introduction
a. Basic concepts used in understanding crime, criminality and criminal behaviour.
2. Understanding Criminology
a. Definition, meaning and scope of criminology; Criminology and criminal law; Crime as
social problem; Deviance, Sin Vice, Evil, Norms, Values; Security (Physical, Social,
Economic)
3. Crime and Criminals
a. Occasional criminals, Habitual criminals, Professional criminals, White-collar crime,
Organized crime, corporate crimes.
4. Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspectives
Early explanation of criminal behavior
a. Biological Theories; Psychological Theories; Sociological Theories. Social Disorganization
theory Strain theory Social Control theory Learning theory Labeling Theory
b. Islamic perspective on deviance and crime.

Section-II (25 Marks)

5. Juvenile Delinquency
a. Meaning, definitions (Behavioral Vs Legal), Juvenile delinquent Vs status offender,
Official statistics of juvenile delinquency
6. Juvenile Justice System
a. Role of police
b. Juvenile court process: pretrial, trial and sentencing, Role of prosecutor, defense
counsel, juvenile judge, juvenile probation officer
c. Juvenile correctional institutions; probation and non-punitive alternatives
7. The Criminal Justice System:
a. Police and its role
b. Trial and Conviction of Offenders Agencies: formal and informal Criminal courts:
procedures and problems Role of prosecutors
c. Prisons, Probation and Parole
8. Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals Corporal punishment, Imprisonment,
Rehabilitation of criminals.

Section-III (25 Marks)

9. Criminal Investigation Principles of criminal investigation, Manual of preliminary investigation,

Intelligence operations, Data base investigation, electronic investigation, Forensic Investigation
10. Techniques of Investigations Gathering information from persons, Interviewing and interrogation
techniques, Criminal investigation analysis,
11. Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Investigators Stop and frisk operations, Arrest procedures,
Search and seizure.
 12. International Policing and Criminal Justice Monitoring Organizations UNAFEI, INTERPOL,
EUROPOL, UNODC, UNICEF, IPA, etc.

Section-IV (25 Marks)

13. Modern Concepts in Contemporary Criminology

a. Terrorism, Radicalism and War on Terror
b. Media’s representation of Crime and the Criminal Justice System
c. Modern Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention Intelligence-led Policing Community
Policing Private Public Partnership
d. Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan
e. Crime and Urbanization, Organized Crime and White-Collar Crime
f. Human Rights Abuses and Protection, especially of Children; Women and Minorities; The
role of civil society and NGOs
g. Money-laundering
h. Cyber Crime
i. Role of NAB, FIA, ANF

12.2 Reports & Reviews from FPSC

12.3 Tips from Experts

Rules

Rule # 1: I will provide CSS Syllabus for “Criminology”.

Rule # 2: I will provide questions list and you have to analyze those and have to categorize them in the
particular category of the given syllabus. Write the question again and in parenthesis give me the
categories from the syllabus that the particular question addresses.

Rule # 3: you have to answer the given Question in 1000 words each. If You limit exceeds the chat then
write “Hit-Continue” at the end so I will write “continue” so you will answer the remaining part.

Rule # 4: Use heading, sub-heading and bullets where needed.

Rule # 5: give quotations where necessary, and also give references from books, World recognized
organizations meeting and their summits, and media channels like Dawn newspaper or Al Jazeera, BBC,
CNN etc.

Explain the concept of crime as a social problem. How does the perception of crime as a social
problem vary across different societies?( in 500-800 words.)

Outline:

Introduction (Understanding Crime as a Social Problem)

1) Factors
a) Economic Problems
i) How?
b) Unemployment
i) How?
c) Weak Criminal Justice System
i) How?
d) Political Culture
i) How?
ii) Karachi (Politicians using gangs for their benefits)
e) Rapid Social Change
i) How?
ii) Hate crimes
iii) Honor killings
(1) Live-in relationship in not accepted in Pakistan
f) Slums
i) How?
 ii) Over population
iii) Lack of urban planning
iv) Lack of political will
v) Gangs are made and new born is adaptive to this environment
g) Education
i) How?
h) Case Studies: Crime and Society across Different Countries
i) Pakistan
ii) United States
iii) Scandinavian Countries
iv) Japan
i) Conclusion

13 Crime as a Social Problem

Introduction

Crime is not merely a violation of law; it is a complex social phenomenon deeply rooted in the fabric of
society. Recognizing crime as a social problem entails understanding how various social, economic, and
political factors contribute to criminal behavior and the societal impact of these crimes. The multifaceted
nature of crime requires a comprehensive analysis to address its root causes and mitigate its effects on
society.

1) Economic Problems

Economic disparity is a significant contributor to crime. Poverty and lack of access to basic necessities
can drive individuals towards criminal activities as a means of survival. In societies where wealth is
unevenly distributed, the gap between the rich and the poor creates environments ripe for criminal
behavior. Economic hardship can lead to desperation, fostering environments where theft, drug
trafficking, and other illegal activities become prevalent.

2) Unemployment

High unemployment rates are directly correlated with increased crime rates. Unemployed individuals,
especially youth, may turn to crime due to lack of legitimate income opportunities. The frustration and
social stigma associated with joblessness can also lead to psychological issues, further exacerbating
criminal tendencies. Providing job opportunities and vocational training can play a crucial role in
reducing crime.

3) Weak Criminal Justice System

A weak criminal justice system fails to deter crime effectively. Corruption, inefficiency, and lack of
resources within law enforcement agencies undermine the rule of law. When criminals perceive that the
chances of being caught and punished are low, crime rates tend to rise. Strengthening the judicial
system, ensuring accountability, and providing adequate training and resources to law enforcement are
essential for crime prevention.
4) Political Culture

Political culture significantly influences crime rates. In some regions, politicians use criminal gangs to
further their interests, leading to increased violence and lawlessness.

a) Karachi (Politicians using gangs for their benefits)

Karachi, Pakistan's largest city, is a prime example where political parties have historically aligned with
criminal gangs to maintain control over territories and influence elections. This symbiotic relationship
between politicians and gangs perpetuates a cycle of violence, extortion, and illegal activities,
destabilizing the city's social fabric.

5) Rapid Social Change

Rapid social change can lead to an increase in crime due to the disruption of traditional norms and
values.

a) Hate crimes

As societies become more diverse, tensions between different cultural or ethnic groups can result in hate
crimes. The rise of nationalism and xenophobia in various parts of the world has led to increased
incidents of violence against minorities.

b) Honor killings

In some societies, rapid modernization clashes with traditional values, leading to crimes such as honor
killings.

i) Live-in relationship in not accepted in Pakistan

In Pakistan, for instance, live-in relationships are not culturally accepted. Individuals defying such societal
norms may face severe repercussions, including honor killings. These crimes are often justified under the
guise of preserving family honor, reflecting deep-seated patriarchal values.

6) Slums

Slums are often breeding grounds for crime due to several interrelated factors.

a) Overpopulation

Overpopulation in slums leads to competition for scarce resources, resulting in conflicts and criminal
activities.

b) Lack of urban planning

Poor urban planning exacerbates living conditions, leading to inadequate infrastructure and services,
which can contribute to criminal behavior.

c) Lack of political will

The absence of political will to improve slum conditions leaves residents vulnerable to exploitation by
criminal gangs.
d) Gangs are made and new born is adaptive to this environment

In such environments, criminal gangs often emerge as alternative power structures. Children born into
these areas may become desensitized to violence and crime, perceiving it as a normal part of life, thus
perpetuating the cycle of criminal behavior.

7) Education

Lack of access to quality education is a significant factor in crime. Education provides individuals with the
knowledge and skills necessary to pursue legitimate career opportunities, reducing the allure of criminal
activities. Educated individuals are also more likely to be aware of the legal and social consequences of
crime. Ensuring access to education, especially in impoverished areas, is crucial for long-term crime
prevention.

Conclusion

Crime as a social problem is a multifaceted issue that requires a holistic approach to address. Economic
disparities, unemployment, a weak criminal justice system, political culture, rapid social changes, slum
conditions, and lack of education are all critical factors contributing to crime. Tackling these root causes
through comprehensive social policies, education, economic development, and strengthening of legal
institutions is essential for reducing crime and fostering a safer, more just society. By addressing these
underlying issues, societies can work towards reducing crime rates and creating environments where
individuals have the opportunity to thrive without resorting to illegal activities.
Crime as a Social Problem: Concept and Perception Across Different Societies

Introduction (Understanding Crime as a Social Problem)

Crime, as a social problem, is an issue that affects the collective well-being of society. It disrupts social
order, threatens the safety of individuals, and undermines the trust in institutions meant to protect and
serve the public. Understanding crime as a social problem involves recognizing that it is not just a legal
issue but a phenomenon deeply rooted in various socio-economic and cultural factors. The perception of
crime as a social problem can vary significantly across different societies, influenced by their unique
socio-economic landscapes and cultural norms.

Factors

a) Economic Problems

Economic instability and poverty are major drivers of crime. When people lack access to basic necessities
and opportunities for economic advancement, they may resort to criminal activities to survive. Societies
with significant economic disparities often see higher crime rates, as the gap between the rich and the
poor creates tension and fosters an environment where crime can flourish.

b) Unemployment

Unemployment is closely linked to crime, particularly among youth. Without jobs, individuals may turn
to illegal activities as a means of earning an income. High unemployment rates can lead to increased
rates of theft, drug trafficking, and other crimes. Providing employment opportunities and vocational
training can mitigate this risk by giving people legitimate ways to support themselves.

c) Weak Criminal Justice System

A weak criminal justice system that fails to enforce laws effectively can contribute to higher crime rates.
Corruption, inefficiency, and lack of resources within law enforcement and judicial institutions can create
a sense of impunity among criminals. Strengthening the criminal justice system through reforms, proper
training, and adequate resources is crucial for maintaining law and order.

d) Political Culture
Political culture plays a significant role in how crime manifests in a society.

i) Karachi (Politicians using gangs for their benefits)

In Karachi, Pakistan, the relationship between politicians and criminal gangs illustrates how political
culture can exacerbate crime. Politicians have historically used gangs to secure votes and exert control
over areas, leading to increased violence and criminal activity. This politicization of crime complicates
law enforcement efforts and perpetuates a cycle of violence and corruption.

e) Rapid Social Change

Rapid social change can disrupt traditional norms and values, leading to crime.

i) Hate Crimes

As societies become more diverse, tensions between different cultural or ethnic groups can result in hate
crimes. The rise of nationalism and xenophobia has led to increased violence against minorities in
various parts of the world.

ii) Honor Killings

In some cultures, rapid modernization clashes with traditional values, leading to honor killings.

(1) Live-in relationship in not accepted in Pakistan

In Pakistan, for example, live-in relationships are socially unacceptable. Individuals who defy these
cultural norms may face severe repercussions, including honor killings, which are justified under the
guise of preserving family honor.

f) Slums
Slums are often breeding grounds for crime due to several interrelated factors.

i) Overpopulation

Overpopulation in slums leads to competition for scarce resources, resulting in conflicts and criminal
activities.

ii) Lack of Urban Planning

Poor urban planning exacerbates living conditions, leading to inadequate infrastructure and services,
which can contribute to criminal behavior.

iii) Lack of Political Will

The absence of political will to improve slum conditions leaves residents vulnerable to exploitation by
criminal gangs.

iv) Gangs are made and new born is adaptive to this environment

In such environments, criminal gangs often emerge as alternative power structures. Children born into
these areas may become desensitized to violence and crime, perceiving it as a normal part of life, thus
perpetuating the cycle of criminal behavior.

g) Education

Lack of access to quality education is a significant factor in crime. Education provides individuals with the
knowledge and skills necessary to pursue legitimate career opportunities, reducing the allure of criminal
activities. Educated individuals are also more likely to be aware of the legal and social consequences of
crime. Ensuring access to education, especially in impoverished areas, is crucial for long-term crime
prevention.
h) Case Studies: Crime and Society Across Different Countries

i) Pakistan

In Pakistan, economic disparities, political corruption, and cultural factors such as honor killings
contribute to high crime rates. The politicization of crime, particularly in cities like Karachi, exacerbates
the issue.

ii) United States

The United States faces crime issues related to economic inequality, racial tensions, and gun violence.
Despite having a robust criminal justice system, these socio-economic and cultural factors create
significant challenges.

iii) Scandinavian Countries

Scandinavian countries like Sweden and Norway have low crime rates, attributed to strong social welfare
systems, low economic inequality, and effective criminal justice systems. Their focus on rehabilitation
over punishment also plays a role.

iv) Japan

Japan has one of the lowest crime rates globally, largely due to its cultural emphasis on social harmony,
strong community ties, and an efficient law enforcement system. The societal stigma associated with
crime acts as a strong deterrent.

Conclusion

Crime as a social problem is a complex issue influenced by a myriad of factors including economic
conditions, unemployment, the strength of the criminal justice system, political culture, social changes,
living conditions, and education. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective strategies
to combat crime. Different societies experience and perceive crime through their unique socio-economic
and cultural lenses, which influences their approaches to addressing this pervasive issue. Comprehensive
strategies that address the root causes of crime, supported by strong social and institutional frameworks,
are essential for reducing crime and improving societal well-being.
14 Crime as a Social Problem: Concept and Perception Across
Different Societies
Introduction (Understanding Crime as a Social Problem)
Crime, beyond being a mere violation of the law, represents a
significant social problem affecting societal harmony, safety, and
trust in institutions. It is influenced by a variety of socio-
economic, cultural, and political factors, making it a complex
issue that varies across different societies.
Factors
a) Economic Problems
i) How? Economic disparities create environments where crime
can thrive. Poverty and lack of access to resources drive
individuals to engage in criminal activities as a means of
survival. Societies with wide economic gaps often experience
higher crime rates because of the tension and desperation
created by economic inequality.
b) Unemployment
i) How? Unemployment, especially among youth, leads to
increased crime rates. Without legitimate job opportunities,
individuals may resort to illegal activities to make a living.
Unemployment also contributes to feelings of frustration and
social exclusion, further driving criminal behavior.
c) Weak Criminal Justice System
i) How? A weak criminal justice system, plagued by corruption,
inefficiency, and lack of resources, fails to deter crime
effectively. When criminals perceive a low risk of being caught
or punished, they are more likely to engage in illegal activities.
Strengthening law enforcement and judicial systems is crucial
for crime prevention.
d) Political Culture
i) How? Political culture significantly influences crime. In some
societies, politicians use criminal gangs to further their agendas,
exacerbating lawlessness and violence.
ii) Karachi (Politicians using gangs for their benefits) In Karachi,
Pakistan, the symbiotic relationship between politicians and
gangs for electoral gains and control over areas has led to
increased violence and criminal activities, complicating efforts
to establish law and order.
e) Rapid Social Change
i) How? Rapid social changes disrupt traditional norms and
values, leading to crime as individuals struggle to adapt.
ii) Hate crimes Increased diversity and cultural shifts can lead to
tensions and hate crimes, as seen with the rise of nationalism
and xenophobia in many parts of the world.
iii) Honor killings (1) Live-in relationship in not accepted in
Pakistan In Pakistan, rapid modernization clashes with
traditional values, resulting in honor killings. For instance, live-
in relationships are socially unacceptable, and those who defy
this norm may face violent retribution to preserve family honor.
f) Slums
i) How? Slums are fertile grounds for crime due to poor living
conditions and lack of resources.
ii) Overpopulation Overpopulation in slums leads to
competition for limited resources, fostering conflicts and
criminal activities.
iii) Lack of urban planning Inadequate infrastructure and
services due to poor urban planning contribute to the
prevalence of crime in slums.
iv) Lack of political will The absence of political will to improve
slum conditions leaves residents vulnerable to exploitation and
crime.
v) Gangs are made and new born is adaptive to this
environment Children growing up in slums often become
desensitized to crime, perceiving it as a normal part of life and
perpetuating the cycle of criminal behavior.
g) Education
i) How? Lack of access to quality education limits opportunities
for legitimate employment, increasing the likelihood of criminal
behavior. Education provides knowledge and skills that can
deter individuals from engaging in crime, highlighting the need
for accessible educational opportunities.
h) Case Studies: Crime and Society Across Different Countries
i) Pakistan Economic disparity, political corruption, and cultural
factors contribute to high crime rates. The politicization of
crime, particularly in cities like Karachi, exacerbates the issue.
ii) United States The U.S. faces crime issues related to economic
inequality, racial tensions, and gun violence. Despite a robust
criminal justice system, these socio-economic factors create
significant challenges.
iii) Scandinavian Countries Countries like Sweden and Norway
have low crime rates, attributed to strong social welfare
systems, low economic inequality, and effective criminal justice
systems. Their focus on rehabilitation over punishment also
plays a role.
iv) Japan Japan has one of the lowest crime rates globally,
largely due to its cultural emphasis on social harmony, strong
community ties, and an efficient law enforcement system. The
societal stigma associated with crime acts as a strong deterrent.
Conclusion
Crime as a social problem is multifaceted, influenced by
economic conditions, unemployment, the strength of the
criminal justice system, political culture, social changes, living
conditions, and education. Understanding these factors is
crucial for developing effective crime prevention strategies. The
perception and manifestation of crime vary across societies,
influenced by their unique socio-economic and cultural
contexts. Comprehensive approaches addressing these
underlying issues are essential for reducing crime and
enhancing societal well-being.