IB MYP 4 Worksheet Bundle

Contents
1. Algebra and Indices

1.01 Adding and subtracting terms 5
1.02 Multiplying and dividing terms 9
1.03 Simplifying expressions 13
1.04 Substitution 20
1.05 Index laws 25
1.06 Fractional indices (Extended) 30
1.07 Scientiﬁc notation 36
1.08 Binomial expansions 44
1.09 Factorisation with common factors 50
1.10 Factorising binomial products 53
1.11 Factorising trinomials 58
2. Radicals and Surds

2.01 Irrational numbers 61
2.02 Adding and subtracting surds 64
2.03 Multiplying and dividing surds 67
2.04 Binomial expansions with surds 71
2.05 Rationalising the denominator (Enrichment) 75
3. Equations and Inequalities

3.01 Solving linear equations 78
3.02 Problem solving with linear equations 81
3.03 Solving linear inequalities 88
3.04 Interval notation 94
3.05 Graphs of linear inequalities 98
4. Coordinate Geometry
4.01 Midpoint 101
4.02 Gradient 108
4.03 Distance 118
4.04 Linear graphs 129
4.05 Equation of a straight line 134
5. Simultaneous Equations
5.01 Graphical method 141
5.02 Substitution method 148
5.03 Elimination method 153
6. Trigonometry
6.01 Pythagoras' theorem 158
6.02 Pythagoras in 3D 167
6.03 Trigonometric ratios 173
6.04 Angles of elevation and depression 186
6.05 Bearings 194
6.06 Problem solving 205
7. Probability
7.01 Sample space 214
7.02 Theoretical probability 219
7.03 Sets and Venn diagrams 234
7.04 Special number sets 244
7.05 Mutually exclusive events 247
7.06 Experimental probability 251
7.07 Tables of data 262
7.08 Independent events and trees 271
8. Measurement
8.01 Perimeter 277
8.02 Area 292
8.03 Area of composite shapes 309
8.04 Surface area 324
8.06 Units of volume and capacity 342
8.07 Volume of prisms and pyramids 348
8.07 Volume of cylinders and spheres (Extended) 357
9. Finance
9.01 Financial applications of percentages 363
9.02 Simple interest 373
9.03 Compound interest 378
9.04 Applications of simple and compound interest 384
9.05 Loans 390
10. Statistics
10.01 Types of data 394
10.02 Collecting and displaying data 399
10.03 Measuring the centre and spread 412
10.04 Box plots 434
10.05 Cumulative frequency tables and graphs 446
10.06 Comparing data sets 454
11. Functions
11.01 Directly proportional functions 466
11.02 Parabolas (Extended) 473
11.03 Hyperbolas (Extended) 478
11.04 Circles (Extended) 487
12. Non-right angled Trigonometry (Extended)

12.01 Sine rule 495
12.02 Cosine rule 506
12.03 Area rule (Enrichment) 515
12.04 Applications 523
13. Linear Programming (Extended)

13.01 Regions deﬁned by inequalities 536
13.02 Constraints and objective functions 542
13.03 Application of linear programming 547
13.04 Integer solutions to linear programming applications 556
1.01
Adding and subtracting
terms
Addition and subtraction of algebraic terms
1 Identify the following parts of the algebraic term:
a The number 3 in the term 3x. b The letter x in the term 6x.
c The number 7 in the expression 5x + 7. d The number 5 in the term 4 − 5x.
e The letter u in the term −12u. f The number 8 in the expression 8 + 6z.
2 State whether the following pairs are like terms or unlike terms:
a 10p and 5p b 3 and y c 5n2 and 8n d 5p and 5

e 10a and −9a f 2ab and 6ba g 15p and 15q h 8 and 8z
i 7m2 and 7m j 8z and −8z k 12b and −21b l 13xy and 14yx
3 Simplify:
a 2a + 5a b 10x + 6x
c 4b + 3b d 12y − 3y
e 3c + 4c + 7c f 15x − 6x − 2x
g 19b − 12b − 6b h −3n + 6n + 3n
i 8x − 3x + 7x j 4xy + 10xy − 9xy
k 10ab + 3ab − 8ba l x+9+7
m 9x + 4x n 12p − 9p
o 2u2 + 9u2 p 4m − 4m
q 8p − 7p r 12n − 9m − 7n
s 6x − 9x t −5m − 10m
u −5x2 − 2x2 v −5pq + (−4pq)
w 7x − (−10x) − 8x x −6x − 5x − 3 + 8
4 Simplify:
a 8x + 6y − 2y − 4x b 10m + 9n + 5m + 10n
c 10x − 9y − 7x + 11y d 11m + 8n + 14m
e 9xy + 12yx f 6p + 8q − 6p
g 9p2 − 11p + 11p2 h 7n2 + n2 − 4m + 2m2 − 5n2
i 8x + 9y − 5x + 10y j 7a + 11a − 9b + b
k 12x2 + 10x − 9x − 5x2 l 8x − 7y − 6z + 10z
m 15y − 8y 2 + 10y − y 2 n 19a − 8b + 4c − 8a + b
o 2ab − 7c + ab + 9c p 12j + 9k − 7k + 11j
© Mathspace Pty Ltd 2022

q 18x − 9y + 7x + 11y r 11y − 6z + y + 6z
s 13m + 2n − 8m + 10n t −3s + 4t − 6t + 9s
5 Simplify:
a 5x + 2y − 8x + 6z − 3y + 4z b 2xy + 5yz + 4xz − 8xy + 2xz − 3yz

c 8x2 + 10x − 6 + 4x2 − x + 11 d 20 − 9x + 4y + 6y − 7x + 21
e 9mn + 8m − 7n + 7n − 10m + 2mn f −6 + 8x2 − 9 + 5x + 16x2
g 11s + 6t + 3st − 2ts + t − 4s h 13ab − 8bc + 6ba − 9b + 11cb
i 10x + 9y − 3y − 2x j 10p − 7q + 10 − 3p + 7q − 3
k 10pq + 4p2 q − 8qp + 7p2 q l 20x2 − 12x2 + 10x2 − x2
m 6zxy + 4xzy + 10xyz + 12xy + 11yx n −2x + 2y − 6y − 10x
o −4rk + 3r − 6k − 2rk p −6vw − 4v 2 w + 2v 2 w − 8wv
q −5m + n − (−7m) − 6n − 2m + 7 r −2m + n − (−6m) − 3n − 4m + 5
6 State whether the following expressions are equal to 11y :
a 9 + y + 10y − 9 b 6y − 5y
c 5y + 6y d 11 + y
e 9y + 3y − 1 f 10y + 1
7 State whether the following expressions is equal to 8r + 9:
a 9 + 8r b 9r + 8
c 17r d 72r
e 9r + 8 − r + 1 f 10r + 2 − 2r + 7
8 State whether the following expressions is equal to 9rt + 8:
a 5r + 4t + 8 b 8 + 4rt + 5rt
c 9r + 8t d 17rt
Applications
9 An isosceles triangle has 2 sides of length 5 cm. If the third side has a length of a cm, write
an expression for the perimeter of the triangle.

10 Laura decides to put a bird feeder in her back garden. The first day she sees 6 birds use the
feeder. The next day she sees 12 birds, and on the third day she sees 18 birds.
a If the number of birds continues to follow the pattern, calculate how many birds will
Laura see on the fourth day.
b If the pattern continues, write an expression for the number of birds Laura will see after y
days.
11 A tap has not been turned off properly, and water is dripping into the bucket underneath it.
After 1 hour, the water level in the bucket is 3 cm. After 2 hours the water level is at 6 cm,
and after 3 hours the water level is at 9 cm.
a If the tap is turned off after x hours, write an expression in terms of x for the water level
in the bucket at this time.
b Describe the expression as it relates to the water level.
12 Tracy saves all of her 5 cent coins and 10 cent coins. After some time, she loses track of how
many coins she has.
If p represents the number of 5 cent coins and q represents the number of 10 cent coins,
write an expression for the total value of the coins that Tracy has.
13 Uther likes to go kayaking, and on Saturday he takes his boat down to the lake which is
300 m away from his house. After 1 minute of paddling he is 370 m away from his house.
After 2 minutes he is 440 m away, and after 3 minutes he reaches 510 m away.
a Uther paddles for t minutes in total before he changes direction. Write an expression for
how far he is from his house at this time.
b Describe the expression as it relates to Uther's paddling pace.
14 To get to school in the morning, Sally walks for 7 minutes to the bus stop and then waits for
2 minutes for the bus to arrive. She then catches the bus the rest of the way to school.
a If the bus trip takes y minutes, write an expression in terms of y for the total length of
time it takes Sally to get to school.
b Explain what the constant in your expression represents.

1.02
Multiplying and dividing
terms
Multiplication of algebraic terms
1 Simplify the following:
a 10 × 6u b 7 × (−3u) c 5x × 2 d 11 × 3y
e (−8x) × 9 f (−12) × (−2u) g (−3w) × 2 h 10 × (−3y )
a x×x b 2x × 3x c 4y × y d 3a × 5a
e 8x × 2xy f 9b × 3b g (10a)2 h (4x)2
a 9×m×n×8 b w×4×z×6
c 10 × (−r) × s × (−5) d 9r × 6s
e 6u2 × 7v 8 f 16p3 × 14q3
g (−2a) × (−4b) h 3w × (−7z)
i (−5r) × (−4s ) j (−10r8 ) × 6s 7
k 4p5 × (−3q5 ) l 2a4 × (−5b3 )
a 6r × 2 × 8s b 7w × 9x × 10y
c (−2w) × (−4x) × (−10y ) d (−8h) × 5k × (−3r) × (−4s )
e 5x × 2y × (−9) f 4a × (−2a) × 10a
g (−5x) × (−2x) × (−3y ) × (−3) h (−2h) × 4k × (−j ) × (−5i )
Division of algebraic terms

2x 15v 5m n
a b c d
4n

2 5 20

e 12xy f 63pq g 12mn h 6r

12 9p 15m

rw
i pr j 10u6 v 4 k −24a l −11y

pqr u6 4

y

y −12u −4m −abc

m n o p
−11y

3u −9m

6j © Mathspace
3 Pty Ltd 2022
q k r −6j s −ac t −2b3
−jk

abc 3b3

jk

u −3r3 w5 v 12n
r3

a 5m ÷ 40 b 20wz ÷ 4wz
c 10r6 ÷ 5r6 d (−24r4 ) ÷ 6r4
e (−44rs ) ÷ 4r f (−36uv ) ÷ (−6uv )
g 10mn ÷ 5m h 18xy ÷ 6y
i 27r2 ÷ 9r j (−20x4 ) ÷ 10x4
k (−22x2 y ) ÷ −2xy l (−50abc) ÷ (−5ab)
a 2x × 3y b (−4x) × 5y
−10xy

xy

c 6x × 4xy d 7x × 4y
8y 2x × y

e 10a × 3b f 12x × 6y
5b × 2 8x × 2y

g 9x × 4x ÷ 2x h (−5x) × 8y ÷ 10y
i 11xy × 3y ÷ y j 20y ÷ 4 × 3y
k (10y ÷ 2y) × (4x ÷ 2) l (6x × 3y) ÷ (9x × 2)
Applications
8 While Judy is packing rectangular boxes into crates, she notices that each crate is 12 times
wider than the width of one box, and 11 times longer than the length of one box. Judy
wants to know the greatest number of boxes she can pack into each crate.
Let the length of one box be L cm, and the width of one box be W cm.
a Find an expression for the volume of one box with a height of 44 cm.
b Find an expression for the volume of a crate of height H cm.
c Find an expression for the number of identical boxes that Judy can fit into each crate.
d If the crate is 88 cm high, calculate how many boxes can Judy fit into each crate.

9 Aaron have books to be placed on a shelf which is 6 times wider than the width of the book
and 8 times longer than the length of the book. Aaron wants to know the greatest number of
books he can place into the shelf.
Let the length of one book be x cm, and the width of one book be y cm.
a Find an expression for the volume of one book with a height of 6 cm.
b Find an expression for the volume of the shelf of thickness z cm.
c Find an expression for the number of books that Aaron can fit into the shelf.
d If the shelf is 15 cm thick, how many books can Aaron fit into the shelf?

1.03
Simplifying expressions
Simplify algebraic expressions
a (5u − 2u) × 3 b (13a + 15a) ÷ 7

c 9p ÷ (6p − 3p) d 80mn ÷ (4m) ÷ (5n).
e (−7n) × 4 − (2n + 5n) f (6u × 12vw) ÷ (6v × 32u)
g (19v − 5v ) ÷ 2 × 3. h 30r ÷ (3r + 2r) + 5r.
i 5v − 5 (6v − 2v ) j 6v + (15v − (9v − 2v )).
k −8t − (8t − 6t ÷ 2) l ((−8r) × 16st) ÷ (24s × (−9r))
m (7m − 5m) × 4m n (−4n) × 8 − (7n + 4n)
a 16x b 20s
× 6t
3x + 5x 4s

c 21m 10m d 9v × 2 − 25v

+
3 2 5

e 15m + 51m − m . f 58r + 5r

5m 7r × 3

g 7r + 5r h 7rs + 23rs
7r − 5r 5r × 3s

i 20n2 j 12m2
5n2 + 3m − .
5 3m

k 8n2 l 7st + 53st

5n × 4n −
4s × 5t

4

a 2t + 4 × 8t b 2c + 7c × 3 + 4c
c 61a − 6 × 9a − 2a d 8 × 3a + 6 × 2a
e 3n2 + 8n2 − 3n2 f 9n2 + 3n × 6n
g 5n2 + 5n2 × 2 + 7n2 h 5mn × 3n − 2mn2
i 20w − 10w ÷ 2 − 3w j 6p × 8q ÷ 2
k 60n2 ÷ 5n ÷ 3 l 8jk × 15k ÷ 10j
m 20pq ÷ 5q × 2p n 12s − 8s ÷ 4
o 12u ÷ 3 − 2u p 8jk × 15k ÷ 20j

Algebraic fractions
4 Consider w + w .
3 9

a Find the lowest common denominator of w and w .

3 9

w w
b Hence, write + as a single fraction.
3 9

m m
5 Consider − .
4 12

m m
a Find the lowest common denominator of and .
4 12

m m
b Hence, write − as a single fraction in simplest form.
4 12

6 Simplify the following expressions:
a 8x 10x b y 9y c 17y 14y d 7x 5x

+ − + −
12 12 11 11 20 20 3 3

3x 3x + 4 p p 3p 2p p 6p
e + f − g + h +
2 4

4 4 7 35 3 15

i x x+2 j 4x + 3 x − 3
+ −
3 12 3 6

Applications
7 Write an algebraic expression for the perimeter of the following shapes:
a b

c d
e f
g h

i
8 Write an algebraic expression for the area of the following shapes:
a b
c d

e f
9 Consider the following rectangular prism:
a Write an expression for its volume.

b Write an expression for its surface area.
10 Dylan, Jimmy and Valentina are travelling from Adelaide to Sydney at x, y and z km/h
respectively.
Let S1 represent the average speed of Dylan and Jimmy's vehicles, and S2 represent the

average speed of Dylan and Valentina's vehicles.

Write a simplified expression for S1 + S2 in terms of x, y and z.

11 Frank wants to determine the profit he makes on each eraser he sells. Frank can sell 3
erasers for x dollars, and it costs y dollars to make 9 erasers.
a Determine a simplified expression for the profit Frank makes on each eraser. Leave your
answer as a single fraction.
b Frank realised he could sell 3 erasers for $3 more than they previously were, and reduce
the cost of production of 9 erasers by $2. Find the new profit per eraser.

12 Glen lived in a rectangular bedroom. His mother asked him to find out the area of his room,
and since Glen did not have a measuring tape or ruler, he counted how many of his steps
each wall was.
If Glen's foot length is x cm, and two adjacent walls were 12 and 10 footsteps long, write an
expression for the area of his room.

1.04
Substitution
Substitution
1 Evaluate:
a 9k when k = 6. b −9z when z = 5.

c q × 5 when q = 3. d 3c + 9 when c = 6.
e 8x + 4 when x = 2. f 45 − 7x when x = 6.
g 6n × 10 when n = 2. h 5 + k when k = 9.
i z + 2 when z = −7. j 4 − t when t = 3.
k p − 8 when p = 6. l r
when r = 12.
3

m − 20 when x = 5.

2 Evaluate:
a c2 when c = 9. b s 3 when s = 5. c k2 when k = −7. d k3 when k = −9.
3 Evaluate:
a 5k b 15 c 4k
when k = 8. when k = 3. when k = 15
24 8k 5

4 Evaluate the expression 45 when:

2n

a n=9 b n = 47
5 Evaluate:
a st when s = 7 and t = −8. b 4xy when x = −6 and y = −5.

c a when a = 56 and b = −8. d mn when m = 12 and n = 20.
15

b
e p when p = −28 and q = −7. f 36
when u = −2 and v = 3.
2q

uv
g m + n when m = 6 and n = −4. h 5 + a + b when a = −7 and b = 4.
i 3y + 5w when y = 6 and w = 5. j 6x + 4y + 6 when x = 3 and y = 5.
k 4x − 2y − 6 when x = 3 and y = 2. l m − n when m = 2 and n = −9.
m 7 − p − q when p = 4 and q = 5. n −5 − s + t when s = 8 and t = 15.
o 4 (p + q) when p = 7 and q = 8. p 7x + y when x = 6 and y = −36.
q −4 (s − t) when s = 6 and t = 15. r m − 2n when m = −19 and n = −7.
s mv 2
when m = 8 and v = −15.
2


6 Evaluate:
a x − y − z when x = −4, y = 5 and z = 6.

b 3j + 5k + 6l when j = 3, k = 8, and l = 7.
c 6a − 3b + 4c when a = 8, b = 6, and c = 7.
d abc when a = 8, b = 9 and c = 6.
e 2pqr when p = 3, q = 4 and r = 5.
f p + q + r when p = 5, q = 9 and r = 6.
7 18.6 − 3x when x is equal to 4.1. Round your answer to one decimal place.
8 Evaluate 11s − 39 when r = −1.6 and s = 2.8. Round your answer to three decimal places.
3r

9 Evaluate 6x − 3y when:
a x = 5 and y = 5. b x = 7 and y = 4. c 1
x = 8 and y =
3

10 If x = 3, evaluate:
2 2
a 3x2 b (4x) c −2x2 + (3x)
11 Evaluate x2 + 6x + 9 when:
a x=2 b x=5
12 Evaluate the expression mn when:
a m = 7 and n = 9. b m = 4 and n = 3.5.

c m = 1 and n = 72.
8

13 Evaluate the expression pq when:

−8r

a p = 5, q = −3 and r = −9.
b p = −9, q = 21 and r = 3.
14 Evaluate the expression ab when:

5c


a a = 2, b = 3 and c = 4. b a = 4, b = 16 and c = 2.
15 Evaluate u + at when:
a u = 18, a = 2 and t = 4. b u = 37, a = 2 and t = 14.
16 Evaluate the expression u + vw when:
a u = 59, v = 3 and w = 15. b u = 14, v = 5.5 and w = 3.6.
Applications
17 What is the largest whole number value that you can substitute for p so that the expression
81 − p2 is positive?
18 What is the smallest whole number value that you can substitute for p so that the expression
64 − p2 is negative?
19 The area, A, of triangle is given by the following formula:

bh
A=
2

where h is the height of the triangle and b is the length of its base.
a Find the area of a triangle that has a base of 7 cm and a height of 5 cm.
b Find the area of a triangle that has a base of 25 cm and a height of 16 cm.
20 Energy can be measured in many forms. A quantity of energy is given in units of Joules (J).
The kinetic energy, E , of an object in motion is calculated using the following formula:
mv 2
E=
2

where m is the mass of the object in kilograms and v is the speed of the object in metres
per second.
Find the kinetic energy, E , of an object with a mass of 6 kg, travelling at a speed of 19
metres per second.
21 When the heating system in a house is on a setting of s , the temperature, T , of the house
within the first 30 minutes can be estimated by using the formula
st
T = a+
10


where a is the initial temperature and t is the number of minutes since turning the heating
system on. Calculate the temperature of the room after 18 minutes if the initial temperature
is −3 degrees Celsius and the setting on the heater is 5.
22 Valerie stands at the top of a cliff and launches a tennis ball across the valley. To estimate
the vertical position, y , of the ball compared to herself she uses the formula:
9.8 2
y = 14.7t − t
2

where v is the initial vertical velocity and t is the number of seconds since the ball is
launched.
a Find the vertical position of the ball after:
i 2 seconds ii 3 seconds iii 8 seconds
b At which of the above times as the ball above Valerie?

1.05
Index laws
Product and division laws
1 Write the following using index notation:
3×u×u×u×5×v ×v ×v
a 22 × 22 b 23 × 24 c 4y 3 × 6y d c2z cz+1
e 3x5 × 8x2 f 7 m 7 n g 36 h x6
( ) ×( )
5 5 33 3x4

i 4n3 × 4n4 j 10p6 × 3p10 k u2x+1 l 52x

16 15p2 ux 5x+1

m p18 ÷ p8 ÷ p5 n m9 ÷ m5 × m4 o 4j 5 k9 p 12a3x−4 b7
4j 4 k6 4a2x+1 b6

3 Rewrite the following expressions without brackets:

3 4 3
a ( a)
b (xy)7 c (2x) d (−3x)
b
3 2 3 2
e 1 f −1 g 5a h ( xy )
( ) ( ) (− ) 5z

2a 2

b
i 2x2 (3x2 + 7x5 ) j 10u2 (7u4 + 8u3 ) k 6u7 (9u7 + 9u6 ) l 4
3x4 (5 − )
x2

4 Write the following as a single power of 3:
a 81 × 32 b 3x × 32 c 3x+1 × 35x d 27
32x

5 Complete the statement below:
15j 14 ÷ (⬚) = 5j 7

Power of a power

4 2 3 3
a (w3 ) b (3y 6 ) c x4 d (ux+1 )
( 5)
2y

e ((x3 )4 )5 f 2
(2y 4 ) × (2y 2 )
3
g (x3 )
2
h (k12 )
2
7
x3 (k4 )

3 5 2 3
i (23 ÷ 32 ) j (6b4 ) ÷ (3b1 ) k (ux+3 ) l (83u )
(4p+5q )
ux+1

5 3 3 3
m (n8 r5 ) n −2x2 y 6 o 1 p t9
( ) (x2 ) ÷ ( ) (t ) ÷ ( 7 )
4 6 5
(n4 r)5 z2 x3

t

q 34a+2 × 31+6a r 817a−4 × 93a+2

3a−1
(33 ) 273−3a

a 8x b 4 × 16x c (2x+1 ) × 23x

2
d 32
8x−1

8 Find the value of a and b in the following equation:

b
v 18 va
= ( )
w24 w4

9 Write (16p )4 in the form ab , where a is a prime number.
10 Use index laws to simplify the ratio (0.3)a : (0.3)a+2 to a ratio of whole numbers.
11 Express 165m as the product of prime bases. Leave your answer in expanded index form.
12 Find the next term in the sequence

2 3 4 5
(2x2 ) , (2x2 ) , (2x2 ) , (2x2 ) …
Leave your answer in the form am bn .
13 A computer is downloading data at a rate of 3t3 bytes per second. If it downloads 6 (t3 )5
bytes, find an expression for the number of seconds the download took. Leave your answer
in simplest index form.

Negative indicies and the zero index
14 Write the following as a rational number in simplest form:

−3 −2
a 3−1 b 3−2 ÷ 33 c 1 d 5
( ) ( )
4 3

a 8−1 b 1 c 1
−3
d 4m
4

2( x) 2−m

2

16 Simplify the following, giving your answers in positive index form:
a m2 × m−7 b 3x−2
4 −3
c (4m−10 ) d (4m−8 )
e 12x3 f 2h
−4
( )
4x7 3

−p
g (52 ) h m−5 n−4 p4
i 2p5 q−7 × 6p−9 q9 j 10x3 y 2 z ÷ 2x5 y 9
k 215 ÷ 2−5 l 9x3
3x−4

−1 −5
m x2 n a3
( ) ( 3)
y4

b
4
o 4 p 5p5 q−4
( u−3 )
5 40p5 q6

q b3 ÷ b−7 r m7 m5
2 −3
−4 ( −10 ) × ( 2 )
(b−4 )

m m
−1 −3
s (m−3 ) × (m4 ) t a2 × a−5 × b−2
(a × a−5 × b2 )2

m3 × m4

17 Simplify the following, giving your answers in negative index form:
a 1 b 4 c 25x5
64 n2 5x9

m
18 Express the fraction as a product using negative indices.
n4

19 Express the reciprocal of 89 in:
a Positive index form b Negative index form

20 State whether the following expressions are positive, negative or zero:
a (−3)−2 b −36 c (−3)0 d (−3)5
21 If p > 0 and q < 0, which of the following statements is correct?

2
A p−2 < 0 B −2q3 < 0 C q−2 < 0 D − (2p) < 0
22 Complete the statement below:

−3
32−6 = (22 × (⬚)2 )
a 7410 b a0
79
c 8x0 d (a0 )
2
e (7m0 + 4) f 5 × 4−2 + 90
0 0
g (2 × 13) h (13x7 ) + 130 − 13h0

1.06
Fractional indices
(Extended)
Fractional indices
1 Write the following in surd form:
a x3 b a2 c d y− 2
1 3 5 1

20 4
e 3x 2 f g y 1.5 h 5− 3
1 1 4

b2 3
a 3
2 b 5
16 c 32 d 2 2
e 832 f 2a × 2 g 8 h 1
2 8

a 27 b 3x × 4
3 c 9 3 d 1
3
9x

4 Complete the following statement:

⬚
m8 = (m8 )
1
= m⬚× 2
= m⬚
5 Write the following in the form xk , where k is rational:
a x b 6
x c 1 d ( 3 x)
2

x
e
4
x3 f ( 7 x)
6
g
4
x8 h 1

x
i x j
3
x6a k 1 l x x
x−3

m 1 n 5
x o x2 × 3 x
4
x5

6 Consider the expression 64 3 .

2

⬚
a Complete the statement: 64 3 = ( ⬚ 64) b Hence, evaluate 64 3 .
2 2


7 Without using a calculator, evaluate the following:
a 1 10 b 42 c d
1 3 1

121 2
3
27
e 125 3 f g 64− 6 h 81− 4

1 1 1 3
(−64) 3

i j k l
1 9 2
3
−64
(
9 2
) (64 9 ) 8 3
2
( )
1

100 125

m (−32) 5
4

n 64 3
1
o 1 p −64
3
− 169

2
64 3 125

q r s t
1 3 8 5
3
40
36 2 − 32 5
1000 9 × 1000− 9
3 4
16 + 625
3
5

8 Use a calculator to evaluate the following, to two decimal places:

5
a 10 2 b 43 c d ( 3 12)
3 5 4

53
9 Simplify the following expressions, giving your answers in index form. Assume that all
variables represent positive numbers.
a ( b)
8
b m6 c
4
a5 d 1
5
a6

24
e 3
x6 f 3
m3 g j 2 x4 h ( 4
x5 y 3 )
i j k 8b 4 ÷ 2b 3 l
1 1 3 2
(4a8 ) 2

(625u16 v 12 ) 2

y3 × 3 y
m n o p
2
2 3
93 x18 y 12 x15 5 36x18
( )
(2x + 9)

1024 y 20

q 16y 2 + 24y + 9 r x2 y 2 + 18xy 2 + 81y 2
10 Simplify the following expressions, giving your answers in surd form. Assume that all
variables represent positive numbers.
a b
3
x2 + 5x + 6 x2 + 9x + 20
x+2 3
x+4

11 Describe how we could interpret the expression m r in terms of powers and roots of m.
q


12 Determine whether the following statements accurately describe the meaning of the
expression x− z :
y

a x− zy means we are raising x to the power of z , then taking the reciprocal of the result.

y
y
b x− z means we are taking the reciprocal of x, then raising the result to the power of .
y

z
z
c x− z means we are taking the reciprocal of x, then raising the result to the power of .
y

y
y
d x− z means we are raising x to the power of , then taking the reciprocal of the result.
y

13 Is there a real number that equals 4

−16 ? Explain your answer.

14 Consider the expression m5 × m m .
a Express it in simplest index form. b Express it in surd form.
15 Consider the expression m 4 = 8 2 .

1
1
a Complete the following working:

1 1
m 4 = (m⬚) 2

1
= ⬚2

b Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation m 4 = 8 2 .

1 1

16 Consider the equation x 3 = 9.

2

⬚
a Complete the statement: (x 23 ) = x b Hence, solve the equation x 3 = 9.
2

17 Find the missing values in the following equations:
a 16 ⬚ = 64 b (⬚) 3 = 25 c d (⬚) 3 = 81
3 2 3 4

625 ⬚ = 125

18 Solve the following equations for x:
a x 4 = 125 b (x − 4)0.5 = 4 c d (4x + 3)−1.5 = 8

3 2
(2x − 1) 3 = 9

19 Solve the following equation for k:

1
k
y×

k
y×
k
y = y2

3
20 To evaluate 81 2 would it be more efficient to use the property a n = ( n a) , or the property
3
m
m

a n = n am . Explain your answer.

m
Applications
21 The surface area A of a cube with a volume V is given by A = 6V 3 .

2
a Find the surface area of a cube with a volume of 8 cm3 .

b Find the volume of a cube with a surface area of 216 cm2 .
22 The volume V of a sphere with surface area A is given by:

3
A2
V =
6 π

a Find the volume of a sphere with a surface area of 50 cm2 . Round you answer to the
nearest cubic centimetre.
b Find the surface area of a sphere with a volume of 125 cm3 . Round you answer to the
nearest square centimetre.
23 The volume V of a regular tetrahedron with edge length a is given by:
a3
V =
6 2

a Find the volume of a tetrahedron with a side length of 2 cm.

b Rearrange the formula to make a the subject.
c Hence, find the side length of a tetrahedon with a volume of 72 cm3 .
24 A company's net profit (in dollars) can be modelled by the equation:

3
P = 50n 4 − 2500

Where n is the number of units sold.
a Find its net profit be in dollars if it manages to sell 256 units.

b Find the number of units needed to be sold to make a net profit of $8300.

25 A company's net profit (in dollars) can be modelled by the equation:
3
P = 180n 5 − 4000

Where n is the number of units sold.
a Find its net profit be in dollars if it manages to sell 32 units.

b Find the number of units needed to be sold to make a net profit of $45 000. Round to the
nearest whole unit.

1.07
Scientific notation
Scientific notation
1 Express the following numbers as a basic numeral:
a 2.49 × 100 b 2 × 107 c 4.13 × 104 d 9 × 10−3

e 8.97 × 105 f 5.03 × 104 g 3.014 × 103 h 8 × 106
i 1.3008 × 107 j 8.36 × 10−1 k 7.91 × 106 l 7.14 × 10−3
2 Complete the following equations:
a 300 = ⬚ × 102 b 0.005 = ⬚ × 10−3

c 4 d 1 × 10−2 × 2 × 10−5 = 2 × ⬚
= 4 × 10⬚
105

3 Express the following numbers in scientific notation:
a 3 × 100 b 4.5 × 10 000 c 7 ÷ 100 d 6.23 ÷ 103

e 2000 f 0.002 g 1 h 884 000
10 000

i 84 626 000 j 6.14 k 0.000347 l 3

100 000

m 0.07 n 0.764 o 2 000 000 p 1

10 000

4 105 is equal to:
A 1 million B 10 thousand C 10 million D 100 thousand
5
a Determine whether the following numbers are equivalent to 0.00045:
i 4.5 × 10−4 ii 45 × 10−4 iii 4.5 × 10−6 iv 0.45 × 10−3

v 4.5 × 10−3 vi 45 × 10−5
b Of the expressions selected in part (a), which one is in scientific notation?
6 For each of the following pair of numbers:
i State the largest number. ii Find the factor by which it is greater.
a 780 × 10−1 and 7.8 × 102 b 4 × 10−3 and 4 × 10−7

c 3 × 105 and 9 × 109

7 For each of the following set of numbers:
i State the largest number. ii State the smallest number.
a b
7.27 × 10−7 1.25 × 10−2
2.22 × 10−7 1.25 × 10−6
4.76 × 10−7 1.25 × 102
c d
9.37 × 10−4 7.31 × 10−9
6 × 10−4 5.13 × 10−9
6 × 10−9 8.31 × 10−9
e f
2.93 × 10−2 8.99 × 10−3
7.88 × 102 1.99 × 10−6
7.88 × 10−2 8.99 × 10−6
g h
4.7 × 102 × 103 2.12 × 10−1 × 107
4.7 × 10−8 × 108 2.12 × 10−7 × 104
4.7 × 109 × 108 2.12 × 107 × 102
8 Evaluate the following, giving your answers in scientific notation:
a 2 × 106 × 3 × 105 b 4 × 10−3 × 4 × 10−5

c 15 × 106 d 9 × 10−3
5 × 103 3 × 10−5

e (9 × 109 ) × (5 × 10−6 ) f (7 × 105 ) × (3 × 104 )

g 800 000 × 180 000 000 h 11 000 000 × 0.004 × 0.0005 × 20 000
6 000 000 000

Scientific notation and calculators
9 A calculator dislays scientific notation in the form aEb, express the following numbers as a
basic numeral:
a 5.81E5 b 3.16E (−4) c 2.5E6 d 7.05E (−3)
10 Use your calculator to find the value of the following:
a (6.20 × 10−2 )2 b
3
2.197 × 10−6

11 Use your calculator to evaluate each of the following. Express your answer in scientific
notation, rounded to four significant figures.
a 0.000512 × 0.00814 b
6.45 × 109 × 4.3 × 10−3
8.3 × 104

12 A calculator displays 3.35E5 as the correct final answer when solving the following problem.
Find the missing values in the problem to produce the given answer.
"At any particular time, approximately 2.32 × 10⬚ aircraft are registered as being in flight
over ⬚ × 1010 square metres of air space. On average, how much air space does each
aircraft have?"
Significant figures
13 State the number of significant figures displayed in each of the following values:
a 4.25 b 84.00 c 0.002556 d 0.0702
14 Round the following values to the specified number of significant figures:
a 4.95 to two significant figures b 0.006037736 to two significant figures

c 801 600 713 to four significant figures d 0.050728 to three significant figures
15 For each of the following expressions:
i State the number of significant figures given in the least precise measurement.
ii Hence, calculate the result, rounded to the least number of significant figures.
a 9.17 m × 9.790 m × 4.70 m b 418 mL × 5.7 ÷ 934.5
16 Evaluate each of the following. Express your answer in scientific notation, rounded to three
significant figures.
a 2154 b 15−4
17 A number has been rounded to two significant figures. If the rounded number is 4500, find
the largest possible value of the original number.
18 A number, when rounded to one significant figure, is 500. The original number is a multiple
of 4, and halving it gives you a square number. Find the original number.

19 A number, when rounded to one significant figure, is 3000.
a Find the largest possible value of the original number.

b Find the smallest possible value of the original number.
c Find the difference between the largest and smallest values.
20 Consider the equation 9n = 11.
a State the closest whole number to n.

b The value of n is given by n = log 11 . Using the log button on your calculator, find the
log 9

value of n. Round your answer to three significant figures.
Applications
21 A number is represented in the form 2E (−6). Which of the following could this number
represent?
The mass of an ant in grams

Earth’s population
The distance in kilometres between two planets
The diameter of a human cell
22 The world's oceans hold approximately 1 332 000 000 cubic kilometres of water.
a Express this volume of water in scientific notation.

b Given 1 km3 = 1 000 000 000 000 L, how many litres of water do the world's oceans hold?
Express your answer in scientific notation.
23 Bone marrow in a person’s body produces 2.3 × 106 red blood cells each second.
a Which of the following would be the closest rounded value for this number?
20 million each second

2 million each second
2 hundred thousand each second
b Hence, estimate the number of red blood cells produced each minute.

24 The tiny tubes in our kidneys measure about 1.2 × 10−5 metres in diameter.
a Which of the following would be the closest rounded value for this number?
1 ten-thousandth of a metre
1 millionth of a metre
1 hundred thousandth of a metre
b Hence, estimate the diameter of the tubes in millimetres.
25 If we round to one significant figure, sound travels at a speed of approximately 0.3

kilometres per second, while light travels at a speed of approximately 300 000 kilometres per
second.
a Express the speed of sound in kilometres per second in scientific notation.

b Express the speed of light in kilometres per second in scientific notation.
c How many times faster does light travel than sound?
26 A country’s land size is approximately 250 000 square kilometres and its population is
approximately 68 million people.
a Express the number of square kilometres in scientific notation.

b Express the population in scientific notation.
c Hence, determine the population density measured in persons per square kilometre.
Express your answer in scientific notation.
27 Consider the following:
A plane is travelling eight hundred thousand metres per hour.

An asteroid travelling at 8 × 108 metres per hour.
a Express the speed of the plane in scientific notation.

b How many times faster is the asteroid travelling? Express your answer as a basic numeral.
28 Two stars, A and B, in neighbouring galaxies have masses of 2.7 × 1041 kg and
8.91 × 1044 kg respectively. How many times more massive is star B than star A? Express
your answer as a basic numeral.
29 The mass of the largest mammal on Earth is approximately 1.5 × 103 times greater than the
mass of an average adult human who weighs 90 kg. According to this information, find the
approximate mass of the largest mammal on Earth. Express your answer as a basic numeral.

30 An insect has an average mass of 0.2 gram. During a plague, it was estimated that there
were 100 million insects in a particular area. Find the total mass of insects in scientific
notation.
31 An estimated 9.1 × 107 people watched the final of the last World Cup, while an estimated
6.8 × 107 people watched the final of the World Cup four years before. Find the average
number of people who watched the final of the World Cup the last two times it occurred.
32 Last year, the total CO2 emissions of a country was approximately 7 × 1011 kg and the
country had approximately 3.5 × 108 citizens. Find the average CO2 emissions for each

citizen of the country.
33 The mass of an atom of helium is 6.6465 × 10−24 grams and each litre of helium weighs 145
grams. A balloon is pumped with 11 litres of helium.
a Find the number of grams of helium in the balloon.

b Find the number of atoms in the balloon. Express your answer in scientific notation,
rounded to one significant figure.
34 One mole (mol) of an element consists of approximately 6.02 × 1023 atoms.
a Find the number of atoms in 3.5 mol of element X. Express your answer in scientific
notation.
b If 3.5 mol of element X weighs 31.5 g, find the mass of 1 mol of element X.
c Find the approximate mass of one atom of element X. Express your answer in scientific
notation, rounded to four significant figures.
35 The Earth orbits the Sun at an approximate speed of 8333 metres per second.
a Find how far it travels in one hour. Leave your answer as a basic numeral.
b Find how far it travels in 23 hours. Express your answer in scientific notation, rounded to
one significant figure.
36 Asteroids A and B are currently 4 × 1014 km apart. If they continue in a straight line towards
one another, travelling at 3857 km/h and 7938 km/h respectively, how many days will it take
for them to collide? Express your answer in scientific notation, rounded to five significant
figures.
37 Planet A has a radius of 8.2 × 1018 km, while planet B has a radius of 4.1 × 1023 km. How
many times greater than the volume of planet A is the volume of planet B? Express your
4
answer in scientific notation. The volume of a sphere is given by V = πr3 .
3


1.08
Binomial expansions
Binomial expansion
1 Expand and simplify:
a (x + 6) (x − 12) b (x + 2) (x + 6)
c (v + 11) (v + 10) d (x − 4) (x − 7)
e (m − 5) (m + 6) f (10m + 9) (m − 7)
g (3w + 5) (7w + 6) h (3y − 3) (10y + 9)
i (7y + 9) (−4y − 4) j 3 (y + 3) (y + 5)
k 8 (x − 2) (x − 6) l − (x + 5) (x + 6)
m −4 (y + 1) (y + 9) n −9 (y − 7) (y + 6)
o 3 (−4x + 3) (4x − 3) p 4 (6x − 2) (x + 2)
2 Find the missing expressions:
a (t + 8) ⬚ = t2 + 10t + 16 b (t + 6) ⬚ = t2 + 17t + 66
c (t − 2) ⬚ = t2 − 7t + 10 d (t − 2) ⬚ = t2 + 4t − 12
e (t + 2) (t + 9) = t (t + 9) + ⬚ (⬚) f (v − 2) (v − 3) = v (v − 3) − ⬚ (⬚)
g (t − 2) (t + 8) = t (t + 8) − ⬚ (⬚) h (t − 5) ⬚ = t2 + 7t − 60
3 State whether the following expressions are equivalent to (y − 5) (y − 8):
a 5 (y − 8) − (y − 5) b y (y − 5) + y − 8
c y (y − 5) + 8 (y − 8) d y (y − 8) − 5 (y − 8)
4 What expression when multiplied by n + 6 gives n2 + 14n + 48?
5 Expand:
a (2x + 3)(x + 5y − 4z) b (t + 3) (2t − 1) (3t + 5)
Perfect squares
6 A student wrote (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 . Explain why they are incorrect and write the correct
answer.

7 State whether the following expressions are perfect squares or not:
a k2 + 4 b k2 − 9k + 81 c 25 d 12 − k + k2
k2 + 5k +
4

e k4 + 4k2 + 4 f 49 g 100 − 10k + k2 h k4 + 12k2 + 36

k2 + 7k +
4

8 Is (3x + 4)2 equal to 9x2 + 16? Explain your answer using perfect square expansion.
9 State whether the following perfect square expansions are correct or not. If not, write its
expansion.
a (3 + 4)2 = 32 + 42 b (y − 3)2 = y 2 − 9y + 9
c (2y + 3)2 = 4y 2 + 12y + 9 d (y − 7)2 = y 2 − 21y + 49
10 Complete the following:

2 2
a (x + 3) = x2 + ⬚ + 9 b (x − 3) = x2 − ⬚x + ⬚
2 2
c x2 + 64 − ⬚ = (x − 8) d (x + ⬚) = x2 + ⬚x + 36
2 2
e (8x2 − 9) = ⬚x4 − 144x2 + 81 f (3x − 8) = 9x2 − ⬚ + 64
2
g (−9x + 2) = 81x2 − ⬚x + ⬚
11 Expand and simplify the following expressions:

2 2 2 2
a (a + b) b (a − b) c (x + 10) d (x2 + 1)
2 2 2 2
e (m − 7) f (1 − 9m) g (10x + 3) h (5x + 8y )
2 2 2 2
i 1 j 6 k 16 (4x + 3y ) l (x + 3)
(15y + ) ( − )
n
5 6 n

m (m − 5)2 n (s + 4t)2 o (x2 + 3)2 p (4 − 5m)2

q (4x + 7y )2 r 1 2 s 3 (3x + 8y )2 t 9 (3x + 8y )2
(6y + )
2

u 8x − 9 2 v 3x (7x − 5y )2 w (t + 5)2 x x 4 2
( ) ( − )
9 4 x

12 Evaluate the following using perfect square expansion:
a 2022 b 5962 c 4022 d 4992

Difference of two squares
13 Expand the following expressions:
a (a + b) (a − b) b (u + 5) (u − 5)
c (x − 7) (x + 7) d (8 − m) (m + 8)
e (12 − p) (12 + p) f (7 − 6p) (7 + 6p)
g (3x − 8) (3x + 8) h (8y + 9) (8y − 9)
i (−9y − 1) (−9y + 1) j (−7y − 8) (−7y + 8)
k (9x − 2y ) (9x + 2y ) l (0.2x + 3) (0.2x − 3)
m (2x − 0.9) (2x + 0.9) n (y 2 + 9) (y 2 − 9)
o 1 1 p 1 1
(v + ) (v − ) (5x + ) (5x − )
3 3 6 6

q 5 5 r 3 3
(8x − ) (8x + ) (x − ) (x + )
3 3

x x
14 Expand and simplify the following expressions:
a 3x (5x − 6y ) (5x + 6y ) b 3 (9x − 8y ) (9x + 8y )

c a2 + (9 − a) (9 + a) − 10 d ((5t + 9) − 6r) ((5t + 9) + 6r)
e 6 (8x − 9y ) (8x + 9y ) f 5x (2x − 9y ) (2x + 9y )
15 Evaluate 503 × 497 by rewriting it as a difference of two squares.
Applications
16 Find the area of a rectangle which has a length of (x + 4) cm and a width of (x + 3) cm.
17 A square of side lengths measuring x − 1 centimetres has each side enlarged by a factor of
2. Write an expression, in expanded form, for the area of the new square.
18 If the smallest of three consecutive integers is n, find the product of the three integers in
terms of n. Write your answer in expanded form.

19 Consider the following figure:
a Find the area of the large square by

multiplying its side lengths. Give your
answer in expanded form.
b Find the area of the large square by
getting the sum of the areas of the
smaller rectangles inside it.
20 Consider the following cube:
a Find the surface area of the cube in

expanded form.
b Find the volume of the cube in
expanded form.
21 Form an expression in expanded form for the shaded area in the given figures:
a b

22 Consider the rectangular prism shown with
its dimensions labelled. Write an expression
for the volume, and then expand and fully
simplify the result.

1.09
Factorisation with
common factors
Factorising
1 Find the highest common algebraic factor of the following terms:
a 9x and 8x b 9xn and 4ax

c 18b2 n and 7b2 m d 13y 2 an and 17my 2 b
e 9bxm and 5bxa f 8my and 12am
g 15n2 m and 8nm2 h 20x and 15x2 n
i 16abnx and 12abmy j 6abmn and 8bnxy
k 16a2 bx3 y 6 and 12b4 m2 n6 x l 12a7 bm3 y 2 and 9ab5 n2 x3
m 3bx, 2nb and 5ba n 4x2 an, 3bx4 m and 12max3
2 Complete the following:
a y 2 + 5y = y (⬚ + ⬚) b 2t2 + 2t = 2t (⬚ + ⬚)
c 3y 2 + 6y = ⬚ (y + 2) d −m2 + 19m = ⬚ (m − 19)
e −y 2 − 2y = ⬚ (y + 2) f 8v − v 2 = v (⬚)
g 11u − 19u2 = u (⬚ − ⬚) h −38xy − 4y 2 = ⬚ (19x + 2y )
3 Factorise:
a y 2 + 4y b 5u2 − 15u
c z2 + 8z6 d −18a + 16
e −63r2 + 28 f 3x − x2
g k2 − 9k h 11km − mn
i −12s + 10 j 8hj − 9gh
k −8w2 + 3w2 y l 16jkt − 5kt
m z2 + 6z4 n −w2 − 6w
o 5k2 t + 40k3 t3 p −45mnq − 72mq
q −35m + 49n r 49p2 q − 28pq2
s −16a2 − 18a2 b t −30w2 − 25w2 y
u 44uv − 8u2 v v 4mn2 + 28m3 n3
w −10u2 v + 9uv 2 x 3t (t − 5) + 4 (t − 5)
4 Factorise:
a 20j − 15jk − 55j 2 k b 3p2 q2 + 4p4 q4 + 5p6 q6

c 2yz − 10xy + 12xy 2 z d pqr + p2 q2 r + p3 q3 r
e −hf − hj + hg f 25m − 15mn − 10m2 n

5 A student incorrectly used the distributive law and wrote −5x3 − 15x = −5x (x2 − 3).
Explain how to correct the error, and write the correct answer.
6 Find the highest common factor of the terms: 12p2 r2 t3 , 9prt3 , and 18p3 r3 t−2 .
7 12x4 + 18x3 − 24x2 can be factorised into the form 6x (2x3 + 3x2 − 4x). Has the expression
been fully factorised? Explain your answer.

1.10
Factorising binomial
products
Grouping in pairs
1 Factorise:
a 5 (a + b) + v (a + b) b x (y − z) − w (y − z)
c 5y (4w + 3x) − z (4w + 3x) d 2y (2x2 + 3z) − (2x2 + 3z)
e 3f (g + h) + (g + h)2 f 8y (y − 4) + 3 (4 − y )
g (2c − d) (c + 5d) − 3 (d − 2c) h 3x2 (x + 4y ) − 5y (x + 4y )
2 Factorise:
a 8x + xz − 16y − 2yz b 24 + 3y + 8x + xy
c 7xy + wx + 7yz + wz d x2 + 2x + 5x + 10
e x2 − 3x + 8x − 24 f 2mp + 6 + 3p + 4m
g a3 + 8a2 + a + 8 h 3pq2 − 11ypq + 3rsq − 11yrs
i 4x + 24yz + 32xy + 3z j 2x + 18yz + 12xy + 3z
Perfect squares
3 Factorise:
a q2 + 2qt + t2 b u2 − 2uq + q2
c b2 − 2br + r2 d x2 + 6x + 9
e c2 − 4c + 4 f 64 + 2e + e2
g 49 − 2p + p2 h 16w2 − 40w + 25
i 64r2 + 48r + 9 j 1 − 3d + 9d2
4

4 Factorise:
a x4 + 8x2 + 16 b a4 − 18a2 + 81
5 A square has area t2 + 14t + 49.
a Find the side length of the square.

b Find the perimeter of the square.

Difference of two squares
6 One linear factor of x2 − 16 is x − 4. Find the other factor.
7 What can we multiply z + 7 by to give the difference of two squares?
8 Factorise:
a x2 − y 2 b n2 − 25 c v2 − 1 d 121 − v 2
e x2 − 1 f x2 −
25 g 16 − 9y 2 h x2 y 2 − 49
4 121

i 25m − 49
2
j 81x − 16y 2
2
k 7x2 − 63 l 45t2 − 20
9 Using the difference of two squares, evaluate the following:
a 652 − 632 b 992 − 972 c 452 − 422 d 582 − 522
10 Find the value of the following by rewriting in the form (x + y ) (x − y ):
a 504 × 49 b 304 × 296

11 Consider the shaded area shown:
a Find the area of the shaded region.

b State whether the following rectangles have the same area as the shaded region.
i ii
iii

Mixed factorisations
12 Factorise:
a 3x2 y − 6y 4 + 9x2 y 3 b 16x2 y 2 + 24xyz + 9z2

c 121c2 − 49d2 d 3x2 y + x2 z + 3y 2 + yz
e a2 + 2ab + b2 − c2 f 8a2 b4 + 12bc2
g (b + 4)2 − (3 − b)2 h 14h3 p2 r + 21h5 p2 + 49hp4
i 8w2 − 32wt2 + 3wt − 12t3 j 16q4 + 24q2 r + 9r2
k 48df 2 − 3dh2 l 128t3 − 18s 4 t
m 18j 2 + 60jk + 50k2 n x2 y + 7x2 − y − 7
13 Factorise x4 − 1.

1.11
Factorising trinomials
Monic quadratic trinomials
1 Factorise:
a x2 + 8x + 16 b x2 + 16x + 64
c x2 − 4x + 4 d x2 − 20x + 100
e 64 + 16x + x2 f 36 − 12x + x2
2 Complete the following statement: To factorise x2 + 9x + 18, we need to find two numbers
whose product is ⬚ and whose sum is ⬚.
3 Consider the quadratic x2 + 11x + 24. To factorise this quadratic, we need to find two
numbers.
a What should their product be? b What should their sum be?
4 Given that p < q, find the values of p and q in the following pairs of equations:
a p + q = 19 b p + q = −2 c p + q = −10
pq = 90 pq = −63 pq = 24
5 Complete the following equations:
a (m + 4) (⬚) = m2 + 10m + 24 b (y − 14) (⬚) = y 2 − 12y − 28

c (m + 8) (⬚) = m2 + 18m + 80 d (x − 2) (⬚) = x2 − 6x + 8
6 Find the values of m and n that will make the equation true: y 2 + my + 35 = (y + 5) (y + n)
7 Factorise:
a x2 + 6x + 8 b x2 + 11x + 24 c x2 + 17x + 72 d x2 − 4x + 3
e x2 − 17x + 60 f x2 − 19x + 84 g x2 − x − 6 h x2 − x − 30
i x2 + x − 20 j x2 − 3x − 54 k x2 − 3x − 70 l x2 + 4x − 117
m 40 + 13x + x2 n 35 − 12x + x2 o −8 − 6x − x2 p −12 + 7x − x2
8 Factorise:
a x4 − x2 − 12 b 9y 4 − 13y 2 + 4

Applications
9 A square has an area of x2 + 6x + 9. Find an expression for the length of a side. Assume that
x is positive.
10 One expression for the area of the rectangle

below is m2 + 14m + 45. The rectangle is
made up of four smaller rectangles. Use the
diagram to express the area of the large
rectangle in factorised form.
11 Find an expression for the total area of the following rectangles in factorised form:
a b

2.01
Irrational numbers
Irrational numbers
1 State which of the following are rational or irrational:
a 25 b 361 c 33 d 3
64
e 3
47 f 3
125 g 3
1000 h 3
1729
2 Evaluate the following, rounding your answers to two decimal places where necessary:
a 25 b 3
64 c 33 d 3
26
e 121 f 3
216 g 83 h 3
52
3 Is 15 an integer?
4 Determine whether each of the following numbers is a surd:
a 2 b 1 c 50 d 3
27
e 3
9 f 3
8 g 80 h 144
5 What is the largest square number that divides exactly into 108?
6 Consider 290 and answer the following questions:
a Is 290 an exact value?

b A calculator states that 290 is 17.029386366. Is this still exact?
Simplifying surds
7 Are the following expressions written in their simplest surd form?:
a 17 b 14 c 50 d 5 50
e 7 125 f 11 21 g 63 h 112
a 180 b 125 c 3 54 d 7 32
e 6 100 . f 25 × 6 g 1 3 8 × 6. h 3
24 × 9 .
2


a 1 b 16 c 64
d 36
25 16 3
216

8

10 Write the expression 3 5 as a single surd.
11 Consider the equation x 8 = 648 . Find the value of the pronumeral x.

12 Consider the surd 54 :
a Simplify the surd.

b Evaluate the surd to two decimal places.
a 100 b 170 c 64 × 1 d 3
64

2.02
Adding and subtracting
surds
Equivalent surd expressions
1 State whether the following equations are true or false:
a 11 + 5= 16 b 4+ 4=4

c 5− 5= 5 d 1+ 4=
25
e 16 + 9=7 f 32 + 2=5 2

g 25 − 9= 16 h 100 − 64 = 2
2 Does the following expression hold for any choice of k or m?

k+ m=
k+m
Simplification of surd expressions
a 10 2 + 14 2 b 6 + 14 6
c 10 − 20 10 d 12 2 − 3 2
e 4 3 − 12 3 f 18 5 − 15 5
g 6 7 −8 7 h 6 2 + 13 2
a 5 5 +9 5 −7 5 b 10 6 − 3 6 + 20 6
c 7 6 + 18 6 − 9 6 d 19 6 − 4 6 − 2 6
e 8 5 − 9 5 − 14 5 f 18 10 − 9 10 − 7 10
a 8 2 + 2 11 + 2 2 + 4 11 b 10 2 + 5 3 + 4 2 − 7 3
c 6 7 +7 5 −3 7 +8 5 d 18 7 − 9 3 + 20 7 + 11 3
e 20 7 + 7 11 + 7 + 25 11
f 7 11 + 28 5 − 25 11 − 11 5
g 20 11 + 26 5 + 22 5 − 15 11
a 3+ 48 b 180 + 5 c 45 + 80 d 245 − 5
e 48 − 12 f 3 27 + 2 12 g 3 192 − 2 108 h 3 2
2

+ 6 .
2

Applications
7 Find the perimeter of the triangle in

simplified surd form.
8 An athlete is participating in a race around

the track shown in the diagram, which has
dimensions in kilometres.
What is the length of one lap around this
race track?

2.03
Multiplying and dividing
surds
Multiplication
1 Are the following statements true or false?

2 2
a 82 = ( 8)
b 52 = ( 5 × 5)
c 22 = 2+2 d 82 = 16 × 4
2 Complete the following statements by following the example:
9×4 = 9× 4 =3×2 =6

a 36 × 25 = ⬚× ⬚ =⬚×⬚ =⬚
b 9 × 11 = ⬚× ⬚=⬚ ⬚
c 49 × 5 = ⬚× ⬚=⬚ ⬚
d 64 × 3 = ⬚× ⬚=⬚ ⬚

2
a 75 b 19 × 17 c (6 8) d (6 3 )2
a 5× 7 b 8 × 10 5 c 7× 3× 11 d 55 × 11
e 4 11 × 5 f 2 5 × 15 11 g 7 22 × 2 h 180 × 48
i 8 15 × 8 5 j 5 17 × 8 3 k 17 35 × 4 5 l 8 51 × 9 3
a 11 ( 7 + 4) b 7 (3 + 3) c 2 ( 11 − 6) d 3 3 ( 13 − 5)
e 3 ( 11 +
13) f 4 7( 2− 11) g 3 5 ( 55 + 11) h 8 2 ( 3 − 3 7)
i 5 2 (3 5 + 4 7)
j 7 3 ( 15 + 60) k11 3 (3 5 − 20) l 8 11 (3 7 − 4 5)
Division
a 15 ÷ 5 b 55 ÷ 5 c 51 ÷ 17 d 21 ÷ 3
e 91 ÷ 7 f 40 7 ÷ 8 g 10 55 ÷ 11 h 15 22 ÷ 11
i 4 35 ÷ 2 5 j 27 ÷ 3 k 3 20 ÷ 5 l 5 8÷ 2
m 40 96 ÷ 10 6 n 50 24 ÷ 10 6 o 25 ÷ 81 p 162 ÷ 8

a 28 b 9 c 64 d 48
7 45 4 144

e 12
f 56
g 36
h 72
36 14 81 32

Applications
8 Find the exact area of the following rectangles.
a b
9 Find the area of the trapezium in simplified

surd form:

10 h× w
The body surface area of a person in square metres can be modelled by A = ,

60

where A is the surface area, h is the height of the person in cm, and w is the weight of the
person in kg.
a Use the model to find the surface area of a person who is 164 cm tall and weighs 63 kg.
Leave your answer in exact form.
b Hence find the approximate surface area of the person, to the nearest hundredth of a
square metre.
11 Find the exact perpendicular height of a triangle whose area is 40 65 square centimetres
and whose base measures 10 13 centimetres.

2.04
Binomial expansions with
surds
Binomial products
1 Expand the following brackets:
a (5 − 13) (5 +
13)
b ( 11 − 11) ( 11 + 11)
c (8 5 − 6) (8 5 + 6) d ( 7+ 5) ( 7 −
5)

e (7 11 − 7) (7 11 +
7)
f (5 3 + 3 5) (5 3 − 3 5)

a ( 3 − 13)2 b ( 7+ 3)
2
2 2
c (3 3 + 8) d (4 2 − 13)
e (3 2 + 4 13)2
f (5 2 − 32)
2
a ( 11 + 10) ( 3 − 9) b ( 11 − 13) ( 7 −
2)

c (11 2 − 7) (13 3 −
5)
d (4 2 − 7) (3 3 +
8)

e (17 3 − 8 8) ( 24 − 5)
f ( 90 − 7 7) ( 72 − 6 5)

Equivalent expressions
4 Consider the following equation:

2
(3 35 − 2 7) = x − y 5

a Expand and simplify the left hand side of the equation.

b State the values of x and y .
5 Consider the following equation:

2
( m + n) = 16 + 6 7


b State the values of m and n.

6 Consider the following expression:
2
( a + 7) = 54 + b 5


b State the values of a and b.

2
(x y + 5) = 33 + 4 2

a Expand and simplify the left habd side of the equation.

b State the values of x and y .

2 2
( 7 + 4) + ( 7 + m)

a Expand and simplify the expression.

2 2
b Hence what value of m can be substituted into ( 7 + 4) + ( 7 + m) so that it has a

rational value?
Applications
9 Consider the following right triangle:
a Find c, the length of the hypotenuse of

the triangle.
b Find the exact perimeter of the figure.
c Find the exact area of the figure.

10 Consider the following isosceles triangle:
a Find h, the height of the isosceles

triangle.
b Find the exact perimeter of the triangle.
c Find the exact area of the triangle.

2.05
Rationalising the
denominator (Enrichment)
Conjugates
1 Find the conjugate of each of the following:
a 5+ 5 b 6− v c 6+ 3 d n− 5
e 5 +y f 2−9 3 g 3+6 8 h 7−2 9
i 3 7 +4 3 j 9 2 −3 r k 4 s +8 t l 2 w−9 x
2 Factorise the expression: x2 − y 2
Rationalise monomial denominators

3 Evaluate the following:
a ( 3+ 10) × ( 3 − 10) b ( 3+ 10) × ( 3 + 10)

c (− ( 3 + 5)) × 3 d ( 5+ 12) × ( 5 − 12)

e (−2 5 − 12) ×
12 f (2 5 − 12) × (5 5 −
12)
4 Rationalise the denominator of the given expressions. Express your answer in simplest surd
form:
a 1 b 2 c 3 d 13
7 6 13

2

e 21
f 5
g 4 30
h 11 7
7 30 6 13 3

i 6 22 j 14 10 k 8 32 l 15 18
− − −

5 11 6 5 20 7 19 8

5 Rationalise the denominator of the given expressions. Express your answer in simplest surd
form:
a 5 +9
b 5 +3
c 4− 12
d 7 −3
7 5 10 3

e 10 2 + 7
f 15 − 2 3
g 3 5 + 12
h 6 14 − 11
11 2 20 5

i 39 + 6
j 7 − 13
k 6 2 + 10 10

l −20 5 + 7 11
3 15 12 6


6 Rationalise the denominator of each fraction and then find the sum. Express your answer in
simplest surd form:
a 1 3 b 2 1 c 1 1 d 1 1
+ + + −
3 3 7 7 2 3 5 10

e 2 4 f 6 3 g 3 5 h 2 7
+ − − +

14 7 3 6 11 22

7 2

i 10 30 j 2 5 3 k 4 1 l 3 2 2 10
−

+

− +

6 2 3

20 40 5 15 4 12 3 2

7 10 13
What is the lowest term that the numerator and denominator of must be multiplied

11 11

by to rationalise the denominator?
Rationalise binomial denominators
8 Rationalise the denominator for the given expressions. Express your answer in simplest surd
form:
a 5 b 3 c 5 d 27
7 −3 5 2 −4 9+ 3 11 − 2

e 4 f 3 g 10 h 2
6− 7 4 7 +8 2 5 10 − 5 3 7 3 +2 6

i 5+ 2
j 9 2 + 3 11
k 6 −3 5

l 3 4 −4 3
5− 2 9 2 − 3 11 6 +3 5 4 4 +2 3


3.01
Solving linear equations
Equations with brackets
1 Solve the following equations:
a 4 (x + 4) = 24 b 5 (3x + 6) = 78
c 5 (2x − 4) = −70 d 2 (x + 5) = 16
e 6 (2x − 4) = −84 f 3 (x + 1) + 2 = −1
g −2 (x + 2) − 4 = 4 h 3 (x − 1) − 5 = −11
a 3 (6x − 7) − 5x + 8 = 26 b 2 (3x − 5) + 3 (4x + 6) = 62

c −3 (2x − 5) + 5 (3x + 4) = 53 d 6 (5x − 8) − 3x + 7 = 40
e 2 (4x − 5) + 3 (2x + 6) = 36 f 3 (x + 6) + 3 (x + 24) = 12
g 3 (x − 1) − 5 = −8.6 h 3.8 (x + 4) − 2 = 1.8
i 3 15 j
3 (x + ) + 3 = − 2.2 (x + 3) − 4 = −8.4
2 2

Equations with fractions
a x 5 b x 2
= =2
6 3 9 3

c 2 = 7 d x + 2x − 4 = 3
2.5 4

x
e x+ 4x +5 f 7 8
=2 =
6 9

x
g x + 5x − 5 = 1 h x + 4x + 2 = 5
6 6

8.4 x x
a =
x b + = 21
5 2

7.5 5

c x x d −x x
− = −12 + = −5
2 5 4 3

e −x x f 3x 7x
− = −5 + =5
2 3 2 5

g 5x 3x h 2x − 3 3x − 2
− = −2 − = −5
6 7 6 5

i 5x − 4 3x − 6 j 6x − 6 3x − 3
− =3 − = −4
5 4 2 5


Equations with pronumerals on both sides
a 3x = x + 10 b 3x = −4x − 35
c 12x − 8 = −4x d 27 + 7x = −2x
e 10 + 4x = −11x − 20 f 28 − 3x = 11 + 14x
g 5x + 22 = 8 − 2x h 4x − 3 = −8x + 57
a 3x + 6 = 3 (5x − 4) + 42 b 4x + 6 = 7 (5x − 4) + 96
c 16x − 7 = 4 (9x − 7) − 19 d 10x − 12 = 2 (10x − 5) + 38
e 7 (8x + 4) = 3 (3x + 7) + 195 f 3 (8 + 2x) = 6 (4 − 2x) + 3
g 7 (x − 8) = 4 (3x + 5) + 24 h 5 (6x + 7) = 25x + 2 (11 − 4x)
a 3x − 7 b 4x − 51
= −5x + 26 = 3x
8 7

c −4x + 57 d 5x 2x
= 5x −6 =
3 4 7

e 6x 3x f 8x 7x
+2 = −2 = +4
2 5 4 3

g 7x 9x h 6x − 2 5x − 3
+3 = +3 =
3 4 3 4

i 7x + 2 5x + 9 j 5x + 4 −3x + 12
= =
3 4 7 3

k x+5 x+8 l 3x − 5 −2x − 4

= =
x+2 x+6 8 5


3.02
Problem solving with
linear equations
Tables and graphs
1 A diver starts at the surface of the water and starts to descend below the surface at a
constant rate. The table below shows the depth of the diver over 4 minutes:
Number of minutes passed (x) 0 1 2 3 4

Depth of diver in metres (y ) 0 1.35 2.7 4.05 5.4
a Write an equation that describes the relationship between the number of minutes
passed (x) and the depth (y ) of the diver.
b At what depth would the diver be after 59 minutes?
c What does the numerical coefficient in the equation from part (a) represent?
2 Matches were used to make the pattern below:
a Complete the table below:
Number of triangles (t) 1 2 3 5 10 20

Number of matches (m)
b Write an equation that describes the relationship between the number of matches (m)
and the number of triangles (t).
c Hence, how many matches are required to make 21 triangles?

3 A racing car starts the race with 80 litres of fuel. From there, it uses fuel at a rate of 2 litres
per minute.
Number of minutes passed (x) 0 5 10 15 20

Amount of fuel left in tank (y )
b Write an algebraic relationship linking the number of minutes passed (x) and the amount
of fuel left in the tank (y ).
c After how many minutes, x, will the car need to refuel (i.e. when there is no fuel left) ?
d Explain why plotting the points from the table in part (a) results in a straight line graph.
4 There are 40 litres of water in a rainwater tank. It rains for a period of 24 hours and during
this time, the tank fills up at a rate of 10 litres per hour.
Number of hours passed (x) 0 1 2 3 4 4.5 10

Amount of water in tank (y )
b Write an algebraic relationship linking the number of hours passed (x) and the amount of
water in the tank (y ).
c Sketch the graph of the linear equation from part (b).
5 It starts raining and an empty rainwater tank fills up at a constant rate of 2 litres per hour. By
midnight, there are 10 litres of water in a rainwater tank. As it rains, the tank continues to fill
up at this rate.
Number of hours passed since midnight (x) 0 1 2 3 4 4.5 10

Amount of water in tank (y )
b Write an algebraic relationship linking the number of hours passed since midnight (x)
and the amount of water in the tank (y ).
c How many hours before midnight was the tank empty (i.e. when y = 0)? Note that x
represents the number of hours passed since midnight, so −x represents x hours before
midnight.
d Sketch the graph of the linear equation from part (b).

6 Consider the table below:
Time in minutes (x) 1 2 3 4 5

Temperature in°C (y ) 5 9 13 17 21
a By how much is the temperature increasing each minute?

b What would the temperature have been at time 0 minutes?
c Find the algebraic relationship between x and y .
d Sketch the graph of the linear equation from part (c).
7 In a study, scientists found that the more someone sleeps, the quicker their reaction time.
The attached table shows the findings:
Number of hours of sleep (x) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Reaction time in seconds (y ) 9 8.8 8.6 8.4 8.2 8
a How much does the reaction time change for each extra hour of sleep?
b Write an algebraic equation relating the number of hours of sleep (x) and the reaction
time (y ).
c Find the reaction time for someone who has slept 1.5 hours.
d Find the number of hours someone sleeps if they have a reaction time of 8.5 seconds.
Word problems
8 Consider the statement: 9 divided by the sum of x and 3 is equal to 6 divided by the
difference between x and 3.
i Write an equation for the statement. ii Solve the equation for x.
9 Eileen tries to guess how many people are at a concert, but she guesses 400 too many.
Adam guesses 250 too few. The average of their guesses is 2575. Set up an equation and
solve for x, the exact number of people at the concert.
10 Kate and Isabelle do some fundraising for their sporting team. Together they raised $600. If
Kate raised $272 more than Isabelle, and Isabelle raised $p:
a Write an equation in terms of p that represents the relationship between the different
amounts and solve for p.
b Hence, calculate how much Kate raised.

11 Caitlin's phone plan allows her to send 300 text messages for free. But if she sends over 300
messages, the cost, C , in dollars of sending x text messages is modelled by:
C = 0.1 (x − 300) + 8
Solve for the number of text messages x that have been sent when the total cost is $30.10.
12 To manufacture doors, the manufacturer has a fixed cost of $4200 plus a variable cost of $100
per door. Find n, the number of doors that need to be produced so that the average cost per
door is $120.
13 Eileen's sink can be filled in 8 minutes and can subsequently be drained in 16 minutes when
it is unplugged. Find the number of minutes, n, that it will it take to fill the sink if it is left
unplugged while being filled.
14 Oprah can paint the average house in 15 hours, while Tobias can do it in 10 hours. Find the
number of hours, t, that it would take to paint a house if they both worked together.
15 A phone salesperson earned $880 in a particular week during which she sold 22 units. In
another week she made $925 and sold 25 units. Let x be the number of units sold and y be
the weekly earnings.
a Find the linear equation that models the units-earnings relationship for this salesperson.
b Hence, predict the earnings of the salesperson if she sells 36 units.
16 Sisters, Ursula and Eileen, are training for a triathlon event. Ursula finds that her average
cycling speed is 13 kph faster than Eileen's average running speed. Ursula can cycle 46 km
in the same time that it takes Eileen to run 23 km.
a If Eileen's running speed is n km per hour, solve for n.

b Find Ursula's average cycling speed.
17 When a new car was released on the market, car journalists, Susana and Irene, were invited
to take the car for a test drive. Each took their car into the mountains, where Susana covered
a distance of 31 km in the same time that Irene drove 25 km. Susana drove 12 kph faster than
Irene.
a If Irene drove at a speed of n kph, solve for n.

b Hence, find Susana's speed.
Geometric applications

18 Find the perpendicular height, h, of a parallelogram that has an area of 66 cm2 and a base of
6 cm. The area of a parallelogram is given by: A = bh.
19 Find the base length, b, of a parallelogram that has an area of 228 mm2 and a perpendicular
height of 12 mm. The area of a parallelogram is given by: A = bh.
20 Find the missing length, x, if the area of

rhombus ABCD has an area of 44 cm2 . The
area of a rhombus is given by:
1
A = xy
2

21 Find the missing length, y , if the area of the

kite is 48 cm2 . The area of a kite is given by:
1
A = xy
2

22 Find the missing side length, a, if the area

of the trapezium shown is 25 m2 . The area
of a trapezium is given by:
1
A= (a + b) h
2


23 The perimeter of the rectangle is
126 + 3y cm. Solve for y .
24 The perimeter of the triangle is 146 cm.

Solve for x.
25 The perimeter of the quadrilateral is 315 cm

Solve for x.

3.03
Solving linear inequalities
Interpret inequalities
1 Write the following sentences using mathematical symbols:
a n is greater than 17.

b n is less than 10.
c w is less than 2 .
3

d y is greater than or equal to 12.

e The product of 6 and x is less than or equal to −42.
f The sum of 5 and the product of 4 and x is greater than or equal to 20.
2 Write the following inequalities in words:
a p<9 b f > 14 c m ≤ 23 d a ≥ 88
Solve inequalities
3 State the largest integer value x can have if x ≤ −2.
4 State the smallest integer value x can have if x > 19.
5 State whether the following are solutions of k ≤ 15:
a k = 14 b k = −15 c k = 15 d k = 16
6 Consider the inequality: a + 9 < 12.
a Find the value of the left-hand side of the inequality when a = 1.

b Is a = 1 a solution of a + 9 < 12?
7 Consider the inequality: 12 − y > 10.
a Find the value of the left-hand side of the inequality when y = 0.

b Is y = 0 a solution of 12 − y > 10?
8 Consider the inequality: 9b ≥ 18.
a Find the value of the left-hand side of the inequality when b = 3.

b Is b = 3 a solution of 9b ≥ 18?

9 State whether the following are solutions of x + 2 > 6:
a x=4 b x=5 c x=3 d x = −9
10 Consider the inequality −2x > 10. Will the direction of the inequality symbol be reversed
when solving this inequality? Explain your answer.
11 Sally attempted to solve the inequality −18 − 6x > 30, but has made a mistake. Her working
is shown below:
Step 1 : −18 − 6x > 30

Step 2 :

−6x > 48
Step 3 : x > −8
What was Sally's mistake?
12 Solve the following inequalities:
a 7y > 42 b 8x ≤ −48
c −9x < 63 d −4x ≤ −16
e x − 1 < 15 f 7−x <2
g 2 ≤x−6 h 8x + 16 > 64
i 7x − 49 ≥ 42 j 7x + 5 > x + 35
k −3 (x + 9) ≥ −6 l −9 (x + 6) ≥ −27
m 23 − 3k ≤ 2k + 3 n −4 − 4x > −7x + 2
x x
o ≥7 p ≥8
3 −4

q x+9 ≥9 r 2 − 1x > 5
8 2

x x x x
s + ≥5 t − <0
2 3 9 7

u a v a
< 11 +9 >9
6 5

w 91 − 4k ≤ 5k + 10
13 Write the following sentences using mathematical symbols and solve:
a The sum of 3 groups of p, and 9, is less than 24.

b The sum of 5 groups of x, and 3 is at least 23.
c Six more than the value of x is at least seven.
d Half of x is no more than five.
e Negative four groups of x is less than three.

15 Consider the following: "5 groups of p minus 10 is no more than 10".
a Write the sentence using mathematical symbols and solve for p.

b Find the largest largest integer value of p that satisfies this condition.
16 Consider the inequality: 6 (x + 6) ≤ 42.
a Solve the inequality.

b State whether the following are solutions of: 6 (x + 6) ≤ 42.
i x = −1 ii x=2 iii x = 0 iv x = 1
17 Consider the inequality: 30 + 3x > 30.

b State whether the following are solutions of: 30 + 3x > 30.
i x=1 ii x=0 iii x = 3 iv x = 6
18 Consider the inequality: 3 (3x − 4) ≥ 15.

b State whether the following are solutions of: 3 (3x − 4) ≥ 15.
i x=0 ii x=3 iii x = 5 iv x = −3
Applications
19 Write the following statement as an inequality in terms of T : The temperature T inside a

freezer is always below −15°C.
20 Derek is saving up to buy a tablet that is selling for $890. He has $760 in his bank account
and expects a sum of money for his birthday next month. If the amount he is to receive for
his birthday is represented by x, write an inequality that models the situation where he is
able to afford the tablet.

21 The table shows the time, t, of six Swimmer Time, t (minutes)
swimmers in a 1500 m race. Only those who
achieve a time of below 23 minutes qualify Adam 32
for the final. Find all the swimmers who Vincent 22
qualify for the final.
Yuri 28
Aaron 30
Neville 20
David 26
22 The table shows the distances, d, achieved

by six javelin throwers. Only those who Thrower Distance, d (metres)
achieve a distance of more than 75 m
Tom 63
qualify for the final. Find all the throwers
who qualify for the final. Quentin 67
Bart 74
Bob 85
Tobias 90
Adam 71
23 To get a grade of C, Luke must obtain a total score of at least 300 over his four exams. So far
he has taken the first three exams and achieved scores of 65, 51, and 97. If x represents what
he must score on the last exam to get a C or better, write an inequality and solve for x.
24 Sandy has a budget for school stationery of $46, but has already spent $18.10 on books and
folders. Let p represent the amount that Sandy can spend on other stationery. Write an
inequality that shows how much she can spend on other stationery, and solve for p.
25 Ursula was given $60 for a birthday present. This present, along with earnings from a
Saturday job, are being set aside for a mountain bike. The job pays $6.50 per hour, and the
bike costs $361.
a Write and solve an inequality to find the minimum number of hours that Ursula needs to
work to be able to buy the mountain bike, where h represents the number of hours
worked.
b If Ursula can only work her job for a whole number of hours, find the minimum number of
hours she must work to afford her bike.

26 Ivan wants to save up enough money so that he can buy a new sports equipment set, which
costs $60.00. Ivan has $21.40 that he has saved from his birthday. In order to make more
money, he plans to wash neighbors’ windows for $4 per window.
a Let w be the number of windows that Ivan washes. Write and solve an inequality to find
the minimum number of windows he needs to wash in order to afford the equipment.
b Find the minimum whole number of windows that Ivan must wash to be able to afford
the equipment.
27 Charlie is saving up to buy a laptop that is selling for $740. He has $520 in his bank account
and expects a nice sum of money for his birthday next week.
a If the amount he is to receive for his birthday is represented by x, write an inequality that
models the situation where he is able to afford the laptop.
b Would he have enough to buy the laptop if his parents were to give him $180 for his
birthday?
28 When breeding certain types of fish, it is recommended that the number of female fish is
more than triple the number of male fish.
a If the number of females is represented by f and the number of males is represented by

m, write an inequality that represents the recommended relationship between f and m.
b Find a number of female and male fish that would satisfy the recommendation.

3.04
Interval notation
Interval notation
1 Write the interval notation for each of the following pictured inequalities:
a b
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
c d
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 For each of the following inequalities express the solutions of the inequality using interval
notation:
a x < −7 b x≤6 c x ≥ −4 d −7 ≤ x ≤ 3

3 For each of the following pictured inequalities:
i Write the interval notation.

ii Express this interval as an inequality of x.
a b
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
4 Consider the inequality 5x − 8 ≤ 4 (x − 2).

b Express the solutions to the inequality using interval notation.
Compound inequalities
5 Express the solutions of the following compound inequalities using interval notation:
a x > 2 or x > 6 b x > 3 and x > 5
6 For each of the following inequalities:
i Express the solutions of the inequality using interval notation.

ii Graph the interval on a number line.
a x≤3 b x<8 c 5 d x < 2 or x < −5

x>
2

e x ≤ −5 or x ≥ 2

7 Consider the set described by the inequalities 4x − 10 < −2 or 4x − 10 > 2:
a Solve the first inequality, 4x − 10 < −2, for x.

b Solve the second inequality, 4x − 10 > 2, for x.
c Write the solution set for x in interval notation.
d Graph the solution set for x in a number line.
8 Consider the compound inequality 8x ≤ 9x − 3 ≤ 27 − x:
a Solve the left hand inequality, 8x ≤ 9x − 3, for x.

b Solve the right hand inequality, 9x − 3 ≤ 27 − x, for x.
c Write the solution set for x.
9 Consider the compound inequality x + 2 < 0 or 6x > 30:
a Simplify the compound inequality.

b Express the solutions of the inequality using interval notation.
c Graph the interval on a number line.
10 Consider the compound inequality −2 ≤ 1 − 2x < 2:
a Solve the compound inequality.

b Write the solution set for x in interval notation.
c Graph the solution set for x in a number line.

3.05
Graphs of linear
inequalities
Graphs of linear inequalities
1 State the inequality for x that is represented on the following number lines:
a b
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
c d
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
e f
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
g h
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
2 Plot the following inequalities on a number line:
a x<0 b x≥6 c x≤1 d x ≥ 0.6

e x≥0 f x≤2 g x>1 h x < −3
4


Solve inequalities
3 Jenny tried to solve the following inequality but made a mistake in her work:
Step 0: − 27−9x < 36

Step 1:
−9x < 63

Step 2: x <−7
Determine which step is incorrect and explain the error.
4 Consider the following inequalities:
i Solve the inequality. ii Plot the inequality on a number line.
a 7x ≤ 63 b −4x ≤ 20
c 15 > −3x d x−1 <4
e 1+x ≤1 f −5 + x ≤ 1
g 6 − x > 10 h 2x − 8 < 4
i −3x + 7 ≥ 4 j 10 − 8x < 26
k 2 (x + 5) > 4 l 4 (2x + 4) > 40
m 3 (4x + 8) ≤ −12 n x>8
5 5

x x
o ≥2 p − 1 ≤ −5
6 3

x
q 2− ≥0 r x − 6 ≤ −2
4

3


4.01
Midpoint
Midpoint of a segment
1 Consider the two points A and B with their midpoint M plotted on the number plane. Find
the coordinates of M :
a A (5, −6) and B (5, 2) b A (6, 5) and B (14, 7)
y y
99
22 B
B 88
x 77 B
B
−
−44−
−33−
−22−
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99
66 M
M
−
−22 M
M
55 A
A
−
−44 44
33
−
−66 A
A
22
−
−88
11
x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10 11
11 12
12 13
13 14
14
2 For each of the following find the coordinates of M , the midpoint of AB :
a A (5, 4) and B (5, 10) b A (−9, −8) and B (−2, −8)

x
y −
−10
10 −
−99 −
−88 −
−77 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 y
11
11 −−11
10
10 B
B −
−22
99 −
−33
88
−
−44
77
−
−55
66
−
−66
55
−
−77
44 A
A
33
A
A B
B −−88
22 −
−99
11 −
−10
10
x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99

c A (−8, −4) and B (2, 8) d A (−7, 3) and B (1, −7)
88
y B
B A
A y
33
77 22
66 11
55
x
44 −
−88 −
−77 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22
−
−11
33
−
−22
22
−
−33
11 x −
−44
−
−99 −
−88 −
−77 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 −
−55
−
−11
−
−22 −
−66
−
−33 −
−77 B
B
A
A −
−44 −
−88
e A (−8, 5) and B (4, −3) f A (−6, 2) and B (10, −10)
y y
A
A 55
44
A
A 22
x
33
−
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88 10
10
22 −
−22
11
x −
−44
−
−88 −
−77 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 −
−66
−
−11
−
−88
−
−22
−
−33 B
B −
−10
10 B
B
3 Consider the pair of points A and B given:
i Find the coordinates of the midpoint M .

ii Plot the segment AB and the point M on a number plane.
a A (5, 5) and B (13, 9) b A (−12, −1) and B (6, 9)

c A (−9, 1) and B (5, −7) d A (1, −11) and B (9, 7)
e A (4, 5) and B (6, 9) f A (−10, −1) and B (4, 5)
g A (−7, 5) and B (1, −9) h A (−12, −6) and B (4, −4)

4 Given that M is the midpoint of points A and B , find the coordinates of M in the following
pairs of points:
a A (7, 3) and B (9, 9) b A (5, 7) and B (2, −6)

c A (−9, 8) and B (−1, 10) d A (4, −6) and B (8, −12)
e A (−11, −8) and B (−7, 0) f A (−14, −4) and B (4, 8)
g A (−7, 2) and B (11, −14) h A (−13, −12) and B (5, −2)
i 1 7 j 7 7 5 3
A ( , −2) and B (−2, ) A ( , ) and B ( , )
2 2 2 2 2 2

5 Find the midpoint of A (2m, 5n) and B (6m, n).
n
6 An interval AB has endpoints A (9m − 6, ) and B (−7m, 5n). Find the midpoint of the
6

interval.
7 M (4p + 2, 5q − 3) is the midpoint of S (20, −12) and T (−18, 6).
a Find the value of p. b Find the value of q.
8 Consider the points A(−10, 10) and B(16, 4).
a Find the midpoint M of AB .

b For what value of k will the line y = 6x + k bisect the interval AB ?
9 The points PQRST lie on a straight line such that PQ, QR, RS and ST are equidistant. Find
the points Q, R and S given P (−4, −2) and T (−12, 10).
End points of a segment
10 Given that M is the midpoint of A and B , find the coordinates of A in the following given
points:
a B (9, 6) and M (7, 6) b B (10, −5) and M (8, −5)

c B (9, 12) and M (7, 9) d B (11, 2) is M (8, −2)
e B (−1, 0) and M (−3, 3) f B (16, 7) and M (10, 2)
g B (2, −9) and M (−1, −7) h B (−4, −6) and M (1, 8)
i B (−7, −9) and M (−5, −3) j B (−1, 0) and M (−4, −2)

11 Consider the given points A and M , where M is the midpoint of A and B .
i Find the coordinates of point B .

ii Plot the segment AB and the point M on a number plane.
a A (1, −1) and M (7, 7) b A (−3, 1) and M (−4, −3)
12 A circle with centre at Point O (5, 3) has AB

as its diameter. The Point A has coordinates 99
y
(2, 7) as shown: 88
77 A
A
Find the coordinates of B . 66
55
44
33 O
O
22
11 x
−
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10 11
11
−
−11
−
−22
−
−33
13 Consider the diagonals of a parallelogram.
a State the property of the diagonals of a parallelogram.

b ABCD is a quadrilateral with vertices A (−2, −1), B (−10, 3), C (−15, 7) and D (−7, 3).
Find the midpoints of the diagonals.
i AC ii BD
c State whether ABCD is a parallelogram.
14 Consider the points P (−3, −2), Q (19, 18) and R (10, 15).
a Find the coordinates of T the midpoint y Q

Q
of PQ. 15
15 R
R
b Find the coordinates of S such that 10
10
point T is the midpoint of RS .
55
c What type of quadrilateral is PRQS ? x
Explain your answer. −
−15
15 −
−10
10 −
−55 55 10
10 15
15
P
P
−
−55
−
−10
10
−
−15
15

Applications
15 The graph shows the annual net profit (in

millions) of a company over the last few Profit (millions)
years. It shows that its profit has been
growing approximately linearly from $19 40
40
million in 2008 to $39 million in 2014.

By finding the midpoint of the line segment, 30
30
determine the company's net profit in 2011.

20
20
10
10
Year
2009
2009 2011
2011 2013
2013 2015
2015
16 The graph shows a straight line that

approximates the global life expectancy of a Age
child over a period of 100 years. The graph 70
70
shows the life expectancy to be 55 years in
1910, and 71 years in 2010. 65
65
Use the midpoint formula to estimate the 60

60
life expectancy of a child in 1960.
55
55
50
50
45
45
Year
1920
1920 1940
1940 1960
1960 1980
1980 2000
2000
17 Lines of latitude and longitude measure position on the Earth’s surface and work like
coordinates. The first coordinate represents how far above or below the equator you are,
and the second coordinate measures how far from Greenwich Mean Time you are.
A plane starts its flight at (20°N, 62°E). It is bound for its destination at (49°N, 144°E). Find
its position halfway through the flight.
18 The table shows the number of smartphone

users in a particular city: Year Number of smartphone users
a Using the midpoint formula, estimate 2007 175 904

the number of smartphone users in 2009. 2011 238 502
b Using the midpoint formula, estimate 2015 298 080
the number of smartphone users in 2013.
4.02
Gradient
Gradient of a line
1 Describe the gradient of the lines in the following graphs:
a b
99 y y
44
88
77 33
66
22
55
44 11
33 x
22 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
11 x −
−11
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 −
−22
−
−11
−
−22 −
−33
−
−33
−
−44
−
−44
c d
y y
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 11
x x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 −
−33
−
−44 −
−44

2 For each of the following intervals between points A and B :
i Find the rise. ii Find the run.

iii Find the gradient.
a A (2, 4) and B (8, 6) b A (−3, 4) and B (3, 16)
y y
99 16
16 B
B
88 14
14
77 12
12
66 B
B 10
10
55 88
44 A
A 66
33 A
A 44
22 22
x
11
x −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99
c A (−8, 4) and B (−1, 18) d A (−5, −2) and B (−1, 10)
y y
B
B
18
18
B
10
10
B
16
16
88
14
14
12
12 66
10
10
44
88
66 22
A
A 44
x
−
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
22
x A
A −
−22
−
−99 −
−88 −
−77 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11

e A (−2, −1) and B (2, −13) f A (−1, 2) and B (1, −4)
y y
44
22
x 33
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 A
A−−11 11 22 33 44 A
A
22
−
−22
11
−
−44 x
−
−66 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11
−
−88
−
−22
−
−10
10
−
−33
−
−12
12
B
B −
−44 B
B
g A (1, 3) and B (7, −3) h A (−3, −2) and B (5, 6)
y y
44 66 B
B
55
33 A
A
44
22
33
11 22
x
11
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 x
−
−11 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−−11
−
−22
A
A −
−22
−
−33 B
B
−
−33
−
−44 −
−44
3 Explain why a vertical line has an undefined gradient.
4 State the gradient of any line parallel to the x-axis.

5 Find the gradient of the following lines passing through points A and B :
a b
y y
44
33
A
A 33
22
22
11
11
x x
B
B
−
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11
−
−11
−
−22
A
A
−
−22
−
−33
−
−33 B
B
−
−44
c d
y y
66
44 B
B
55 B
B
44 33
A
A 33
22
22
11
11
x x
−
−88 −
−77 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 A
A
−
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77
−−11
−
−11
−
−22
Gradient formula
6 Find the gradient of the interval joining A (−9, 4) and B (−3, −5).
7 If we have two points and the slope formula m = y2 − y1 , does it matter which point is

x2 − x1

(x1 , y1 ) and which point is (x2 , y2 )?


8 Consider the line plotted, where A (2, 0) y
and B (0, 4) both lie on the line. 44 B
B
a Solve for the gradient of the line. 33
b As x increases, what happens to the

22
value of y ?
11
x
A
A
−
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11
9 Find the gradient of the line that passes through the given points:
a (−1, 0) and (0, 3) b (−4, 7) and (1, 10)

c (1, −4) and the origin d (2, −6) and the origin
e (6, 4) and (3, 4) f (−6, 5) and (4, 5)
g (−2, −5) and (−9, −12) h (−3, −1) and (−5, 1)
10 Consider the points A (−11, −9) , B (−5, 1) and C (−2, 6):
a Find the gradient of AB .

b Find the gradient of BC .
c Do the points A, B and C lie in a straight line?
11 Consider the following points: A (26, m − 24), B (−1, m) and C (−10, 9).
Find m, given that A, B and C are collinear.
12 Given the gradient of the line passing through the two points, find the value of the
pronumeral:
a (4, −3) and (1, t), gradient = −2 b (5, 3) and (2, t), gradient = −4
c (5, 3) and (d, 63), gradient = 4 d (11, c) and (−20, 16), gradient = − 4
7

13 The line x = 4 intersects the line y = 2x − 10 at the point Q.

The line x = −4 intersects the line y = 2x − 10 at point R.
a Find the coordinates of Q.

b Find the coordinates of R.
c Find the gradient of a line that passes through Q and R.
14 Consider the line y = 5x + 2 graphed:
y
44
a Find the y -value of the point on the line
where x = 5. 33
b Find the gradient of the line. 22
11
x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11
−
−22
−
−33
−
−44
15 Consider the line y = −2x + 8.
a Find:
i y -intercept ii x-intercept
b Sketch the line on a number plane.

c Hence, find the gradient of the line.
16 Two lines L1 and L2 have equations

y = x − 3 and y = −x + 5 respectively. The 66
y
lines and their point of intersection have 55
L
L22
been graphed: 44

33
a When x = 4, find the y -coordinate of the 22
corresponding point on L1 . 11 x
−
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99
b When x = 4, find the y -coordinate of the −
−11
corresponding point on L2 . −
−22
−
−33 L
L11
c Find the gradient of the two lines:

−
−44
−
−55
i L1 ii L2
−
−66
d Find the product of their gradients.

Properties of polygons
17 Consider the quadrilateral ABCD that has

been graphed on the number plane: y
11
x
a Find the gradient of following sides: −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99
−
−11
i AB ii CD −
−22 D
D
−
−33
iii AD iv BC
−
−44 A
A
b What type of quadrilateral is ABCD? −
−55
Explain your answer. −

−66 C
C
−
−77
−
−88 B
B
−
−99
18 The 4 vertices of square ABCD have been plotted on a number plane.
a Find the gradient of side AB . y

77
b Find the gradient of side BC .
c Find the product of the gradients in 66
parts (a) and (b). 55 A

A
d If two lines are perpendicular their
44
gradients multiply to −1. Are sides AB
and BC perpendicular? 33 D
D B
B
22
11 C
C
x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77

19 The points P (0, −2), Q (−2, 0), R (0, 4) and S (2, 2) are graphed below:
a Find the gradient of PQ. y

44 R
R
b Find the gradient of RS .
33
c Are PQ and RS parallel? 22 SS
d Are QR and PS parallel? 11
x
e Identify the type of quadrilateral PQRS Q
Q
−
−44 −
−33 −
−
−22 −
−11
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
is. −
−11
−
−22 P
P
−
−33
−
−44
20 The vertices of △ABC are A (9, −12), B (4, 4) and C (−8, −5). The sides AB and AC have
midpoints D and E respectively.
a Find the coordinates of points D and E . b Find the gradient of side BC .

c Find the gradient of side DE . d Are BC and DE parallel to each other?
21 A (−4, −2), B (2, 1) and C (2, −4) are the vertices of a triangle.
a Name the side of the triangle that is a vertical line.

b Find the area of the triangle.
Applications
22 Consider the following ramp:
a Find the gradient of this skateboard

ramp if it rises 0.9 metres above the
ground and runs 1 metre horizontally at
the base.
b The ramp can only be used as a
'beginner’s ramp' if for every 1 metre
horizontal run, it has a rise of at most 0.5
metres. Can it be used as a 'beginner’s
ramp'?

23 A certain ski resort has two ski runs as
shown in the diagram:
a Find the gradient of Run A. Round your

answer to two decimal places.
b Find the gradient of ski run B. Round
your answer to two decimal places.
c Which run is steeper?
24 A paratrooper falls to the ground along a diagonal line. His fall begins 1157 m above the
ground, and the line he follows has a gradient of 1.3. That is, he falls 1.3 m vertically for
every 1 m he moves across horizontally.
How far horizontally across the ground does he land from his initial position in the sky?

4.03
Distance
Distance between two points
1 Find the length of each vertical interval on the number planes:
a A (2, 5) and B (2, 8) b A (−7, −1) and B (−7, −6)

x
y −
−99 −
−88 −
−77 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 y
99 A
A −
−11
88 B
B −
−22
77 −
−33
66 −
−44
55 A
A −
−55
44 B
B −
−66
33 −
−77
22 −
−88
11 −
−99
x
11 22 33 44
c A (4, −5) and B (4, 5) d A (−2, 2) and B (−2, −3)
y y
55 B
B 55
44 44
33 33
22 A
A 22
11 11
x x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 B
B−−33
−
−44 −
−44
−
−55 A
A −
−55

2 Find the length of each horizontal interval on the number planes:
a A (3, 2) and B (9, 2) b A (−4, 5) and B (−7, 5)
y y
99
44 88
77
33 66
B
B A
A 55
22 A
A B
B 44
33
11 22
11
x x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 −
−99 −
−88 −
−77 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11
c A (−5, −4) and B (9, −4) d A (3, −1) and B (−5, −1)
y y
x 22
−
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88 10
10
11
−
−11
x
−
−22 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
B
B −
−11 A
A
−
−33
−
−22
A
A −
−44 B
B
−
−33
−
−55 −
−44

3 For each of the following right-angled triangles, find the length of side AC . Round your
answer to two decimal places if necessary.
a b
y y
77 A
A
55 A
A
66
44
55
44 B
B C
C 33 B
B C
C
33
22
22
11
11
x x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 11 22 33 44 55
4 For each of the following right-angled triangles:
i Find the length of interval PQ.

ii Find the length of interval QR.
iii Find the length of PR, rounding to two decimal places if necessary.
a P (−6, 5), Q (−6, 2) and R (−2, 2) b P (−1, 9), Q (−1, 6) and R (−5, 6)
y y
P
P 99
66
88
P
P 55 77
44
R
R Q
Q 66
55
33
44
Q
Q R
R 22 33
22
11
11
x x
−
−77 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11

c P (−4, 6), Q (−4, 2) and R (3, 2) d P (−3, −6), Q (−3, −1) and R (1, −1)
y y
x
P
P 66
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22
55
Q
Q −
−11 R
R
44
−
−22
33
−
−33
Q
Q 22 R
R
−
−44
11
x −
−55
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11 P
P −
−66
5 For each of the following right-angled triangles:
i Find the length of interval AB .

ii Find the length of interval BC .
iii Find the length of AC denoted by c, rounding to two decimal places if necessary.
a A (−2, 4), B (−2, −1) and C (−14, −1) b A (−2, 7), B (−2, −4) and C (5, −4)
y y
A
A44 A
A
66
33
44
22
22
11
x x
−
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66
−
−12
12 −
−10
10 −
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22
C
C B
B
−
−11 −
−22
−
−22 B
B −−44 C
C

6 Find the length of AB shown on the graph. y
A
A 55
Round your answer to two decimal places.
44
33
22
11
x
−
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11
−
−22
−
−33 B
B
−
−44
−
−55
Distance formula
7 Find the distance of the given point P from the origin.
a P (12, 16) b P (−12, 16)
y y
16
16 P
P P
P 16
16
14
14 14
14
12
12 12
12
10
10 10
10
88 88
66 66
44 44
22 22
x x
22 44 66 88 10
10 −
−12
12 −
−10
10 −
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22

c P (7, 11) d P (−5, −4)
y y
x
P
P
−
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11
10
10
−
−11
88
−
−22
66
−
−33
44
P
P −
−44
22
x −
−55
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
8 For each of the following graphs, find the length of the interval AC . Round your answer to
two decimal places if necessary:
x
a b
y −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 y
66 A
A −
−11
55
A
A −−22
44
−
−33
33
−
−44
22
11 C
C C
C −
−55
x
11 22 33 44
c d
y y
A
A 99
A
A 55
88
77
44
66
33 55
44 C
C
22
33
22
11 C
C
11
x x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44

e y f y
55 33
22 C
C
44 C
C
11
33 x
−
−22 22 44 66 88 10
10
22 −
−11
11 −
−22
x
−
−33
−
−44−
−33−
−22−
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99
−
−44
−
−11
−
−55
−
−22
A
A −
−66
−33A
− A −
−77
9 Find the distance between Point A and Point B . Write your answer in surd form if necessary.
a A (1, 4) and B (7, 12) b A (4, 2) and B (−8, −7)

c A (−1, 9) and B (−4, 1) d A (−1, − 3 ) and B (4, 12 )
5 5

10 Consider the points M (−9, −1) and N (1, 5).
a Find the exact distance from M to the origin.

b Find the exact distance from N to the origin.
c Which point is closer to the origin?
11 Given P (4, 3), M (−3, −4) and N (−7, 1).
a Find the distance from P to M to two decimal places.

b Find the distance from P to N to two decimal places.
c Which point is further from P ?
12 Consider the Points A (12, 3) and B (14, 0).
a Find the length of AB to two decimal places.

b If M is the midpoint of AB , find the length of AM to two decimal places.
13 AM is a vertical interval 3 units long. If A is the point (−2, 6), find two possible coordinates
of M .

14 Consider the points A (−2, −6), B (4, −2) and C (1, −4). Find:
a The exact distance AC .

b The exact distance BC .
c What do you notice about the distance between the points?
15 K is the midpoint of A (3, 1) and C (15, −7). Find the distance from A to K correct to one
decimal place.
Geometric applications
16 A triangle is formed by three points:A (4, −3) , B (1, 0) and C (7, 0). Find the following:
a The distance BC .
b The exact distance AB .
c The exact distance AC .
d Is this triangle equilateral, isosceles or scalene?
17 ABCD is a rhombus whose vertices are A (1, 2), B (3, 10), C (11, 12) and D (9, 4). Find:
a The exact length of diagonals:
i AC ii BD
b The exact area of the rhombus.
18 A circle with centre at point C (3, 4) has point A (−12, 12) lying on its circumference. Find:
a The radius of the circle.

b The exact circumference of the circle.
c The distance between point (20, 4) and the centre.
d Does the circle also pass through the point (20, 4)? Explain your answer.
19 A triangle has vertices at A (1, −1), B (−3, −4) and C (5, −4).
a Find the length of the following sides:
i AB ii AC iii BC
b Is this triangle equilateral, isosceles or scalene?

20 Consider the triangle whose vertices are A (9, −2), B (2, −8) and C (3, 5).
a How can we show that the triangle has a 90° and two 45° angles?
b Find the length of the following sides in exact form:
i AB ii AC iii BC
c Does the triangle have a 90° and two 45° angles?
21 △PQR has vertices P (2, −6) , Q (−9, −17) and R (−5, 1).
a Find the length of the following sides in exact form:
i PQ ii QR iii PR
b Is the triangle right-angled?
22 The points M (−3, −5) and R (4, −12) are the end points of an interval. N (−1, −7) is a point
on this interval.
a Find the exact distance between the following points:
i M and N ii N and R
b In what ratio does N divide MR?
23 Find the perimeter of the parallelogram whose vertices are A (3, 2), B (−2, 7), C (2, 9) and
D (7, 4). Round your answer correct to one decimal place.
24 The isosceles △PQR is shown on the

number plane: y
11
11
10
10 P
P
a Find the area of the triangle. 99
b Find the exact length of PR. 88
77
c Find the exact value of d, the 66
perpendicular distance from Q to the 55
side PR. 44
33 dd
22
11
x
Q
Q R
R
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10 11
11

25 Consider the points P (10x, −6x) and Q (4x, 2x), where x > 0.
a Find the distance between P and Q in terms of x.

b Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the segment PQ in terms of x.
26 P (−4, −4), Q (5, −7), R (9, −11) and S (0, −8) are the vertices of a quadrilateral.
a Find the exact length of side PQ.

b Find the exact length of side QR.
c Find the exact length of side RS .
d Find the exact length of side SP .
e Find the exact length of the diagonal PR.
f Find the exact length of the diagonal QS .
g Classify the quadrilateral.

4.04
Linear graphs
Tables of values method
1 Consider the equation y = 2x − 4.
a Complete the table of values:

x 0 1 2 3
y
b Sketch the line that passes through these points.
2 For each of the following equations:
i Complete a table of values of the form:

x −1 0 1 2
y
ii Sketch the graph of the line on a number plane.
a y =x+9 b y = 3x + 3 c y = 4x d y = −x + 1
e y = 3x − 4 f y = 2x + 5 g y =4−x h y = −2x + 8
i Complete the table of values:

x −3 0 3 6
y
ii Sketch the graph of the line on a number plane.
a y = −3x − 1 b y = x +2
3

4 Consider the equation y = − 3x + 6.

2


x −2 0 2 4
y
b Sketch the graph of the line on a number plane.

5 Consider the equation y = −x − 2.
a Complete the table of values: b Sketch the line on a number plane.
x −1 0 1
y
c Find the coordinates of the y -intercept. d Find the coordinates of the x-intercept.
e Find the y -value when x = 3. f Find the x-value when y = −4.
6 Consider the equation 2x − 3y − 18 = 0.
a Complete the table of values: b Sketch the line on a number plane.
x −3 0 3
y
c Find the coordinates of the y -intercept. d Find the coordinates of the x-intercept.
e Find the y -value when x = 6.
Gradient and one point method
7 Sketch the following lines on a number plane:
a A line that passes through the point (−1, 2) and has a gradient of 4.
b A line that passes through the point (−1, 8) and has a gradient of −2.
c A line that passes through the point (3, 5)and has a gradient of 5.
d A line that passes through the point (−2, 4) and has a gradient of−3.
8 For each of the following equations of lines:
i Find the gradient of the line.

ii Find the coordinates of the point on the line where x = 0.
iii Sketch the line on a number plane.
a y = 3x − 3 b y = −2x − 1
c y =x−1 d y = x +3
3

e 6x − 3y + 18 = 0 f −6x + 3y + 24 = 0

Intercepts method
9 For each of the following equations of lines:
i Find the x-intercept of the line. ii Find the y -intercept of the line.
a y =x+1 b y = 3x − 1 c y = −x + 4 d y = −5x − 4
10 For the following linear equations:
i Find the coordinates of the y -intercept. ii Find the coordinates of the x-intercept.
iii Sketch the line.
a y = 2x − 2 b y = −2x + 4 c 4x d y = −3x + 6
y=−
3

i Find the y -value of the y -intercept of the line.

ii Find the x-value of the x-intercept of the line.
iii Find the value of y when x = −1.
iv Sketch the equation of the line on a number plane.
a y = −2x b y =x−2
12 Sketch the following lines using the y -intercept and any other point on the line:
a y =x+5 b y = 3x − 4 c y = −x − 5 d y = −4x + 7
13 Find the x-intercept of the line −x − 8y = 8.
i Solve for the x-intercept of the line. ii Solve for the y -intercept of the line.
a 3x + y − 1 = 0 b −6x + 2y + 18 = 0
c 8x + 2y − 16 = 0 d −20x + 5y − 40 = 0

Gradient-intercept method
15 Sketch the following lines using the gradient and y -intercept:
a y = 4x − 1 b y = 1x − 2
2

16 Sketch the following lines on a number plane:
a A line that has a y -intercept of −2 and whose gradient is 4.

b A line that has a y -intercept of 8 and whose gradient is −4.
c A line that has a y -intercept of 2 and whose gradient is 1 .
2

d A line that has a y -intercept of 7 and whose gradient is − 3 .

4

e A line that has an x-intercept of 3 and whose gradient is 2.

f A line that has an x-intercept of −2 and whose gradient is 3.
g A line that has an x-intercept of −5 and whose gradient is −3.
h A line that has an x-intercept of −8 and whose gradient is −1.
Horizontal and vertical lines
17 Sketch the following lines on the number plane:
a y=3 b x=7 c y = −5 d x = −6
e y=8 f x=7 g y = −2 h y=0
18 Sketch the following lines:
a The line parallel to the x-axis and passes through the point (3, −5).
b The line parallel to the y -axis and passes through the point (−8, 3).
c The line perpendicular to the x-axis and passes through the point (3, −8).
d The line perpendicular to the y -axis and passes through the point (3, −4).

4.05
Equation of a straight line
Point-gradient formula
1 For the following graphs:
i State the value of the x-intercept. ii State the value of the y -intercept.
a b
y y
44
44
33
33 22
11
22
x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
11
−
−11
x
−
−22
−
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−33
−
−11
−
−44
c d
y y
11 44
x
−
−11 11 22 33 44 33
−
−11
22
−
−22
11
−
−33
x
−
−44 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66
−
−55 −
−11
e f
y y
44 22
33 11
22 x
−
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
11
x −
−11
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 −
−22
−
−11
−
−33
−
−22
−
−44
−
−33
−
−44 −
−55

2 For each of the following tables of values:
i Find the gradient, m.

ii Find the y -intercept, c.
iii Write the equation of the line expressing the relationship between x and y .
iv Complete the table of values.
a
x 0 1 2 3 4 24
y 0 4 8 12 16
b
x 0 1 2 3 4 21
y 9 14 19 24 29
c
x 0 1 2 3 4 25
y −23 −21 −19 −17 −15
d
x 0 1 2 3 4 70
y 27 22 17 12 7
3 For each of the following tables of values:
i Find the equation of the line expressing the relationship between x and y .
ii Complete the table of values.
a b
x 1 2 3 4 19 x 1 2 3 4 16
y 5 10 15 20 y −3 −6 −9 −6
c d
x 1 2 3 4 60 x 1 2 3 4 80
y 1 4 7 10 y −14 −22 −30 −38

e x 1 2 3 4 −15
y 82 74 66 58
4 Find the equation that corresponds to each of the following tables:
a b
x −1 0 1 2 3 x 1 2 3 4 5
y 7 4 1 −2 −5 y 5 8 11 14 17
c d
x −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 x 3 4 5 6 7
y −37 −32 −27 −22 −17 y −1 −3 −5 −7 −9
5 Find the equation of the following lines:
a A line that passes through the point A (−5, −4) and has a gradient of −4.
b A line that passes through the point A (− 4 , −4) and has a gradient of 2.
5

c A line that passes through Point A (−4, 3) and has a gradient of 4.

d A line that passes through Point A (7, −6) and has a gradient of −3.
e A line that passes through the point A (3, 5) and has a gradient of − 5 .
2

f A line that passes through the point A (4, 3) and has a gradient of −3 1 .
3

g A line that passes through the point A (−4, 3) and has a gradient of −9.
h A line that passes through the point A (− 5 , 7) and has a gradient of 7.
9

i A line that passes through the point A (8, 1), and has a gradient of 5 .
2

j A line that passes through the point A (−4, 5) and has a gradient of 3 1 .
2


6 For each of the following lines:
i Find the equation of the line. ii Sketch the graph of the line.
a A line has gradient 2 and passes through the point (−5, −3).
b A line has gradient − 3 and passes through the point (−2, 2).
2

c A line has gradient − 2 and passes through the point (−10, 2).
5

d A line has gradient −3 and passes through the point (2, −12).
7 Consider the line with equation 2x + y − 8 = 0.
a Find the x-intercept of the line.

b Hence, find the equation of a line with a gradient of −4 that passes through the x-
intercept of the given line.
8 Find, in general form, the equation of a line which has a gradient of 4 and cuts the x-axis at
7

−10.
9 For each of the following lines:
i Find the gradient of the line.

ii Find the equation of the line.
a A line passes through the points (2, −7) and (−5, 6).
b A line passes through the points (3, −3) and (5, −11).
c A line passes through the points A (−6, 7) and B (−8, −4).
10 Identify which of the following equations of straight lines have a gradient of 5 and pass
through the point A (−1, −4):
a y +4 b x+1 c −4 − y d y +1
=5 =5 =5 =5
x+1 y +4 −1 − x x+4

11 Write down the equations of three lines that pass through the point (1, 3). Explain how your
lines are different.

Parallel lines
a A line that is parallel to the x-axis and passes through (−10, 2).
b A line that is parallel to the y -axis and passes through (−7, 2).
c A line that is parallel to the line y = −3x − 8 and cuts the y -axis at −4.
13 A line goes through A (3, 2) and B (−2, 4):
a Find the gradient of the given line.

b Find the equation of another line that has a y -intercept of 1 and is parallel to this line.
14 Consider line L1 with equation: 5x − 4y + 2 = 0.
a Find the gradient of a line, L2 , that is parallel to L1 .

b Find the equation of L2 using the point-gradient formula, given that it passes through
Point A (−4, 6). Express the equation in general form.
a Passes through the point (9, −5) and is parallel to the line y = −5x + 2.
b Passes through the point (−2, −4) and is parallel to the line y = 2x + 13.
c Passes through the point (10, 6) and is parallel to the line y = −6x − 4.
d Passes through the point (−3, 7) and is parallel to the line y = −12x + 5.

Applications
16 A line has a gradient of 3 and passes through the midpoint of A (−6, −6) and B (8, 8).
10

a Find the coordinates of M , the midpoint of AB .

b Find the equation of the line in general form.
17 Consider the lines L1 , y = −4x + 5, and L2 , y = x − 1.

a Find the midpoint M of their y -intercepts.

b Find the equation of the line that goes through the point M and has gradient 1 . Express
3

the equation in general form.
18 A circle with centre C (11, 13) has a diameter with end points A (5, 14) and B (p, q).
a Find the value of p.

b Find the value of q.
c 9
Find the equation of the line passing through B with gradient .
2


5.01
Graphical method
Systems of linear equations
1 State the number of solutions for each of the following graphed system of two linear
equations:
a b
66
y 66
y
55 55
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 11
x x
−
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 −
−33
−
−44 −
−44
−
−55 −
−55
−
−66 −
−66
c d
66
y y
55
55
44
44
33
33
22
22
11 11
x x
−
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33
−
−33
−
−44
−
−44
−
−55
−
−66 −
−55
e
66
y
55
44
33
22
11
x
−
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66
−
−11
−
−22
−
−33
−
−44
−
−55
−
−66

2 Consider the following graphs of systems of linear equations:
i How many solutions does this system of equations have?

ii Write down the solution(s) to the system of equations.
a b
y y
10
10 10
10
88 88
66 66
44 44
22 22
x x
−
−10
10 −
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88 10
10 −
−10
10 −
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88 10
10
−
−22 −
−22
−
−44 −
−44
−
−66 −
−66
−
−88 −
−88
−
−10
10 −
−10
10
c d
y 44 y
10
10
33
88
22
66 11 x
44
−
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77
22 −
−11
x −
−22
−
−10
10 −
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88 10
10 −
−33
−
−22 −
−44
−
−44 −
−55
−
−66 −
−66
−
−77
−
−88
−
−88
−
−10
10 −
−99
e f
55
y y
44
44
33 33
22 22
11 x 11
−
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 x
−
−11
−
−99−
−88−
−77−
−66−
−55−
−44−
−33−
−22−
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−22
−
−11
−
−33
−
−44 −
−22
−
−55 −
−33
−
−66
−
−44
−
−77

3 Consider the graph of the equation y
10
10
y = 3x + 2:
88
If a second line intersects this line at the 66
point (0, 2), can we determine the equation 44
of the second line? Explain your answer. 22
x
−
−10
10 −
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88 10
10
−
−22
−
−44
−
−66
−
−88
−
−10
10
4 Consider the graph of the equation

y = 5x + 3: y
55
A second line, y = mx + b, intersects this
44
line at the one point (0, 3).
33
a State the value of b. Explain your
22
answer.
11
b State the value that m cannot be equal x
to. Explain your answer. −
−22 −
−11 11 22
−
−11
−
−22
5 A system of linear equations has no solutions. One of the equations of the system is
y = −3x − 2. Determine whether the following could be the other equation of the system.
x x
a y = −3x − 3 b y= −3 c y =− −2 d y = 3x + 2
3 3


Solve systems graphically
6 Use the given graph to solve each pair of simultaneous equations:
y
55
44
33
22
11 yy =
= xx −
− 22 xx −
− 22yy =
= 44 x
−
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88
−
−11
−
−22
yy =
=−−88 +
+ 22xx
−
−33
−
−44
−
−55
a y =x−2 b y =x−2 c y = −8 + 2x
y = −8 + 2x x − 2y = 4 x − 2y = 4
7 For each pair of linear equations:
i Sketch the lines on the same number plane.

ii State the coordinates which satisfies both equations.
a L1 : y = 4x − 4

b L1 : y = x + 9

c L1 : y = x + 3

d L1 : 2x − 4y = −8

L2 : y = 8 − 2x
L2 : y = −x − 9
L2 : y = −x + 3
L2 : −4x + 2y = −8

e L1 : y = 3x + 6

f L1 : y = −x − 3

g L1 : y = 4x − 3

L2 : y = −x + 2
L2 : y = −1
L2 : y = 4 − 3x

8 Consider the following linear equations:
L1 : y = −2x − 5

L2 : y = −2x + 4

a Sketch L1 and L2 on the same number plane.

b Is there a coordinate that satisfies the two equations simultaneously? Explain your
answer.

Applications
9 A rectangular zone is to be 3 m longer than it is wide, with a total perimeter of 18 m.
a Let y represent the length of the rectangle and x represent the width. Construct two
equations that represent this information.
b Sketch the two lines on the same number plane.
c Hence, find the length and width of the rectangle.
10 A band plans to record a demo at a local studio. The cost of renting studio A is $250 plus $50
per hour. The cost of renting studio B is $50 plus $100 per hour. The cost, y , in dollars of
renting the studios for x hours can be modelled by the linear system:
Studio A: y = 50x + 250

Studio B: y = 100x + 50
a Sketch the two lines on the same number plane.

b State the coordinate which satisfies both equations.
c What does the coordinate from part (d) mean?
11 Michael plans to start taking an aerobics class. Non-members pay $4 per class. Members pay
a $10 one-time fee, but only have to pay $2 per class. The monthly cost, y , of taking x
classes can be modelled by the linear system:
Non-members: y = 4x
Members: y = 2x + 10
a Sketch the two lines on the same number plane.

b State the coordinate which satisfies both equations.
c What does the coordinate from part (b) mean?
12 The cost of manufacturing toys, C , is related to the number of toys produced, n, by the
formula C = 400 + 2n. The revenue, R, made from selling n toys is given by R = 4n.
a Sketch the graphs of cost and revenue on the same number plane.
b How many toys need to be produced for the revenue to equal the cost?
c State the meaning of the y -coordinate of the point of intersection.

13 Given the cost function C (x) = 0.4x + 2015 y
and the revenue function R (x) = 3x, find
the coordinates of the point of intersection, 2790
2790
or the break-even point.
2325
2325
C((xx))
C
1860
1860
R((xx))
R
1395
1395
930
930
465
465
x
155
155 310
310 465
465 620
620 775
775 930
930 1085
1085 1240
1240
14 The two equations y = 3x + 35 and y = 4x represent Laura’s living expenses and income
from work respectively.
a Find the point of intersection of the two equations.

b Sketch both equations on the same number plane.
c State the meaning of the point of intersection of the two lines.
15 The two equations y = 4x + 400 and y = 6x represent a company's revenue and

expenditure respectively.
a Find the point of intersection of the two equations.

b Sketch both equations on the same number plane.
c State the meaning of the point of intersection of the two lines.

5.02
Substitution method
Substitution method
1 Solve the following simultaneous equations:
a y = 6x + 56 b y = −5x − 22
y = 2x + 24 y = 7x + 38
c y = 5x + 37 d y = −4x − 27
5y = 35x + 265 2y = 10x + 54
e y = 3x + 14 f y = −3x + 22
x+y =2 x + y = 10
g y = −6x + 59 h y = 2x + 13
−2x + y = −13 x − y = −11
i y = −3x + 9 j y = 4x − 28
6x − y = 0 3x + 5y = 44
k y = −3x − 23 l y = 2x − 15
x + 4y = −37 3x − 4y = 20
m 5x − 2y = −10 n 2x + 3y = 26
y = −5x + 3 8x − 5y = 36
2 Consider the given system of equations:

3x − 7y = 4
−12x + 28y = −16
a Rearrange 3x − 7y = 4 to find x in terms of y .

b Substitute your expression for x into −12x + 28y = −16 and solve for y .
c State whether the system of equations is inconsistent, dependent or independent.
3 Consider the given system of equations:

5x + 3y = −64
7x + 4y = −88
a Rearrange 5x + 3y = −64 to make y the subject in terms of x.

b Solve for x.
c Hence, solve for y .

4 Solve the following systems of equations:
a 2x + 3y = 26 b 2x + 7y = 23 c 5x + 4y = 10 d 4x + 3y = 17
8x − 5y = 36 5x + 6y = 0 3x + 7y = −17 9x − 4y = 6
e 2 f 99 g 23 h 143
−7f + 2g = − −7p − 2q = − −4a + 7b = 4v − 7t = −
5 40 2 20

18 85 45 779
−21f + 10g = −21p − 10q = − −20a + 21b = 12v − 35t = −
5 8 2 20

5 Describe how to check whether a given ordered pair is a solution of a system of equations.
6 Determine whether (5, 2) is a solution of the following system of equations:

x+y =7
x−y =3
7 Determine whether (4, 17) is a solution of the following system of equations:

y = 6x − 7
4x + 3y = 67
8 Consider the following system of linear equations:

−6x − 2y = −28
2x + 16y = 40
4x − 2y = 12
a Find the values of x and y that satisfy the first two equations.
b Determine if this solution satisfies the third equation.
c Hence state whether the lines are concurrent.
Applications
9 The length of a rectangle measures 10 units more than the width, and the perimeter of the
rectangle is 56 units. Let y be the width and x be the length of the rectangle.
a Consider that the length of the rectangle is 10 units more than the width to set up
Equation 1.
b Consider that the perimeter of the rectangle is equal to 56 to set up Equation 2.
c Solve for y to find the width.
d Hence, solve for x to find the length.

10 There are 22 members in a group and the men outnumber the women by 6. Let x and y be
the number of women and men in the group respectively.
a Consider that the men outnumber the women by 6 to set up Equation 1.

b Consider that there are a total of 22 members in the group to set up Equation 2.
c Solve for x to find the number of women in the group.
d Hence, solve for y to find the number of men in the group.
11 A mother is currently 10 times older than her son. In two years time, she will be 7 times older
than her son. Let x and y be the present ages of the son and mother respectively.
a Set up two equations that describe the statements above.

b Solve for x to find the son's current age.
c Hence, solve for y to find the mother's current age.
12 A man is 5 times as old as his son. Four years ago the man was 9 times as old as his son. Let
x and y be the ages of the man and his son respectively.

b Solve for y to find the age of the son.
c Hence, solve for x to find the age of the man.
13 Valerie has $3000 to invest, and wants to split it up between two accounts. Account A earns
6% annual interest and Account B earns 8% annual interest. Her target is to earn $204 total
interest from the two accounts in one year. Let x and y be the amounts, in dollars, that she
invests in accounts A and B respectively.

b Solve for x and y .
14 Neil bought some fresh produce. He picked up 2 apples, and 3 kiwi fruit. The cost of Neil’s
shopping was $10.08. Eileen went to the same shop and bought 5 apples and 7 kiwi fruit.
The cost of Eileen’s shopping was $24.08. Let f and g be the price of apples and kiwi fruit
respectively.

b Find the price of apples and kiwi fruit respectively.

15 The number of new jobs created in Venhurst varies greatly each year. The number of jobs
created in 2013 was 190 000 less than quadruple the number of jobs created in 2008. This is
equivalent to an increase of 560 000 jobs created from 2008 to 2013. Let x be the number of
jobs created in 2008 and let y be the number of jobs created in 2013.

b Find the amount of jobs created in 2008 and 2013.
16 A taxi driver charges $x for the initial pick up, and then $y per km travelled. A journey of
10km costs $105, and a journey of 15km costs $155.

b Find the amount of the fixed charge and the charge per km.
c How much does a person have to pay for traveling a distance of 25 km?
17 The coach of a tennis team buys 7 rackets and 6 balls for $3800. Later, he buys 3 rackets and
5 balls for $1750. Find the price of rackets and balls respectively.
18 Toby's piggy bank contains only 5c and 10c coins. If it contains 60 coins with a total value of
$3.75, find the number of each type of coin.
19 Michael sells hot dogs and soda. Each hotdog costs $1.50 and each soda costs $0.50. At the
end of the day he made a total of $78.50 for a total of 87 hot dogs and sodas combined. How
many hotdogs and sodas were sold?

5.03
Elimination method
The elimination method
1 Consider the following linear equations:
3x + 7y = −6
45
2x − y = −
7

a What number should the second equation be multiplied by to eliminate y ?

b Eliminate y and hence find the value of x that satisfies both equations.
c Substitute the x-value to find the value of y that satisfies both equations.
2 Solve the following systems of equations:
a 3x + 6y = 2 b 8x + 3y = −11
3x + 3y = −7 −8x − 5y = 29
c 3x − 5y = 57 d 8x + 3y = 19
3x + 7y = −51 3x − 3y = 25
e 8x + 3y = −9 f 3x + 4y = 12
5x + 3y = 3 −3x + 6y = 18
g 7x + 9y = −41 h 6x − 21y = −21

5x − 18y = 6 8x + 7y = 27
i 8x + 7y = −30 j 4
7x + 8y =
3

6x + 28y = −68
4x + 3y = −27
k 3x + y = 4 l 11x + 7y = −6
2x − y = 11 2x − y = −17
m −8x − y = 5 n 7x + 11y = −65

−6x + 3y = 5 −21x + 7y = 75
o 9x + 11y = −29 p 10x + 6y = −8

27x + 8y = −37 5x + 10y = −25
q 2x + 3y = 4 r 4x − 9y = 3
x − 2y = 9 −5x + 7y = −8

3 For each of the following systems of equations:
i Rewrite the system of equations as an equivalent system with integer coefficients,

keeping the integers as small as possible.
ii Solve for x and y .
a 3x + 11y = −48 b 0.2x + 0.3y = 0.5

76 0.5x + 0.4y = 0.2
−2x + 7y = −
3

4x 3y x y
c + =4 d + =8
5 6

5 5

x y
8x − 3y = 4 + = 11
6 2

4 Use the elimination method to solve the following pairs of equations:
a 2x + 5y = 44 b 8x + 3y = −11
6x − 5y = −28 −8x − 5y = 29
c 2x − 5y = 1 d 7x − 4y = 15
−3x − 5y = −39 7x + 5y = 60
e −6x − 2y = 46 f −5x + 16y = 82

−30x − 6y = 246 25x − 4y = 122
x y 4x 3y
g − + =8 h + =7
4 5

5 5

x y
+ =1 8x − 3y = 1
5 3

i 0.4x − 0.63y = 0.23 j 5x + 3y = 7

2x + 7y = −9 x+y =2
k 43 l 0.2x + 0.3y = 0.5

−5p − 7q = −
5

0.5x + 0.4y = 0.2

187
−18p − 28q = −
5

Applications
5 When comparing some test results, Eileen noticed that the sum of her Geography test score
and Maths test score was 122. She also noticed that their difference was 12. She knows that
she scored higher on the Geography test. Given that her Geography score is x and her
Maths score is y :
a Use the sum of the test scores to set up Equation 1.

b Use the difference of the test scores to set up Equation 2.
c Solve for x to find Eileen's Geography score.

d Hence, solve for y to find Eileen's Maths score.
6 9 pens and 2 rulers cost $26 while 3 pens and 4 rulers cost $22. Let x and y be the price of
the pen and ruler respectively.
a Use the fact that 9 pens and 2 rulers cost $26 to set up Equation 1.
b Use the fact that 3 pens and 4 rulers cost $22 to set up Equation 2.
c Solve for x to find the price of each pen.
d Hence, solve for y to find the price of each ruler.
7 The proportion of the workforce of a particular country that are teenagers is modelled by
3.3x + y = 70.8, where x is the number of years since 2015 and y is the proportion as a
percentage. The proportion of the workforce that are pensioners is modelled by
3.2x − y = −64.5.
a Use the elimination method to solve for x. Give your answer to the nearest whole
number.
b Use this rounded value of x to solve for y . Give your answer to the nearest whole
number.
c Estimate the year in which the proportion of the workforce that are teenagers and the
proportion of the workforce that are pensioners are the same.
d Hence, estimate the percentage of the workforce that are teenagers (or the percentage
of the workforce that are pensioners) during the estimated year in part (c).
8 For two numbers, x and y :
Two times the x is added to y to get 27.

The difference between five times x and y is 43.
a Set up two equations for the given information.

The sum of the x and y is 10.

The difference between six times x and five times y is 5.


Seven times x is added to y and is equal to 64.

The difference between three times x and y is 16.

11 A mother is currently 10 times older than her son. In 3 years time, she will be 7 times older
than her son. Let x and y be the present ages of the son and mother respectively.
a Write two equations for the given information.

b Find the current ages of the mother and son.

6.01
Pythagoras' theorem
Pythagoras' theorem
1 Consider the following right-angled

triangle. Write the equation that can be
constructed to find the value of x:
2 Determine whether the following are Pythagorean triples:
a (6, 8, 13) b (5, 12, 13) c (2, 4, 6) d (3, 4, 5)

3 Find the length of the hypotenuse for the following triangles:
a b

4 Find the length of the hypotenuse for the following triangles, give your answer as a surd:
a b
c d
e The two smallest side lengths of a right- f The two smallest side lengths of a right-
angled triangle are 6 and 9. angled triangle are 14 and 17.
g The two smallest side lengths of a right- h The two smallest side lengths of a right-
angled triangle are 6 and 7. angled triangle are 17 and 28.

5 Find the length of the unknown side for the following triangles:
a b
c d

6 Find the length of the unknown side for the following triangles, give your answers as a surd:
a b
c d
e A right-angled triangle has a hypotenuse f A right-angled triangle has a hypotenuse

of length 9 and another side of length 3. of length 17 and another side of length
14.
7 Find the base length of the following triangles:
a b

Applications
8 The screen on a handheld device has

dimensions 8 cm by 5 cm, and a diagonal
length of x cm. Find the value of x, round
9 William and Kenneth are playing football together. At one point in the game, they are near
the same corner of the field. William is on the goal line, 11 m away from the corner, while
Kenneth is on the side line, 17 m away from the corner.
Find the shortest distance between William and Kenneth. Round your answer to two
decimal places.

10 A movie director wants to shoot a scene where the hero of the film fires a grappling hook
from the roof of one building to the roof of another. The shorter building is 37 m tall, the
taller building is 54 m tall and the street between them is 10 m wide.
Find the minimum length of rope, l , needed for the grappling hook. Give your answer
correct to two decimal places.
11 A sports association wants to redesign the

trophy they award to the player of the
season. The front view of one particular
design is shown in the diagram:
a Find the value of x.

b Find the value of y .
12 Find the value of d in the following figure.

Round your answer to one decimal place.

13 Tricia's house has the outer dimensions as
shown in the diagram below:
Find the height of the house, h, rounded to
one decimal place.

6.02
Pythagoras in 3D
Pythagoras in 3D
1 All edges of the following cube are 5 cm

long. Find, to two decimal places:
a The value of x.
b The value of y .
2 A square prism has dimensions of 12 cm by 12 cm by 15 cm as shown:
a Calculate the length of HF , correct to

two decimal places.
b Calculate the length of DF , correct to
two decimal places.
3 A rectangular prism has dimensions as

labelled on the diagram.
a Find the following lengths in surd form:
i EG ii AG iii DG
b Find the area of △ADG, in surd form.

4 Consider the triangular prism below:
Find, to two decimal places:
a The value of x.
b The value of y .
c The value of z.
5 Consider the following rectangular prism:
a Find the value of x to two decimal

places.
b Find the value of y to two decimal
places.
A new diagonal has been added as shown,

with length z cm:
c Find the value of z to two decimal

places.
d Hence, find the area of the triangle
bounded by the lengths a, y and z.
6 A wooden plank of the greatest possible

length is placed in a garden shed as shown
in the diagram:
Calculate the length of the plank of wood
correct to one decimal place.

7 This triangular prism shaped box labelled
ABCDEF needs a diagonal support
inserted as shown:
a Write an expression for the length of BF

in terms of BD and DF .
b Hence, find the length of AF in terms of
AB , BD and DF .
c If AB = 19, BD = 30 and DF = 43, find
the length of AF to two decimal places.
d Find the length of AF be if AB, BD and
DF increased by 10. Give your answer
to two decimal places.
8 A triangular prism has dimensions as shown in the diagram:
a Find the exact length of CE .

b Find the exact length of BE .
c Find the exact length of CX .
9 The following solid is a right pyramid with a

square base. The pyramid has its apex, V ,
aligned directly above the centre of its
base, W .
a Calculate the length of AW , correct to

two decimal places.
b Hence, find the length of VW , correct to
two decimal places.

10 Consider the cone with slant height of 13 m
and perpendicular height of 12 m:
a Find the length of the radius, r.

b Hence, find the length of the diameter
of the cone's base.
11 A right-angled triangular divider has been

placed inside a box, as shown in the
diagram:
Calculate the area of the triangular divider,
12 A soft drink can has a height of 11 cm and a

radius of 4 cm. Find L, the length of the
longest straw that can fit into the can.
Round your answer down to the nearest cm,
to ensure it fits inside the can.

13 A juice container has the shape of a
rectangular prism. It needs a straw that must
extend 20 mm beyond the container while
touching the furthest corner of the base.
a Find the exact length of the diagonal of

the base, x.
b Hence, find the length of the long

diagonal of the juice container, z. Round
c Hence, calculate the length of the straw
needed. Round your answer to the
nearest millimetre.
14 A builder needs to carry lengths of timber along a corridor in order to get them to where he
is working. There is a right-angled bend in the corridor along the way. The corridor is 2 m
wide and the ceiling is 2.5 m above the floor:
a Calculate the maximum length of timber,

in surd form, that would fit in the corridor
when held parallel to the ground.
b Since the corridor has a height of 2.5 m,
he can fit a longer piece of timber
around the corner by angling it so that it
reaches from the floor to the ceiling.
Find the maximum length of timber that
is able to fit through the corridor, giving
your answer correct to two decimal
places.

6.03
Trigonometric ratios
Right-angled triangles
1 For the following triangles, name the hypotenuse:
a b
2 Consider the following triangle:
a State the opposite side to angle θ .

b State the adjacent side to angle θ .
c State the opposite side to angle α.
d State the adjacent side to angle α.
e State the angle that is opposite the
hypotenuse.

3 With reference the angle θ , find the value of these ratios for each of the following triangles:
i Opposite ii Opposite iii Adjacent

Adjacent Hypotenuse Hypotenuse

a b
c d
e f

Trigonometric ratios
4 Write down the indicated ratios for the following triangles:
a b
i tan θ ii sin α i sin θ ii tan α
c d
i cos θ ii cos α i tan θ ii sin α

e f
i cos θ ii tan α i sin θ ii cos α

b Find the value of sin θ .
c Find the value of cos θ .


b Hence, find the value of tan θ .
Unknown sides
7 For the following triangle, if tan θ = 2 , find

3

the value of b.
8 For the following triangle, if tan θ = 4 , find

3

the value of d.

9 For the following triangle, if tan θ = 0.4, find
the value of b.
Round your answer correct to one decimal
place.
10 Find the value of the pronumeral in the following triangles, correct to two decimal places:
a b
c d

Unknown angles
11 Given the following triangle, calculate the

exact value of tan θ .
12 For each of the following triangles, find the value of x to the nearest degree:
a b

13 An isosceles triangle has equal side lengths
of 10 cm and a base of 8 cm as shown.
Calculate the size of angle A to one
decimal place.
14 Find the value of tan θ for the following

triangle:

Applications
15 Find the value of the pronumeral(s) in the following diagrams, correct to the nearest whole
number:
a b
c d

16 If d is the distance between the base of the
wall and the base of the ladder, find the
value of d to two decimal places.
17 A ladder is leaning at an angle of 44°

against a 1.36 m high wall. Find the length
of the ladder, to two decimal places.
18 A ladder measuring 2.36 m in length is

leaning against a wall.
If the angle the ladder makes with the
ground is y°, find the value of y to two
decimal places.

19 A girl is flying a kite that is attached to the
end of a 23.4 m length of string. The angle
between the string and the vertical is 21°.
The girl is holding the string 2.1 m above
the ground.
a Find x, correct to two decimal places.

b Hence, find the height, h, of the kite
above the ground, correct to two
decimal places.
20 In the diagram, a string of lights joins the top of the tree to a point on the ground 23.9 m
away. If the angle that the string of lights makes with the ground is θ°, find θ to two decimal
places.

21 A ladder measuring 1.65 m in length is
leaning against a wall. If the angle the
ladder makes with the wall is y°, find y to
two decimal places.
22 Find the value of tan θ in the following

trapezium:
23 A sand pile has an angle of 40° and is

10.6 m wide.
Find the height of the sand pile, h, to one
decimal place.

6.04
Angles of elevation and
depression
Angles of elevation and depression
1 A man standing at the top of the tower at

point B , is looking at the ground at point C .
Identify the angle of depression in the
following figure:
2 Find the angle of depression from point B

to point C in the diagram shown. Round
3 Find x, the angle of elevation to point A

from point C . Round your answer to two
decimal places.

4 The person in the picture sights a pigeon
above him. Find the angle of elevation, θ , to
two decimal places.
5 Sally measures the angle of elevation to the

top of a tree from a point 20 m away to be
43°. Find the height of the tree, h, to the
nearest whole number.
6 A boy flying his kite releases the entire

length of his string which measures 27 m, so
that the kite is 18 m above him.
If the angle the string makes with the
horizontal ground is θ , find θ to two decimal
places.

7 A helicopter is 344 m away from its landing
pad. If the angle of depression to the
landing pad is 32°, find x, the height of the
helicopter above the ground, to the nearest
metre.
8 The final approach of an aeroplane when landing requires the pilot to adjust the angle of
descent to about 3° as shown in the diagram below. If the plane is 12 m above the runway
and has d m until touchdown, find d to the nearest metre.
9 The airtraffic controller is communicating with a plane in flight approaching an airport for
landing. The plane is 10 369 m above the ground and is still 23 444 m from the runway.
If θ° is the angle at which the plane should approach, find θ to one decimal place.

Applications
10 Fred is on a ship and observes a lighthouse on a cliff in the distance. The base of the cliff is
651 m away from the ship, and the angle of elevation of the top of the lighthouse from Fred
is 35°.
a If the top of the lighthouse is x m above sea level, find x correct to two decimal places.
b If the lighthouse is 30 metres tall, how tall is the cliff that the lighthouse stands on?
Round your answer correct to two decimal places.
11 Buzz is standing 250 m from a building and measures the angle of elevation of the top of the
building to be 27°.
a If the difference in height between the top of the building and Buzz's eye is h m, find h
b If Buzz's eye is 172 cm from the ground, find the height of the building correct to one
decimal place.
12 From the top of a rocky ledge that is 274 m high, the angle of depression to a boat is 15°. If
the boat is d m from the foot of the cliff, find d correct to two decimal places.
13 Amelia measures the angle of elevation to the top of a tree from a point, 29 m away from the
base, to be 31°. Find the height of the tree, h, to the nearest metre.
14 The angle of elevation from an observer to the top of a tree is 18°. If the distance between
the tree and the observer is d m and the tree is known to be 3.53 m high, find the value of d
15 At a certain time of the day a light post, 6 m tall, has a shadow of 5.8 m. If the angle of
elevation of the sun at that time is θ°, find θ to two decimal places.

16 A man stands at point A looking at the top of two poles. Pole 1 has a height 8 m and an angle
of elevation of 34° from point A. Pole 2 has a height 25 m and an angle of elevation of 57°
from point A.
a Find the distance from A to B , to two

decimal places.
b Find the distance from A to C , to two
decimal places.
c Hence, find BC , the distance between
the two poles in metres. Round your
answer to one decimal place.
17 A fighter jet, flying at an altitude of 2000 m

is approaching an airport. The pilot
measures the angle of depression to the
airport to be 13°. One minute later, the pilot
measures the angle of depression again and
finds it to be 16°.
a Find the distance AC , to the nearest

metre.
b Find the distance BC , to the nearest
metre.
c Hence, find the distance covered by the
jet in that one minute, to the nearest
metre.

18 A ramp of length 311 cm needs to ascend at an angle between 10° and 20° for it to be safe
to use.
a If the height of the ramp is 152 cm, and

the angle the ramp makes with the
ground is x, find x to two decimal
places.
b If the height of the ramp is 25 cm , and
ground is y , find y to two decimal
places.
c If the height of the ramp is 100 cm, and
ground is z, find z to two decimal places.
d Hence, at which height is the ramp safe?
19 From a point 15 m due north of a tower, the

angle of elevation of the tower is 32°.
a Find the height of the tower h. Round

your answer to two decimals places.
b Find the size θ of the angle of elevation
of the tower at a point 20 m due east of
the tower. Round your answer to the
nearest degree.

20 Two hot air balloons are tied to the ground below, each at a different location. An observer
at each location measures the angle of elevation to the opposite balloon. The observers are
1600 m apart as shown in the diagram:
a Calculate the difference in height

between the two balloons. Round your
answer to the nearest metre.
b Hence, find the direct distance between
the two balloons. Round your answer to
the nearest metre.
21 Roald is standing at point P and observes

two poles, AB and CD, of different heights.
P , B, and D are on horizontal ground:
From P , the angles of elevation to the top
of the poles at A and C are 29° and 18°
respectively. Roald is 16 m from the base of
pole AB . The height of pole CD is 7 m.
a Calculate the distance from Roald to the

top of pole CD, to two decimal places.
b Calculate the distance from Roald to the
top of pole AB , to two decimal places.

6.05
Bearings
True bearings
1 State the true bearing of the following:
a Southwest b Northwest
c West-Northwest d South-Southeast
e Northeast f Southeast
2 Determine the true bearing of point B from

point A in the following bearings diagram:
3 Determine the true bearing of point A from

point B in the following bearings diagram:

Compass bearings
4 Consider the point A in the folowing diagrams:
i Determine the true bearing of point A from O.

ii Find the compass bearing of point A from O.
a b
c d
5 In the figure below, point B is due East of

point A:
a Find the true bearing of point A from

point C .
b Find the compass bearing of point A
from point C .

6 Consider the following diagram:
a Find the true bearing of point B from

point C .
b Find the compass bearing of point B
from point C .
a Find the true bearing of point C from

point A.
b Find the compass bearing of point C
from point A.
a Find the true bearing of point C from

point B .
b Find the compass bearing of point C
from point B .

9 Determine whether the following diagrams display the point P with a compass bearing
between N and W from the point O.
a b
c d

10 Determine whether the following diagrams show a true bearing of 296° T for the point P
from the origin O.
a b
c d

11 Determine whether the following diagrams display W N W :
a b
c d
12 If a person walks at a compass bearing of SW , and then turns around to go back in the
direction they came, what direction are they heading now?

Applications

If the bearing of the clearing from the town
is a°, find a to the nearest degree.
14 An aeroplane sets off on a bearing of 051°T. After some time, it needs to turn back and
head to its original position. On what true bearing must it travel?
15 A boat sets off on a bearing of 125°T . After some time, it needs to turn back and head to its
original position. On what true bearing must it travel?
16 Shortly after take-off, a plane is 42 km south

and 57 km west of the airport in Sydney that
it left from:
a Find the size of the angle marked b, to

one decimal place.
b Hence, find the compass bearing of the
plane from the airport.
c State the true bearing of the plane from
the airport.

17 The position of a ship S is given to be 20 km
from P , on a true bearing of 049° T. The
position of the ship can also be given by its
(x, y ) coordinates.
a Find the ship's x-coordinate to one

decimal place.
b Find the ship's y -coordinate to one
decimal place.
18 On an orienteering course, Beth runs 1000

metres north from point A to point B , then
turns east and runs to point C . If the true
bearing of C from A is 062°T and the direct
distance Beth must run to get back to point
A is d metres, find d to the nearest metre.
19 During a group hike, a hiker walked 11 km NE of base camp. In the evening the hiker was
separated from the group and after a night lost in the wilderness, the hiker was found
11 km NW of the base camp. What compass bearing must the hiker have followed during
the night?
20 Luke sailed for 116 km on a bearing of 231°.

If w is how many kilometres west he has
sailed from his starting point, find w to one
decimal place.

21 During a rescue search, a helicopter flew
west from point X to point Y , then changed
course and flew 10.7 km north to point Z .
If point Z is on a bearing of 335° T from
point X :
a Find the size of ∠Y XZ .

b If the distance from point Y to point X is
b km, find b to one decimal place.
c If the distance that the helicopter must
fly between point Z and point X is d km,
calculate d to one decimal place.
22 Three television presenters are practising

their navigation skills before heading off on
an expedition to a remote location.
Belinda at point B is positioned 17.6 m
south of Amelia at point A. Carl at point C is
due east of Belinda and on a bearing of
S 38°E from Amelia.
If Amelia and Carl are d m apart, find d to
one decimal place.
23 A yacht sailed in a direction so that its final

position was 248 km west and 225 km south
of its starting point.
a If the true bearing on which the yacht

sailed is b°, find the value of b to one
decimal place.
b If the boat has sailed a total of d m, find
the value of d to one decimal place.

24 In remote locations, photographers must keep track of their position from their base. One
morning a photographer sets out from base, represented by point B , to the edge of an ice
shelf at point S on a bearing of 055°. She then walked on a bearing of 145° to point P ,
which is 916 m due east of base.
a State the size of ∠BSP .

b Find the distance BS , to one decimal
place.
c Find the distance SP , to one decimal
place.
d If the photographer walks directly back
to her base from point P , determine the
total distance she would have travelled.
Round your answer to one decimal
place.

6.06
Problem solving
Unknown side lengths
1 Consider the diagram shown:

Find the length of AB , correct to two
decimal places.

Find the length of AD to two decimal
places.

Find the length of AD to two decimal
places.

Find the values of x and h to the nearest
whole number.
5 For each of the following diagrams.:
i Find y , correct to two decimal places.

ii Find w, correct to two decimal places.
iii Hence, find the value of x, correct to one decimal place.
a b
6 Consider the given diagram:

Find the length of CD, to one decimal
place.

7 AB is a tangent to a circle with centre O.
OB is 24 cm long and cuts the circle at C .
Find the length of BC to the nearest
centimetre.

Find the value of k. Round your answer to
two decimal places.
9 In the following diagram, ∠CAE = 61°, ∠CBE = 73° and CE = 25.
a Hence, find the length of AB , correct to

two decimal places.
b Find the length of BD, correct to one
decimal place.

Unknown angles
10 Consider the given figure:

b Find y , correct to two decimal places.
c Find z, correct to two decimal places.
11 An isosceles triangle has equal side lengths

of 10 cm and a base of 8 cm as shown.
Calculate the size of angle A to one
decimal place.
a Find the size of angle x in degrees,

b Find the size of angle y in degrees,

Applications
13 Two flag posts of height 12 m and 17 m are

erected 20 m apart.
Find the length, l , of the string needed to
join the tops of the two posts. Round your
14 A jet takes off and leaves the runway at an angle of 34°. It continues to fly in this direction
for 7 min at a speed of 630 km/h before levelling out.
a Find the distance in metres covered by

the jet just before levelling out.
b If the height of the jet just before
levelling out is h m, calculate h.
Round your answer to the nearest

metre.

15 A helicopter is flying at an altitude of 198 m.
Its landing pad is at an angle of depression
of 44°.
Determine the distance, d, between the
helicopter and the landing pad. Round your
answer to the nearest whole number.
16 A suspension bridge is being built. The top

of the concrete tower is 35.5 m above the
bridge and the connection point for the
main cable is 65.9 m from the tower.
Assume that the concrete tower and the
bridge are perpendicular to each other.
a Find the length of the cable to two

decimal places.
b Find the angle the cable makes with the
road to two decimal places.

17 Mae observes a tower at an angle of elevation of 12°. The tower is perpendicular to the
ground. Walking 67 m towards the tower, she finds that the angle of elevation increases to
35° as shown in the diagram below:
a Calculate the size of ∠ADB .

b Find the length of the side a. Round your answer to two decimal places.
c Find the height, h, of the tower. Round your answer to one decimal place.

10.6 m wide.
decimal place.

19 A girl is flying a kite that is attached to the
end of a 23.4 m length of string. The angle
between the string and the vertical is 21°. If
the girl is holding the string 2.1 m above the
ground:

b Hence find the height h of the kite
above the ground, correct to two
decimal places.

7.01
Sample space
Sample spaces
1 List all the possible outcomes when a coin is tossed.
2 List all the possible outcomes when a standard six sided die is rolled.
3 A card is selected from a standard deck of 52 cards:
a List the sample space for the suits that can be picked from the deck of cards.
b List the sample space for the type of 'picture cards' that can be picked from the deck.
c List the sample space for the colours of cards that can be picked the deck.
d How many different colour outcomes are there in the sample space?
4 If Manpreet picks a whole number between (and including) 3 and 7, list the sample space of
possible numbers Manpreet may have picked.
5 Irene picks an even number at random between (and including) 1 and 11. List the sample
space of possible numbers Irene could pick.
6 If Jack picks an odd number between (and including) 4 and 8, write down the sample space.

7 Consider the given spinner:
List the sample space for the possible
colours that could occur if the spinner is
spun.
8 Uther rolled a standard six-sided die.
a List all the numbers that the die may

land on.
b Uther rolled a number less than 3. List all
the numbers that he could have rolled.
9 A standard six-sided die is rolled.
a List the sample space.

b List the sample space for rolling a number strictly less than 3.
c List the sample space for rolling a number divisible by 3.
d List the sample space for rolling an even number.

10 The following jar contains 7 red, 3 blue and
10 green marbles:
If a marble is drawn out of the jar without
looking, list the sample space of all the
possible colours that the marble might be.
11 Here is the pizza menu from Mario’s

Pizzeria:
Which option is NOT in the sample space of
pizza topping options: Seafood, Mexicana,
Satay chicken, or Cheese?
2D Grids
12 Two coins are tossed at the same time.
a Display the sample space in a 2D grid.

b How many different outcomes are possible?
c Find the probability of tossing a heads and a tail.
13 A coin and a six-sided die are thrown at the same time.
a Display the sample space in a 2D grid.

b How many different outcomes are possible?
14 Ben has 3 shirts, each in a different colour: crimson (C), pink (P ) and white (W ), and 4 ties,
each in a different colour: blue (B), grey (G), red (R) and yellow (Y ).

C P
a Complete the table to show the sample
space of the possible combinations Ben B C, B P,B
could wear.
G G, W
b Construct a 2D grid to show the sample
R P,R W,R
space of the possible combinations Ben
could wear. C, Y P,Y
c How many different combinations are
possible?
15 The following spinner is spun and a six-

sided die is rolled at the same time:
a Construct a 2D grid to display the

sample space.
b How many different outcomes are
possible?
c Find the probability of getting two even
numbers.

7.02
Theoretical probability
Theoretical probability
1 Amy picks a whole number between 4 and 8 inclusive.

b Find the probability that Amy picked the number 5.
c Find the probability that Amy picked the number 1.
d Find the probability that Amy picked an even number.
2 A standard six-sided die is rolled once.
a List the sample space. b Find the probability of rolling a 2.

c Find the probability of rolling a 6.
3 Charlene spins the spinner shown:

b Find the probability of spinning a
number greater than 29.
c Find the probability of spinning a
number in the twenties.
d Find the probability of spinning a 27 or a
29.
4 A number is randomly selected from the following list:
{1, 3, 3, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10}
a Find the probability of selecting a 1.

b Find the probability of selecting a 3.
c Find the probability of selecting an 8.
d Which number is most likely to be selected?

5 A 12-sided die has faces with the numbers 1
through 12 as shown:
a Find the probability of rolling an odd

number.
b Find the probability of rolling a multiple
of 4.
6 A year 4 class are sitting at their desks in the order shown below. A student is chosen at
random from the class.
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5

Row 1 Laura Kenneth Sophia Hermione Valentina
Row 2 Oliver Maria Harry Roald
Row 3 Gwen Jenny Fred Mario
Row 4 Aaron Luke Elizabeth Derek
a How many possible outcomes are there?

b Find the probability that a student in Column 4 is picked.
c Find the probability that a student in the Row 2 is picked.
d Find the probability that a student in Year 4 is picked.
7 A bag contains 17 yellow marbles, 10 grey marbles and 14 orange marbles.

If one marble is picked at random from the bag, find the probability that it is:
a Yellow b Grey
c Orange d Yellow or orange
e Grey or orange f Yellow, grey or orange
8 A book has pages numbered from 1 to 100. If the book is opened to a random page, find the
probability that the page number:
a Is a multiple of 9. b Has the digit ′ 6′ in the page number.

9 A cube has six faces, each face is painted a certain colour. If the cube is rolled, find the
number of faces that should be painted blue so that the probability of blue appearing on the
uppermost face is:
a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1
2 3 6

10 Each 26 letters of the alphabet are written on separate pieces of paper and placed in a bag.
If one letter is to be picked out of the bag at random find the probability of picking a:
a J b K, Y or R
c Letter in the word PROBABILITY d M, K, D, O, H or B
e Letter in the word WORKBOOK
11 A bag contains 86 marbles, some of them are black and some are white. If the probability of
33
selecting a black marble is , find:
43

a The number of black marbles. b The number of white marbles.
12 Charlie enters a raffle in which 300 tickets are sold. Find the probability of him winning a
prize if he purchases:
a 1 ticket b 2 tickets c 3 tickets d n tickets
13 A circular spinner is divided into three unequal parts. The green sector takes up an angle of
250 degrees at the centre. The red sector takes up an angle of 60 degrees at the centre and
the blue sector takes up the remainder of the spinner. Find the probability that the spinner
will land on blue.
14 A six-sided die is rolled. Find:
a P (odd number) b P (number greater than 1)

c P (number divisible by 2) d P (number less than 1)
e P (neither 2 nor 5)
15 A marble is randomly drawn from a bag which contains 6 red marbles, 7green marbles and 3
blue marbles. Find:
a P (red) + P (green) + P (blue) b P (red or green)

c P (red or blue) d P (green or blue)
16 The sample space of an event is listed as S = {short, average, tall}. If P (average) = 0.5 and
P (short) = 0.3, find P (tall).
Complementary events
17 For each of the following, state whether the two events are complementary:
a Event 1: Selecting a positive number.

Event 2: Selecting a negative number.
b Event 1: Drawing a red card from a standard deck of cards (no jokers).
Event 2: Drawing a black card from a standard deck of cards (no jokers).
c Event 1: Drawing a club from a standard deck of cards (no jokers).
Event 2: Drawing a spade from a standard deck of cards (no jokers).
d Event 1: Rolling a number greater than 3 on a die.
Event 2: Rolling a number less than 3 on a die.
18 Find each of the following probabilities, find the probablity that the complementary event
will occur:
a 4 b 0.64
5

19 A biased coin is flipped, with heads and tails as possible outcomes. Calculate P (heads) if
P (tails) = 0.56.
20 A bag contains 34 red marbles and 35 blue marbles. If picking a marble at random, find:
a P (red) b P (not red)
21 A bag contains 50 black marbles, 37 orange marbles, 29 green marbles and 23 pink marbles.
If a marble is selected at random, find the following probabilities:
a P (orange) b P (orange or pink)

c P (not orange) d P (neither orange nor pink)
22 A number between 1 and 100 inclusive is randomly picked.
a State the complement of picking a number greater than 61.

b Find the probability that the number picked is greater than 61.
23 A regular die is rolled. Find the probability of:

a Not rolling a 4. b Not rolling a 1 or 5.
c Not rolling an even number. d Not rolling an 8.
e Not rolling a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
24 The 26 letters of the alphabet are written on pieces of paper and placed in a bag. If one
letter is picked out of the bag at random, find the probability of:
a Not selecting a B.
b Not selecting a K, R or T
c Selecting a letter that is not in the word PROBABILITY
d Not selecting a T, L, Q, A, K or Z
e Selecting a letter that is not in the word WORKBOOK
25 A card is drawn at random from a standard deck. Find the probability that the card is:
a A diamond b A spade c Not a heart
26 From a normal deck of cards, find the probability of:
a Selecting a five b Selecting a nine

c Not selecting a two d Selecting a black card
e Not selecting a black card
27 The number of movie, concert and musical tickets that are offered as a prize in a raffle are in
the ratio 8 : 19 : 3.
a Calculate the probability that the winner will be given a concert ticket.
b The winner doesn’t want to see a musical. Calculate the probability that they get a ticket
they want.

28 A card is selected from a standard deck of cards:
Find the probability of:
a Selecting a face card.

b Selecting a black nine.
c Selecting an odd-numbered black card, not counting ace as a numbered card.
d Selecting a red nine.
e Not selecting a red three.
f Not selecting a queen of clubs
g Selecting a ten, jack, queen, king or ace
h Selecting the king of diamonds
i Not selecting a red ten or black jack

Probability and 2D grids
29 Ben has 3 shirts, each in a different colour:

crimson (C), pink (P ) and white (W ), and 4 C P W
ties, each in a different colour: blue (B),
B C, B P,B W,B
grey (G), red (R) and yellow (Y ).
G C, G P,G G, W
a How many different combinations are
possible? R C, R P,R W,R
Find the probability that he is wearing: Y C, Y P,Y W,Y
b A pink shirt and yellow tie.

c A pink shirt.
d A pink or white shirt.
30 A player rolls two dice and finds the sum of

the numbers on the faces. 1 2 3 4 5 6
a List the sample space for the sum of two 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

dice. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
b Find the probability the dice will sum to 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
five.
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
c Find the probability the dice will sum to
an odd number. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
31 A player rolls two dice and finds the

difference, that is, the largest number minus 1 2 3 4 5 6
the smaller number.
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
a List the sample space for the difference 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
of two dice.
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
b Find the probability the dice will have a
difference of zero. 4 3 2 1 0 1 2
c Find the probability the dice will have a 5 4 3 2 1 0 1

difference of five. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

32 Twenty-two balls coloured either green or black and numbered 1 to 11 are placed in a bag.
The table shows all the possible outcomes that can occur:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Green G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11
Black B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11
Find the probability that a ball drawn at random from the bag:
a Is black. b Has the number 2.

c Has the number 2 or 7. d Has a number 3 or higher.
e Is green and has the number 5. f Is green or has the number 5.
33 In a boardgame a player rolls two six-sided dice but can only move the number of spaces as
the given by the largest number rolled. The table shows the possible outcomes:
a List the sample space for the maximum 1 2 3 4 5 6

of the dice.
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
b Determine the probability a player can
move 4 or more spaces. 2 2 2 3 4 5 6
c What is the most likely number of 3 3 3 3 4 5 6

spaces a player can move? 4 4 4 4 4 5 6
d Find the probability a player moves an 5 5 5 5 5 5 6
even number of spaces less than 4.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
e Moving how many spaces has a
probability of 25%?
f Determine the probability a player can
move 2 or 5 spaces.

34 Two dice are rolled, and the combination of numbers rolled on the dice is recorded.
a Complete the table of outcomes:
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1, 1 1, 2
2 2, 1
3
4
5
6
b Find the following probabilities for the two numbers rolled:
i P (1 and 4) ii P (1 then 4)
iii P (difference = 4) iv P (product = 12)
v P (difference ≤ 2) vi P (difference = 3)
vii P (product = 20) viii P (difference ≤ 1)
c If the numbers appearing on the uppermost faces are added, state whether the following
are true or false:
i A sum greater than 7 and a sum less than 7 are equally likely.
ii A sum greater than 7 is more likely than a sum less than 7.
iii A sum of 5 or 9 is more likely than a sum of 4 or 10.
iv An even sum is more likely than an odd sum.

35 The following two spinners are spun and the result of each spin is recorded:
a Complete the table to represent all A B C

possible combinations:
1 1,A
b State the total number of possible
outcomes. 2 2,C
c Find the probability that the spinner 3

lands on a consonant and an even
number.
d Find the probability that the spinner
lands on a vowel or a prime number.

36 The following spinner is spun and a normal six-sided die is rolled:
W X Y Z
1 1,W
2 2,Z
3
4
5 5,X
6
a Complete the table above to represent all possible outcomes.

b State the total number of possible outcomes.
c Find the probability that the spinner lands on X and the dice rolls a prime number.
d Find the probability that the spinner lands on W and the dice rolls a factor of 6.
e Find the probability that the spinner doesn’t land on Z or the dice doesn't roll a multiple
of 3.
37 A coin is tossed and a die is rolled simultaneously.
a Complete the following table to display the possible outcomes:
1 2 3 4 5 6
Heads H,1 H,3 H,4 H,6
Tails T,2 T,3 T,5
b How many possible outcomes are there?

c Determine the probability of rolling a 1.
d Determine the probability of rolling an even number.
e Determine the probability of tossing a head and rolling an even number.

38 Box A contains 2 red and 2 blue marbles while Box B contains 1 green, 2 yellow and 1 red
marbles. A marble is randomly selected from each box.
a Complete the given table to represent G Y Y R

all possible outcomes:
R R, G R, Y R, R
b Determine the probability of:
R R, Y R, R
i Drawing marbles the same colour.
B B, G B, Y B, R
ii Drawing marbles of different colour.
B B, Y B, Y
iii Drawing a red and a yellow marble.
iv The draw containing at least one red
marble.
39 The following spinner is spun and a normal six-sided die is rolled at the same time. The
product of their respective results is recorded.
a Construct a table to represent all

possible outcomes.
b State the total number of possible
outcomes.
c Find the probability of an odd product.
d Find the probability of rolling a 5 on the
dice and scoring an even product.
e Find the probability of spinning a 3 on
the spinner or scoring a product which is
a multiple of 4.

40 The following two spinners are spun and the sum of their results is recorded:
Spinner 1 Spinner 2
a Construct a table to represent all possible outcomes.

b State the total number of possible outcomes.
c Find the probability that the first spinner lands on an even number and the sum is even.
d Find the probability that the first spinner lands on a prime number and the sum is odd.
e Find the probability that the sum is a multiple of 4.
41 Two spinners labelled 1 to 4 are spun simultaneously and the results added:
Spinner 1 Spinner 2

b List the sample space for the sum of the two spinners.
c Determine the probability of:
i An even result. ii A result greater than 6.

iii A result less than 5 and even. iv A result less than 5 or even.

42 A two-digit number is formed by spinning the following two spinners with Spinner 1 being
the first digit and Spinner 2 being the second digit in the number:
Spinner 1 Spinner 2

b Determine the probability the number formed:
i Is 25. ii Is even.
iii Is prime. iv Is divisible by 5.
v Is divisible by 5 and odd. vi Contains at least one 2.

7.03
Sets and Venn diagrams
Set notation
1 List the elements of the following sets:
a S = {numbers that can be rolled on a standard die}

b S = {positive odd numbers less than 10}
2 Consider the sets: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}. If there are no elements
contained outside of these sets, find B ′ .
3 Consider the following sets:
A = {people who like football}

B = {people who like softball}
C = {people who like swimming}
D = {people who do not like any of these}
a Describe set B ′ . b Describe set D′ .
4 State whether the following are true:
a {9, 6, 7, 3, 4} = {7, 4, 3, 6, 9} b {7, 4, 5, 8} = {5, 4, 0, 8, 7}
Intersection and union
5 Describe the meaning of the following:
a Complement of set A. b The union of set A and set B .

c The intersection of set A and set B .
6 For each group of sets, list the elements of "either A or B ":
a A = {1, 2, 4, 8, 16} , B = {1, 2, 4, 8} , C = {1, 2, 4, 8}

b A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16} , B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21}
7 Consider the sets:
A = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100}
B = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100}
List the elements found in both A and B .

8 For each group of sets, list the elements of A ∩ B :
a A = {even numbers} and B = {square numbers less than 100}

b A = {multiples of 5} and B = {positive numbers less than 50}
c A = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and B = {3, 7, 8, 9}
9 P and Q are sets of car colours:
P = {red, white, yellow} Q = {white, blue}
There are no other car colours in universal set U . State whether the following are true:
a The set P ′ is the set {blue, white}

b P ∪ Q is a set consisting of blue, red, white, yellow and two more elements.
10 P and Q are sets of vegetable types:
P = {carrots, cauliflowers, beans} Q = {cauliflowers, potatoes}
There are no other vegetable types in universal set U . State whether the following are true:
a P ∪ Q is the set of all vegetable types.

b P ∩ Q only contains the element 'cauliflowers'.
11 For the following sets, list the elements of:
i B∪A ii A∩B
a A is the set of factors of 24, and B is the set of factors of 36.

b A is the set of prime numbers less than 40 and B is the set of positive integers less than
12.
12 If set A is the set of possible outcomes from rolling a standard die, and set B is the set of
possible outcomes from rolling an eight-sided die, list the elements of:
a Set A b Set B c A∩B d A∪B
13 For the following sets, describe:
i A ∪ A′ ii A′ ∩ B ′
a Let A be the set factors of 24, and B be the set factors of 36.
b Let A be the set multiples of 4 less than 70, and B be the set multiples of 6 less than 70.

14 Let A be the set of multiples of 4 less than 70, and B be the set of multiples of 6 less than
70.
a Describe (A ∩ B )′ . b Describe A′ ∩ B ′ .
′
c Is A′ ∩ B ′ the same as (A ∩ B ) ?
15 Let A be the set of multiples of 4 less than 70, and B be the set of multiples of 6 less than
70.
′
a Describe (A ∪ B ) . b Describe A′ ∪ B ′ .
′
c Is (A ∪ B ) the same as A′ ∪ B ′ ?
16 Let P = {roses, lillies, daisies} and Q = {lillies, sunflowers}, and suppose that there are no
′
other flower kinds in universal set U . Is (P ∪ Q) empty?
Venn diagrams
17 Draw a Venn diagram to represent the following sets:
a X = {magenta, yellow, cyan} b A = {9, 12, 15, 18}

Y = {ruby, cyan, yellow} B = {10, 15, 20}
c B = {England, Scotland, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Wales}

U = {Northern Ireland, England, Scotland, Wales}
18 P and Q are sets of flower varieties:
P = {roses, lillies and daisies}

Q = {lillies and sunflowers}
There are no other flower varieties in

universal set E . Is the given venn diagram
representing these sets?
19 How many regions are there in a Venn diagram with two overlapping sets?

20 We are interested in the colour of a card randomly drawn from a standard deck. Draw a Venn
diagram to illustrates this.
21 Consider the Venn diagram:

List the elements in:
a A′ b B′

a A∩B b A∪B

a A b U c B′

′
a A ∩ B′ b (A ∪ B )

a A∩C
′
b (B ∩ C )
c A∩B∩C
26 Consider the given Venn diagram and state

whether the following statements are equal
for all sets A and B :
a (A ∩ B )′ and A′ ∪ B ′
b A′ ∩ B ′ and A ∪ B ′

27 Consider the given Venn diagram and state
whether the following statements are equal
for all sets A, B and C :
A ∩ (B ∪ C )′ and (A ∩ B ) ∪ C
28 Consider the Venn diagram and list all of

the items in:
a A ∩ (B ∪ C )
′
b (A ∩ B )
29 Consider the Venn diagram and find the

value of the following:
a A ∩ B′ ∩ C′ b A ∩ B ∩ C′
c A′ ∩ B ∩ C ′ d A ∩ B′ ∩ C
e A∩B∩C f A′ ∩ B ∩ C
g A′ ∩ B ′ ∩ C h A′ ∩ B ′ ∩ C ′

30 Consider the formula n (A ∪ B ) = n (A) + n (B ) − n (A ∩ B ).
a Does the equation hold for the sets A =

{a, b, c, d} and B = {b, d, e, f , g, h}?
b Does the equation hold for the sets A =
{2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9} and
B = {0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10}?
c Explain why the formula holds for the
sets in the Venn diagram.
31 The result of a recent survey showed that 34 people own a dog, 33 own a cat, and 13 own
both a dog and a cat. How many people surveyed own at least one dog or cat?
32 The results from a recent survey showed that 79 people speak Spanish or French. Of these,
49 speak Spanish, and 18 speak both Spanish and French. Find the number of people
surveyed who speak French.

33 For each of the following, identify the Venn diagram that best represents the sets A and B :
Venn diagram 1 Venn diagram 2
Venn diagram 3 Venn diagram 4
a A = {Earth}, B = {Planets}
b A = {6, 8, 4, 2, 7}, B = {3, 6, 1}
c A = {w, i, n, d}, B = {e, a, r, t, h}
d A = {Animals found in Australia}, B = {Animals found in NSW}

34 The given Venn diagram shows the number
of students in a school playing Rugby
League, Rugby Union, both or neither:
Find the number of students who:
a Play Rugby League only.

b Play Rugby League.
c Play Rugby Union.
d Play Rugby Union only.
e Do not play Rugby League.
f Do not play Rugby Union.

Complete the table of values below.
Play Rugby League Don't play Rugby League

Play Rugby Union
Don't play Rugby Union

7.04
Special number sets
Set builder notation
1 List all the elements of the following sets:
a {positive odd numbers less than 10}

b {positive multiples of 4 that are less than 46}
c {positive even integers that are less than 16}
d {positive factors of 42}
e {square numbers less than 109}
f {numbers that can be rolled on a standard die}
g { x∣ x is a natural number less than 5}
h { x∣ x is an odd whole number less than 13}
i { x∣ x is an integer between − 8 and − 3 (not inclusive)}
2 Determine whether the following statements are true or false:
a 3 ∈ { x∣ x is a rational number} b 3 ∈ {2, 4, 5, 8}

c 1 ∈ {9, 8, 6, 5, 1} d −0.25 ∈ { x∣ x is a natural number}
3 Consider the set A = {2, 4, 6, 8}. Construct a set builder notation for A.
Special number sets
a −6 ∈
/Z b 5 c π∈N d 2 ∈ Z+
∈R
2

a N⊂R b Z+ ⊆ Z c 0, 1, 5, −9 ⊈ R d Q⊆R
e R⊆N f Z⊆N g Z+ ⊂ Q h N⊆N

6 Complete the following table to indicate N Z Z+ Q R
whether each number belongs in the
number set: 5 Y Y Y Y Y
−3 N Y N N Y
123
−94.5
3
4
5
−1

7.05
Mutually exclusive events
Mutually exclusive events
1 Two events A and B are mutually exclusive.

If P (A) = 0.37 and P (A or B) = 0.73, find P (B).
2 If P (A) = 0.8, P (B) = 0.75 and P (A and B) = 0.6, find P (A or B).
3 A card is drawn at random from a standard deck. Find the probability that the card is:
a A king or a 3. b A spade or a diamond.

c An ace of spades or an ace of clubs. d A ten, jack, queen, king or an ace.
e An ace of spades or a king of hearts. f A red or a diamond.
g An ace or a diamond. h A black or a face card.
i Not a red ten or black jack.
4 A bag contains 86 marbles, some of which are black and some of which are white. If the
33
probability of selecting a black marble is , find:
43

a The number of black marbles in the bag. b The number of white marbles in the bag.
5 Consider the following formula: n (A ∪ B ) = n (A) + n (B ) − n (A ∩ B ).
a Translate the formula in words.

b Does the formula hold for the sets A and
B shown in the Venn diagram?
c Does the formula hold for the sets
A = {2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9} and
B = {0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10}?
d Use the Venn diagram to explain why
we must subtract n (A ∩ B ).
6 A standard six-sided dice is rolled. Find the probability of rolling:
a The number 4. b An odd number.

c A 4 or an odd number. d An even or prime number.
e A number that is even and prime. f An even number or a factor of 6.
g A factor of 9 or an even number. h A number less than 3.

i A number greater than 5. j a number less than 3 or greater than 5.
7 For each of the following probability Venn diagrams:
i Calculate the value of x in the diagram.

ii State whether A and B are mutually exclusive.
a b
Applications
8 The results from a recent survey showed that 79 people speak Spanish or French. Of these,
49 speak Spanish, and 18 speak both Spanish and French.
Find the number of people surveyed who speak French.
9 The result of a recent survey showed that 34 people own a dog, 33 own a cat, and 13 own
both a dog and a cat.
How many people surveyed own at least one dog or cat?
10 The number of movie, concert and music tickets on offer as a prize are in the ratio 8 : 19 : 3.
a Find the probability that the winner will be given a concert ticket.
b The winner doesn’t want to see a musical. Find the probability that they get a ticket they
do want.
11 A circular spinner is divided into unequal parts. The green sector takes up an angle of 250
degrees at the centre. The red sector takes up an angle of 60 degrees at the centre and the
blue sector takes up the remainder of the spinner.
Find the probability that the spinner will land on blue.

12 While discussing dominant physical traits, some students completed a survey of their eye
colour. Each student nominated one colour, and the results are shown in the table:
a What percentage of students had hazel Brown Blue Green Hazel

eyes?
70% 15% 2%
b Find the least number of students that
could have completed the survey.
13 The Venn diagram shows the decisions of

448 workers choosing to work and workers
choosing to strike on a particular day of
industrial action.
Find the probability that a worker selected
randomly chose to:
a Strike
b Strike and work
c Work and not strike
d Work or strike
e Neither work nor strike
14 Among a group of 63 students, 12 students are studying philosophy, 48 students are

studying science, and 7 students are studying neither subject.
a How many students are studying philosophy and science?

b If a student is picked at random, find the probability that they study at least one of these
subjects.
c Find the probability that a randomly selected student studies only one of the subjects.
15 A grade of 172 students are to choose to study either Mandarin or Spanish (or both). 79
students choose Mandarin and 111 students choose Spanish.
a How many students have chosen both languages?

b If a student is picked at random, find the probability that the student has chosen Spanish
only.
c If a student is picked at random, find the probability that the student has not chosen
Mandarin.

7.06
Experimental probability
Experimental probability
1 If the relative frequency of an event is 1, the event:
A Happened for most of the trials. B Didn’t happen. C Happened on each trial.
2 A bag contains 24 red marbles and 26 blue

marbles.
What is the probability of drawing a red
marble?
3 A bag contains 28 red marbles, 29 blue marbles, and 27 black marbles.
a What is the probability of drawing a blue

marble?
b A single trial is drawing a marble from
the bag, writing down the colour, and
putting it back. If this trial is repeated
400 times, how many blue marbles
should you expect? Round your answer
to the nearest whole number.
4 Mohamad watched cars drive past his house over five minutes. In this time, 12 cars went by,
and 10 of those cars were white. What is the experimental probability of a car being
coloured white?
5 Ryan decided to flip a coin 20 times.
a How many times would he expect a head to appear?

b After he finished flipping the coins, he noticed that heads had appeared 11 times. Write
the experimental probability of getting a head.
6 Rosey has a bag with 2 red balls, 2 blue balls, and 2 green balls in it. She took a ball out of
the bag and returned it 36 times.
a How many times would she expect to get a red ball?

b After she finished, she noticed that she had drew a red ball 15 times. Write the
experimental probability of getting a red ball as a fraction.
7 A retail store served 989 customers in October, and there were 21 complaints during that
month. What is the experimental probability that a customer complains? Round your answer
to the nearest whole percent.
8 An insurance company found that in the past year, of the 2523 claims made, 1492 of them
were from drivers under the age of 25.
a Find the experimental probability that a claim is filed by someone under the age of 25.
Round your answer to the nearest whole percent.
b Find the experimental probability that a claim is filed by someone 25 or older. Round your
answer to the nearest whole percent.
9 Five schools compete in a basketball competition. The results from the last season are given
in the table below:
Match Winner Match Winner

St Trinian's v Ackley
Lakehurst v St Trinian's Lakehurst St Trinian's
Bridge
Summer Heights v
Marquess Marquess v Lakehurst Lakehurst
Marquess
Ackley Lakehurst v Summer Summer
Lakehurst v Ackley Bridge
Bridge Heights Heights
Marquess v Ackley Ackley
St Trinian's v Marquess Marquess
Bridge Bridge
Summer Heights v Ackley Ackley St Trinian's v Summer
St Trinian's
Bridge Bridge Heights
What is the experimental probability that Ackley Bridge wins a match?
10 At the main traffic light in town going north to south, the green light is on for 27 seconds,
then the yellow light lasts for 3 seconds, and then the red light is on for 10 seconds. This
cycle then repeats.
If a car approaches the traffic light, what is the probability that the light will be:
a Green? b Yellow? c Red?
11 Beth is testing a coin to see if it is fair. She has flipped the coin 100 times and recorded 52
tails.
a What is the experimental probability of flipping tails with this coin? Write your answer in
decimal form.
b Beth now wants to tell the coin manufacturer about the fairness of the coin. What should
she tell them?

c Beth tested the coin again. This time she flipped the coin 1000 times, and flipped 504
tails. What is the experimental probability of flipping tails based on this second
experiment? Write your answer in decimal form.
d Given the two experiments, can Beth say the coin is fair? Explain your answer?
12 The experimental probability that a commuter uses public transport is 30%. Out of 200
commuters, how many would you expect to use public transport?
13 If the probability of an event is 3 , how many times would you expect it to occur in 76 trials?
4

14 A medical student is predicting how many people in their town will have certain genes. The
population of their town is 1 600 000.
a The probability of a person having the gene for red hair is 3%. How many people in the
town are expected to have this gene?
b The probability of a person having the gene for tetrachromacy is 0.03%. How many
people in the town are expected to have this gene?
15 A factory produces tablet computers. In March, it produced 7000 tablets, and 140 were found
to be faulty.
a What is the experimental probability that a tablet produced by the factory is faulty?
b The factory plans to produce 8000 tablets in April. How many should they expect to be
faulty?
Frequency tables
16 To prepare for the week ahead, a restaurant keeps a record of the number of each main
meal ordered throughout the previous week:
a How many meals were ordered Meal Frequency

altogether?
Chicken 21
b What is the experimental probability that
a customer will order a chicken meal? Beef 55
Round your answer to the nearest whole Lamb 55
percent.
Vegetarian 31

17 The table tabulates the results of rolling a die multiple times:
a Find the experimental probability of not Outcome Frequency

rolling a number less than 3.
1 17
b Find the relative frequency of not rolling
a prime number. 2 14
c Find the sum of the relative frequencies 3 12

of rolling a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. 4 13
d Find the sum of the experimental 5 12
probabilities of rolling an even or odd
number. 6 16
18 Boxes of matchsticks are examined and the

number of matchsticks in each box is Number of Number of
recorded in the table: matchsticks Boxes
If the number of matchsticks of another box 87 0
were counted, what is the experimental
88 0
probability it will:
89 7
a Have 89 matchsticks?
90 5
b Have more than 90 matchsticks?
91 6
c Have less than 90 matchsticks?
92 5
93 3
19 The following frequency table shows the

number of people that came to donate Weight in kg (x) Frequency (f )
blood and their respective weights:
40 − 44 4
a If this group is considered to be 45 − 49 1
representative of the population, what is
the probability that someone in the 50 − 54 1
population weighs 50 to 54 kg? 55 − 59 3
b What is the probability that someone 60 − 64 10
weighed between 60 and 69 kg
65 − 69 8
inclusive?
70 − 74 2
Total 29

20 A die is rolled 60 times and the results are recorded in the following table:
Using this frequency table, find the experimental probability of rolling a:
a 6 Number Frequency
b 3 or higher 1 11
c 3 or lower
2 12
3 12
4 12
5 11
6 2
21 The table tabulates the outcomes of tossing three coins multiple times:
a How many times was the experiment Outcome Frequency

repeated?
HHH 13
b Find the experimental probability of
tossing: HHT 13
HTH 14
i 3 tails
HTT 11
ii at least 2 heads
iii at least 1 tail THH 13
iv only 1 head THT 14

TTH 11
TTT 13
22 A mixed martial arts club posted the results from the tournaments last year. The table shows
the main fighting style of the winner for each tournament:
a What was the total number of Event Frequency

tournaments?
Karate 40
b What is the experimental probability of a
wrestler winning? Wrestling 55
c Which is the most successful fighting Judo 46

style? Taekwondo 59
d If 1000 further tournaments are to be
held, how many tournaments would you
expect Judo fighters to win?

23 The following table shows the number of trains that arrived on time at the local station
during the week:
a What is the experimental probability that Number of On

a train will be on time on Monday? Day
trains time
Round your answer to the nearest whole
percent. Monday 29 22
b What was the highest experimental Tuesday 21 18

probability of a train being on time out Wednesday 28 26
of each of the five days? Round your
answer to the nearest whole percent. Thursday 26 20
c What is the experimental probability of a Friday 23 19

train arriving on time across the entire
week? Round your answer to the
nearest whole percent.
24 Maria is tossing a coin. She keeps tossing the coin until a Tail appears. Her first set of tosses
went Heads, Heads, Tails. So she stopped after three tosses. She repeated the experiment
19 more times and recorded her results in the following table:
a Based off Maria's experiment, what is Number of Tosses before

the experimental probability that it takes Frequency
a Tail appears
5 tosses of the coin before a Tail
appears? 1 7
b Theoretically, what is the probability that 2 3

it takes 5 tosses of a coin before a Tail 3 4
appears?
4 3
c Was the experimental probability Maria
found equal, greater or less than the 5 3
theoretical probability?

25 Homer used a spinner to choose "YES" or "NO". The table shows three different days, how
many times he spun the spinner and how many times it landed on "YES":
Day Number of spins Number of "YES"s

1 6 3
2 30 9
3 84 20
Yvonne wants to reuse the spinner that Homer used. Which spinner should she pick?
A B C D
26 Consider the table showing the status of a

domino game being played by four players: Number of Number of
Player dominoes high valued
Each player draws as many dominos as they
like from a bag. A domino has two numbers drawn dominoes
from 1 to 6. A high value domino occurs if A 10 9
the sum of its two numbers is greater or
B 7 1
equal to 6 while a low value domino occurs
otherwise. C 8 7
A player wins by randomly selecting a low D 6 4

value domino from their drawn sample. At
this point in the game, which player has the
lowest chance of winning?

Frequency graphs
27 Consider the column graph showing outcomes of a coin toss experiment:
a How many times was the coin flipped?

b What was the relative frequency of
heads in this experiment?
28 The column graph shows the four countries that university students applied to for exchange
in the last month:
a What is the relative frequency of the country with the fewest applications?
b If the monthly applications are the same throughout the year, how many people in total
will apply for UK over the next six months?

29 The size of several earthquakes was measured over a period of time and the results are
presented in the histogram below:
a Estimate the probability that an

earthquake will measure 5, 6, or 7.
b Estimate the probability that an
earthquake measures less than 5.
30 This histogram shows the number of people that waited in line for a rollercoaster at a theme
park, and the length of time they had to wait:
a Find the probability that someone

waited in line for under 40 minutes.
b Find the probability that someone had to
wait at least 50 minutes to be served.

31 The following histogram shows the heights of people that were surveyed at a particular
rollercoaster ride in a theme park:
a Estimate the probability that someone

randomly chosen at the park was
between 130 and 150 cm tall.
b Find the probability that someone
randomly chosen was at most 130 cm
tall.

7.07
Tables of data
Two-way tables
1 Miss Merryweather recorded the hair colour and hair type of her students in the following
graph:
Complete the following two-way table from the information in the graph:
Red Brown Blonde Black

Straight
Curly
2 180 tennis players were asked whether they

would support tennis players wearing Support Do not support
wireless headsets to receive on court
Males 36
coaching. The results are shown in the
table: Females 76 18
Find the missing value in the table.

3 38 students were asked whether or not they were allergic to nuts and dairy. Data is recorded
in the following two-way table:
Allergic to Nuts Not Allergic to Nuts

Allergic to Dairy 7 6
Not Allergic to Dairy 10 15
a How many students are allergic to nuts?

b How many students are allergic to nuts or dairy, or both?
c How many students are allergic to at most one of the two things?
4 A healthy living initiative asked people to describe how often they go to the gym. The table
below summarizes the result:
a How many people were surveyed? Male Female

b If one person is chosen at random, what Frequently 23 37
is the probability that they are a female
who frequently attends the gym? Rarely 39 11
c If one person is chosen at random, what

is the probability that they attend the
gym rarely?
5 A group of tourists were asked whether they spoke Mandarin or Spanish. The result is
summarized in the table below:
a Complete the table. Not

Spanish Total
b How many people speak both Spanish
languages?
Mandarin 51 16
c If one person is chosen at random, what
Not
is the probability that they speak 13 20
Mandarin
neither language?
d If one person is chosen at random, what
is the probability that they speak only
one of the languages?

6 In a study, some people were asked whether they were vegetarian or not. 27 responders
said they were vegetarian, of which 8 were children. 18 children said they were not
vegetarian, and 21 adults said they are not vegetarians.
a Complete the table. Not

Vegetarian
b Calculate the proportion of responders vegetarian
that are vegetarian.
Children
c Calculate the proportion of adults that
Adults
are vegetarian.
7 In a study, some people were asked whether they lie. A partially completed two-way table of
the results is shown below:
a Complete the table. Lie Don't Lie Total

b Of those in the study, one is chosen at
Children 15 35
random. Find the probability that they
said they never lie. Adults 10
Total 60
8 The following table describes the departures of trains out of a train station for the months of
March and April:
Month Departed on time Delayed

March 109 27
April 108 50
a How many trains departed during March and April?

b Find the percentage of the trains in April that were delayed, to one decimal place.
c Find the percentage of the total number of trains during the two months that were trains
that departed on time in March, to one decimal place.
d Find the exact probability that a train selected at random in April would have departed
on time.
e Find the exact probability that a train selected at random from the 2 months was delayed.

9 A student makes a Venn diagram of students who are late to school, and students who catch
the bus to school.
Using the Venn diagram, complete the following table:
Late Not late

Caught bus
Didn't catch bus
10 60 residents of a city were asked "Do you support the construction of the new train station?".
The residents questioned were also classified as living in the North, South or in the inner
city.
North South Inner

Yes
No
11 Students in Xanthe's class were asked if they owned a dog and asked if they owned a snake.
The following two-way table shows the results of the survey:
Owns a dog Doesn't own a dog

Owns a snake 2 3
Doesn't own a snake 13 11
Construct a Venn diagram that represents the information provided in the two-way table.

12 A vet has 25 pets visit their practice in a day. The pets are categorised based on whether
they have been vaccinated and whether they have been microchipped.
Not
Microchipped
Microchipped
Vaccinated
Not
vaccinated
13 In Australia, 100 random people were

surveyed regarding their carbon footprint Urban Regional Total
and where they lived. The people were
High
categorised as living in either an urban or 37 13 50
emission
regional location, and as having a high or
low carbon emission. Low
24 26 50
emission
Construct a Venn diagram that represents
the information provided in the two-way Total 61 39 100
table.
Applications
14 Vanessa wants to sort a list of 11 numbers based on whether they contain a 3, and whether
they are even. The list of terms is shown below:
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144
If a term from the list is chosen at random, find the probability that it:
a Is an even number that doesn't contain a 3.

b Contains a 3 or is an odd number.
c Is either odd or contains a 3, but not both.

15 In a particular class, 5 people play both football and tennis, 13 people in total play tennis,
and 11 in total play football.
a How many people only play football?

b How many people play only one sport?
c If a random student is chosen from the group, what is the probability that the student
only plays tennis?
16 In a study, a number of people were asked whether they were musicians or not. 29
responders said they were a musician, of which 8 were children. 19 children said they were
not musicians, and 12 adults said they are not musicians.
a How many people were in the study?

b What proportion of responders are musicians?
c What proportion of adults are musicians?
17 A group of 132 students are to choose to study either Mandarin or Spanish (or both). 67
students choose Mandarin and 72 students choose Spanish.
a How many students choose both languages?

b If a student is picked at random, what is the probability that the student chose Spanish
only?
c If a student is picked at random, what is the probability that the student has not chosen
Mandarin?
18 A student is making a Venn diagram about politicians in the last two elections. Looking at a
group of 24 politicians, 14 ran in the first election and 19 ran in the second election.
a Given that every politician examined was in at least one election, how many politicians
ran in both elections?
b If a politician is randomly chosen in the second election, what is the probability they
were also in the first election?

19 A jeweller has sorted 25 gems based on two
categories:
Based on the colour - emerald

Based on the cut - rectangular
If a gem is selected at random, what is the

probability that it is:
a An emerald or rectangular?
b Not emerald or rectangular?
c Both emerald and rectangular or
neither?
20 These 25 gems have three different cuts -

triangular, rectangular and octagonal. There
are three colours of gems - amethysts
(purple), emeralds (green) and rubies (red).
a How many are triangular or emeralds,

but not both?
b How many are neither amethysts nor
rectangular?
21 A small magazine asked people from different states to send in a vote on whether they
supported Daylight Saving Time, the results are shown in the following figure:
a What proportion of people voted "YES"?

b What proportion of "NO" votes are from
NSW?
c Considering just the voters from NSW
and ACT, what proportion of the votes
are NSW "YES" votes?

22 In a group of 190 primary and senior students, 88 are primary students. The students fell into
three categories of travel to school - by bus, car, or walking. 109 students get to school by
bus, of which 52 are primary students. 50 students get to school by car, of which 20 are
primary students
a How many senior students catch the bus to school?

b How many senior students are there in total?
c How many senior students walk to school?
23 The employees of Koala Airlines were discussing where they should hold their end of year
party. Of all of the employees:
53 would go to a restaurant
67 would go to a bowling alley
76 would go to a theme park
16 would only go to either a restaurant or a bowling alley
29 would only go to either a bowling alley or the theme park
17 would only go to either a restaurant or the theme park
4 would not go to a restaurant or a bowling alley or to the theme park
5 would go to all three places
a How many people in total work at Koala Airlines?

b If the restaurant isn't available, what proportion of the employees still have another
option?

7.08
Independent events and
trees
Independent events
1 A standard six-sided die is rolled 358 times.
a If it lands on a six 12 times, find the probability that the next roll will land on a six.
b Is the outcome of the next roll independent or dependent on the outcomes of previous
rolls?
2 A person runs a marathon, and then falls ill from exhaustion. Are the events independent or
dependent?
3 Find the probability of drawing a green counter from a bag of 5 green counters and 6 black
counters, replacing it, and drawing another green counter.
4 Two cards are to be chosen from a pack of cards numbered 1 to 6. Find the probability of
drawing a 1, 2 or 3 first, and after replacing the card, drawing a 4, 5 or 6.
5 A fair die is rolled twice.
a Find the probability of rolling a 6 and a 1 in any order.

b Find the probability of rolling a 6 and then a 1.
6 A coin is tossed 600 times.
a If it lands on heads 293 times, find the probability that the next coin toss will land on
heads.
b If it lands on heads once, find the probability that the next coin toss will land on heads.
c Is the outcome of the next coin toss independent or dependent on the outcomes of
previous coin tosses?
7 Consider tossing a normal fair coin.
a If you have already tossed the coin 10 times, find the chance that on the next toss it will
land on heads.
b If you have already tossed the coin 5 times, find the chance that the first three were a
head and the last two were a tail.

8 On a roulette table, a ball can land on one of 18 red or 18 black numbers.
a If it lands on a red number on the first go, find the probability that it will land on a red
number on the second go.
b Are the successive events of twice landing on a red number dependent or independent?
c In a game of roulette, the ball has landed on a black number 6 times in a row. Is the
likelihood of the ball landing on a black number in the next turn likely, unlikely or equally
likely?
9 A number game uses a basket with 9 balls, all labelled with numbers from 1 to 9. Three balls
are drawn at random, with replacement.
a Find the probability that the ball labelled 7 is picked exactly once.
b Find the probability that the ball labelled 7 is picked exactly twice.
c Find the probability that the ball labelled 7 is picked exactly three times.
10 Consider rolling a standard 6-sided die.
a If you roll the die six times, how many times do you expect to see a 3?
b If you roll the die once, find the probability of rolling a 3.
c You have rolled the dice three times. You did not roll a 3 in the first two rolls, but the third
one was a 3. Find the exact probability of this happening.
Tree diagrams
11 A fair die is rolled and then a coin is tossed.
a Construct a tree diagram for this situation.

b Find the probability of getting an even number and a head.
c Find the probability of getting an even number, a head, or both.
12 A container holds three cards coloured red, blue and green.
a Construct a tree diagram representing all possible outcomes when two draws occur, and
the card is not replaced before the next draw.
b Find the probability of drawing the blue card first.
c Find the probability of drawing a blue card in either the first or second draw.
d Find the probability of drawing at least one blue card if the cards are replaced before the
next draw.

13 A coin is tossed twice.
a Construct a tree diagram to identify the sample space.

b Find the probability of getting two tails.
c Find the probability of getting at least one tail.
14 Christa gets to and from school by car, bus or bike.

If she goes to school by bike, she won’t use the bus coming home.
Is she goes to school by bus or car, she won’t cycle home.
a Draw a tree diagram illustrating all possible combinations of her to and from journey to
school.
b State the number of possible outcomes.
c If each trip is equally likely, find the probability that:
i Christa uses two different forms of transport to and from school.

ii Christa travels by car and bus.
iii Christa travels by car or bus.
15 Ivan rolled a standard die and then tossed a coin.
a Construct a tree diagram to find the sample space.

b List all the possible outcomes in the sample space.
c Find the probability of the result including an odd number.
d Find the probability that the result includes a number less than or equal to 5, and a tail.
16 Every morning Mae has toast for breakfast. Each day she either chooses honey or jam to
spread on her toast, with equal chance of choosing either one.
a Construct a tree diagram for three consecutive days of Mae’s breakfast choices.
b Find the probability that on the fourth day Mae chooses honey for her toast.
c Find the probability that Mae chooses jam for her toast three days in a row.

17 A coin is tossed, then the spinner shown is spun. The blue sector is twice as big as the
yellow one, and exactly half of the spinner is red.
a Construct a probability tree that

represents all possible outcomes.
b Find the probability of throwing a heads
and spinning a yellow.
c Find the probability of throwing a heads,
or spinning a yellow, or both.
18 A card is selected from the four given, and the spinner is spun once:
a Construct a probability tree for this situation.

b Find the probability of choosing a 7 and blue.
c Find the probability of choosing a 7, a blue, or both.

19 A fair coin is tossed and then the following spinner is spun:
a Construct a probability tree representing

the situation.
b Find the probability of getting a tail and
then a yellow.
c Find the probability of getting a tail, a
yellow, or both.
d Find the probability of getting a head
and not getting a red.
e Find the probability of not getting a
head or a red.
20 Each school day, Neil either rides his bike to school or walks. There is a 70% chance Neil will
ride his bike.
a Construct a probability tree diagram showing Neil’s choices for three consecutive school
days.
b Find the probability that on the fourth day Neil walks to school.
c Find the probability that Neil walks to school three days in a row.
21 Robert has found that when playing chess against the computer, he wins 1 of the time.
2

a Find the probability that he wins:
i Two games in a row. ii Three games in a row.

iii At least one of two games. iv At least one of three games.
b Which of these events does Robert have a better chance of winning?
22 Mr and Mrs Smith are starting a family. They assume that having a girl is just as likely as
having a boy.
a Find the probability that the first child is a boy.

b Find the probability that the first child is a boy and the second child is a girl.
c Find the probability that the first two children are boys and the third child is a girl.
d The Smiths have three children, all boys. Find the probability that the next child will be a
girl.
e What is the probability that in a four child family, the first three are boys and the fourth is
a girl?

8.01
Perimeter
Quadrilaterals and triangles
1 Find the perimeter of the following:
a b
c d

a A square with each side 6 cm long.

b A rectangle with length 4 m and width 23 m..
c A square with each side 9.1 m long.
d A rectangle with 17 cm and width 8 cm.
3 Find the perimeter of the following triangles:
a b
c d
4 Find the perimeter of an isosceles triangle where the 2 equal side lengths are 16 mm each
and the third side measures 4 mm.

5 Find the perimeter of the following kites:
a b
6 Find the perimeter of the following

rhombus:

7 Find the perimeter of the following
trapezium::
8 Find the perimeter of the following parallelograms:
a b

Circumference
9 Find the circumference of the following circles, rounding your answers to two decimal
places:
a b
10 Find the circumference of each circle with the given details, round your answers to two
decimal places:
a If the radius of a circle equals 7 cm.

b If the radius of a circle equals 11 cm.
c If the radius of a circle equals 27 cm.
d If the radius of a circle equals 1.8 cm.
e If the diameter of a circle is equal to 38 cm.

11 Find the radius r of the following circle with
circumference 44 cm. Round your answer to
two decimal places.
12 Find the radius, r, of a circle with circumference C = 14 cm. Round your answer to two
decimal places.
13 Find the diameter, D, of the following circles, rounding your answers to two decimal places:
a A circle with the circumference C of length 44 m.

b A circle with the circumference C of length 24.5 cm.
14 Find the perimeter of the semicircles described below, rounding your answers to two
decimal places:
a r = 2 cm b r = 19 cm
c D = 17.23 cm d D = 8 cm
15 Find the perimeter of the sectors described below, rounding your answers to two decimal
places:
a One quarter of a circle with radius 5 cm.

b Three quarters of a circle with radius 9.86 cm.
c One third of a circle with radius 9 cm.
d Two thirds of a circle with radius 19 cm.

Other shapes
16 Find the perimeter of the following figures:
a b
c d
e f

g h
i j
k l

a A regular pentagon where the length of each side is 7 cm.

b A regular quadrilateral where the length of each side is 3 cm.
c A regular octagon where the length of each side is 7 mm.
Find missing side lengths
18 Find the length of each side of the following shapes, given the perimeter P :
a b
19 Find the side length of the following shapes:
a A regular hexagon with a perimeter of 96 m.

b An equilateral triangle with a perimeter of 30 mm.
c A regular decagon with a perimeter of 120 m.
20 The perimeter of the triangle below is 29 m.

Find the length of side y .

21 The perimeter of the trapezium below is
42 cm. Find the length of the base.
22 The perimeter of the trapezium below is

37 cm. Find the length of side s .
23 Find the length of the longest side, s , of the

parallelogram shown:

24 Find the length of the longest side, s , of the
kite shown:
a Find the length x.

b Calculate the perimeter of the figure.
26 For each of the figures below, find:
i x ii y iii The perimeter
a b

a Find the length x.

b Find the length y .
c Find the length z.
d Calculate the perimeter of the figure.
28 A square has the same perimeter as an equilateral triangle. If the triangle has sides of length
12 cm, find the side length of the square.
29 The length of a rectangle is twice its width, and its perimeter is 30 cm. Let the width of the
rectangle be x cm.
a Write an expression for the perimeter of the rectangle in terms of x.

b Find the length and width of the rectangle.
Applications
30 A rectangular athletics field is 140 metres long and 40 metres wide. How many kilometers
will an athlete run by completing 6 laps around the edge of the field?
31 An outline of a block of land is pictured below:
a Calculate the perimeter.

b Fencing costs $32 per metre. Calculate
the fencing cost for this block of land.

32 A swimming pool has a 3 m wide path around its edge. The outer width of the path is 15 m
and the length is 29 m, as shown in the diagram:
a Find the dimensions of the pool.

b Find the perimeter of the pool.
33 Xavier is tiling his bathroom with equilateral triangular tiles. He knows the perimeter of each
tile, but he needs to find the length of each side.
If one tile has a perimeter of 51 cm, calculate the length of each side.
34 Sandy wants to build a thin wire frame for a photo that is 12 cm long and 5 cm wide.
Determine the length of wire she will need to go around the entire photo.
35 A fence is to be constructed around a rectangular building site measuring 17 m by 26 m.

Find the cost of constructing the fence at $26 per metre.
36 A present is contained in a cube shaped box. Ribbon is wrapped around the sides as shown
in the first diagram below:
a If the side length of the box is 10 cm,

what is the shortest length of the ribbon
needed to neatly go around the box
without overlap?
b The bow requires 8 cm of ribbon. What
length of ribbon is needed in total?
c What is the total length of ribbon
needed if we wrap the present with two
lengths of ribbon, as shown in the
second diagram? Assume a single bow is
tied.

37 Calculate the circumference of the
following Ferris wheel. Round your answer
to one decimal place.
38 A satellite is orbiting the Earth at a height of

h km above the Earth's surface. In one
complete orbit, the satellite travels a
distance of 41 664 km. If the radius of the
Earth is 6400 km, find the height, h, of the
satellite above the Earth, rounded to the
nearest kilometre.

8.02
Area
Squares and rectangles
1 Find the area of the following:
a b
c d
e f

2 Find the side length of the given square:
3 Find the length of each side of a square with an area of:
a 64 cm2 b 36 m2
4 Find the perimeter of a square with an area of 49 cm2 .
5 Find the area of a square with a perimeter of 8 cm.
6 Find the area of a rectangle with a length of 12 cm and a width of 5 cm.
7 If the area of a rectangle is 99 cm2 and its width is 9 cm, find its length.
Triangles
8 Find the area of the following triangles:
a b

c d
9 Find the area, A, of a triangle with base b of 6 m and height h of 12 m.
10 Find the value of b if the area of the

following triangle is 120 mm2 :
11 Find the value of b if the area of the

following triangle is 32 cm2 :

Parallelograms
12 Find the area of the following parallelograms:
a b
13 Find the value of x in the following

parallelogram, given that its area is 255
square units:
14 Find the base length, l , of a parallelogram with area of 96 cm2 and perpendicular height of
8 cm.
15 Find the perpendicular height, h, of a parallelogram with area of 84 cm2 and a base length of
6 cm.
16 Find the perpendicular height, h, of a parallelogram that has an area of 45 cm2 and a base
length of 5 cm

Trapeziums
17 Find the area of the following trapeziums:
a b
c d

18 Find the height, h, if the area of the
trapezium shown is 36 cm2 :
19 Find the missing side length, b, if the area of

the trapezium shown is 20 mm2 :
Rhombuses
20 Find the area of the following rhombuses:

a b
c d
21 Quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus. AC is

the diagonal x and BD is the diagonal y .
Find the area of the rhombus when:
a x = 2 and y = 9
b x = 6 and y = 16
22 Rhombus ABCD has an area of 55 cm2 . If

diagonal BD = 11 cm, and AC = x cm, find
the value of x.

Kites
23 Find the area of the following kites:
a b
c d

24 Given the area of each of the following kites, find the length of diagonal k:
a Area = 56 cm2 b Area = 36 cm2
25 The area of a kite is 308 cm2 and one of the diagonals is 47 cm.
If the length of the other diagonal is y cm, find the exact value of y .
Circles
26 Find the area of the following circles correct to one decimal place:
a b

c d
27 Find the area of the following correct to one decimal place:
a b
28 If the diameter of a circle is 24 cm, find its area, correct to one decimal place.
Applications
29 A rectangular driveway is 8 m long and 3 m wide. Find the area of the driveway.
30 Katrina is digging a rectangular garden bed to plant some new hedging.
a If the garden bed is 0.5 m wide and 8 m long, calculate the total area of the garden bed.
b Each hedge plant fills an area that is the equivalent of 0.8 square metres. How many
hedge plants are needed to fill Katrina’s garden bed?

31 A crop farmer trades 5 identical pieces of
machinery, which have a market value of
$880 000 each, for a square piece of land as
shown in the scale drawing. The scale of
the drawing is 1 : 3000.
a Find the actual area of the square piece

of land, in square metres.
b Determine the total market value of the
5 pieces of machinery.
c According to this exchange, find the
value of the land per square metre, to
the nearest dollar.
32 Consider a rectangular park that is 500 m

long and 300 m wide:
a Calculate the area of the park in square

metres.
b Calculate the area of the park in
hectares. Note: 10 000 m2 = 1 ha.
33 Luke made a square mosaic that has side lengths of 3 metres. Luke decided to add a border
to his mosaic, and now it has side lengths of 3.2 metres.
By how much has the area of the mosaic increased?
34 A family has 7.2 m2 of kitchen floor space for a rectangular bench.
a If the width is fixed at 2 metres, and the bench is to take up all 7.2 m2 , find the required
length of the bench.
b The kitchen bench will be made up of bench top pieces that measure 0.5 metres in width
and 1.2 metres in length. Find the maximum number of bench top pieces that can be
fitted along the width of the bench.
c How many pieces of bench top pieces will be needed in total to create the bench top?
d The kitchen floor is to be covered with tiles whose dimensions will be 1 the width of the
8

1
bench, and the length of the bench. How many tiles will be covered by the bench?
20

35 A farmer wants to cover a rectangular section of roofing that measures 5 1 m by 4 1 m with

2 2

solar panels. Having received quotes from various solar panel suppliers, she estimates that
the panels will cost $300 per square metre to install.
Calculate the estimated cost of covering the section of roofing with solar panels.
36 A rectangular driveway is to be resurfaced
with gravel. A 3 cubic metre load of gravel
will cover 12 square metres of driveway, and
costs $6.
A scale drawing of the rectangular driveway
is given. The actual length of the longest
side of the driveway is 16 metres.
a Determine the actual width of the

driveway.
b How many 3 cubic metre loads of gravel
will be required to resurface the entire
driveway?
c Calculate the total cost of the gravel.
37 Sharon has purchased a rectangular piece of fabric measuring 12 m in length and 7 m in

width.
Find the area of the largest triangular piece she can cut out from it.
38 A gutter running along the roof of a house

has a cross-section in the shape of a
triangle.
If the area of the cross-section is 50 cm2 ,
and the length of the base of the gutter is
10 cm, find the perpendicular height h of
the gutter in metres.
39 Deep sea divers are scanning an area of the sea bed where a boat capsized. They want to
get to point P , which is h metres above the sea bed.
At this point, they can cast a light out to view 9 metres across the sea bed and a cross
sectional area of 45 m2 of water. From side-on, the light casts a shape that looks like the
diagram below. The divers descend at a rate of 1.2 metres per second.
a Find h, the distance of the divers from

the sea bed at the point P .
b If the divers were descending directly
downwards, how high above the sea
bed were they 6 seconds before they
reached point P ?

40 At the entrance of the Louvre museum is a glass structure in the shape of a square base
pyramid.
A replica of this pyramid is to be built such that each triangular face of the pyramid
measures 7.5 metres at the base, and has a perpendicular height of 10 metres.
The faces will be made up of identical triangular glass tiles tessellated to fit exactly on each
face.
a Find the total area that needs to be covered with the triangular glass tiles.
b How many glass tiles will be needed in total if each triangular tile measures 15 cm across
the base and has a perpendicular height of 20 cm?
41 A triangular-shaped field has sides of length 25 m, 29 m and 36 m.
a Use Heron's formula to find the area of the field.

b Kenneth has been hired to plough the field and to erect fencing around its perimeter. If
he charges $4 per square metre for ploughing and $7 per metre for fencing, how much
does he charge in total?
42 The faces on a 4 sided die are all triangular. Each face has a base length of 13 mm and a
perpendicular height of 20 mm. Find the area of one face of the die.
43 Buzz used some scrap paper to make a birthday card in the shape of a parallelogram. The
base of the card is 18 cm long, and the perpendicular height is 16 cm.
Find the area of the card.
44 An area measuring 2016 cm2 is to be paved

with identical tiles in the shape of
parallelograms. Each tile measures 14 cm
along the base, and has a perpendicular
height of 6 cm.
a Determine the area that each tile covers.

b Calculate the number of tiles needed to
cover the whole area.
45 Some car parks require the cars to park at

an angle as shown.
The dimensions of the car park are as given,
where each individual parking space has a
perpendicular length of 4.9 m and a width of
4.4 m.

Determine the area needed to create an
angled carpark suitable for 7 cars.
46 A quilt is made by sewing together 4

identical parallelograms as shown.
If the total area of the quilt is 1680 cm2 ,
determine the perpendicular height of each
parallelogram piece.
47 A roof in the shape of a parallelogram is to be entirely covered by identical solar panels that
are also in the shape of a parallelogram. Each solar panel measures 1.8 m along the longest
side and has a perpendicular height of 0.9 m.
a Determine the area covered by one solar panel.

b Determine the number of solar panels to be installed if the roof measures 58.32 m2 in
area, and no part of the roof is to be left uncovered by solar panels.
48 A harbour has a trapezoidal pier with a perpendicular height of 8 m. One base of the pier has
a length of 9 m and the other has a length of 5 m.
Find the area of the pier.
49 The radius of a circular baking tray is 10 cm. Find its area, correct to two decimal places.
50 The design attached is made using a large

circle and two smaller circles of diameter
3 cm. Find the area of the shaded region
correct to one decimal place.

8.03
Area of composite shapes
Area of composite shapes
1 Consider the figure below:
a Find the area of rectangle B .

b Calculate the total area of the composite
shape.
2 Find the shaded area in the figure below.

Note that all measurements are in
centimetres.

b Find the area of the shaded region.

4 Find the area of the following composite shapes:
a b
c d
e f

g h
5 Find the area of the shaded region in the following figures:
a b

c d
e f

Area of an annulus
6 Find the shaded area of the following figures, correct to one decimal place:
a b
c d
7 Find the area of the arch below. Round your


Area of sectors
8 For the following circles, find:
i The fraction of the circle's area covered by the sector

ii The area of the sector, correct to one decimal place.
a b
c d

Area of composite shapes with sectors
9 Find the shaded area of the following figures, correct to one decimal place:
a b
c d
e f

10 Find the shaded area of the following figures, correct to two decimal places:
a b
c d

11 In the figure shown, a chord is drawn so that
it cuts through a circle:
Find the shaded area, correct to two
decimal places.
12 Consider the figure shown:
a Find the length of the diameter of the

semicircle. Round your answer correct
b Find the area of the entire figure, correct
13 Find the shaded area of the shape below.


14 Consider the figure below where the
diameter of the semicircle is 17 cm:
a Find the perpendicular height of the

parallelogram, correct to three decimal
places.
b Hence find the area of the shape,
Applications
15 A piece of origami paper, orginally in the

shape of a parallelogram, is folded along its
shortest diagonal as shown.
What is the total area covered by the folded
paper?
16 Lachlan designs a plot of land which

contains his house and garden as shown in
the diagram:
a Find the total area of the plot of land.

b Find the area of the garden.

17 The figure shows a plan of a dining room
floor, which is to be tiled with slate tiles.
a Calculate the area to be tiled. Round

your answer to the nearest metre
squared.
b If the cost of tiling is $10/m2 , how much
will it cost to tile the dining room floor?
18 Luke wants to wallpaper two walls each measuring 3.9 m high and 9.75 m wide. One of the
walls includes a doorway measuring 0.8 m wide and 1.6 m high.
a Find the total area to be wallpapered.

b If each roll of wallpaper covers an area of 10 m2 , calculate the number of full rolls Luke
must buy to cover the entire area.
19 A farmer is going to fertilise his paddock,

which has the following shape:
a Find the area of the paddock.

b If it takes 150 kg of fertiliser to fertilise
100 square metres, how many kilograms
of fertiliser should the farmer purchase?

20 The back cover of a mobile phone is shown in the following diagram. The rounded corners
are quadrants:
Find the area of the back cover, excluding the circular camera lens. Round your answer to
two decimal places.
21 A circular metal plate of diameter 2 metres, has 65 holes of diameter 5 cm drilled into it. Find
the remaining area of the metal plate in square metres. Round your answer to two decimal
places.
22 The diagram on the right shows a

landscaping plan with the garden at the top
bordered by a circular arc and the property
boundary.
a Find the area of the lawn in square

metres.
b Find the area of the garden in square
metres. Round your answer to two
decimal places.
c If roll-on lawn costs $12 per square
metre, how much will it cost to cover the
lawn and the garden?
d Find the paved area in square metres.
Round your answer to two decimal
places.
e Paving costs $100 per square metre.
Find the cost to pave the paved area.

23 A simple t-shirt pattern has the dimensions given in the diagram below, with a semicircular
neck hole in the front piece only:
a Find the area of the back of the t-shirt.

b Find the area of the front of the t-shirt, to one decimal place.
c If the front and back pieces are both cut from two rectangular pieces of fabric with
dimensions 90 cm by 80 cm, how much fabric is wasted? Round your answer to the
nearest square centimetre.
d The fabric costs $8 per metre length, where one metre length is a piece of fabric with
width 80 cm and length 100 cm. If the t-shirt pieces are cut out of two 0.9 metre lengths
as in part (c), how much will the fabric cost for 100 t-shirts?
24 A square has a quarter of a circle attached to one of its sides. The square has side length
9 cm and the quarter of a circle has radius equal to the sides of the square. Find the total
area, correct to two decimal places.

25 Tina, Brad, and Homer are designing a logo
for their astronomy club.
Brad proposes that their logo should be in
the shape of an annulus to represent an
eclipse, as shown in the diagram:
a Find the area of the annulus in the logo,

Tina likes this idea but proposes that they

shift the hole in the annulus to the side so
that it better resembles an eclipse, as
b Brad claims that this will change the

area of the annulus. Is he correct?
Explain your answer.
c Homer claims that the logo will no
longer be an annulus. Is he correct?

8.04
Surface area
Surface area of prisms
1 Find the surface area of the following cube

with a side length of 6 cm:
2 Find the surface area of a cube with a side length of 4 cm.
3 Consider the following rectangular prism

with length, width and height equal to 12 m,
6 m and 4 m respectively.
Find the surface area of the prism.
4 Find the surface area of a rectangular prism with dimensions: 4 cm by 9 cm by 8 cm.

5 Find the surface area of the following triangular prisms:
a b
6 Find the surface area of the following trapezoidal prisms:
a b
7 Consider the following prism:
a Find the height, h, correct to two

decimal places.
b Find the surface area, correct to one
decimal place.

8 Consider the following trapezoidal prism:
a Find the value of y . Round your answer

b Find the surface area. Round your
9 A cube has surface area of 1032 cm2 .
a Find the area of one of the square faces.

b Hence, find the length of one side of the cube, correct to two decimal places.
Cylinders
10 Find the surface area of the following cylinders. Round your answers to two decimal places.
a b
11 Find the surface area of a cylinder with diameter 6 cm and height 21 cm, correct to two
decimal places.
12 A cylindrical can of radius 7 cm and height 10 cm is open at one end. Find the external
surface area of the can, correct to two decimal places.

13 Consider the hollow cylinder shown:
a What is the external surface area of the

curved surface to two decimal places?
b What is the total surface area of the front
and back rings to two decimal places?
c What is the internal surface area of the
curved surface to two decimal places?
d Hence, what is the total surface area of
the solid to two decimal places?
14 The area of one circular face on a cylinder is 6084π m2 and the total surface area of the
cylinder is 14 040π m2 :
a Find the radius of the cylinder, r. b Find the height of the cylinder, h.
15 If a spherical ball with a radius of 3.7 cm fits exactly inside a closed cylinder, what is the
surface area of the cylinder. Round your answer to one decimal place.
16 Two identical spherical balls with radii of

1.4 m fit exactly inside a cylinder as shown:
Find the surface area of the closed cylinder.
Round your answer to one decimal place.

Pyramids
17 Find the surface area of the following pyramids:
a b
18 Find the surface area of the following pyramids:
a A square pyramid with base edge 10 cm and perpendicular height 5 cm.

b A rectangular pyramid with base 10 cm by 5 cm, and perpendicular height 4 cm.
19 Consider the following square pyramid:
a Find the height of the triangular faces,

b Find the surface area of the square
pyramid correct to one decimal place.

Spheres
20 Find the surface area of the following spheres, correct to two decimal places:
a b
21 Find the surface area of the following

hemisphere. Round your answer to three
decimal places.
22 Calculate the surface area of a softball ball with a radius of 9.6 cm. Round your answer to
two decimal places.
23 The planet Mars has a radius of 3390 km. Find the surface area of Mars, to the nearest whole
number.
24 The planet Saturn has a radius of 58 232 km, and planet Mercury has a radius of 2439.7 km.
How many times bigger is the surface area of Saturn than Mercury? Round your answer to
one decimal place.

Cones
25 Find the surface area of the following cones, correct to two decimal places:
a b
26 The diagram shows a cone of diameter 5 cm

and slant height 11 cm sliced in half. Find
the surface area of the solid. Round your

Composite solids
27 Find the surface area of the following solid:
28 Find the surface area of the following solids, rounding your answers to two decimal places
where necessary:
a b
c d

e f
g h

29 The following solid was constructed by
removing a hemisphere from a cylinder:
Answer the following questions, rounding
your answers to two decimal places.
a Find the curved surface area of the

hemisphere.
b Find the surface area of the open
cylinder including the base.
c Hence, find the total surface area of the
shape.
30 The solid shown is constructed by cutting

out a quarter of a sphere from a cube. Find
its surface area if the side length is 14.2 cm
and the radius of the sphere is half the side
length.
31 A pyramid has been removed from inside a rectangular prism, as shown in the figure:

triangle side with base length 12 cm.
places.
b Find the perpendicular height of the
triangle side with base length 10 cm.
places.
c Find the surface area of the composite
solid, correct to two decimal places.

32 A small square pyramid of height 5 cm was
removed from the top of a large square
pyramid of height 10 cm leaving the solid
shown:

trapezoidal sides of the new solid.
places.
b Find the surface area of the composite
solid formed, correct to one decimal
place.
Applications
33 A birthday gift is placed inside the box

shown, which has the shape of a
rectangular prism:
Find the minimum amount of wrapping
paper needed to cover this box.
34 Laura is building a storage chest in the shape of a rectangular prism. The chest will be 55 cm
long, 41 cm deep, and 39 cm high. Find the surface area of the chest.
35 The roof of a shed is the shape of a

triangular prism with dimensions as shown
in the diagram:
Find the surface area of the roof of the shed
(do not include the base of the prism).
Round your answer to the nearest square
metre.

36 An ice cream cone is made by folding
together a sector of pastry, with a small
overlap. The dimensions of the cone are
a Find the external surface area of the

cone in square centimetres. Round your
b If the overlap adds an extra 5% to the
area, how much pastry is required to
produce the cone? Round your answer
to the nearest square centimetre.
37 A swimming pool has the shape of a

trapezoidal prism 14 metres long and 6
metres wide. The depth of the water ranges
from 1.2 metres to 2.5 metres, as shown in
the diagram:
The walls and base of the pool are going to
be tiled. Calculate the total area inside the
pool that is to be tiled. Round your answer
38 The roof of a large public building is in the shape of a rectangular pyramid, as shown below:
a Calculate the surface area of the roof,

excluding the base of the pyramid.
square metre.
b Each tile used on the roof has an area of
600 cm2 . How many tiles are used to
cover the roof?

39 The diagram shows a water trough in the
shape of a half cylinder:
Find the surface area of the outside of this
water trough. Round your answer to two
decimal places.
40 The Louvre pyramid is a large glass and metal pyramid which serves as the entrance to the
Louvre museum in Paris. It is a square pyramid with a perpendicular height of 22 m and a
base length of 35 m.
If the surface of the pyramid (excluding the base) is entirely covered in glass, how many
square metres of glass make up the structure? Round your answer to the nearest square
metre.
41 A famouse right square pyramid is the Great Pyramid in Egypt. Its perpendicular height is
approximately 139 m, its base length is 230 m, and its four triangular faces each have a
height of 216 m.
Find the surface area of the Great Pyramid. Do not include the base of the pyramid in your
calculation.
42 Find the surface area of the brickwork for

this cylindrical silo. Assume that there is a
brick roof but no floor.

43 A paint roller is cylindrical in shape. It has a
diameter of 6.8 cm and a width of 31.2 cm.
Find the area painted by the roller when it
makes one revolution. Round your answer
44 The dome of St. Paul's Cathedral is in the shape of a hemisphere, with a diameter of 31 m.
a Calculate the curved surface area of the dome. Round your answer to the nearest square
metre.
b For each square metre of the internal surface area, there is approximately 43 tonnes of
stone making up the dome. Calculate the total mass of the dome, to the nearest
thousand tonnes.
45 A steel shed is to be constructed, with dimensions as shown below. The shed is to include a
rectangular cut-out at the front for the entrance.
a Determine the surface area of the shed.

place.
b Construction of the shed requires an
additional 0.1 m2 of sheet metal for each
1 m2 of surface area, due to overlaps
and wastage.
How much sheet metal is required to
construct this shed? Round your answer
up to the nearest square metre.
c If the steel sheets cost $18 per square
metre, calculate the total cost of the
steel required to build this shed.

46 A grain silo has the shape of a cylinder
attached to a cone, with dimensions as
shown in the diagram on the right:
a Find the surface area of the silo, to the

nearest square metre, assuming that the
top is closed.
b The silo is manufactured out of sheet
metal that has a mass of 2.4 kg/m 2 . Find
the total mass of the silo to the nearest
kilogram.
47 The given diagram shows the design for a

marquee (tent). The roof of the marquee has
a height of 3 m. The material for the
marquee costs $44/m2 .
a Find the total surface area of the

marquee. Do NOT include the floor.
b Find the total cost of the marquee
material.
48 Xavier has been hired to wallpaper the walls and ceiling of a living room. The room is 9.7 m
long, 4.2 m wide, and 2.91 m high. There is one window that is 2.3 m by 1.1 m, two windows
that are 0.97 m by 1.1 m, and two doors that are 1.34 m by 2.6 m.
Xavier needs to wallpaper everything except the floor, the windows, and the doors. Find the
total surface area that Xavier needs to wallpaper, rounding your answer to two decimal
places.

49 A wedding cake consists of three cylinders stacked on top of each other. The dimensions
are as follows:
The top layer has a radius and height

of 20 cm.
The middle layer has the same height
as the top layer and a radius that is
double that of the top layer.
The bottom layer has a height that is
double that of the top layer, and a
radius that is triple that of the top
layer.
All the sides and top surfaces are to be covered in icing, but not the base. Find the surface
area of the cake that needs to be iced. Round your answer to the nearest square centimetre.
50 A company manufactures nuts shaped like regular hexagonal prisms, with cylindrical bolt
holes cut out of the centre, as shown below:
a The total surface area of a nut before

the bolt hole is drilled is 14.7 cm2 . Find
the surface area of a single nut after the
bolt hole is drilled out, including the
inside surface area of the hole. Round
your answer to one decimal place.
b Each nut that is manufactured requires a
zinc coating to prevent corrosion. If 1 kg
of zinc is enough to coat a surface area
of 1 m2 , how many nuts can be coated
with 1 kg of zinc? Round your answer to
the nearest whole number.

51 The high rise building shown has vertical
sides made entirely from glass panels:
How many square metres of glass make up
the building's walls?
52 Consider the high rise building shown

below:
a Find the surface area of the walls of the

building.
b If 2% of the area of the walls is taken up
by metal frames and the rest is glass,
how many square metres of glass are
used on the walls?
53 The lid of this treasure chest is found to be

exactly one half of a cylindrical barrel. Find
the surface area of the chest, correct to two
decimal places.

8.06
Units of volume and
capacity
Units of volume
1 Identify the appropriate unit for measuring the following:
a The volume of a sand pit. b The volume of a match box.

c The volume of an office building. d The volume of swimming pool.
e The volume of sim card.
2 The cube shown in the diagram has a

volume of 1 cm3 :
Find its volume in cubic milimetres.
3 Convert the following volumes to cubic milimetres (mm3 ):
a 4 m3 b 3.5 cm3 c 4.2 m3 d 19 cm3

e 5 cm3 f 1.3 cm3 g 0.08 cm3 h 6.05 cm3
4 Convert the following volumes to cubic metres (m3 ):
a 460 000 000 mm3 b 51 980 000 cm3

c 1 070 000 000 mm3 d 90 000 cm3
e 2 800 000 cm3 f 15 000 000 cm3
g 126 500 000 cm3 h 6 000 000 000 mm3
i 4 000 000 000 mm3 j 12 000 000 000 mm3
5 Convert the following volumes to cubic centimetres (cm3 ):
a 47 600 mm3 b 8.12 m3 c 7000 mm3 d 2000 mm3

e 14 000 mm3 f 820 mm3 g 26 mm3 h 0.5 m3
i 0.06 m3 j 0.0075 m3 k 6.05 m3

6 Convert the following as specified:
a 43 m3 to cm3 b 18 cm3 to mm3

c 12 000 000 cm3 to m3 d 9000 mm3 to cm3
e 8.97 m3 to cm3 f 9.77 cm3 to mm3
g 96 900 cm3 to m3 h 92 200 mm3 to cm3
Units of capacity
7 Identify the appropriate unit for measuring the following:
a The capacity of a dose of vaccine injection.

b The capacity of a bottle of washing detergent.
8 What metric unit represents one thousandth of a litre?
9 Convert the following to mililitres (mL):
a 6L b 1.54 L c 0.5 kL d 0.025 kL

e 21.3 L f 7.03 L g 1.05 kL h 0.009 kL
10 Convert the following to litres (L):
a 5000 mL b 4920 mL c 1.67 kL d 10 kL

e 420 000 mL f 11 080 mL g 96 kL h 200 kL
11 Convert the following to kilolitres (kL):
a 8000 L b 6570 L c 950 L d 80 L

e 70 000 mL f 1 850 000 mL g 156 000 mL h 1300 mL
Converting between units
12 Convert the following to cubic centimetres (cm3 ):
a 1 mL b 8000 mL c 40 mL d 4.47 mL
e 22 kL f 0.09 kL

13 Convert the following to litres (L):
a 6750 cm3 b 18.62 m3
14 Convert the following to cubic metres (m3 ):
a 6000 L b 34 kL
15 Convert the following to kilolitres (kL):
a 71.5 m3 b 7 730 000 cm3
16 Convert a volume of 72 000 cm3 to:
a Litres (L) b Kilolitres (kL)
17 Convert the following as specified:
a 68 000 mL to L b 52 L to mL c 99 000 L to kL d 63 kL to L
e 1 cm3 to mL f 1 mL to cm3 g 36 cm3 to mL h 720 mL to cm3
i 1 m3 to kL j 1 kL to m3 k 83 m3 to kL l 270 kL to m3
m 0.4 L to mL n 3.8 mL to L o 1.67 kL to L p 84.6 L to kL
Applications
18 Find the volume of the following solid in

cubic centimetres:

19 Find the volume of the following solids in cubic millimetres:
a b
20 A landscaper needs to move soil across the

garden.
Approximately what capacity of soil can be
carried by a wheelbarrow in one trip?
A 771 mL B 21 mL C 71 L
21 Quiana bought a 400 mL bottle of soft drink. How many litres of soft drink did she buy?
22 This water bottle has a volume of 700 cm3 .
a Find its capacity in millilitres.

b Find its capacity in litres.

23 This juice box contains 1600 mL of juice.
a Find its volume in cubic centimetres.

b Calculate the length of the juice box if it
is 8 cm tall and 5 cm wide.
24 A cubic box has capacity of 343 L. Find its volume in cubic centimetres.
25 A jug has a volume of 12 395 cm3 . How many litres of soda water can it hold? Round your
answer to three decimal places.
26 A backyard pond can hold 12 m3 of water when full.
a How many litres of water does the pond hold?

b The garden hose has a flow rate of 40 L/min. How long, in hours, will the pond take to fill
from empty?

8.07
Volume of prisms and
pyramids
Volume of prisms
1 Find the volume of the following prisms:
a b
c d
e f

g h
i j
k l
2 A container has the shape of a rectangular prism, with the following dimensions: 50 cm,
80 cm, and 20 cm. Find its volume.

3 Find the volume of the following boxes in cubic centimetres.
a A box is 1 m long, 20 cm high and 30 cm wide.

b A box is 2 m long, 40 cm high and 50 cm wide.
4
a What operation is required to convert cubic centimetres to cubic metres?
b Find the volume of the following in cubic metres:
i A cube with side length 150 cm.

ii A rectangular prism with length 220 cm, width 50 cm and height 75 cm.
iii A triangular prism with a length of 400 cm and a triangular face with base length
300 cm and height 90 cm.
5 For each of the following containers, find:
i The volume. ii The capacity in litres.
a A container shaped like a rectangular prism with dimensions 30 cm × 80 cm × 10 cm.

b A container shaped like a rectangular prism with dimensions 50 cm × 65 cm × 20 cm.
Volume of pyramids
6 Find the volume of the following pyramids. Round your answers to two decimal places
where necessary.
a b

c d
e f
7 A right pyramid has a square base with side length 24 mm and a perpendicular height of
24 mm. Find the volume of the pyramid.
8 A pyramid with a height of 7 m has a right-angled triangular base with side lengths 6 m, 8 m
and 10 m. Find the volume of the pyramid.
9 Find the volume of a pentagonal pyramid with base area of 90 cm2 and height 8 cm.
Applications
10 A garden bed is 5 m in length, 2 m in width and 20 cm in height.

Find the volume of soil in m3 that will be needed to fill up the garden bed.

11 Find the volume of concrete required to
build the skateboard ramp shown.
12 Find the volume of the following tent.

Give your answer in cubic metres.
13 Locker A is 40 cm long, 30 cm wide and 160 cm tall. Locker B is 45 cm long, 30 cm wide and
145 cm tall. Which locker has the most storage?
14 A box of tissues is in the shape of a rectangular prism. It measures 19 cm by 39 cm by 11 cm.
a Find the volume of the box.

b A supermarket owner wants to arrange a number of tissues boxes on a shelf such that
there are no gaps between the boxes or at either end of the shelf. If the shelf at the
supermarket is 95 cm long, find the maximum number of tissues boxes that can be
organised in this way.
15 Calculate the volume of a single sheet of paper, given that a pile of 500 sheets of paper
measures 230 mm wide, 298 mm long and 30 mm tall.
16 Find the capacity of the following in litres:
a A cubic tank with side length 29 cm.

b A rectangular swimming pool with a length of 27 m, width of 14 m and depth of 3 m.

17 Find the capacity of the fish tank in litres:
18 A fish tank designed to sit in the corner of a

room has the shape of a right-angled
triangular prism.
If its dimensions are as shown in the image,
determine the capacity of the fish tank in
litres.
19 A medical refrigerator used to store containers has dimensions 65 cm × 52 cm × 26 cm. The

containers have dimensions 50 mm × 40 mm × 20 mm.
a Find the volume of one of the containers.

b Find the volume of the fridge in cubic millimetres.
c How many containers can be stored in the fridge?
20 The roof of a house is flat and measures 16 m by 15 m in the shape of a rectangle.
a What is the area of the roof?

b If a water tank collects all the water from the roof, how many litres of water would it
collect if there had been 20 mm of rain?
c After the water tank has become full, a further 10 mm of rain falls from the roof. How
many litres of rainfall are not collected as a result?

21 The outline of a trapezium-shaped block of
land is pictured on the right:
During a heavy storm, 63 mm of rain fell
over the block of land.
Find the volume of water that landed on the
property in litres.
22 A metal rectangular prism is melted down and re-cast into identical triangular prisms.
The dimensions are shown in the images below.
a If all of the metal is able to be re-used, how many whole triangular prisms can be made?
b If instead 7% of the metal is wasted in the process, how many whole triangular prisms
can be made?

23 A paperweight is in the shape of a square
pyramid with dimensions as shown. The
paperweight is filled with solid glass.
Find the volume of glass needed to make
3000 paperweights.
24 The Great Pyramid in Egypt has a square base of side length 230 m and a vertical height of
146 m. Find the volume of the Great Pyramid correct to one decimal place.

8.07
Volume of cylinders and
spheres (Extended)
Volume of cylinders
1 Find the volume of the following solids, rounding your answers to one decimal place:
a b
c d
2 Find the volume of a cylinder with radius 7 cm and height 15 cm, correct to two decimal
places.
3 Find the volume of a cylinder, correct to one decimal place if:
a Its radius is 6 cm and height is 15 cm. b Its diameter is 2 cm and height is 19 cm.
4 If the radius of a cylinder is 8 cm and its height is 18 cm, find the amount of water it can hold
in litres. Round your answer to two decimal places.
5 Consider a cylinder with a diameter of 14 cm and height of 10 cm.
a Find the volume of the cylinder in cubic centimetres, rounded to one decimal place.

b State the capacity of the cylinder in millilitres, rounded to one decimal place.
Volume of spheres
6 Find the volume of the following spheres. Round your answers to two decimal places.
a b
c d

7 A student was calculating the volume of the
sphere shown. The working is given below:
4
Step 1 V = π × 93
3

2916
Step 2

= π
3

Step 3 ≈ 3053.63 cm3
Explain what the student's mistake was, and

find the actual volume of the sphere.
8 Find the volume of the following spheres. Round your answer to three decimal places.
a A sphere with a radius of 5.8 mm. b A sphere with a diameter of 17 cm.

c A sphere with a radius of 0.9 m. d A sphere with a diameter of 7 cm.
8

Applications
9 Jack's mother told him to drink 3 large

bottles of water each day. She gave him a
cylindrical bottle with height 17 cm and
radius 5 cm.
a Find the volume of the bottle. Round

b Assuming that he drinks 3 full bottles as
his mother suggested, calculate the
volume of water Jack drinks each day.
places.
c If Jack follows this drinking routine for a
week, how many litres of water would
he drink altogether? Round your answer
to the nearest litre.

10 A cylindrical tank with diameter of 3 m is
placed in a 2 m deep circular hole so that
there is a gap of 40 cm between the side of
the tank and the hole. The top of the tank is
level with the ground.
a Find the volume of dirt that was

removed to make the hole. Give your
answer to the nearest cubic metre.
b Find the capacity of the tank to the
nearest litre.
11 Approximately how many litres of water can

this water cooler bottle contain? Round your
12 There are two types of cylindrical soup cans available for Bob to purchase at his local store.
The first has a diameter of 16 cm and a height of 18 cm, and the second has a diameter of
18 cm and a height of 16 cm.
State which type of can holds more soup, the first can or the second can.
13 A cylindrical swimming pool has a diameter of 5 m and a depth of 1.8 m.
a How many litres of water can the pool contain? Round your answer to the nearest litre.
b Express this amount of water in kilolitres.
14 Find the volume of a bowling ball with a radius of 10.9 cm. Round your answer to three
decimal places.
15 How many whole lead balls with a diameter of 0.5 cm can be made from the amount of lead
in a ball with a diameter of 10 cm?

16 Water in a cylindrical vase reaches a height of 22 cm. Bianca pours this water into a new
spherical vase.
If both vases have a radius of 17 cm, how much space will be left empty in the spherical vase
once the water is poured into it? Round your answer to two decimal places.
17 How many cubic centimetres of gas are necessary to inflate a spherical balloon to a
diameter of 60 cm? Round your answer to the nearest cubic centimetre.
18 The planet Jupiter has a radius of 69 911 km, and planet Mercury has a radius of 2439.7 km.
How many times bigger is the volume of Jupiter than Mercury? Assume that both planets
are spheres. Round your answer to one decimal place.
19 The planet Mars has a radius of 3400 km. What is the volume of Mars? Write your answer in
scientific notation to three decimal places.
20 A cubic box has a volume of 34 500 cm3 .
a Find the side length of the box, correct to 4 decimal places.

b Using the answer from part (a), find the volume of the largest ball that can fit inside the
box. Write your answer correct to the nearest cm3 .
21 Three spheres of radius 4 cm fit perfectly

inside a cylindrical tube so that the height
of the three spheres is equal to the height
of the tube, and the width of each sphere
equals the width of the tube:
a Find the total volume of the three

spheres. Round your answer to one
decimal place.
b Find the volume of the tube. Round your
c Calculate the percentage of the space
inside the tube that is not taken up by
the spheres. Round your answer to the
nearest whole percent.

9.01
Financial applications of
percentages
Percentage increase and decrease
1 Steph is going to buy a hat that is marked as 25% off. The original price was $36.
a What is the value of the discount in dollars?

b What is the price that Steph will pay for the hat?
2 Duncan is going to buy a hat that is marked as 15% off. The original price was $30.

b What is the price that Duncan will pay for the hat?
3 Christa is going to buy an eraser from a stationery store that is having a storewide 10% off
sale. The original price of the eraser was $6.

b What is the price that Christa will pay for the eraser?
4 A movie ticket usually costs $21 but staff are given a 40% discount.
a How much less do staff pay for a ticket?

b What price do staff pay for a ticket?
5 A music shop advertises 12% off usual prices on all CDs and DVDs. A CD is usually priced at
$16.
a Find the amount of the discount on this CD.

b Calculate the discounted price of the CD.
6 Brad is going to purchase some sports gear on layby. This involves paying some money as a
deposit and paying the remainder later. The amount of the layby is $180.
a If the amount the store needs as a deposit is 20%, calculate the dollar amount of the
deposit.
b Calculate the remaining balance on the layby.
7 Caitlin received a store discount of 40% on a new bed originally priced at $670.
a What percentage of the price did she pay?

b Calculate the price of the bed after store discount was applied.

8 A store is offering a 20% discount on all goods. Ivan purchases a fridge with an original price
of $640 and a stove with an original price of $840.
a Without a discount, how much would Ivan have to pay altogether?

b Calculate the total discount amount that Ivan receives.
c Find the amount Ivan pays for the goods after discount.
9 A tennis racket marked at a price of $90 is advertised to be selling at 45% off the marked
price. Calculate the discounted price.
10 A bag of rice weighs 110 kg. If the weight of the bag decreases by 40%, find the new weight
of the bag.
11 A bag of potatoes weighs 50 kg. If the weight of the bag increases by 35%, find the new
weight of the bag.
12 A basket of goods was valued at $43.70 in January 2020. If the inflation rate for the year was
8%, find the expected cost of the basket of goods in January 2021.
13 Maria bought a car for $5400 and sold it two years later, making a loss of 15%. How much did
she sell it for?
14 A sales assistant is paid a commission of 15% on her weekly sales. Find her commission for a
week in which she sells products to the value of $2000.
15 The value of my car depreciated 5% this year. If its value at the start of the year was $4000:
a By how much did it depreciate? b Calculate the current value of the car.
16 Two stores advertised the same range of books:
Honest Anne offered 20% off the publisher's recommended price.

Fair Freddie offered up to 50% off the publisher's recommended price.
a Fiona bought books from Honest Anne's with a total marked price of $130, prior to
discount. Find the value of the discount she will receive.
b How much did Fiona pay for the books at Honest Anne's Shop?
c At Fair Freddie's, Donna bought the same books for the same price and was given 10%
off the first $100 worth of purchase and 50% off the remainder of the purchase. Calculate
the total discount Donna received from Fair Freddie's shop.
d How much did Donna pay for the books at Fair Freddie's Shop?
e Which bookshop offer is the best for this purchase?

17 Identify which of the following offers gives the greater discount:
a
Offer A: successive discounts of 6% and 11%
Offer B: a single discount of 13%
b
Offer A: a single discount of 16%
Offer B: successive discounts of 5% and 11%
18 A dishwasher initially selling for $866 is discounted by 12%.
a Calculate the discounted price.

b Express the initial price as a percentage of the discounted price, correct to two decimal
places.
c Hence state the percentage increase needed to restore the discounted price back to the
original price.
19 A holiday resort in Tasmania reduced its overnight rate from $232 to $120.
a Find the amount that Beth would save if she is to take advantage of the sale.
b Find the percentage discount, correct to two decimal places.
20 A bike regularly sells for $300 but is now on sale for $255.
a By how much has the price of the bike been decreased?

b Calculate the percentage discount on the bike.
21 Every item in store is sold at 8% more than its cost. If a product was bought from the
manufacturer for $360, calculate:
a The sale price. b The profit in dollars.
22 A game retailer sells new games at a markup of 33% above the cost price and old games at a
markup of 18%. Calculate the selling price of:
a The newly released Super Zora 5 game which has a cost price of $90.
b The old Super Zora 3 game which has a cost price of $31.
23 At the end of the financial year, a television originally advertised at $3800 is discounted by
5%. Valentina negotiates a further discount for paying cash, which brings the price down to
$3285.10. Calculate the further percentage discount Valentina received for paying cash.

24 Luke buys a used bike for $385 and resells it for $560 without spending any money on it.
a How much profit did Luke make on the bike?

b Calculate Luke's percentage profit, correct to two decimal places.
25 Sally purchased a dress for $20 and auctioned it online for $41. Calculate:
a The profit as a percentage of the cost, correct to two decimal places.

b The profit as a percentage of the revenue, correct to two decimal places.
26 Every item in store is sold at 9% more than its cost. If a product is sold for $110, calculate:
a The cost price. b The profit.
Calculate original values
27 A woman is paid a commission of 9% on her weekly sales. If her total commission for the
week was $541, calculate:
a The value of 1% of her sales.

b The total value of her sales for that week to the nearest dollar.
28 A store is having a 13% off sale. Calculate the original price of a discounted item that is on
sale for $3723.75.
29 A store is having a 15% off sale. Calculate the original price of a discounted item that is on
sale for $495.
30 An investor sold his portfolio at 8% profit for a price of $2000. Calculate the original value of
his portfolio.
31 In a fire sale, a store sold goods at 41% below cost price. If $13 900 was earned from the sale,
calculate:
a The original cost of goods sold. b The loss on the sale.
32 A manufacturer is selling its old factory machinery for $34 320, which represents a loss of
12%. At what price did the manufacturer purchase the machinery?

Goods and services tax
33 Calculate the 10% GST applicable on the following original prices:
a $80 b $39.50 c $35 d $77.80
34 Calculate the sales price, including GST, for an item with an original price of $20.
35 John received a bill of $68 for consultation and $10 for herbal supplements from a medical
professional. If GST is only applied to the consultation fee, what is the total bill that John
must pay?
36 Calculate the GST on an item with a sales price (including GST) of:
a $40 b $83.90
37 The sales price of an item, including GST, is $80. Calculate the price of the item without GST.
38 Fruits and vegetables do not incur GST of 10%. If the total shopping bill is $109, and fruits
and vegetables amount to $62, what is the cost of the other items prior to adding GST?
39 Calculate the amount of GST paid on the

receipt shown.
Note: The prices shown already include
GST.

Shares, dividends and yields
40 The following table highlights the shares Dave owns in a number of companies:
Share Price Number of Shares Value of Shares Dividend

(dollars) Owned (dollars) Yield
Straits Airways 1.68 800 A 2%
Outback
20.45 200 B 5.4%
Mining Co.
Bargain
14.34 300 C 4.8%
Supermarkets
Bank of Oz 11.22 150 D 3%
Insurance
7.60 600 E 1.25%
Corp.
a Calculate the value of:
i A ii B iii C iv D
v E
b Calculate the total value of shares that Dave owns.

c Calculate the dividend per share earned on shares in the company 'Straits Airways'.
d Calculate the total dividend earned on Dave's shares in the company 'Bargain
Supermarkets'. Round your answer to the nearest whole dollar.
41 The annual earnings per share is $1.25 and the market price of the share is $12.25.
Calculate the price-to-earnings ratio.
42 The market value of shares in Florist Gump is $18.55 per share. The P/E ratio is 10.6.
Calculate the annual earnings per share.
43 The P/E ratio of shares in Vinyl Resting Place is 9.4. The annual earnings per share is $1.75.
Calculate the price of each share.
44 Calculate the dividend per share when a company's net profit of $373 520 is to be distributed
evenly among its 128 800 shares.
45 Calculate the dividend yield, correct to one decimal place, when a firm with a share price of
$38.20 pays a dividend of $1.38 per share.

46 Calculate the dividend per share when a company's share price is $34.00 and its dividend
yield is 5.3%.
47 Calculate the share price of a company that pays a dividend of $3.00 per share and has a
dividend yield of 2.8%.
48 Consider the following companies share and dividend information:
Company A has a share value of $2.50 and paid a dividend of $0.19 per share.
Company B has a share value of $8.40 and paid a dividend of $0.63 per share.
Company C has a share value of $16.25 and paid a dividend of $1.43 per share.
a Calculate the dividend yield for Company A.

b Calculate the dividend yield for Company B.
c Calculate the dividend yield for Company C.
d Which company had the highest dividend yield?
49 Sean buys 6000 shares in Company A at $6.25 each. The company pays a dividend of 55c per
share. Sean also buys 3000 shares in Company B at $7.50 per share, which pays a dividend of
$0.57 per share.
a Calculate the dividend yield for company A.

b Calculate the dividend yield for company B.
c What is the overall dividend yield for Sean's investment?
50 Amelia buys shares in a company at $7.25 per share. The company pays a dividend in July of
27.5c and a dividend in February of 27.6c. What is the dividend yield for the whole financial
year?
51 A company has a net profit of $13.2 million that it will fully distribute to the owners of its 82.5
million shares.
a Calculate the dividend per share that will be paid to shareholders.

b Calculate the dividend yield if the share price is $26.37. Round your answer to one
decimal place.
c In order to raise funds, the company issues another 2.2 million shares. Given that the
company expects its profits to increase by 1% in the next year and it intends to distribute
all of its net profit to shareholders, what will its dividend yield be if its share price
remains the same? Round your answer to one decimal place.

52 Mastaneh has a share portfolio as detailed below. Assume that all earnings are distributed as
dividends.
Number of Price per Dividend per Dividend

Company
shares share share yield
Sham Rock Diamonds 300 $1.76 y 12.5%
The Codfather 700 $1.25 $0.08 x
Curl Up and Fry 900 $1.25 $0.04 3.2%
a Calculate the total value of this share portfolio.

b Calculate the value of x. Express your answer as a percentage.
c Calculate the value of y .
d Calculate the price-to-earnings ratio of Sham Rock Diamonds.
e Calculate the price-to-earnings ratio of The Codfather.
f Calculate the price-to-earnings ratio of Curl Up and Fry.
g Based on the price-to-earnings ratio, which company is the best investment?
53 Freya paid $7800 for 300 shares that have a dividend yield of 2.5%. The company returned
52% of its profits to shareholders as a dividend.
a Calculate the price per share. b Calculate the dividend per share.
c Calculate the total earnings per share. d Calculate the price-to-earnings ratio.
54 The table below summarises information about four companies:
Share Earnings per Dividend per Dividend

Company P/E
price share share yield
True Blue Holdings $10.25 $1.25 a $0.287 2.8%
Sew What $12.75 b 3.4 $0.612 4.8%
Juan In A Million $17.25 $3.75 4.6 c 2.8%
Wok On Water $22.75 $8.75 2.6 $1.547 d
Calculate the value of:
a a b b c c d d

9.02
Simple interest
Simple interest
1 If $16 716 of simple interest was earned in 7 years, find how much interest was earned:
a Each year b Each month
2 Assuming that a year has 365 days and 52 weeks, calculate the simple interest earned on the
following investments:
a $2540 at 9% p.a. for 2 years.

b $2010 at a rate of 6% p.a. for 13 months.
c $1050 at a semiannual rate of 1.1% for 9 years.
d $7000 at 1.8% per quarter for 9 years.
e $5320 at 6% p.a. for 95 weeks.
f $5440 at 6% p.a. for 566 days.
3 Assuming that a year has 365 days and 52 weeks, calculate the simple interest charged on
the following loans:
a $8000 at 8% p.a. for 6 years. b $3860 at a rate of 9% p.a. for 13 months.

c $5240 at 4% p.a. for 73 weeks. d $5010 at 5% p.a. for 666 days.
4 Bianca takes out a loan of $800 to pay for an online course. Simple interest is calculated at
9% per year, charged monthly. If she repays the loan in 9 months, how much interest does
she pay in total?
5 The graph shows the amount of simple

interest charged each year by a particular I
bank, on a 3-year loan: 300
300
a Find the total amount of simple interest 250

250
charged on a loan of $5000.
200
200
b Calculate the simple interest rate per
annum, r, charged by the bank on 3-year 150
150
loans.
100
100
50
50
P
1000
1000 2000
2000 3000
3000 4000
4000 5000
5000

6 Dave and Emily are looking to invest Rate
$11 600 and $18 300 respectively for 6 years. Principal
p.a.
The table shows the simple interest rates
for different principals: Between $4 800 and $14 800 4%
Between $14 800 and $24 800 5%
a Calculate the interest Dave will earn on
his investment. Greater than $24 800 6%
b Calculate the interest Emily will earn on
her investment.
c How much will they earn if they combine their principals and invest together?
d Should they invest separately or together? Explain your answer.
7 Luke's investment of $3000 earned simple interest of 4% p.a. for the first 8 years, and 2% p.a.
for the next 5 years.
Calculate the total amount of interest earned.
Final value
8 Calculate the final value of these investments:
a $6170 at 5% p.a. for 6 years. b $9060 at 4% p.a. for 44 months.

c $4230 at 8% p.a. for 32 weeks. d $4620 at 6% p.a. for 146 days.
9 $402 is invested at 4% p.a. simple interest for 9 years. After this time the principal plus
interest is reinvested at 6% p.a. simple interest for 8 more years.
a Calculate the value of the investment after 9 years.

b Calculate the final value of the investment.
c Calculate the total amount of interest earned.
Principal, rates and time
10 The simple interest earned on each investment is given below. Find the annual interest rate
r, as a percentage, correct to one decimal place:
a $3600 over 2 years is $504.00. b $1600 over 3 quarters is $103.20

c $4800 over 20 months is $760.00 d $7550 over 9 years is $6523.20.
e $5800 over 6 quarters is $321.90 . f $5500 over 24 months is $385.00.

11 Find the principal that earned:
a $865 simple interest, at 3% p.a. over 6 years.

b $390 simple interest, at 2.5% p.a. over 4 years.
c $1200 simple interest, at 1% per month over 2 years.
d $3260 simple interest, at 2.5% per week over 6 months.
12 Sally made loan repayments totalling to $4320 on a loan of $4000 over 4 years.
a Calculate the total simple interest charged on the loan.

b Calculate r, the annual simple interest rate.
13 For his investment into government bonds , Buzz was paid simple interest of 9% p.a.
Calculate the size of Buzz's initial investment $P , if he earned $294.12 interest after 2 years.
14 If $2196 is invested at 2% p.a. simple interest for 8 years, what simple interest rate r, would
earn the same amount of interest in only 5 years?
Express r as a percentage, correct to two decimal places.
15 $552 is invested at a simple interest rate of 5% p.a.
a Calculate the interest that will be earned on the investment in one year.
b Calculate the number of years it will take the investment to grow to $828.
16 $1957 is invested at a simple interest rate of 6% p.a. Calculate the number of years needed
for interest of $1174.20 to be earned on the investment.
17 $2379.00 is invested at a simple interest rate of 2% p.a. Calculate the number of quarters
needed for interest of $23.79 to be earned on the investment.
18 $63 790 is invested at a simple interest rate of 8% p.a. Calculate the number of months
needed for interest of $7654.80 to be earned on the investment. Round your answer to the
nearest month.
19 $7050 is invested at a simple interest rate of 7% p.a. Calculate the number of years needed
for it to grow to $7950. Round your answer to two decimal places.

9.03
Compound interest
Compound interest tables
1 $3900 is invested for three years at a rate of 10% p.a., compounded annually.
a Complete the table below to determine the final value of the investment:
Balance at beginning of year Interest earned

First year $3900 $390
Second year $4290 $429
Third year
Fourth year −
b Calculate the total interest earned over the three years.
2 $3700 is invested for three years at a rate of 7% p.a., compounded annually.
Balance at beginning of year Interest earned

First year $3700 $259
Second year $3959 $277.13
Third year
Fourth year −
3 $3000 is invested at 4% p.a., compounded annually. The table below tracks the growth of the
principal over three years:
Time Period Value at beginning of Value at end of Interest earned in

(years) time period time period time period
1 $3000 A B
2 C $3244.80 D
3 $3244.80 $3374.59 E
a Find the value of:
i A ii B iii C iv D
v E

4 $9000 is invested for three years at a rate of
5% p.a. compounded annually. Interest Balance
($) ($)
a Complete the table:
Starting
b Calculate the total interest accumulated 0 9000
balance
over three years.
After one year
c Calculate the value of the investment at
the end of the three years. After two
years
After three
years
5 Maria invested $1400 at 10% p.a., compounded annually over 3 years. Without using the
compound interest formula calculate:
a The interest earned for the first year.

b The balance after the first year.
c The interest earned for the second year.
d The balance after the second year.
e The interest earned for the third year.
f The balance after the third year.
g The total amount of interest earned over the three years.
h The interest as a percentage of the initial investment, correct to one decimal place.
i The interest earned after three years if the investment was simple interest rather than
compound interest.
j Which type of interest is best for this investment and by how much is it better.
6 The following compound interest table shows the final value of a $1000 investment, for
various interest rates, compounded annually over various numbers of years:
5 years 10 years 15 years 20 years 25 years

r = 5% p.a. 1628.89 1790.85 1967.15 2158.92 2367.36
r = 6% p.a. 2078.93 2396.56 2759.03 3172.17 3642.48
r = 7% p.a. 2653.30 3207.14 3869.68 4660.96 5604.41
r = 8% p.a. 3386.35 4291.87 5427.43 6848.48 8623.08
r = 9% p.a. 4321.94 5743.49 7612.26 10 062.66 13 267.68
If $50 000 is invested and earns interest at 6% p.a. over 15 years, calculate:

a The value of this investment. b The amount of interest earned.

7 The following compound interest table shows the final value of a $1 investment, for various
interest rates, compounded annually over various numbers of years:
10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years

r = 8% 2.1589 2.3316 2.5182 2.7196 2.9372 3.1722
r = 9% 2.3674 2.5804 2.8127 3.0658 3.3417 3.6425
r = 10% 2.5937 2.8531 3.1384 3.4523 3.7975 4.1772
r = 11% 2.8394 3.1518 3.4985 3.8833 4.3104 4.7846
r = 12% 3.1058 3.4785 3.896 4.3635 4.8871 5.4736
After how many years will a sum of money triple in value if it is invested at 10% p.a.,
compounded annually?
Compound interest formula
8 Find the future value of the following:
a An investment of $2000 earns interest at 6% p.a, compounded annually over 4 years.

b An investment of $1000 earns interest at 2% p.a., compounded semiannually over 3
years.
c An investment of $8030 earns interest at 3% p.a., compounded annually over 20 years.
d An investment of $4490 earns interest at 2.8% p.a., compounded semiannually over 6
years.
e An investment of $8030 earns interest at 3% p.a., compounded quarterly over 12 years.
f An investment of $9450 earns interest at 2.6% p.a., compounded monthly over 14 years.
g An investment of $1710 earns interest at 2.2% p.a., compounded weekly over 6 years.
h An investment of $3000 earns interest at 4.5% p.a., compounded daily over 5 years.
Assume one leap year over this period.
i An investment of $392 earns interest at 2% p.a., compounded annually for 7 years. After
this time the principal plus interest is reinvested at 4% p.a., compounded annually for 5
more years.
9 Maria has $1000 to invest for 4 years and would like to know which of three investment plans
to choose:
Plan 1: invest at 4.98% p.a. interest, compounded monthly.

Plan 2: invest at 6.44% p.a. interest, compounded quarterly.
Plan 3: invest at 5.70% p.a. interest, compounded annually.
a Calculate the future value of each investment plan.

b State which plan Maria should choose for maximum return on her investment.
10 Hannah put $600 in a savings account with interest compounded quarterly at a rate of
1.1% p.a. Calculate the amount that is in Hannah's account after a period of 21 months.
11 Tina has $900 in a savings account which earns compound interest at a rate of 2.4% p.a.
If interest is compounded monthly, how much interest does Tina earn in 17 months?
12 John borrows $6000 from a loan shark at a rate of 20% p.a. compounded annually. If he is not
able to make any repayments, calculate how much John will owe at the end of 5 years.
13 Emma borrows $7000 from a loan shark at a rate of 4.7% p.a. compounded annually. If she is
not able to make any repayments, calculate how much Emma will owe at the end of 3 years.
Calculate the principal
14 Scott wants to have $1500 at the end of 5 years. If the bank offers 2.3% p.a. compounded
annually, how much should he invest now?
15 Tom wants to put a deposit on a house in 4 years time. In order to finance the $12 000
deposit, he decides to put some money into a high interest savings account that pays
5% p.a. interest, compounded monthly. If P is the amount of money that he must put into his
account now to accumulate enough for the deposit, find P .
16 Ursula has just won $30 000. She decides to invest some of her winnings into a retirement
fund which earns 8% interest p.a., compounded yearly. When she retires in 29 years, she
wants to have $52 000 in her fund.
How much of her winnings should Ursula invest now to achieve this?
17 Beth's investment into a 12-year 4.4% p.a. corporate bond grew to $13 190.
Calculate the size of Beth's initial investment if the interest was compounded:
a Annually b Semiannually c Quarterly d Monthly

e Weekly f Daily
18 Victoria has been promised an inheritance of $70 000 in 5 years time. What is the most she
can borrow now at a rate of 7% p.a. compounded annually, and still be able to pay off the
loan with her inheritance?

9.04
Applications of simple and
compound interest
Investments
1 Dave's investment of $6000 earns interest at 2% p.a, compounded annually over 3 years.
Using repeated multiplication, find:
a The value of the investment after 3 years.

b The amount of interest earned.
2 A $2090 investment earns interest at 4.2% p.a. compounded annually over 17 years. Use the
compound interest formula to calculate the value of this investment.
3 Sally's investment of $8950 earns interest at 4% p.a. compounded annually over 4 years. Find
the amount of interest earned.
4 $3900 is invested for three years at a rate of 10% p.a., compounding annually.
Balance + interest Total balance Interest earned

First year − $3900 $390
Second year $3900 + $390 $4290 $429
Third year
Fourth year −
5 State whether the following is true about compound interest:
a Interest is earned on the principal.

b The interest in any time period is calculated using only the original principal.
c Interest is earned on any accumulated interest.
d The amount of interest earned in any time period changes from one period to the next.
Inflation
6 What is the value of a $1330 brand new desk after 7 years when the annual inflation rate is
11%?
7 In 2001, the price of a bottle of orange juice was $3.20. What was the price of a bottle of
orange juice in 2006 if the inflation rate was 8% p.a.?
8 For an inflation rate of 7.4% per year, what is the expected value of a $210 basket of
groceries 7 years from now?
9 A one year sports club membership currently costs $332. Calculate the cost in 6 years time if
the inflation rate is 2.6% per annum. Round your answer to the nearest dollar.
10 In terms of today's dollar, what will be the value of $5 in 15 years time if the inflation rate is:
a 2.1% b 4.1%
11 Find the original price of the following items:
a A hat today costs $35.50. Find the price of the hat 9 years ago at an inflation rate of 3.7%
per annum.
b An item costs $15 000 today. Find the price of the item 4 years ago at an inflation rate of
3.5% per annum.
12 The price of pens and pencils in 1996 was $5. If the value inflated at an average rate of 3.2%
per annum, what would the price have been in 2005?
Appreciation
13 What is the value of a wine collection, currently valued at $4790, after 10 years if its rate of
appreciation is 9% p.a.?
14 The value of land is expected to grow by 6.8% each year for the next 5 years. If it currently
costs $460 per square metre, how much will it cost at the end of 5 years?
15 Due to dwindling supplies of oil, oil prices are expected to appreciate by 7.2% p.a. If the
current price of oil is $79 a barrel, what is the expected price of a barrel in 23 years time?
16 A house was valued 6 years ago to be worth $548 000. Its value appreciated at 5.2% p.a.
What is its appreciated value? Give your answer to the nearest dollar.
17 If a piece of land appreciates at an average rate of 3.7% per annum and its current value is
$430 000, calculate its value in 3 years. Give your answer to the nearest dollar.
18 A high interest bank account deposit appreciates at 6.6% per annum and is currently valued
at $46 000. What will its value be in 8 years? Give your answer to the nearest dollar.

19 Sean deposits $4000 into a new savings account. The amount increased by 3.3% each year
for 4 years. Find the new value of the deposit after appreciation, giving your answer to the
nearest dollar.
20 The federal government wants to increase funding to a certain program over 8 years at a
constant rate of 4.75% per annum over that time period. If the initial funding was $14 000 000,
find the value of the funding (to the nearest dollar) after:
a 1 year b 4 years c 8 years
21 A vintage collectors item that costs $6000, appreciates at approximately 6.6% p.a. After how
many full years, n, will the value of the vintage collectors item be over $15 000?
Depreciation
22 There were 10 100 digital sales of a particular song in its first month of release. The number
of monthly digital sales decreased by 360 each month after.
a The song registered 7580 digital sales in a particular month. What was the decrease in
the monthly sales from the first month?
b In how many months after the initial month of release did the song register 7580 in
monthly digital sales?
23 Production robots to be used in a car manufacturing plant were purchased for $4 455 000.
After 5 years, they depreciated to a value of $4 385 000.
a What was the annual depreciation using the straight-line method?

b After 7 years, the robots are sold off. If they continue to depreciate at an annual rate of
$14 000, how much can they be sold for?
24 The following graph shows the depreciation

of a car's value over 4 years: Value ($)
a What is the initial value of the car? 36000

36000
b By how much did the car depreciate

each year? 27000
27000
c After how many years will the car be

worth $14 400? 18000
18000
d What is the value of the car after 4

years? 9000
9000
Years
11 22 33 44

25 Marge purchased shares at a total value of $99 800. After 6 months, the shares had dropped
in value to $99 200.
a What is the monthly depreciation using the straight-line method?

b Sketch the graph showing the depreciation of the value of the shares over 6 years.
c What is the gradient of the line?
d What does the gradient represent in context?
e What is the value of the y -intercept of the line?
f What does the y -intercept represent in context?
g Let V represent the value of the shares after n months. Write the equation of the line.
h Find the value of the shares after 5 1 years.
2


9.05
Loans
Simple interest loans
1 Calculate the simple interest on the following:
a A 2-year loan of $3000 at 17%. p.a. b A loan of $8000 at 8% p.a. for 6 years.
2 Find the annual interest rate as a percentage to one decimal place for the following
scenarios:
a The simple interest on a loan of $2830 over 10 years is $2603.60.

b The simple interest on a loan of $6600 over 33 months is $1252.35.
c The simple interest on a loan of $7550 over 9 years is $6523.20.
3 Find the total amount to be paid on a 4-year, $90 000 loan at 12% p.a. flat interest.
4 The graph shows the amount of simple

interest charged each year by a particular Interest
bank, on some 9-year loan. 300
300
a Find the total amount of simple interest 250

250
charged on a loan of $4000.
200
200
b Calculate the simple interest rate per
annum charged by the bank on these 9- 150
150
year loans. Give your answer as a
percentage. 100
100
50
50
Principal
1000
1000 2000
2000 3000
3000 4000
4000
5 Homer borrowed $7600 from a bank at a simple interest rate of 4.5% for one year.
a How much interest will Homer need to pay after 1 year?

b Calculate the total amount Homer will have to repay the bank at the end of 1 year.
Loan repayments
6 Katrina takes out a loan to purchase a surround sound system. She makes 19 equal loan
repayments. The total loan amount paid is $95 000. Find the value of each repayment.
7 Lisa takes out a loan to purchase a small boat. She pays it back in equal monthly repayments
over 6 years. The total loan amount paid back is $55 800. Calculate the amount of each
repayment.
8 Iain takes out a loan to purchase a jetski. He makes 15 equal loan repayments of $5239.
Calculate the total amount paid back on the loan.
9 Tara takes out a car loan of $6000 at a simple interest rate of 8% p.a. She plans to repay the
loan over 2 years through regular monthly repayments.
a Calculate the total interest that Tara will accrue over the duration of the repayment.
b Hence, calculate the value of each repayment of the loan.
10 A borrower received a loan of $5500 which was to be repaid in monthly installments of $269
over 3 years.
a Calculate the total repayments.

b Calculate the total interest to be paid.
c Calculate the flat rate of interest per annum as a percentage to two decimal places.
11 Sally made loan repayments totalling to $8960 on a loan of $8000 over 6 years.
a Calculate the total simple interest charged on the loan.

b Calculate the annual simple interest rate as a percentage value.
12 Kathrine took out a loan of $5600 which was to be repaid in monthly instalments of $261
over 2 years. Calculate the following, rounding your answers to two decimal places where
necessary:
a The total repayments. b The total interest to be paid.

c The interest as a percentage of the loan. d The effective annual interest rate.
13 Susana takes out a car loan. The last few months of Susana's repayments are shown below:
Month Opening Balance Interest Repayment Closing Balance

69 868.48 4.34 250 622.82
70 622.82 3.11 250 375.93
71 375.93 1.88 250 127.81
a Calculate the monthly interest rate charged on this loan to one decimal place.
b Complete the next row of the table for month 72, rounding your answers to two decimal
places.
c How many years did it take for her to pay off the loan?
d Calculate her total repayments.
e If her loan was for $15 000, calculate the total interest paid on the loan.
14 Mr and Mrs Maximilian have a mortgage. The final months of their repayments are shown
below:
Month Opening Balance Interest Repayment Closing Balance

146 26 452.84 198.40 5000 21 651.24
147 21 651.24 162.38 5000 16 813.62
148 16 813.62 126.10 5000 11 939.72
149 11 939.72 89.55 5000 7029.27
150 7029.27 52.72 5000 2081.99
a Calculate the monthly interest rate charged on this loan. Write your answer as a
percentage to two decimal places.
b Complete the next row of the table for month 151, rounding your answers to two decimal
places.
c How long, in years and months, did it take for them to pay off the loan?
d Calculate the total repayments.
e If they paid $302 097.60 in interest, how much did they initially borrow?

10.01
Types of data
Numerical data
1 State whether the following types of data are numerical:
a Favourite flavours b Maximum temperature

c Daily temperature d Types of horses
e Amount owing on layby f Types of vegetables
g Brands of tablets h Types of folders
i Daily UV index j Maximum rainfall
k Favorite colours l Colours of folders
m Brands of phones
2 State whether the following types of data are continuous:
a Amount of money paid for walking the dog

b The number of people taller than you in your class
c The top speed of different models of motorcycles
d The size of people's rare coin collections
e The amount of soda you drink in a day
f The world record time for solving 10 Rubik's cubes
g The hourly pay rate for a particular job
h The number of views that a YouTube channel has
3 State whether the following types of data are discrete:
a Daily humidity
b The ages of a group of people
c The time taken to run 200 metres
d Lengths of cats' whiskers
e The number of classrooms in your school
f The distance from the Earth to nearby galaxies
g How long it takes you to fall asleep at night
h The snowfall in your city
i Number of children in your sports team
j The strength of an earthquake
k Amount of money owing on a mortgage
l Your marks in your most recent Physics test

Categorical data
4 State whether the following types of data are categorical:
a Maximum snowfall
b Daily UV index
c Types of dogs
d Favorite colours
e Brands of phones
f Types of fruits
g Colours of folders
h Amount remaining on interest free purchase
5 State whether the following types of data are ordinal or nominal:
a State/territory of birth b Year level

c Position in a queue d Eye colour
e Your birthdate f Temperature
g Favourite song
6 The table shows employment data for

Australians aged 15 years and over, from the Type of employment Percentage
2016 census.
Full-time work 57.7
Is "type of employment" an ordinal or
Part-time work 30.4
nominal variable? Explain your answer.
Away from work 5.0
Unemployed 6.9
Total 100
7 A week after upgrading their website,

General Products sent out a survey to a Overall
Number Percentage
sample of their customers. happiness
The table shows what their customers Very happy 56 22.4
thought of the changes overall.
Happy 107 42.8
Is "overall happiness" an ordinal or nominal
Indifferent 45 18.0
variable? Explain your answer.
Sad 29 11.6
Very sad 13 5.2

Overall
Number Percentage
happiness
Total 250 100
Identifying types of data
8 Classify the following data by choosing one of the following:
Numerical discrete
Numerical continuous
Categorical ordinal
Categorical nominal
a Population of your town

b Types of vehicles in a shopping centre carpark
c Heights of people at an athletics carnival
d Weights of dogs
e The languages spoken in your class
f The number of languages students in your town speak
g The number of people at an athletics carnival
h The time spent playing games each day
i The number of sports equipment that you own
9 Harry's cat gave birth to a litter of kittens, and he recorded the sex of each kitten as a list:
M, F, M, M, M, F, F, F, F, M
Classify the type of data is being represented by this list.

10 The graph below shows the height of each student in Kate's class:
a Is the variable 'height of student' continuous or discrete? Explain your answer.

b Is the variable 'number of students in a given height range' continuous or discrete?

10.02
Collecting and displaying
data
Surveys
1 After the government decided to increase the minimum retirement age, a news poll
selected a group of people to ask their opinions on the changes.
Determine whether the following people should be represented to avoid sampling bias.
a People in the community who have a wide variety of views, excluding politicians and
policy makers.
b People in the community who have a wide variety of views, even if they are not directly
affected by the changes.
c Only people in the community who would be directly affected by the changes.
2 A radio station conducts a poll asking its listeners to call in to say if they are for or against
restrictions on scalpers selling tickets for gigs at a higher price.
Determine whether the following are the reasons why this is not an appropriate way to
conduct a poll.
a A large variety of people are likely to call.

b A person can call more than once, so they could be counted more than once.
c People with stronger views are more likely to call than those who don’t have a strong
view.
3 A question is inappropriate for a survey given it fulfills any of the following criteria:
Question is unclear
Emotional language
Should be a "yes" or "no" question
Question is too personal
Using the criteria list, determine why each of the questions are inappropriate.
a How many large electronic devices are in your home?

b Many people have worked incredibly hard and even died making this bridge. Do you like
the bridge?
c What is your favourite breed of dog?

4 Determine whether the following questions are likely to give biased results or not:
a Yvonne is asking people on her soccer team, "What's your favourite sport?"
b Lachlan randomly selected people from his school to find about the school sports. He
asked "What's your favourite school sport?"
c Tricia randomly selected people from her school and asked, "The local AFL team is
donating money to our school this term. What's your favourite sport?"
d Lulu is interviewing people outside of a train station. She asks "Should the government
spend more money on public transportation?"
e Shadie is interviewing people about how shark nets are affecting shark attack numbers.
He asks "Shark nets cost $1 000 000 per year and barely help. Do you support shark nets?"
5 Write a possible question you could ask in order to find out the following information:
a You want to gather information about how many people have had a dog as a pet.
b You're interviewing students to find out how often they read.
Frequency tables
6 For each of the following scenarios, construct a frequency table for the results:
a Mr. Rodriguez recorded the number of pets owned by each of the students in his class.
He found that 15 people had no pets, 19 people had one pet, 3 people had two pets and
8 people had three pets.
b Noah asked his students to choose their favourite method of travelling. 9 students
picked car, 13 people picked plane, and 5 people picked boat.
c Rosey asked 15 of her friends what their favourite colour is. Their responses were as
follows:
pink, blue, yellow, blue, green, pink, blue, blue,

blue, pink, pink, blue, green, pink, blue
d Mrs. Brown asked her students how many bedrooms they have in their house. Their
responses were as follows:
4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4
e Mr. Smith asked his students how many siblings they have. Their responses were as
follows:
1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 3, 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2

7 A gymnast received the following scores over several rounds of back to back competition:
a Given that she received these scores Score Frequency

over 15 rounds of competition, find the
value of A. 5 4
b State the percentage of rounds for 6 1

which the gymnast received a score of 7 4
8. Round your answer to two decimal
places. 8 A
c State the percentage of rounds the 9 2

gymnast received a score less than 7.
places.
8 A survey was conducted which asked 30 people how many books they had read in the past
month. Based on the frequency table provided, state whether the following statements are
correct:
a 11 people have read between 6 and 10 Number of books read Frequency

books in the past month.
1−5 2
b 28 people have read at most 15 books in
the past month. 6 − 10 11
c We cannot determine from the table 11 − 15 15

how many people have read exactly 12 16 − 20 2
books.
d We can determine that 2 people have
read exactly 5 books in the past month.
9 The set of marks for a class of students is given below:
81, 81, 71, 81, 81, 61, 71, 93, 71, 58, 71,
58, 61, 93, 93, 71, 61, 61, 81, 58, 93
a Organise the data into a frequency table.

b Find the total number of students in the class.
c Find the number of students who will get a Distinction grade (80 < Score ≤ 90).
d Find the number of students who will get a High Distinction grade (Score > 90).
e Find the percentage of students obtaining a High Distinction grade. Round your answer

10 Consider the following set of scores:
12, 59, 61, 27, 58, 18, 76, 27, 52, 19, 13, 56, 71, 31, 73,
60, 41, 17, 22, 68, 57, 15, 40, 19, 76, 44, 60, 55, 36
a Complete the grouped frequency table Score (x) Frequency (f )

for the data.
10 → 19
b State the modal class for the data.
20 → 29
30 → 39
40 → 49
50 → 59
60 → 69
70 → 79
Stem-and-leaf plots
11 This stem-and-leaf plot records the ages of customers at a beachside cafe last Sunday.
Complete the frequency table for this data:
Age Frequency Leaf

1 047
10 − 19
20 − 29 2 1457
30 − 39 3 139
40 − 49 4 135689
50 − 59 5 456789
60 − 69 6 0236
Key: 5∣2 = 52
12 A city council selected a number of houses at random. They determined the fastest travel
time (in minutes) from each house to the nearest hospital, and recorded the following
results:
25, 37, 16, 27, 27, 35, 21, 18, 19, 49, 14, 19, 31, 42, 18
Represent this data as an ordered stem-and-leaf plot.

13 The back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot shows Grasshoppers Cicadas
the batting scores of two cricket teams, the 52 3 15669
Grasshoppers and the Cicadas:
976441 4 15
a What is the highest score for the
81 5 56
Grasshoppers?
b What is the highest score for the 6 3
Cicadas?
Key: 6∣1∣2 = 12 and 16
14 The back-to-back stem plot shows the

number of pieces of paper used over Paul Edward
several days by Paul’s and Edward’s
students: 7 0 7
Determine whether the following 3 1 123

statements is true. 8 2 8
a Paul's students did not use 7 pieces of 43 3 234

paper on any day. 765 4 9
b Edward's median is higher than Paul’s
32 5 2
median.
c The median is greater than the mean in Key: 6|1|2 = 16 and 12
both groups.
15 The data shows the results of a survey conducted on the price of concert tickets locally and
the price of the same concerts at an international venue:
a What was the most expensive ticket Plot title

price at the international venue?
Local International
b What was the median ticket price at the
7622 6 37
international venue?
97630 7 3468
c What percentage of local ticket prices
were cheaper than the international 85530 8 0269
median?
77410 9 11667
d At the international venue, what
percentage of tickets cost between $90 5 10 13379
and $110 (inclusive)?
Key: 6∣1∣2 = $16 and $12
e At the local venue, what percentage of
tickets cost between $90 and $100
(inclusive)?

16 The stem-and-leaf plot shows the test scores of a school's two Year 7 classes, A and B
a What is the highest score in Class A? Class A Class B

b What is the highest score in Class B? 32 6 3
c Find the mean score of class A, correct 066 7 255
73 8 148
d Find the mean score of class B, correct
to two decimal places. 9 5
e Calculate the overall mean of the year 7 Key: 6|1|2 = 12 and 16

students, correct to two decimal places.
Column graphs and histograms
17 This column graph shows the star ratings by

different patrons at a local hotel:
a Which rating was the most common?

b How many ratings of 5 were there?
c How many more people gave a rating of
3 than a rating of 2?
d State the modal rating.
18 Laura has 7 red marbles, 3 green marbles, 9 yellow marbles, 14 black marbles, and 7 blue
marbles.
Construct a column graph to represent this information.

19 A director wants to see what a small group of people think of their film. The audience is
asked to give the film a score between 0 and 5. The results are shown in the histogram
below:
Given that the median and mean are both 2.5 and the mode is 0, determine whether the
director can make the following conclusions:
a The mean is 2.5 so most people thought the movie was ok.
b People were very divided by the movie.
c The median was 2.5 so most people thought the movie was ok.
d The mode is 0 so everyone disliked this film.
20 Consider the following histogram:
a Determine the mode.

b How many scores of 3 were there?
c How many more scores of 1 were there
than scores of 3?

21 Data is represented in a histogram as shown:
a Complete the following frequency table:
Score Frequency
20
22
24
26
28
30
b State the mode(s) of the data.
22 A government agency records how long people wait on hold to speak to their
representatives. The results are displayed in the following histogram:
a Complete the following frequency table:
Length of hold
Frequency
(minutes)
1
2
3
4
5
b How many phone calls were made?

c How long in total did these people wait on hold?
d Find the mode of the wait times.
23 Construct a histogram to represent the following data:
43, 47, 42, 45, 46, 45, 43, 44, 43, 42, 46, 43, 44, 47, 46, 44, 44, 43, 47, 42, 47, 43, 43, 47

24 The amount of snowfall (in centimetres) is recorded at the base of the mountain each day.
a To create a frequency histogram of the data, which values go on the horizontal axis: the
amount of snowfall or the number of days it snowed each amount?
b The snowfall recorded each day, to the nearest centimetre, is as follows:
0, 3, 5, 2, 0, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 6, 1, 2, 6, 2
Construct a frequency histogram of the data.

c On how many days did 6 centimetres of snow fall?
d On how many days did at least 3 centimetres of snow fall?
e State the mode(s) for the amount of snowfall.
Grouped data
25 The histogram shows the average load times for fifty two webpages:
Use the data from the histogram to complete the following frequency table:
Load time (seconds) Frequency

0−3
3−6 13
6−9
9 − 12 7
12 − 15 4
15 − 18
18 − 21
Total 52

26 The ages of new mothers in a particular hospital are displayed on the following histogram:
Age Frequency
28 ≤ Age < 30
30 ≤ Age < 32
32 ≤ Age < 34
34 ≤ Age < 36
36 ≤ Age < 38
38 ≤ Age < 40
a Complete the frequency table based on the histogram.

b How many new mothers were there?
c How many mothers were under 34 years old?
d How many mothers were 36 years old or older?

27 The frequency table shows the average time spent travelling to work for fifty two people:
a Construct a histogram to display the data shown in the frequency table.
Commute time (min) Frequency

0 ≤ x < 20 15
20 ≤ x < 40 17
40 ≤ x < 60 10
60 ≤ x < 80 6
80 ≤ x < 100 4
Total 52
b Determine whether each of the following statements about the data is accurate:
i The data suggests that people don't care too much about how far away from work
they live. Roughly equal portions of people live less than 40 minutes away and more
than 40 minutes away.
ii The data suggests that people prefer a shorter commute to work. A majority live
within 40 minutes travel, and in general the longer the commute the less people
there are in that category.
iii The data shows that everyone lives within an hours travel from their work, with the
peak amount of people living between 20 and 40 minutes away.
iv The data shows that most people travel to work by car or by walking, since most
travel times are fairly short, and only a few people travel by bus or train.

28 The frequency table shows the price of the most recent book that sixty four university
students bought:
a Construct a histogram to display the data shown in the frequency table.
Price ($) Frequency

0 ≤ x < 20 3
20 ≤ x < 40 18
40 ≤ x < 60 9
60 ≤ x < 80 5
80 ≤ x < 100 20
100 ≤ x < 120 9
Total 64
b Determine whether each of the following statements about the data is accurate:
i The data shows that every university student has bought a book in the last couple of
weeks, with some even spending over $100 on a book.
ii The data shows that the average amount spent on a book by a university student is
between $20 and $39, with not many students spending more than $60 on a book.
iii The data shows that the average amount spent on a book by a university student is
between $80 and $99. This suggests that most students purchased an expensive
textbook recently.
iv The data shows that there are two main price ranges of books that were recently
bought by university students. One peak is between $20 and $39, the other between
$80 and $99.

10.03
Measuring the centre and
spread
Measures of centre
1 Consider the following set of scores:
9, 4, 14, 19, 20, 15, 12
a Sort the scores in ascending order. b Find the total number of scores.
c Find the median.
2 Find the mode of the following set of scores:
a 1, 1, 1, 5, 5, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 14, 14, 14, 20

b 3, 3, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 14, 14, 14, 14, 18
3 Find the median of the following set of scores:
a 2, 5, 5, 7, 9 b 1, 9, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9
c 7, 8, 3, 2 d 3, 8, 13, 17, 19, 24, 26, 27
4 Find the mean of the following scores: 2, 8, 17, 27, 29.
Compare data sets
5 Consider the set of data:
1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9
If one score of 8 is changed to a 9, state the measure(s) of centre that would be altered.
6 Consider this set of data that represents the number of apps on six people’s phones:
11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 19
If each person downloads another 7 apps, state the measure(s) of centre that would be
altered.
7 The following five numbers have a mean of 11:
11, 13, 9, 13, 9
If a new number is added that is smaller than 9, describe the effect on the mean.

8 Consider the following data sets:
Set A: 5, 2, 5, 6, 6, 3
Set B: 26, 12, 14, 7, 16
a Which set has the lowest mean? b Which set has the lowest median?
9 Which data set has the lowest mode?
Set A: 87, 2, 20, 20, 8, 10

Set B: 11, 8, 8, 48, 2, 17
10 Which data set has the highest median?
Set A: 2, 8, 11, 17
Set B: 8, 20, 20, 48, 87
a Two sets of data have the same highest and lowest values. This means they must have
the same mode.
b Two sets of data that have the same highest and lowest values must have the same
range.
c If two sets of data have the same median then the data sets must themselves be the
same.
d If two sets of data have very different modes then the highest values cannot be the
same.
Data displayed in frequency tables
12 State the mode of this data set:

Score Frequency
3 2
4 4
5 8
6 3
7 5
8 3

13 State the modal class of this data set: Class Frequency
30 − 39 3
40 − 49 3
50 − 59 4
60 − 69 2
70 − 79 5
80 − 89 8
14 For the following data set:

Cumulative
a Find the median. Score Frequency
frequency
b Find the mode.
3 8 8
4 2 10
5 3 13
6 5 18
7 3 21
8 4 25
15 For the following grouped data:

Class Frequency
a Find the median class.
6 − 10 8
b Find the modal class.
11 − 15 2
16 − 20 5
21 − 25 3
26 − 30 4
31 − 35 3
16 Consider the data provided in the table:

Score Frequency
a Calculate the range.
68 16
b State the mode.
69 41
c Determine the median.
70 30
71 31
72 49
Score Frequency
73 29
17 Determine the mean for the following data set:
Score (x) Frequency (f ) xf

4 8 32
5 6 30
6 3 18
7 8 56
8 2 16
9 8 72
18 Consider the frequency table:

Score (x) Frequency (f ) xf
a Complete the table using the data set
below: 2
3
2, 7, 3, 6, 3, 2, 2, 2, 5, 6, 3, 2, 2,
3, 5, 7, 4, 2, 4, 3, 2, 4, 4, 6, 7 4
5
b Hence find the mean, correct to two
decimal places. 6
c Find the median score. 7
Class Class centre (x) Frequency (f ) xf

11 − 15 13
16 − 20 18
21 − 25 23
26 − 30 28
31 − 35 33
36 − 40 38

a Complete the table using the data set below:
14, 36, 17, 25, 15, 36, 19, 29, 38, 23, 34, 18, 34,
31, 36, 25, 32, 34, 39, 26, 29, 21, 37, 39, 38
b Hence estimate the mean.


21 − 25 23 7
26 − 30 28 8
31 − 35 33 9
36 − 40 38 6
41 − 45 43 3
46 − 50 48 2
a Complete the frequency table.

b Hence estimate the mean, correct to one decimal place.
21 Calculate the mean for the following data set correct to one decimal place.

11 − 15 13 4 52
16 − 20 18 3 54
21 − 25 23 4 92
26 − 30 28 6 168
31 − 35 33 8 264
36 − 40 38 8 304
22 Consider the following table:

Score Frequency
a Estimate the mean, correct to one
decimal place. 1−4 1
b State the modal class. 5−8 5
c Find the median class. 9 − 12 10

13 − 16 5
17 − 20 3

Data displayed graphically
23 Consider the following bar chart:
a Find the range.

b State the mode.
c Determine the mean, correct to two
decimal places.
24 Consider the following dot plot:
a Find the total number of scores. b Find the median score.

c Find the mode. d Find the range.
25 State the mode of the data set from the following graphical representations:
a b

26 Find the median of the data set from the following graphical representations:
a b
27 Find the mean for the data set from the following graphical representations, rounding your
answers to one decimal place:
a b

28 For each of the given data sets, find the following to two decimal places if necessary:
i Mean ii Median iii Mode iv Range
a b
Leaf Leaf
6 27 2 4
7 122479 3 0555
8 01257 4 02
9 01 5 0299
6 33
Key: 6∣2 = 62
7 01
8 01
9 005
Key: 2∣4 = 24

Applications
29 A diver measures how long she can hold her breath underwater over several dives. If the
median time is 2.1 minutes, this means that:
A Most of the time she held her breath for less than 2.1 minutes.
B The longest she held her breath is 4.2 minutes.
C The shortest time she held her breath is 1.05 minutes.
D Most of the time she held her breath for longer than 2.1 minutes.
E Half the dives she was able to hold her breath longer than 2.1 minutes.
30 A real estate agent wanted to determine a typical house price in a certain area. He gathered
the selling price of some houses (in dollars):
327 000, 376 000, 424 000, 439 000, 444 000, 469 000, 472 000, 475 000, 485 000, 496 000
a Calculate the mean house price.

b What percentage of the house prices exceeded the mean?
c Determine the median house price.
d What percentage of house prices exceeded the median?
31 Each student in the class was asked to write down the number of siblings they had. The
teacher recorded the results in the given dot plot:
a How many students are there in the

class?
b If none of the students share the same
siblings, then how many siblings are
there in total?
c Find the mean number of siblings for a
student in this class, correct to one
decimal place.
d Find the mean number of children in a
family for a student in this class, correct

32 The given dot plot shows the number of
goals scored across each of Rosey's soccer
games:
a How many games were played in total?

b How many goals were scored in total?
c Find the mean number of goals per
game, correct to one decimal place.
33 In a study, a group of people were shown 30 names, and after one minute they were asked
to recite as many names by memory as possible. The results are presented in the dot plot:
a How many people took part in the

study?
b State the largest number of names
someone remembered.
c State the smallest number of names
someone remembered.
d Find the range of the data.
e Find the median score.
34 A cyclist measured his heart rate

immediately after finishing each event in Leaf
which he competed. The results are 16 2
recorded in the given stem-and-leaf plot:
17 38
a How many events did the cyclist 18 4569
compete in?
19 55
b Find his mean post event heart rate.
Key: 12∣3 = 123
35 The scores for a recent history test are

shown in the stem-and-leaf plot. The Leaf
maximum possible score on the test was
100. 6 23
7 249
a How many students took the test?
8 3499
b Find the mean test score for the class.
9 115

Key: 8∣3 = 83
36 The size of each earthquake that occurred

in a region over a three year period, Leaf
measured from 0 to 9.9, is recorded in a
stem-and-leaf plot: 1 002356679
2 38
a How many earthquakes in total were
recorded? 3 357
b Find the mean number of earthquakes 4 1223

per year in the region. 5 89
c It was found that the combined total of
6 5
all earthquake sizes was 87. Find the
mean size of an earthquake that 7 36
occurred during the period, correct to
8 7
three decimal places.
Key: 5∣2 = 5.2
Measures of spread
37 Find the range of the following set of scores:
a 20, 19, 3, 19, 18, 3, 16, 3 b 8, −5, −8, 4, 2, 8, −9, 11
38 The range of a set of scores is 5, and the highest score is 18. Determine the lowest score in
the set.
39 A group of students had a range in marks of 11 and the lowest score was 5. Determine the
highest score in the group.
40 For each of the following sets of scores:
i Sort the scores in ascending order.

ii Find the number of scores.
iii Find the median.
iv Find the lower quartile of the set of scores.
v Find the upper quartile of the set of scores.
vi Find the interquartile range.
a 40, 39, 15, 17, 10, 6, 24 b −4, −6, −1, 7, 9, 7, 9

c 8, 20, 19, 4, 15, 14, 10 d 42, 28, 22, 40, 20, 54, 32, 43

e 84, 85, 79, 71, 69, 88, 82, 78 f 102, 115, 110, 113, 100
g 228, 205, 198, 202, 207, 197 h 19, 29, 55, 22, 15, 46, 35, 9, 27, 40
41 Consider the following data set containing 30 scores:
10, 13, 15, 24, 32, 42, 46, 53, 58, 64

11, 14, 16, 27, 33, 42, 49, 53, 60, 67
11, 15, 18, 28, 37, 44, 51, 55, 61, 67
a Find the median.

b Find the interquartile range.
42 Find the interquartile range for the following data set containing 20 scores:
5, 8, 11, 12, 12, 14, 15, 15, 18, 18, 19, 21, 21, 25, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38, 38
43 For each of the following data sets:
i Find the total number of scores.

ii Find the median.
iii Find the lower quartile of the set of scores.
iv Find the upper quartile of the set of scores.
v Find the interquartile range.
a 33, 38, 50, 12, 33, 48, 41 b −3, −3, 1, 9, 9, 6, −9

c d
Leaf Leaf
2 25679 2 13469
3 00568 3 12226
4 00189 4 23567
Key: 1∣2 = 12 Key: 1∣2 = 12

e Score Frequency f Score Frequency
5 3 5 1
13 3 14 1
16 2 18 3
28 2 24 2
31 3 32 1
38 4 38 2
48 2 50 5
44 Consider the dot plot below:
a Find the lower quartile of the set of scores.

b Find the upper quartile of the set of scores.
c Find the interquartile range.
d What is the range of this data set?
45 If there are 78 scores in a set of data, in which position will the lower quartile lie?
46 The following list shows the number of points scored by a basketball team in each game of
their previous season:

59, 67, 73, 82, 91, 58, 79, 88, 69, 84, 55, 80, 98, 64, 82
a State the maximum value. b State the minimum value.

c Find the median value. d Find the lower quartile score.
e Find the upper quartile score.
47 The following data set shows Ray's scores from her last 13 rounds of golf played:
66, 66, 68, 68, 70, 78, 80, 84, 106, 116, 126, 130, 132
a Find her median score. b Find the lower quartile score.

c Find the upper quartile score. d Find the interquartile range.
48 The following data set shows Luke's scores from his last 17 exams:
42, 46, 48, 51, 52, 54, 56, 68, 72, 76, 78, 82, 85, 86, 88, 92, 96
a Find his median score. b Find the lower quartile score.

c Find the upper quartile score. d Find the interquartile range.
49 There is a test to measure the Emotional Quotient (EQ) of an individual. Here are the EQ
results for 21 people listed in ascending order:
90, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 95, 95, 97, 99, 100, 108, 114, 116, 116, 117, 118, 118, 122, 129
a Find the median EQ score. b Find the upper quartile score.

c Find the lower quartile score. d Find the interquartile range.
50 In a competition, a contestant must complete 12 challenges earning as many points as

possible. Her scores for the first 11 challenges are:
38, 43, 45, 66, 67, 82, 92, 102, 105, 108, 119
Determine her score in the 12th round if the lower quartile of all of her 12 scores is 55.
51 The stem-and-leaf plot shows the number of hours students spent studying during an entire
semester:

Leaf
a Find the lower quartile of the set of
6 27
scores.
b Find the upper quartile of the set of 7 122479
scores. 8 01257
c Find the interquartile range. 9 01
Key: 5 ∣ 2 = 52

52 The dot plot shows the ages of customers in a mobile phone store in one day:

53 The dot plot shows the number of sit-ups achieved by 25 students in a physical education
exam:


54 Below is the luggage weight of 30 passengers:
a Find the mean luggage weight to two Weight Frequency

decimal places.
16 4
b Determine the following in kilograms:
17 5
i Median
18 5
ii Lower Quartile
19 3
iii Upper Quartile
20 4
c In which quartile does the mean lie? 21 6
22 3
55 A group of students were asked how many phone calls they had made the previous day. The
information was collected in the following frequency table:
a How many students were surveyed? Phone calls Frequency

b Find the range of the data. 0 8
1 5
2 10
3 6
4 6
5 7
6 3
7 2
56 A sample of boxes of matches were

selected for quality control and the number Matches Frequency
of matches in each box recorded in the
45 1
given frequency table:
46 2
a How many matchboxes were sampled?
47 5
b Find the range of the data.
48 3
49 7
50 25
51 6
52 2

57 A group of students were asked how many Phone calls Frequency
phone calls they had made the previous
day. The information was collected in the 0 8
given frequency table: 1 5
a How many students were surveyed? 2 10

b Find the range of the data. 3 6
c Find the interquartile range. 4 6
5 7
6 3
7 2
58 Consider the following bar chart:
a Organise the data into a frequency

table.
b Find the median score using the
distribution table.
c Find the lower quartile score.
d Find the upper quartile score.
e Find the interquartile range.
59 The column graph shows the number of pets that each student in a class owns:

scores.
b Find the upper quartile of the set of
scores.

60 Dylan records the number of fish he catches for each fishing trip over a period of time:
a How many fishing trips did he go on?

b Find the range in the number of fish caught.
61 The bar graph shows the marks (out of 10) that students received on a spelling test:

scores.
b Find the upper quartile of the set of
scores.
d Explain the effect the scores less than 7
have on the summary statistics.

62 The stem-and-leaf plot shows the batting scores of two cricket teams, A and B:
a What is the median score of Team A? Plot title

b What is the median score of Team B? Team A Team B
c What is the range of Team A’s scores? 654 6 058
d What is the range of Team B’s scores? 8540 7 157
e What is the interquartile range of Team 86 8 2379
A’s scores?
9 25
f What is the interquartile range of Team
B’s scores? Key: 6 ∣ 1 ∣ 2 = 12 and 16
g Explain the differences between Team A
and Team B's distribution of scores.
63 To gain a place in the main race of a car rally, teams must compete in a qualifying round. The
median time in the qualifying round determines the cut off time to make it through to the
main race. Below are some results from the qualifying round:
75% of teams finished in 159 minutes or less.

25% of teams finished between with a time between 132 and 142 minutes.
a Find the cut off time required in the qualifying round to make it through to the main race.
b Find the interquartile range in the qualifying round.
c In the qualifying round, the ground was wet, while in the main race, the ground was dry.
To make the times more comparable, the finishing time of each team from the qualifying
round is reduced by 5 minutes.
Find the new median time from the qualifying round.

10.04
Box plots
Five number summary
1 For each of the the following sets of data:
i Sort the data in ascending order. ii Find the maximum value.

iii Find the minimum value. iv Find the median value.
v Find Q1 for this data set. vi Find Q3 for this data set.
a The data set shows finishing times (in minutes) of the competitors in a 1500-meter
swimming race:
24.41, 22.95, 21.88, 24.19, 16.12, 25.64, 16.83, 23.62, 24.52, 23.74, 19.44
b The data set shows number of points scored by a basketball team in each game of their
previous season:
75, 53, 84, 66, 89, 55, 63, 70, 92, 51, 90, 55, 81, 87, 68
c The data set shows marks in an end-of-year exam for a class of students:
59, 53, 75, 80, 82, 96, 81, 79, 64, 58, 77, 62, 62, 86
2 There is a test to measure the Emotional Quotient (EQ) of an individual. Here are the EQ
results for 21 people, listed in ascending order:
92, 94, 100, 103, 103, 105, 105, 109, 110, 113, 114,
114, 116, 118, 118, 119, 120, 125, 125, 126, 130
a Determine the median EQ score. b Determine Q1 for this data set.

c Determine Q3 for this data set.

3 An advertising agency recorded the number of viewers within various age ranges of its
newest television advertisement when it went to air. The results are shown in the table:
a Using the mean age of each age Age Mean

interval, find the five number summary. Frequency
Interval Age
b According to the five-number summary,
16 − 20 350 18
approximately what percentage of
viewers of the ad were aged between 28 21 − 25 150 23
and 48? 26 − 30 200 28
c The advertising agency was targeting 31 − 35 300 33
viewers aged between 18 and 28. They
would deem their ad as successful if at 36 − 40 300 38
least 60% of viewers of the ad were in 41 − 45 300 43
this age range.
46 − 50 400 48
According to the five number summary,
were they successful in reaching their 51 − 55 300 53
target viewers? 56 − 60 200 58
61 − 65 50 63
4 The airline Flo Air decided to keep track of flight delay times (the number of minutes after
the scheduled time when the plane takes off) over a week. The 100 results are shown in the
dot plot:
a Determine the median delay time of the

flights, in minutes.
b Determine the upper quartile.
c Determine the lower quartile.
d Determine the interquartile range.
e If a flight is delayed for 10 minutes or more, the airline incurs a fee. According to the
given dot plot, for what percentage of flights did the airline incur a fee?
f A rival airline, Fly Air, had a mean delay time during the same week of 45 minutes. What
percentage of Flo Air’s flights had delay times that were longer than Fly Air’s mean delay
time?
5 If there are 78 scores in a set of data, in which position will the lower quartile lie?

6 Consider the scores below. Between which values do the middle 50% of scores lie?
10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20
7 In competition, a diver must complete 8 rounds of dives. Her scores for the first 7 rounds are:
7.3, 7.4, 7.7, 8.4, 8.7, 8.9, 9.4
Determine her score in the 8th round if the upper quartile of all of her 8 scores is 8.85.
8 To gain a place in the main race of a car rally, teams must compete in a qualifying round. The
median time in the qualifying round determines the cut off time to make it through to the
main race. Below are some results from the qualifying round:

25% of teams finished between with a time between 132 and 142 minutes.
a Find the median time for the qualifying round.

b Hence, state the cut off time required in the qualifying round to make it through to the
main race.
c Determine the interquartile range in the qualifying round.
d In the qualifying round, the ground was wet, while in the main race, the ground was dry.
To make the times more comparable, the finishing time of each team from the qualifying
round is reduced by 5 minutes.
Find the new median time from the qualifying round.
9 The table shows the luggage weight, in

kilograms, of 30 passengers. Weight Frequency
a What is the mean check in weight? 16 5

Round your answer to two decimal 17 5
places.
18 2
b Determine the median, Q1 , and Q3 .
19 4
c In which quartile does the mean lie?
20 6
21 4
22 4

Box plots
10 For the box plot shown below, find each of

the following: Score
a Lowest score
b Highest score
c Range
d Median
e Interquartile range
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
11 Construct a box plot for each five number summary:
a b
Median = 47 Median = 36
Lower Quartile = 33 Lower Quartile = 28
Upper Quartile = 61 Upper Quartile = 42
Lowest score = 16 Lowest score = 20
Highest score = 71 Highest score = 52
c
Median = 35
Lower Quartile = 25
Upper Quartile = 60
Lowest score = 5
Highest score = 75
12 A geography teacher has marked a set of

tests. She wants to represent the results in a Minimum 8
box plot. She has already sorted her data
Lower Quartile 10
and created the table shown. Create a box
plot to match the data in the table: Median 16
Upper Quartile 24
Maximum 28
13 Consider the following set of data:
48, 16, 36, 32, 36, 36, 4, 16, 8
a State the five number summary. b Create a box plot to represent the data.
14 The box plot shows the age at which a group of people got their driving licences:
a What is the oldest age? Age

b What is the youngest age?
c What percentage of people were aged
from 18 to 22?
d The middle 50% of responders were
within how many years of one another?
e In which quartile are the ages least
spread out?
15 20 25 30 35
f The bottom 50% of responders were
within how many years of one another?
15 Consider the box plot shown:
a Determine what percentage of scores lie Score

between each of the following:
i 7 and 15 inclusive
ii 1 and 7 inclusive
iii 19 and 9 inclusive
iv 7 and 19 inclusive
v 1 and 15 inclusive
0 5 10 15 20
b In which quartile is the data the least
spread out?
16 The glass windows for an airplane are cut to a certain thickness, but machine production
means there is some variation. The thickness of each pane of glass produced is measured
(in millimetres), and the dot plot shows the results:
a Find the median thickness, to two

decimal places.
b Find the interquartile range.
c Construct a box plot to represent the
data.
d What percentage of thicknesses were
between 10.8 mm and 11.2 mm
inclusive? Round your answer to two
decimal places if necessary.
e According to the box plot, in which quartile are the results the most spread out?

f Which statistics cannot be found from a box plot?
17 Two groups of people, athletes and non-

athletes, had their resting heart rate Athletes
measured. The results are displayed in the
given pair of box plots.
a What is the median heart rate of

athletes?
b What is the median heart rate of the
non-athletes?
c Using this measure, which group has the
40 50 60 70 80 90
lower heart rates?
d What is the interquartile range of the Non-athletes
athletes' heart rates?
e What is the interquartile range of the
non-athletes' heart rates?
f Using this measure, which group has
more consistent heart rate measures?
40 50 60 70 80 90
18 In training, a fighter pilot measures the

number of seconds he blacks out over a Seconds
number of flights. He constructs the box
plot shown:
As long as the pilot is not unconscious for
more than 7 seconds, he will be safe to fly.
The pilot concludes that he is safe to fly all
the time.
Explain why his conclusion is incorrect.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Box plots with technology
19 For each of the following data sets:
i Use your CAS calculator to create a box plot.

ii Using the box plot or otherwise, find the five number summary for the data set.

a 25, 17, 16, 12, 26, 6, 32, 24, 47 b 16.7, 8.5, 13.4, 17.5, 2, 9.3, 12.5, 7.9, 10.5, 14
c 2, 10, 1, 20, 16, 18, 15, 4, 13
20 Consider the following set of numbers: 4, 2, 6, 8, 11, 20, 15, 10, 11
a Use your CAS calculator to create a box plot that represents the data set.
b Determine whether 11 represents the mean, median, mode, or an outlier.
c Using the box plot or otherwise, find the five number summary for the data set.
21 Consider the following set of numbers: 11, 4, 13, 7, 6, 8, 12, 45, 3, 10, 17
a Use your CAS calculator to create a box plot that represents the data set.
22 You conduct a straw poll with some of the students in your class, asking the question "How
many times have you accessed social media so far today?".
The responses are summarised in the following list: 5, 4, 8, 4, 7, 9, 9, 1, 4, 5, 7
a Use your CAS calculator to create a box plot for this data set.
23 You conduct a survey with a group of friends, asking the question "On average, how many
hours per day do you spend using technology for entertainment purposes?".
The responses were given to the nearest half hour: 12.5, 12, 4.5, 13, 6.5, 9.5, 3, 9.5, 9, 4.5, 5.5
a Use your CAS calculator to create a box plot for this data set.
b Does this data set contain any outliers?

Box plots and the shape of data
24 Construct a box plot for the following histograms:
a b
c d
e f

25 Match the histograms on the left to the corresponding box plots on the right:
Histogram A
Box Plot 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Box Plot 2
Histogram B
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Box Plot 3
Histogram C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Histogram D Box Plot 4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
26 State whether the following pairs of histograms and box plots match with respect to their
shape:
a b
c d

e f
27 Explain why the following pairs of histograms and box plots do not match:
a b

10.05
Cumulative frequency
tables and graphs
Cumulative frequency tables
1 Consider the following table:

Cumulative
a Find the total number of scores Score (x)
frequency (cf )
recorded.
10 7
b Find the number of times a score of 14
occurred. 11 15
c Find the number of times a score less 12 18

than 13 occurred. 13 20
14 26
2 Complete the given frequency table:

Cumulative
Frequency
Score (x) frequency
(f )
(cf )
12 8 8
13 5
14 8 21
15 26
3 For the given frequency table:

Cumulative
a Complete the cumulative frequency Frequency
Score (x) frequency
column. (f )
(cf )
b Calculate the total frequency. 1→4 4
c State the class size.
5→8 5
9 → 12 9
13 → 16 5
17 → 20 4

4 For the given frequency table: Cumulative
Frequency
Score (x) frequency
a Complete the cumulative frequency (f )
(cf )
column.
b Calculate the total frequency. 1→5 15
c State the class size. 6 → 10 26
d Approximately half of the scores 11 → 15 18

recorded are greater than what score? 16 → 20 14
21 → 25 7
26 → 30 2
5 For the given frequency table:

Cumulative
a Complete the cumulative frequency Frequency
Score (x) frequency
column. (f )
(cf )
b Calculate the total frequency. 20 → 24 7
25 → 29 18
d Approximately one third of the scores
30 → 34 25
recorded are greater than what score?
35 → 39 12
40 → 44 8
45 → 49 4
50 → 54 1
Cumulative frequency graphs
6 Construct a cumulative frequency table for

the data represented in the given
histogram:

7 Construct a frequency table for the data
represented in the given cumulative
frequency histogram:
8 Consider the following cumulative

frequency histogram:
a Find the total number of scores

recorded.
b Find the number of times a score of 46
occurred.
c Find the number of times a score of 45
occurred.
d Find the percentage of scores that were
43 or less. Round your answer to one
decimal place.
9 Consider the frequency table showing the

number of 'holes in one' across golf Number of
Tournaments
tournaments: holes in one
a Construct a cumulative frequency 2 5

histogram for this data. 3 1
b Find the total number of 'holes in one' 4 3
across all the tournaments.
5 4
c In how many tournaments were at most
3 'holes in one' scored? 6 0

10 The following graph shows the cumulative 170
170
Cumulative frequency
frequency ogive of the masses of fish 160
160
caught in a fishing competition: 150
150
Construct a frequency histogram to depict 140

140
the distribution of the masses of the fish. 130
130
120
120
110
110
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
Mass (g)
50
50 100
100 150
150 200
200 250
250 300
300 350
350
11 The marks received by a group of 20 students are given below:
55, 90, 90, 99, 78, 78, 78, 99, 78, 99, 55, 99, 78, 64, 64, 78, 78, 99, 64, 78
a Construct a cumulative frequency histogram to represent the data.

b How many students scored above 70?
c How many students scored less than or equal to 70?
d How many students scored above 80 but less than or equal to 90?

Applications
12 A principal wants to investigate the performance of students at his school in Performing

Arts. To do this, he has the marks of each student studying Performing Arts collected into
groups and put into a frequency table. Each group of marks is assigned a grade as shown in
the following frequency table:
Grade Score (x) Frequency (f ) Cumulative frequency (cf )

E 0 ≤ x < 20 7
D 20 ≤ x < 40 14
C 40 ≤ x < 60 32
B 60 ≤ x < 80 97
A 80 ≤ x < 100 62
a Complete the table by finding the cumulative frequency values.

b Calculate the total frequency.
d Approximately three quarters of the scores recorded are greater than what score?
13 A pair of dice are rolled 50 times and the

numbers appearing on the uppermost face Score Frequency Cumulative
are added to give a score. The results are (x) (f ) frequency (cf )
recorded in the given table:
2 1
a State the lowest possible score when a 3 2
single pair of dice are rolled.
4 5
b State the highest possible score when a
single pair of dice are rolled. 5 5
c Complete the table by finding the 6 5

cumulative frequency values. 7 9
d Find the number of times a score of 8 8 7
occurred.
9 5
e Find the number of times a score more
than 9 occurred. 10 8
f Find the number of times a score of at 11 1

most 6 occurred. 12 2

14 The number of sightings of the Northern Lights were recorded across various Canadian
locations over a period of 1 month. The list below represents the number of sightings at
each location:
11, 10, 10, 9, 7, 8, 8, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 9, 9, 12, 9, 9, 8, 8
a Complete the table. Number of Number of Cumulative

b In how many locations were there at sightings locations (f ) frequency (cf )
least 8 sightings? 7
c In how many locations were there
8
less than 11 sightings?
9
10
11
12
15 A 1500 m swimmer records her time over

several training sessions. Her times are
recorded in the following histogram:
a Construct a cumulative frequency table

for the data using the given intervals.
b Find the total number of training
sessions she completed.
c Find the number of times she recorded a
swim time faster than 16:40.
d Find the percentage of swims that were
less than 16:30.
16 The heights of 22 boys in a class are listed:
164, 167, 158, 159, 150, 166, 150, 146, 149, 161, 164,
163, 152, 161, 157, 157, 153, 157, 156, 165, 162, 161
a Construct a cumulative frequency histogram for the data. Use the discrete intervals of
146 − 150, 151 − 155, etc.
b How many students are taller than 155 cm?
c How many students are at most 155 cm tall?
d How many students are taller than 150 cm but shorter than 156 cm?
e Calculate the centre of the class 151 − 155.

17 A pair of dice are rolled 50 times and the numbers appearing on the uppermost face are
added to give a score. The results are presented in the following histogram:
a Explain how the frequency of a certain score can be determined from a cumulative
frequency histogram.
b State the most frequent score.

10.06
Comparing data sets
Comparing data sets
1 The number of goals scored by Team 1 and Team 2 in a football tournament are recorded in
the following table:
a Find the total number of goals scored by Match Team 1 Team 2

both teams in Match C.
A 2 3
b Find the total number of goals scored by
Team 1 across all the matches. B 4 2
c Calculate the mean number of goals C 5 2

scored by: D 3 5
i Team 1 ii Team 2 E 3 4
2 The table shows the scores of Student A and Student B in 5 separate tests:
a Find the mean of the scores of: Test Student A Student B

i Student A ii Student B 1 79 77
b What is the mean of the combined 2 74 83

scores of the two students? 3 86 72
c What is the highest score overall and 4 89 94
which student obtained that score?
5 98 97
d What is the lowest score overall and
which student obtained that score?
3 The salaries of men and women working the same job at the same company are given
below:
Men 80 000 80 000 75 000 80 000 75 000 70 000 80 000

Women 70 000 70 000 75 000 70 000 70 000 80 000 75 000
a Copy and complete the table, giving

your answers correct to two decimal Men Women
place where appropriate:
Mean
Median
Mode
Range
b Which gender seems to be paid better? Justify your answer.

4 A stationery shop kept a weekly record of the number of pens and notebooks sold:
a Find the number of pens sold on Tuesday.

b Find the number of notebooks sold on Friday.
c Find the total number of notebooks sold during the week.
d Find the total number of pens sold during the week
e Find the percentage of pens sold on Thursday, rouding your answer to two decimal
places.
f Calculate the mean number of notebooks sold per day. Round your answer to one
decimal place.
g Calculate the mean number of pens sold per day. Round your answer to one decimal
place.
h Which is the better selling product? Justify your answer.
5 The runs scored by each player in a cricket match are displayed below:
Team A: 63, 0, 81, 22, 39, 66, 9, 18, 3, 3, 5

Team B: 21, 26, 18, 69, 62, 26, 5, 28, 2, 1, 2
a Find the mean runs of the following teams, rounded to one decimal place:
i Team A ii Team B
b Which team scored more runs?

6 In a standardised test out of 100, the students in two classes got the results displayed below:
Class A: 70, 64, 94, 78, 79, 61, 69, 93, 64, 79, 64, 71, 82, 68, 66
Class B: 86, 68, 51, 80, 63, 87, 79, 89, 62, 79, 84, 77, 67, 80, 75
a Find the median mark for:
i Class A ii Class B
b Using the medians, which class did better on the test?
7 The monthly rainfall for two cities across a year is displayed below:
City A: 122, 120, 121, 67, 79, 24, 8, 46, 27, 67, 80, 128
City B: 51, 66, 33, 78, 79, 92, 78, 99, 41, 60, 26, 56
a Find the range in monthly rainfall for:
i City A ii City B
b Which city had more consistent rainfall throughout the year?
8 Marge grows two different types of bean plants. She records the number of beans that she
picks from each plant for 10 days. Her records are shown below:
Plant A: 10, 4, 4, 5, 7, 10, 3, 3, 9, 10

Plant B: 8, 7, 5, 5, 9, 7, 8, 7, 5, 6
a What is the mean number of beans picked per day for Plant A? Round your answer to
one decimal place.
b What is the mean number of beans picked per day for Plant B? Round your answer to
one decimal place.
c What is the range for Plant A?
d What is the range for Plant B?
e Which plant produces more beans on average?
f Which plant has a more consistent yield of beans?
9 The weight (in kilograms) of a group of men

and women were recorded and presented Women Men
in a stem and leaf plot as shown: 763 5
a Find the mean weight of the group of 86311 6 23389

men. 31 7 1248
b Find the mean weight of the group of
8 3
women.
c Which group is heavier? Key: 8∣3 = 83
10 The stem and leaf plot shows the batting scores of two cricket teams, India and Sri Lanka:
a Find the highest score in:

India Sri Lanka
i India ii Sri Lanka 96 3 02569
b Find the mean score of: 97311 4 27

720 5 68
i India ii Sri Lanka
6 3
c Calculate the combined mean of the
two teams. Key: 8∣3 = 83
11 The stem and leaf plot shows the test scores of two classes, A and B:
a Find the highest score in: Class A Class B

732 6 27
98710 7 1367
b Find the mean score of:
30 8 1246
9 18
c Calculate the combined mean of the
two classes, correct to two decimal Key: 8∣3 = 83
places.
12 The stem and leaf plot shows the number of

books read in a year by a random sample of Univerity High School
university and high school students: Students Students
7 0
a Interpret the lowest score for the
University students. 663 1 0035
b Compare the medians of both groups of 4321 2 12446

students.
9886 3 189
c For which student group(s) is the mean
82 4 01
greater than the median?
5
6
3 7
Key: 4∣1∣2 = 14 books and 12 books

13 The back to back stem and leaf plot shows the amount of cash (in dollars) carried by a
random sample of teenage boys and girls:
a Which group carried more cash? Boys Girls

b Find the median amount of cash that the 7 0
boys carried
1 1 1
c Find the median amount of cash that the
541 2 268
girls carried.
d Which group's distribution is roughly bell 854 3 3446689
shaped? 982221 4 346
e Which group has more variation in the 9743 5 4
amounts of cash?
852 6
f Were there any outliers in the boys'
amounts? If so, what are the value(s)? 31 7
g Were there any outliers in the girls'

Key: 1∣2∣2 = $21 and $22
amounts? If so, what are the value(s)?
14 The following back to back stem and leaf plot shows the length (in minutes) of a random
sample of phone calls made by Sharon and Tricia:
a Who made a 14 minute phone call? Sharon Tricia

b Who has the higher median? 3 1 34
c Is Sharon's mean greater than her 76432 2 678
median?
98 3 24
d Is Tricia's mean greater than her median?
43 4 12
76 5 678
Key: 2∣2∣6 = 22 and 26
15 The back to back stem and leaf plot shows

the number of pieces of paper used over Charlie's students Dylan's students
several days by Charlie’s and Dylan’s 7 0 7
students:
321 1 3
a Did Charlie's students use 7 pieces of 8 2 8
paper on any day?
432 3 34
b Who's class had the higher median?
9 4 567
c Is the median greater than the mean in
both groups? 2 5 23
Key: 1∣1∣3 = 11 and 13

16 The back to back stem and leaf plot shows the number of desserts ordered at Hotel A and
Hotel B over several randomly chosen days:
a Interpret the lowest score for Hotel A. Hotel A Hotel B

b Which hotel's median is higher? 3 0
c Is the mean greater than the median in 432 1 34
both groups?
76 2 7
43 3 34
6 4 67
2 5 234
Key: 2∣1∣3 = 12 and 13
17 The median house price in Oklachusetts is $750 000 with a mean price of $800 000 and the
median house price in Brockway is $750 000 with a mean price of $680 000.
Which town is most likely to have some very expensive houses? Explain your answer.
18 Two Chemistry classes, each with 15 students, sit a 10-question multiple choice test, each
with four possible answers (only one of which is correct). Their class results, out of 10, are
below:
Class 1: 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 5, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 1, 5, 5, 4
Class 2: 10, 6, 9, 8, 10, 9, 7, 7, 6, 8, 8, 10, 8, 9, 8
a Complete the following table, rounding your answers to one decimal place when
necessary:
Mean Median Mode Range

Class 1
Class 2
b Which class was more likely to have studied for their test? Explain your answer.

19 The hours of sleep per night for two people over a two week period are shown below:
Person A: 10, 9, 6, 6, 7, 8, 5, 6, 9, 9, 7, 5, 10, 9

Person B: 7.5, 7.5, 8, 7.5, 7, 8, 7.5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8
a Complete the following table, rounding your answers to one decimal place when
necessary:
Mean Median Mode Range

Person A
Person B
b Which person seems to be the least consistent in their sleep habits?

c Which statistical piece of evidence supports your answer in part (b)?
d Which person had the most sleep over the 14 nights?
e Which statistical piece of evidence supports your answer in part (d)?
20 Two Science classes, each with 20 students, were given a 10 question True/False test. The
results for each class are shown below:
a Calculate the mean for Class 1 correct to one decimal place.

b Calculate the mean for Class 2 correct to one decimal place.
c Find the range for Class 1.
d Find the range for Class 2.
e Do you think Class 1 studied for their test? Justify your answer.
f Do you think Class 2 studied for their test? Justify your answer.

21 The ages of employees at two competing fast food restaurants on a Saturday night are
recorded. Some statistics are given in the following table:
Mean Median Range

Berger's Burgers 18 17 8
Fry's Fries 18 19 4
a If the data for each restaurant was represented using a histogram, what would the likely
shape of the histogram for Berger's Burgers be?
b Which restaurant likely has the oldest employee on the night the data is recorded?
c Which restaurant has the most employees of a similar age?
d Which statistical piece of evidence supports your answer to part (c)?
e Which restaurant has an older workforce?
f Which statistical piece of evidence supports your answer to part (e)?
22 The beaks of two groups of bird are measured, in millimetres, to determine whether they
might be of the same species. The results are presented below:
Group 1: 46, 34, 35, 44, 31, 37, 38, 31, 40, 29
Group 2: 44, 41, 40, 51, 52, 41, 36, 51, 51, 38
a Calculate the range for:
i Group 1 ii Group 2
b Calculate the mean, rounded to one decimal place, for:
i Group 1 ii Group 2
c Do you think the two groups of birds are from the same species? Explain your answer.

23 The prices of sales at two locations of a shop are recorded in the histograms below:
a Find the mean sale price for:
i Location A ii Location B
b Which location made more sales?

c Which location had a higher average sale price?

24 An online shopping website records the user ratings for two similar products in the
histograms below:
a Find the median user rating for:
i Product A ii Product B
b According to the website's rating system, a perfect rating is 5.0. Which product got more
perfect ratings?
c According to the website's rating system, a positive rating is greater than 3. Which
product got more positive ratings?

25 The following histograms show the season results of two soccer groups, Group A and Group
B, and the number of games (frequency) in which they scored a certain number of goals:
a Find the mode for Group A.

b Find the mode for Group B.
c Find the range for Group A.
d Find the range for Group B.
e Which group scored the lowest total number of goals during the season?
f Which group has the most varied results?

11.01
Directly proportional
functions
Proportions
1 Consider the values in each table. State whether they could represent a directly
proportional relationship between x and y .
a b
x 1 3 5 7 x 1 5 6 20
y 20 16 12 8 y 16 12 8 4
c d
x 1 2 3 4 x 1 2 3 4
y 2 8 18 32 y 2 4 6 8
2 State whether the following graphs indicate that y is directly proportional to x:
a b
y y
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 11
x x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 −
−33
−
−44 −
−44
c d
y y
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 11
x x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 −
−33
−
−44 −
−44

Gradient and proportion
3 Consider the equation y = 6x.
a State the gradient. b Sketch the graph of the equation.
4 Consider the equation y = −4x + 9.
a State the gradient. b Sketch the graph of the equation.
5 a is directly proportional to b and a = 54 when b = 9.
a Graph the relationship between a and b. b Find the gradient of the line.
c Express a in terms of b. d Find the value of a when b = 7.
e Find the value of b when a = 60.
6 q is directly proportional to r and q = 10 when r = 20.
a Graph the relationship between q and r. b Find the gradient of the line.
c Express q in terms of r. d Find the value of q when r = 30.
e Find the value of r when q = 22.
7 Given that y = 2x, find the missing values in

the table: x 3
y 14
8 Given that y = −4x + 3, find the missing

values in the table: x −3
y 19

9 Find the equation relating to the given variables shown in the tables:
a b
a 0 1 2 3 n 0 3 6 9
b 0 9 18 27 9 9 27
r 0
4 2 4

c d
x 0 4 9 16 s 0 5 10 15
y −10 −2 8 22 1 2
t 0 1
3 3

Constant of proportionality
10 Consider the equation P = 70t.
a State the constant of proportionality. b Find the value of P when t = 4.
11 Consider the equation M = 1 n.

10

a State the constant of proportionality. b Find the value of M when n = 50.
12 Consider the proportional relationships shown in the tables:
i Sketch the graph of the relationship. ii Find the unit rate of the relationship.
a b
x 5 10 15 20 25 x 10 20 30 40 50
y 9.5 19 28.5 38 47.5 y 7.5 15 22.5 30 37.5
c d
x 15 25 35 45 55 x 1 3 5 7 9
y 36 60 84 108 132 y 1.25 3.75 6.25 8.75 11.25
13 If y varies directly with x, and y = 4 when x = 3:

5

a Find the constant of proportionality, k.

b Find the equation of variation of y in terms of x.

14 If s varies directly with t, and s = 3 when s = 6:
2

a Find the constant of proportionality, k.

b Find the equation of variation of t in terms of s .
15 Write an equation involving constant k such that m varies directly with p.
Applications
16 Write an equation involving constant k for the revenue of a company, r, that varies directly
with the number of sales, n.
17 Derek and Yuri are building robot kits. Derek can make 2 robots in 3 hours. Yuri can make 3
robots in 6 hours.
a Sketch the graph of this proportional relationship. Assume both Derek and Yuri build
robots at a constant rate.
b Who is the faster builder?
18 Paul paints 15 plates every 6 hours.
a Complete this proportion table:
Plates painted 0 15 30 60
Hours worked 6 12 18
b Hence, sketch the graph of this proportional relationship.
19 William is making a fruit smoothie. The amount of bananas and strawberries he uses is
shown in the following proportion table:
Strawberries 5 10 15 20 25
Bananas 3.5 7 10.5 14 17.5
a Sketch the graph of the proportional relationship.

b Find the unit rate of the relationship.
c Write two statements that describe the proportional relationship.

20 Harry and Carl love reading. Harry reads 16 books every 12 weeks. Carl has kept a table of
his reading habits which is shown below:
Number of weeks 12 24 36 48
Number of books read 20 40 60 80
a Complete the following table for Harry:
Number of weeks 12 48 60
Number of books read 16 32 48 80
b Determine who reads more quickly.
21 Jimmy is saving money for a vacation. He knows that he can represent his savings over time
11
using the equation y = x, where x represents the number of days and y represents the
2

savings. Ben saves $7 every 4 days.
a Complete the table showing Ben's savings over time.
Days 8 12 16
Amount saved 7 14 21
b Graph the amount each of them have saved over time.

c Explain how to determine who is saving more per day.
22 Consider the proportional relationship shown between hours spent fishing and the number
of fish caught displayed in the table below:
a Sketch the graph of the proportional Hours 4 8 12

relationship.
Fish caught 9 18 27
b Find the unit rate of the relationship.
c By considering parts (a) and (b), make a
conclusion about the number of fish
caught.
23 The original of a printed image measures 8.5 cm in width and 51 cm in length. When a
customer wants to print a copy of the original they are offered prints in various sizes, but the
width and length are in the same ratio as the original so that the photo does not appear
distorted.
a Solve for the value of k, the constant of proportionality.

b Find the length of a copy of the original if the width of the copy is 14 cm .
24 The height, h, of a regular tetrahedron varies directly with its side length, s . A particular
tetrahedron with a side length of 3 cm has a height of 2.45.
a Find the constant of proportionality, k, to two decimal places.

b Express h in terms of s .
c Find the height of a different tetrahedron with a side length of 2 cm.

11.02
Parabolas (Extended)
Graphs of parabolas
1 Consider the equation y = x2 .
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y
b Use the table of values to sketch the graph of the function on a number plane.
c Are the y -values ever negative?
d Find the equation of the axis of symmetry.
e Find the minimum y -value.
f For every y -value greater than 0, how many corresponding x-values are there?
2 Consider the equation y = −x2 .
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y
b Use the table of values to sketch the graph of the function on a number plane.
c Are the y -values ever positive?
d Find the equation of the axis of symmetry.
e Find the maximum y -value.
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y
ii Sketch the graph of the function on a number plane.
a y = 3x2 b y = −2x2 c y = 3x2 + 3 d y = −2x2 + 5

e y = 3x2 − 3 f y = −2x2 − 2 g y = 1 x2 h y = − 1 x2
2 2


Transformations of parabolas
x 1 2 3 4 5
y

iii Find the minimum y -value.
iv Find the x-value that corresponds to the minimum y -value.
v Find the coordinates of the vertex.
a y = (x − 3)2 b y = − (x − 3)2 c y = (x − 1)2 d y = (x − 4)2
x −3 −2 −1 0 1
y

iii Find the minimum y -value.
iv Find the x-value that corresponds to the minimum y -value.
v Find the coordinates of the vertex.
a y = (x + 1)2 b y = − (x + 1)2 c y = (x + 2)2 d y = − (x + 3)2
i State the coordinates of the vertex.

ii Solve for the equation of the axis of symmetry.
iii Sketch the graph of the function on a number plane.
iv Plot the axis of symmetry.
a y = (x − 2)2 b y = (x + 3)2 c y = (x + 5)2 d y = − (x − 5)2
7 Describe the transformation required to transform the parabola y = −x2 into the parabola
y = − (x + 4)2 .

8 State whether the following parabolas will be concave up or concave down:
a y = (x − 4)2 b y = − (x + 2)2 c y = − (x − 8)2 d y = (x + 7)2
x −2 −1 0 1 2
y

iii State the coordinates of the vertex.
a y = 2x2 b y = 3x2 c y = −4x2 d y = 1 x2

2

i Solve for the equation of the axis of symmetry.

ii Sketch the graph of the function and its axis of symmetry on a number plane.
a y = 4x2 b y = −3x2 c 1 d y = − 1 x2
y = x2
4 2

11 Describe the transformation required to transform the parabola y = x2 into the parabola y =
5x2 .
12 Rewrite the equation, y = x2 , after the following transformations take place:
a Vertically translated by 3 units. b Vertically translated by −2 units.

c Horizontally translated by 5 units. d Horizontally translated by −4 units.
e Vertically scaled by 2 units. f Vertically scaled by −3 units.
g Vertically scaled by 1 units. h Vertically reflected about the x-axis.
2

13 Graph the equation, y = x2 , after the following transformations take place:
a Vertically translated by 4 units. b Horizontally translated by −5 units.

c Vertically translated about the x axis. d Vertically scaled by 2 units.

Applications
14 William is training for a remote control plane aerobatics competition. He wants to fly the
plane along the path of a parabola so he has chosen the equation:
y = 3x2
where y is the height in metres of the plane from the ground, and x is the horizontal
distance in metres of the plane from its starting point.
x (m) 0 1 2 3 4
y (m)
b Sketch the shape of the path on a number plane.

c Find the lowest height of the plane.
d Find the x-value that corresponds to the minimum y -value.
e Find the coordinates of the vertex.
15 On Jupiter the equation, d = 12.5t2 , can be used to approximate the distance in metres, d,
that an object falls in t seconds, if air resistance is ignored.
time (t) 0 2 4 6
distance (d)
b Sketch the shape of the path on a number plane.

c Use the equation to determine the number of seconds, t, that it would take an object to
fall 84.4 m. Round the value of t to the nearest second.

11.03
Hyperbolas (Extended)
Inverse proportion
1 If y varies inversely with x, write the equation for y in terms of x.
2 For each of the following relationships, write an equation involving constant k:
a r is inversely proportional to c.
b h is inversely proportional to the cube of m.
3 Determine whether each table below could represent an inversely proportional relationship
between x and y :
a b
x 1 2 3 4 x 1 2 3 4
y 3 1.5 1 0.75 y 36 18 12 9
c d
x 1 5 6 10 x 1 2 3 4
y 3 75 108 300 y 4 5 6 7
4 Consider the equation s = 375 .
t
a State the constant of proportionality. b Find the exact value of s when t = 6.
c Find the exact value of s when t = 12.
5 m is proportional to 1 . Consider the values in the table which represents this relationship:

a Determine the constant of p 4 6 7 x

proportionality, k.
m 63 y 36 28
b Find the values of x and y in the table.
6 Find the equation relating t and s for the following tables of values:
a b
s 1 2 3 4 s 3 6 9 12
t 48 24 16 12 2 1 2 1
t
9 18 81 72


7 If a is inversely proportional to x, and a = 20 when x = 10:
a Find the constant of variation, k. b Express a in terms of x.

c Find the value of a when x = 5.
8 The equation y = − 12 represents an inverse relationship between x and y .

x
a Determine whether the equations below are equivalent to y = − 12 :
x
i y = −12x ii xy = −12 iii x = −12y iv xy = 12
b When x = 3, what is the value of y ?

c If x is a positive value, must the corresponding y value be positive or negative?
d If x is a negative value, must the corresponding y value be positive or negative?
e In which quadrants does the graph of y = −12 lie?
9 Find the equation of the curve that passes

through the points in the table: x −2 −1 1 2
1 1
y 1 −1 −
2 2

10 Consider the functions y = 4 and y = 2 .

x x
a For y = 4 , when x = 2, what is the y -value?

x
b For y = 2 , when x = 2, what is the y -value?

x
c Which graph lies further away from the axes?
d For hyperbolas of the form y = k , what happens to the graph as the value of k

x
increases?

Graphs of hyperbolas
11 Consider the function y = 1 which is defined for all real values of x except 0.

x
a Complete the following table of values:
1 1 1 1
x −2 −1 − − 1 2
2 4 4 2

b Plot the points from the table of values.

c Hence, sketch the curve on the same axes.
d In which quadrants does the graph lie?
12 Consider the function y = − 1 .
x
a Complete the following table of values:
1 1
x −2 −1 − 1 2
2 2


c Hence, sketch the curve on the same axes.
d In which quadrants does the graph lie?
13 Consider the function y = 6 .
x
a Complete the following tables of values:
1 1
x 1 2 4
4 2

2 © Mathspace Pty Ltd 2022

14 Consider the expression 2 for x > 0.

x
a What happens to the value of the fraction as x increases?
b What happens to the value of the fraction as x approaches 0?
c Determine whether the following graphs demonstrates this behaviour for x > 0.
i ii
y y
x x
iii
y

15 Consider the graph of y = 2 below:

x
a For positive values of x, as x increases, y
44
what value does y approach?
33
b As x takes small positive values
approaching 0, what value does y 22
approach? 11
x
c What are the values that x and y cannot −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
take? −
−11
d The graph has two axes of symmetry. −

−22
State the equation of the lines of −
−33
symmetry.
−
−44
16 Consider the graph of the function y = 4 ,

y

x
x = 0 and y = 0 are lines that the curve 55
approaches very closely as x gets very small 44
and very large. 33

22
What is the name of such lines? 11
x
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−11
−
−22
−
−33
−
−44
−
−55

17 Consider the function y = 2 .
x
1 1 1 1 1 1
x −2 −1 − − − 1
2 10 100 100 10 2

b For what value of x is the function undefined?

c Rewrite the equation to make x the subject.
d For what value of y is the function undefined?
e Below is the graph of y = 2 .
x
i What value should x approach from y
55
the right for the function value to
44
approach ∞?
33
ii What value does the function 22
approach as x approaches 0 from the 11
x
left?
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
iii What value does y approach as x −
−11
approaches ∞ and −∞? This is −
−22
called the limiting value of the −
−33
function. −
−44
−
−55
18 Consider the function y = − 5 .
x
a For what value of x is the function undefined?
b As x approaches 0 from the positive side, what does y approach?
c As x approaches 0 from the negative side, what does y approach?
d As x approaches ∞, what value does y approach?
e As x approaches −∞, what value does y approach?
19 Determine whether the following is a feature of the graph of y = 3 :
x
a Intercepts b Aysmptotes c Limits d Symmetry

20 Consider the hyperbola graphed below:
a Every point (x, y ) on the hyperbola is y

such that xy = a. What is the value of a?
66
b When x increases, does y increase or
44
decrease?
22
c Determine whether the following x
relationships can be modelled by a −
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88
function of the form xy = a. −
−22
i The relationship between the −

−44
number of people working on a job −
−66
and how long it will take to complete
the job.
ii The relationship between the
number of sales and the amount of
revenue.
iii The relationship between height and
weight.
21 Ursula wants to sketch the graph of y = 7 , but knows that it will look similar to many other

x
7
hyperbolas. How can she show that it is the hyperbola y = , rather than any other

x
k
hyperbola of the form y = ?
22 Consider the equation f (x) = 4 .
x
a Sketch a graph of the function.
b What type of symmetry does the graph have?
c Find an expression for f (−x).
d Does this verify that the function is rotationally symmetric about the origin?
Applications
23 The time, t, taken by a typist to type up a document is inversely proportional to his typing
speed, s . That is, the quicker the typing speed, the less time it will take. If it takes a typist 20
minutes to type a particular document, typing at a speed of 61 words per minute.
How long (in minutes) will it take a typist with a typing speed of 30.5 words per minute to
type up the document?

24 The rent, electricity, telephone bill and other expenses for a flat cost a total of $490 per
week. These expenses are shared equally between the tenants of the flat.
a How much will each occupant pay if the flat is shared by two people?
b Let the number of occupants be x, and the cost paid by each occupant be y . Write a
formula that relates the two variables.
c Sketch curve for the equation.
d From the graph, what type of relationship exists between x and y ?
25 A graph of the hyperbola y = 10 is shown:

y

x
Given points C (−4, 0) and D (2, 0), find the
length of interval AB . A
A
x
C
C D
D
B
B

11.04
Circles (Extended)
Graphs of circles
1 State the equations of the circles below:
a b
66
y y
55
55 44
44
33
33
22
22
11 11
x x
−
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22
−
−22
−
−33
−
−33
−
−44
−
−44
−
−55
−
−66 −
−55
2 For each of the following circles:
i Write the coordinates of the centre. ii Find the radius of the circle.
iii Find the x-intercepts. iv Find the y -intercepts.
v Sketch the graph of the circle.
a x2 + y 2 = 25 b x2 + y 2 = 64 c x2 + y 2 = 16 d x2 + y 2 = 10
3 For each of the following circles:
i Write the equation of the circle. ii Sketch the graph of the circle.
a A circle that has its centre at the origin and a radius of 9 units.
b A circle that has its centre at the origin and a radius of 4 units.
c A circle that has its centre at the origin and a radius of 18 units.
d A circle that has its centre at the origin and a radius of 3 units.
e A circle that has its centre at the origin and a radius of 7 units.
4 Consider the circle with equation x2 + y 2 = 121.
a Find the diameter of the circle.

b Find the y -values of the points on the circle that have an x-coordinate of −6.

5 Consider the circle with centre (0, 0) that passes through the point (5, −10).
a Find the radius of the circle.

b Find the equation of the circle.
6 A circle with centre (0, 0) has an x-intercept at (6, 0).
a Find the equation of the circle.

b Find the exact area enclosed by the circle.
7 Does the point (−4, 2) lie inside, outside or on the circle x2 + y 2 = 21?
8 Does the point (3, 5) lie inside, outside or on the circle x2 + y 2 = 5?
9 Does the point (0, −7) lie inside, outside or on the circle x2 + y 2 = 49?
10 A circle has the equation 25x2 + 25y 2 = 400.
a Find the coordinates for the centre of the circle.

b State the radius of the circle.
c Hence, sketch the graph of the circle: 25x2 + 25y 2 = 400.
11 A circle has the equation 3x2 + 3y 2 − 48 = 0.
a Find the coordinates for the centre of the circle.

b State the radius of the circle.
c Hence, sketch the graph of the circle: 3x2 + 3y 2 − 48 = 0.

Graphs of translated circles
12 For each of the following pairs of graphs, describe how the graph in Diagram 1 is translated
to the position shown in Diagram 2:
a Diagram 1 Diagram 2
66
y 66
y
55 55
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 x 11 x
−
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 −
−33
−
−44 −
−44
−
−55 −
−55
−
−66 −
−66
b Diagram 1 Diagram 2
66
y 66
y
55 55
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 x 11 x
−
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 −
−33
−
−44 −
−44
−
−55 −
−55
−
−66 −
−66

c Diagram 1 Diagram 2
y y
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 11
x x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 −
−33
−
−44 −
−44
d Diagram 1 Diagram 2
y y
55 55
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 11
x x
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22 −
−22
−
−33 −
−33
−
−44 −
−44
−
−55 −
−55

13 How many units away from the origin have the circles below been translated?
a b
y y
10
10 88
99 66
88
44
77
22
66 x
55 −
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88
−
−22
44
−
−44
33
22 −
−66
11 −
−88
x
−
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
c (x + 5)2 + y 2 = 4 d x2 + (y − 7)2 = 62
14 Consider the graph of the circle below:
a Describe the translation to get from 14

14 y
x2 + y 2 = 52 to the circle shown. 13
13
12
12
b State the equation of the circle shown in
11
11
the graph. 10
10
99
88
77
66
55
44
33
22
11 x
−
−66−
−55−
−44−
−33−
−22−
−11 11 22 33 44 55 66
15 Find the coordinates of the new center after a circle centered at the origin is translated as
follows:
a 2 units downwards. b 7 units upwards.

c 3 units to the left. d 6 units to the right.
16 Write down the equation of the new circle after x2 + y 2 = 49 is translated:
a 5 units upwards. b 5 units downwards.

c 5 units to the right. d 5 units to the left and 6 units upwards.

17 A circle of radius 7 which was initially centred at the origin has been translated 6 units
downwards.
a State the radius of the resulting circle. b State the centre of the resulting circle.
c Write the equation of the resulting
circle.
18 Given the graph of x2 + y 2 = 62 , sketch the

2 y
graph of x2 + (y − 3) = 62 .
88
66
44
22
x
−
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88
−
−22
−
−44
−
−66
−
−88
19 Given the graph of x2 + y 2 = 42 , sketch the

graph of x2 + (y + 6)2 = 42 . y
88
66
44
22
x
−
−88 −
−66 −
−44 −
−22 22 44 66 88
−−22
−
−44
−
−66
−
−88
20 A circle of radius 7, centred at the origin, is translated 9 units vertically downwards.

Write the equation of the resulting circle.
21 Graph the following translated circles as follows:
a The circle x2 + y 2 = 42 is translated 4 units down.

b The circle x2 + y 2 = 25 is translated horizontally 4 units to the left.

22 Consider the circle with equation (x − 3)2 + y 2 = 36.
a Find the coordinates of the centre. b State the radius of the circle.
23 Graph the circles defined by the following equations:

2 2
a x2 + (y − 2) = 42 b x2 + (y + 6) = 52
c (x − 3)2 + y 2 = 25 d (x + 5)2 + y 2 = 16
e (x − 4)2 + y 2 = 9 f (x + 4)2 + y 2 = 25

12.01
Sine rule
Sine rule
1 For each of the given triangles, determine if there is enough information to find all the
remaining sides and angles in the triangle using only the sine rule:
a Three sides are known: b Two of the angles and the side included
between them are known:
c Two of the angles and a side not d Two of the sides and an angle included
included between them are known: between them are known:

2 For each of the following triangles, write an equation relating the sides and angles using the
sine rule:
a b
a Find an expression for sin A in △ACD.

b Find an expression for sin B in △BDC .
Then make x the subject of the
equation.
c Substitute your expression for x into the
equation from part (a), and rearrange the
equation to form the sine rule.

Unknown sides
4 For each of the following triangles, find the side length a using the sine rule. Round your
answers to two decimal places.
a b
c d

5 For each of the following triangles, find the length of side x, correct to one decimal place:
a b
6 For each of the following triangles:
i Find the value of a using the sine rule. Round your answer to two decimal places.
ii Use another trigonometric ratio and the fact that the triangle is right-angled to calculate
and confirm the value of a. Round your answer to two decimal places.
a b

a Find the length of side HK to two

decimal places.
b Find the length of side KJ to two
decimal places.
8 Consider the triangle with ∠C = 72.53° and ∠B = 31.69°, and one side length a = 5.816 m.
a Find ∠A. Round your answer to two

decimal places.
b Find the length of side b. Round your
c Find the length of side c. Round your
Unknown angles
9 For each of the following diagrams, find the value of the angle x using the sine rule. Round
your answers to one decimal place.

a b
c d
e f

g h
i j
10 For each of the following acute angled triangles, calculate the size of∠B to the nearest
degree:
a △ABC where ∠A = 57° side a = 156 cm and side b = 179 cm

b △ABC where ∠A = 48° side a = 2.7 cm and side b = 1.9 cm

11 The angle of depression from J to M is 68°.
The length of J K is 25 m and the length of
M K is 28 m as shown:
Find the following, rounding your answers

to two decimal places:
a Find x, the size of ∠J M K .

b Find the angle of elevation from M to
K.
12 Consider △ABC below:
a Find x to the nearest degree.

b Find ∠ADB to the nearest degree.
13 Consider the following diagram of a

quadrilateral:
Find the value of θ , correct to two decimal
places.

Applications
a Find the size of ∠OBA.

b Find the length of k, to two decimal
places.
15 A bridge connects two towns on either side

of a gorge, where one side of the gorge is
inclined at 59° and the other side is inclined
at 70°. The length of the steeper incline is
59.1 m.
Find x, the length of the bridge. Round your
answer correct to one decimal place.

16 During football training, the coach marks
out the perimeter of a triangular course that
players need to run around. The diagram
shows some measurements taken of the
course, where side length a = 14 m:
a Find the size of ∠A.

b Find the length of side c, correct to two
decimal places.
c Find the length of side b, correct to two
decimal places.
d Each player must sprint one lap and then
jog one lap around the triangle. This
process is to be repeated 3 times by
each player.
If Tara can run 280 m/min, and can jog at
half the speed she runs, calculate the
time this exercise will take her, correct

12.02
Cosine rule
Cosine rule
1 Write an expression for cos θ using the

cosine rule for the following triangle:
2 Consider the triangle given below:
a Write an expression for cos A using the

cosine rule.
b Write an expression for a2 using the
cosine rule.
c Write an expression for b using the
cosine rule.
3 Consider the triangle given below:
a Write an expression for cos Q using the

cosine rule.
b Write an expression for r2 using the
cosine rule.

4 To use the cosine rule to find the length of
AC , which angle would need to be given?
Unknown sides
5 Find the length of the missing side in each of the following triangles using the cosine rule.
Round your answers to two decimal places.
a b
c d

e f
g h
i j
6 In △ABC , cos C = 8 :
9

Find the exact length of side AB in

centimetres.

7 In △QU V , q = 5, u = 6 and cos V = 3 . Find the value of v .
5

Unknown angles
8 For each of the following triangles, find the value of the pronumeral to the nearest degree:
a b
c d

e f
g h

9 Find the value of θ in the following triangle.
hundredth of a degree.
10 Find the value of B in the following

triangle. Round your answer to the nearest
second.
11 In △QU V , v = 8, u = 9 and q = 15. Solve for cos Q.
12 The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 4 : 5 : 8. Find θ , the smallest angle in the triangle, to
the nearest degree.
13 A triangle has sides of length 11 cm, 18 cm and 8 cm. Find x, the largest angle in the triangle,
to the nearest degree.

Applications
14 Mae went for a bike ride on Sunday

morning from Point A to Point B , which was
18 km long. She then took a 126° turn and
rode from Point B to Point C , which was
21 km long.
Find x, the distance in kilometres from her
starting point to Point C to two decimal
places.
15 A goal has posts that are 2 m apart. Buzz

shoots for the goal when he is 2.6 m from
one post and 3.1 m from the other post.
Find the size of the angle, x, in which he
can score a goal. Round your answer to the
nearest degree.
16 Find the length of the diagonal, x, in

parallelogram ABCD.

17 Consider the parallelogram in the given
diagram that has a side of length 13 cm and
a diagonal of length 58 cm:
Find the value of x. Round your answer to
one decimal place.
18 In a sailing boat race, teams must start at buoy A and navigate around buoys B and C before
returning to buoy A to cross the line. The first leg of the race is 100.6 km long, the second
leg of the race is 190.3 km long, and the angle between these legs is 143°.
a Find x, the distance of the third leg of the race, correct to one decimal place.
b Hence, find the total length of the race, correct to one decimal place.
19 A bridge connects two towns on either side

of a gorge, where one side of the gorge is
inclined at 59° and the other side is inclined
at 70°. The length of the steeper incline is
59.1 m.
Find x, the length of the bridge. Round your
answer correct to one decimal place.

12.03
Area rule (Enrichment)
Area formula
1 Calculate the area of the following triangles to two decimal places:
a b
c d

2 Calculate the area of the following triangles, to the nearest square centimetre:
a b
c d
3 Find the area of the following triangles, to one decimal place:
a Sides lengths of 9.5 cm, 10 cm with an included angle of 47°.

b Sides lengths of 18.4 cm, 20.5 cm with an included angle of 99°.
Unknown sides and angles
4 The following triangle has an area of

520 cm2 . Find the length of side b. Round
your answer to the nearest centimetre.

5 For the following triangles, calculate the following:
i The size of angle x, to the nearest degree.

ii The area of the triangle, to one decimal place.
a b
6 Consider the given triangle:
a Find the value of the angle x, to the

nearest second.
b Hence or otherwise, find the area of the
triangle, to one decimal place.
7 Consider the triangle shown:
a Find the length of BC , to two decimal

places.
b Hence or otherwise, find the area of the
triangle, to two decimal places.

8 Consider the given triangle:
a Calculate the size of the largest angle of

the triangle. Round your answer to the
nearest minute.
b Calculate the area of the triangle, to two
decimal places.
9 Consider a triangle with side lengths of 8 cm , 4 cm and 6 cm.
a Find the value of the angle x opposite the side that is 8 cm long. Round your answer to
two decimal places.
b Hence or otherwise, find the area of the triangle to two decimal places.
10 For the triangle shown, find the following,

rounded to one decimal place:
a The length of AC .
b The area of △ACD.
c The area of △ABC .
11 Consider the diagram of an isosceles triangle where h is the height perpendicular to base, b:
a Form an expression for h in terms of θ

and a.
b Find b in terms of θ and a.
c Form an expression for the area A of the
larger triangle, in terms of θ and a.

Applications
12 A triangular paddock has measurements as shown in the diagram:
a Find the area of the paddock. Round

your answer to the nearest square
metre.
b State the area in hectares. Round your
13 Find the area of each rhombus below. Round your answers to two decimal places.
a b
14 A triangular-shaped field has sides of length 25 m, 29 m and 36 m.
a Find the value of the angle x opposite the side that is 25 m long. Round your answer to
two decimal places.
b Hence or otherwise, find the area of the field to two decimal places.
c Bob has been hired to plough the field and to erect fencing around its perimeter. If he
charges $3 per square metre for ploughing and $7 per metre for fencing, how much does
he charge in total? Round your answer to two decimal places.

15 A triangle has sides in the ratio 13 : 14 : 15 and a perimeter of 84 cm.
a Let the sides, in centimetres, be 13x, 14x and 15x. Solve for x.
b Find the value of the angle θ that is opposite the shortest side. Round your answer to
two decimal places.
c Hence or otherwise, find the area of the triangle to two decimal places.
16 An industrial site in the shape of a triangle

is to take up the space between where
three roads intersect.
Calculate the area of the site, correct to two
decimal places.
17 The Bermuda triangle is an area in the

Atlantic Ocean where many planes and
ships have mysteriously disappeared. Its
vertices are at Bermuda, Miami and Puerto
Rico.
Find the area taken up by the Bermuda
Triangle. Round your answer to the nearest
square kilometre.

18 An octagon is inscribed in a circle of radius
8 cm.
Find the area of the octagon leaving your
answer in exact form.
19 A regular pentagonal garden plot has centre

of symmetry O and an area of 86 m2 .
Find the distance OA.

12.04
Applications
Mixed applications
1 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following diagrams. Round your answers to
two decimal places.
a b
c d
2 Two flag posts of height 12 m and 17 m are

erected 20 m apart.
Find the length, l , of the string needed to
join the tops of the two posts. Round your

3 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following diagrams. Round your answers to
two decimal places.
a b
a Find the value of θ . Round your answer

b Hence or otherwise, find the value of d.
place.

5 A pendulum of length 82 cm swings a
horizontal distance of 31 cm.
Find the angle x of the pendulum's
movement. Round your answer to the
nearest degree.
6 In the following diagram, ∠CAE = 61°, ∠CBE = 73° and CE = 25.
a Find the length of AE , correct to four

decimal places.
b Find the length of BE , correct to four
decimal places.
c Hence, find the length of AB , correct to
two decimal places.
d Find the length of BD, correct to one
decimal place.
7 A jet takes off and leaves the runway at an angle of 34°. It continues to fly in this direction
for 7 min at a speed of 630 km/h before levelling out.
a Find the distance in metres covered by

the jet just before levelling out.
b If the height of the jet just before
levelling out is h m, calculate h.
metre.

10.6 m wide.
decimal place.
9 Two wires help support a tall pole. One wire forms an angle of 36°with the ground and the
other wire forms an angle of 70°with the ground. The wires are 29 m apart:
a Find a, the angle made between the two wires at the top of the pole.
b Find d, the length of the longest wire in metres. Round your answer to two decimal
places.
c Find calculate h, the height of the pole in metres. Round your answer to two decimal
places.

10 To calculate the height of each block of flats, a surveyor measures the angles of depression
from A and B to C . From A, the angle of depression is 31°and from B the angle of
depression is 47°.
a Find the size of ∠ACB .

b If the distance between A and C is b m,
find the value of b. Round your answer
c If the buildings are h m tall, find the
value of h. Round your answer to the
nearest metre.
11 A garden, in the shape of a quadrilateral, is represented in the following diagram:

to two decimal places:
a The length of BD.

b The length of CD.
c The perimeter of the garden.
12 Dave is standing on a hill and can see two

buildings in the distance. The buildings are
20 km apart.
Dave is 13 km from one building and the
angle between the two lines of sight to the
buildings is 35°.
a Find the size of ∠ABC . Round your

b Find the size of ∠BCA. Round your

c Find the distance between Dave and the
building at B , AB . Round your answer
13 A radio signal is sent from a transmitter at tower T , via a satellite S , to a town W , as shown
in the diagram below. The town is 526 km from the transmitter tower. The signal is sent out
from the transmitter tower at an angle of 18°, and the town receives the signal at an angle of
26°.
a Find the size of ∠W ST .

b The signal travels along SW from the satellite to the town. Find the distance it travels,
SW , to the nearest kilometre.
c If the satellite is h kilometres above the ground, find h. Round your answer to two
decimal places.

14 Mae observes a tower at an angle of elevation of 12°. The tower is perpendicular to the
ground. Walking 67 m towards the tower, she finds that the angle of elevation increases to
35°.
a Calculate the angle ∠ADB .

b Find the length of the side a. Round your answer to two decimal places.
c Hence, find the height h, of the tower. Round your answer to one decimal place.
15 After two meteoroids collide at point A, one starts travelling in the direction of point B ,
while the other starts travelling in the direction of point C , with an angle of 53° between the
two directions. The meteoroid projected in the direction of B is moving at a speed of
7860 km/h, while the other is moving at a speed of 10 170 km/h.
a What distance will the meteoroid

travelling towards point B have covered
after 29 minutes after the collision?
b What distance will the meteoroid
travelling towards point C have covered
after 29 minutes after the collision?
c Find the distance between the two
meteoroids 29 min after the collision.
Round your answer to the nearest tenth
of a kilometre.

16 In a game of pool, a player has one last ball
to sink into a corner pocket. The player
must use his cue (stick) to hit the white ball
so that it knocks the purple ball into the
corner pocket.
The player judges that the white ball is
about 1.5 m away from the corner pocket,
and that the distance between the two balls
is about 0.9 m, while the purple ball is also
0.9 m from the corner pocket.
He wants to find the angle θ at which he
needs to knock the white ball against the
purple ball. Round your answer to two
decimal places.
17 Point C has a bearing of 142° from Point A.

If Point B is 19 km West of Point A,
determine the distance, x, between Point B
and Point C .
18 Consider the given parallelogram:
a Find the value of x. Round your answer

to the nearest degree.
b Hence, find the size of ∠SRQ. Round
your answer to the nearest degree.

19 Christa and James set off for a walk. They
leave Point A and walk on bearing of 101°
for 4 km to Point B . Christa then stops to
rest but James continues walking on a
bearing of 191° for 2 km to Point C .
a Find ∠ABC .
b Find x, to the nearest degree.
c Hence, find the true bearing of A from
C, to the nearest degree.
20 The Australian 50 cent coin has the shape of a dodecagon (it has 12 sides). Eight of these 50
cent coins will fit exactly on an Australian $10 note that is x cm tall.
a Find the total area of the eight coins in terms of x.

b Find the fraction of the $10 note that is not covered.

21 A rhombus of side length 10 cm has a
longer diagonal of length 16 cm.
to one decimal place:
a θ , the obtuse angle.

b x
c d, the length of the shorter diagonal.
22 A commercial passenger plane flies 1801 km

on a bearing of 339° from Sydney (S ) to
Albury (A). A second smaller plane leaves
Sydney on a bearing of 249° and loses radio
contact at location C after flying for 1301 km
.
a Find the size of ∠ASC .

b Find AC , the distance the passenger
plane must fly to reach point C , to the
nearest km.
c Find the value of x to the nearest
degree.
d Find the true bearing that the passenger
plane must fly from point A to reach the
smaller plane at point C .
23 A boat travels S 14°E for 12 km and then

changes direction to S 49°E for another
16 km.
a Find x, the distance of the boat from its

starting point to two decimal places.
b Find b to the nearest degree.
c Hence, find the bearing that the boat
should travel on to return to the starting
point.

24 Grenada (G), Tangiers (T ) and Roma (R)
are three towns. Grenada bears 15° from
Tangiers and 319° from Roma. Tangiers is
due west of Roma. The distance from
Grenada to Roma is 53 km.
Find the distance from Grenada to Tangiers,
x, to the nearest kilometre.
25 Find the exact side length, y , of an equilateral triangle with a perpendicular height of
21 cm.
26 The angle of elevation to the top of a 33-metre high tower is 35° from point A, due west of
the tower. The point B is located 60 metres due south of point A.
a Find the distance, from point A to the base of the tower, correct to two decimal places.
b Find the distance from point B to the base of the tower, correct to one decimal place.
c Find θ , the angle of elevation from point B to the top of the tower, correct to the nearest
degree.

27 A student created a scale model of Australia and drew a triangle between Alice Springs,
Brisbane and Adelaide:
a Find the angle θ , between Brisbane and Adelaide from Alice Springs. Round your
b Hence or otherwise, find the area taken up by the triangle. Round your answer to two
decimal places.

13.01
Regions defined by
inequalities
Feasible regions
1 Describe what a feasible region represents with regards to a system of inequalities.
2 Determine which of the following ordered pairs satisfies the system of inequalities:
2x − y > −6 and 2x + 2y < 0
A (2, 6) B (−3, 6) C (1, −3) D (−6, 1)
3 Without graphing them, determine whether the following systems of inequalities have no
solutions or infinitely many solutions. Explain your answer.
a 9x − y < 7 and 9x − y > 7 b 2x − y ≤ 7 and 2x − y ≥ 7
4 For each of the following graphs, state the system of inequalities that describe the shaded
region:
a b
y y
55 44
44
33
33
22
22
11 11
x x
−
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44 55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11 −
−11
−
−22
−
−22
−
−33
−
−33
−
−44
−
−55 −
−44
c d
y y
33 55
22 44
11
x 33
−
−77 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 22
−
−11
11
−
−22 x
−
−33 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11 22 33 44
−
−11
−
−44
−
−55 −
−22
−
−66 −
−33
−
−77 −
−44

5 Consider the system of inequalities 2x − y < 4 and 6x + 3y > 0.
a Sketch the equations 2x − y = 4 and 6x + 3y = 0 on the same set of axes.

b Determine whether the point (2, 2) satisfies the system of inequalities.
c Hence graph the solution set to the system of inequalities 2x − y < 4 and 6x + 3y > 0.
6 Consider the system of inequalities, y > x − 5, y > −x − 5, and y < 0.
a Graph the lines y = x − 5, y = −x − 5, and y = 0 on the same set of axes.

b Determine whether the point (1, −2) satisfies the system of inequalities.
c Hence graph the region described by the inequalities y > x − 5, y > −x − 5, and y < 0
on the same set of axes.
d Calculate the area of the feasible region.
7 Graph the solution set to each of the following systems of inequalities:
a x ≤ 5 and y < 3 b y ≤ 3x − 4 and y > −4x + 1

c 3x + y > 5 and 3x + y < 7 d y < 4x − 2 and y < 3x − 3
8 Consider the inequalities x > −2 , y > 1 and y ≤ −0.75x + 2.5.
a Graph the region described by the intersection of the inequalities.

b Calculate the area of the feasible region.
Applications
9 There are x surfers competing for wildcard entry into a pro-surfing competition, of which
Joanne is one. She needs her total score from all y judges to be at least 35 in order to be
chosen. The total score possible from all judges is at most 50.
a x > 1 is one of the inequalities that can be formed for the above situation. Write down
the two other inequalities related to y to complete the system.
b Graph the solution to the system of inequalities.
c If Joanne receives scores of 8.4, 7.3, 7.3, 7.8, 8.9 from the judges, will she be chosen as a
wildcard entry?
d Whether Joanne is chosen as a wildcard entry is dependent on the number of surfers
competing for the spot. True or false?

10 Roald has 24 centimetres of leftover wood that he is trying to make a rectangular photo
frame out of. Let x represent the length of the photo frame and let y represent the width.
a Write two inequalities to represent the situation.

b Graph solution to the system of inequalities.
c State whether the following could be the dimensions of the photo frame:
i A length of 6 cm and a width of 4 cm ii A length of 7 cm and a width of 6 cm

iii A length of 9 cm and a width of 8 cm iv A length of 7 cm and a width of 4 cm
d If Roald wanted to create a square frame, state the dimensions of the largest possible
square frame.
11 Tracy has experimented with growing two types of banana trees. She has found that the two
types grow best if Type A takes up no more than 35% of the plantation area and Type B
takes up at least 20% of the plantation area.
Let x and y represent the decimal proportion of area Type A and Type B banana trees can
use respectively.
a Write three inequalities representing the possible values of x and y .

b Graph the solution to the system of the inequalities.
c Use the graph to determine whether the following points correspond to appropriate
areas for Type A and Type B banana trees:
i (0.28, 0.68) ii (0.58, 0.68) iii (0.13, 0.57) iv (0.09, 0.11)
d Is it possible for Type B trees to grow optimally if they take up 100% of the plantation
area? Explain your answer.
12 An airline is checking passengers into two flights, A and B, simultaneously. Due to

passenger numbers, there must be at least 10 staff at check-in for flight A and at least 7 staff
at check-in for flight B. Since there must be staff on hand for other services, the airline can
only allocate at most 23 staff for check-in of both flights.
Let x and y represent the number of staff attending check-in of flights A and B respectively.
a State the system of three inequalities representing the possible values of x and y .
c If 14 staff are allocated to checking in passengers of flight A, what is the maximum
number of staff that can be allocated to checking in passengers of flight B?

13 Applicants for a particular university are asked to sit a numeracy test and verbal reasoning
test. Successful applicants must obtain a minimum score of 17 on the numeracy test and a
minimum combined score of 37 for both tests.
Let x and y represent an applicant’s score on the numeracy and verbal reasoning test
respectively.
a State the system of three inequalities representing the possible values of x and y .
c Determine whether the following points represent scores that would make the applicant
successful:
i (14, 16) ii (33, 18) iii (20, 13) iv (17, 22)
d If an applicant obtains a score of 24 in the numeracy test, find the minimum integer score
they need to obtain in the verbal reasoning test to be successful.
14 Throughout university, Tom works as a mentor, earning $15 per hour, and as a fitness
instructor earning $18 per hour. The number of hours he works in each job can vary from
week to week, but he never works more than 29 hours in total each week, and he needs to
be able to at least cover his weekly expenses of $270.
Let x and y represent the number of hours he works as a mentor and fitness instructor
respectively.
a State the system of four inequalities representing the possible values of x and y .
c If Tom works 6 hours as a mentor in one week, find the minimum number of hours y he
can work as a fitness instructor so that he can cover his expenses.
d Is it possible for him to work the same number of hours in both jobs and still be able to
cover his expenses?
15 An airforce plane used for dropping air personnel into enemy territory can fit no more than
32 airmen at a time, and has a maximum carrying capacity of 3900 kilograms. When carrying
a parachute and ammunition, an average female's weight is 100 kilograms and an average
male's weight is 150 kilograms.
Let x represent the number of women.
Let y represent the number of men.
a Write down the system of inequalities in x and y that represent the number of men and
women who can be on the plane at one time. Make y the subject in each inequality.
b Use the graphing application of your CAS calculator to graph the inequalities on the
same axis.

c Determine which of the following combinations of men and women can be on the plane
at the same time:
A 21 women and 11 men B 19 women and 12 men C 25 women and 3 men
D 7 women and 10 men

13.02
Constraints and objective
functions
Constraint inequalities
1 A warehouse is stocked with two types of storage containers: square boxes and rectangular
boxes. The square boxes cost $55 each and have a volume of 2 m3 and the rectangular
boxes cost $65 each and have a volume of 7 m3 . The warehouse has a total storage space of
200 m3 and there is a budget of $800 to purchase the containers.
Let x represent the number of square boxes purchased, and y represent the number of
rectangular boxes purchased.
a If it's not possible for a number of boxes to be less than zero, construct constraint
inequalities for x and y to represent this fact.
b Write an inequality relating x and y for the total budget for the warehouse.
c Write an inequality relating x and y for the total storage space of the warehouse.
2 A bicycle manufacturer employs a mechanic and a painter to construct two types of bikes:
racing bikes and mountain bikes. The time each worker spends on each bike is shown
below (assume both workers can work on the same bike at the same time).
Let x represent the number of racing bikes
built and y represent the number of Mechanic Painter
mountain bikes built.
Racing Bike 5 hours 10 hours
Each worker can work at most 40 hours in a
Mountain Bike 8 hours 4 hours
week.
a Write an inequality relating x and y to the total time spent working by the mechanic.
b Write an inequality relating x and y to the total time spent working by the painter.
3 A light bulb manufacturer produces two types of light bulbs: incandescent and fluorescent.
Let x represent the number of incandescent bulbs produced in a day, and y represent the
number of fluorescent bulbs produced in a day.
a If it's not possible for a number of lightbulbs to be less than zero., construct constraint
inequalities for x and y to represent this fact.
b Up to 200 light bulbs can be produced in one day. Write an inequality to represent this.
c The final inequality representing constraints on the number of light bulbs that can be
produced each day is:
x
y≥
2

Interpret this final constraint in context.

4 A company produces cans of cat food and dog food. Each product passes through two
machines in their production, and the amount of time each machine takes to process one
pallet of pet food is shown in the table below.
Each machine can operate for 12 hours in a
day. Machine A Machine B
Let x represent the number of pallets of cat Cat Food 2 hours 3 hours
food processed each day, and y represent
Dog Food 4 hours 1.5 hours
the number of pallets of dog food
processed each day.
a Write a constraint inequality for Machine A.

b Write a constraint inequality for Machine B.
c Can the values of x and y be negative? Explain your answer.
d Hence, write two more constraint inequalities.
e Graph the region defined by the constraint inequalities for Machine A and Machine B on
a cartesian plane.
5 Lamborgotti Motors produces two types of car: a sedan and a coupe. Each type of car
requires assembly in two different factories. The time that each car is required to be in each
factory is given in the table below.
Each factory can operate for 18 hours a day.
Factory A Factory B
Let x represent the number of sedans
produced each day, and y represent the Sedan 3 hours 4.5 hours
number of coupes produced each day.
Coupe 2 hours 1.5 hours
a Write a constraint inequality for Factory A.

b Write a constraint inequality for Factory B.
c Construct the constraint inequalities for x and y given the number of guitars cannot be a
negative number.
d Graph the region defined by the constraint inequalities for Factory A and Factory B

6 Mahindra produces two types of tractors: an All Purpose and a Harvester. Each type of
tractor requires production in two different factories. The time that each tractor is required
to be in each factory is given in the table below.
Each factory can operate for 18 hours a day.
Factory A Factory B
Let x represent the number of All Purpose
tractors produced each day, and y represent All Purpose 4 hours 6 hours
the number of Harvesters produced each
Harvesters 2 hours 1.5 hours
day.
a Wite a constraint inequality for Factory A.

b Write a constraint inequality for Factory B.
c Construct the constraint inequalities for x and y given the number of guitars cannot be a
negative number.
d Graph the region defined by the constraint inequalities for Factory A and Factory B.
7 Eileen is spending the week at a sports camp. She is able to attend coaching sessions for
her two favourite sports: basketball and football. She can attend a maximum of 26 sessions
and a minimum of 20 sessions per week.
Eileen's basketball coach has told her that she must attend at least 5 basketball sessions.
Her football coach has told her that she must go to at least 8 more football sessions than
basketball sessions.
Let x represent the number of basketball sessions she attends, and y represent the number
of football sessions she attends.
a From this information, construct the set of four constraint inequalities.

b Graph the region defined by the four constraint inequalities.
c Hence, list the four vertices of the feasible region.
d Using the four vertices determine the maximum number of basketball sessions that
Eileen can attend.
8 Edward is going to a music camp for one week. Edward plays drums and guitar and can
attend lessons for both instruments. He can attend a maximum of 18 lessons and a minimum
of 13 lessons per week.
Edward's guitar teacher has told him that he must not go to more than two times as many
guitar lessons as drum lessons. His drum teacher has told him he must attend at least five
drumming lessons.
Let x represent the number of drum lessons he attends, and y represent the number of
guitar lessons he attends.
a From this information, construct the set of five constraint inequalities.

b Graph the region defined by the five constraint inequalities.
c List the five vertices of the feasible region.

d Using the five vertices determine the maximum number of guitar lessons that Edward
can attend.
Objective functions
9 Write the objective function for each of the following situations:
a Students have set up a Mother's Day stall and are selling two products: photo frames for
$5 and necklaces for $12. Write the objective function for the revenue earned, R, made
by selling the items at the stall. Let x represent the number of photo frames sold, and let
y represent the number of necklaces sold.
b A coffee cart sells two sizes of coffee: small for $3 and large for $3.5. Write the objective
function for the revenue earned, R, made by the coffee cart selling the two products. Let
x represent the number of small coffees sold, and let y represent the number of large
coffees sold.
c A publisher hires two writers to write textbooks for them. Pauline writes 1100 words per
hour and charges $25/hr, and Tom writes 1150 words per hour and charges $30/hr. Write
the objective function for the cost, C , of hiring the two writers. Let x represent the
number of hours that Pauline works for the publisher, and y represent the number of
hours that Tom works for the publisher.
10 A factory produces two types of guitars:

acoustics and electric. Each type of guitar Crafter Tuner
requires a crafter and a tuner to make it.
Acoustic Guitar 12 hours 11 hours
The time spent by each worker is given in
the table. Electric Guitar 10 hours 9 hours
Let x represent the number of acoustic Max. work time
40 hours 35 hours
guitars built and y represent the number of per week
electric guitars built.
a Construct the constraint inequalities for x and y given the number of guitars cannot be a
negative number.
b Write an inequality relating x and y to the total time spent working by the crafter.
c Write an inequality relating x and y to the total time spent working by the tuner.
d If an acoustic guitar sells for $1400 and an electric guitar sells for $900, write the
objective function for the revenue, R.

13.03
Application of linear
programming
Optimising using corner points principle
1 The following graph shows a region of

feasible solutions for the objective function y
11
11
z = 4x + 3y : 10
10
99
a Calculate the value of the function for
88
each of the following corner points:
77
i (2, 2) ii (3, 9) iii(6, 10) iv(8, 4) 66

55
b Calculate the maximum value of the 44
objective function and state at what 33
point it is obtained. 22
c Calculate the minimum value of the 11
x
objective function and state at what 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99
point it is obtained.
2 For each of the following graphs of feasible regions and corresponding objective functions:
i Calculate the maximum value of the objective function and state at what point it is
obtained.
ii Calculate the minimum value of the objective function and state at what point it is
obtained.
a The objective function is z = 5x + 2y . b The objective function is z = 3x + 6y .
y y
11
11 11
11
10
10 10
10
99 99
88 88
77 77
66 66
55 55
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 11
x x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99

c The objective function is z = 3x + 3y . d The objective function is 10y .
y y
11
11 11
11
10
10 10
10
99 99
88 88
77 77
66 66
55 55
44 44
33 33
22 22
11 11
x x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99
e The objective function is z = 5x − 2y .
y
11
11
10
10
99
88
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99
3 The following graph represents the feasible

region for the objective function y
99
T = 14x + 31y 88
77
Given that the coordinates of the corner
66
36 21
vertices are (0, 9) , ( , ) and (10, 0), 55
5 5

determine the maximum value of the 44

objective function T and state at what point 33
it is obtained. 22
11
x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 10
10

4 For each of the following systems of inequalities:
i Plot the feasible region defined by the four inequalities.

ii Write the coordinates of the vertices of the region defined by the four inequalities.
a x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x ≤ 4, and y ≤ 9.
b x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x < 4, and y ≤ 7 + x.
c x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x + y < 7, and 12x − 12y < 24.
d x > 3, y ≥ 0, 4x + y ≤ 20, and y ≤ 11 − x
e 0 ≤ x ≤ 7, 0 ≤ y ≤ 14, x + 5 y ≥ 26 , and y < 2x
3 3

5 For each of the following objective functions and their constraints:
i Graph the region defined by the constraints in the first quadrant.

ii Calculate the maximum value of the function P and state at what point it is obtained.
iii Calculate the minimum value of the function P and state at what point it is obtained.
a Objective function P = −28x + 10y + 56, subject to the constraints 7x + 5y ≤ 35,

0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 6.
b Objective function P = 12x + 46y , subject to the constraints 4x + 3y ≤ 24, 3x + 4y ≤ 28,
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0.
6 For each of the following objective functions and their constraints:
i Graph the region defined by the constraints in the first quadrant.

ii Determine the maximum value of the objective function and the values of x and y for
which the maximum occurs.
iii Check your answer using the sliding line method.
a Objective function z = 6x + 2y , subject to the constraints 6x + 2y ≤ 60, 2x + 6y ≤ 54,

x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0.
b Objective function z = 22x + 7y , subject to the constraints x + 2y ≥ 8, x + y ≥ 6,
x + y ≤ 11, x ≥ 0, and y ≥ 0.
c Objective function z = 9x + 14y , subject to the constraints 2x + y ≥ 8, x + 2y ≥ 8,
x + y ≤ 8, x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0.

Applications
7 A manufacturer produces two types of tables. Each table requires a cabinet maker and a
painter to build. The time taken for each worker varies according to the table below:
Cabinet Maker Painter

Round Table 2 2
Square Table 3 2
Total time available in a week 36 32
Let x represent the number of round tables built in a week, and let y represent the number
of square tables built in a week.
a Construct the set of four constraint inequalities.

b Graph the region defined by the contraints in the first quadrant.
c Hence, list the four vertices of the feasible region.
d If a round table sells for a profit of $240 and a square table makes a profit of $280, write
the objective function that models the weekly profit P .
e Using the sliding line or corner point method, determine the vertex that maximises the
manufacturer's profits.
f Calculate the maximum weekly profit.
8 A shoe manufacturer produces shoes for both men and women. Each pair of shoes is made
of rubber for the soles and leather for the upper. The amount of material required, in
decimetres cubed, to make each type is shown in the table below:
3 3
Rubber (dm ) Leather (dm )
Women’s Shoe 8 8
Men’s Shoe 16 12
Maximum amount of
3520 3360
available materials in a week
Let x represent the number of pairs of women's shoes made in a week, and let y represent
the number of pairs of men's shoes made in a week.

b Graph the region defined by the constraints in the first quadrant.
c List the four vertices of the feasible region.
d If one pair of women's shoes sells for a profit of $15 and one pair of men's shoes makes a
profit of $26, write the objective function that models the weekly profit P .

e Using the sliding line or corner point method, determine the vertex that maximises the
manufacturer's profit.
f Hence state the maximum weekly profit.
9 The popular shop Bergner's Burgers makes and sells two types of burgers; beef and chicken.
Each day, Mr Bergner knows that they need to make at least 190 beef burgers and 170
chicken burgers. The maximum number of burgers that can be made in one day is 460.
Let x represent the number of beef burgers made per day, and let y represent the number of
chicken burgers made in a day.
a Construct the set of three constraint inequalities.

b Graph the region defined by the inequalities.
c If Bergner's Burgers makes a profit of $1.70 from each beef burger, and a profit of $1.00
from each chicken burger, write the objective function that models the weekly profit P .
Assume that every burger made is sold.
d Evaluate the profit corresponding to each vertex of the feasible region.
e State the maximum daily profit.
f State the number of beef burgers and number of chicken burgers that should be made
each day to achieve the maximum profit.
g If the prices of the burgers were switched, such that the profit from beef burgers was
$1.00 and the profit from chicken burgers was $1.70, how many of each type of burger
should now be made for a maximum profit?
10 A bakery produces two types of cake, each using the three main ingredients flour, sugar and
butter in different proportions. The bakery has a certain amount of each type of ingredient
delivered each week. The requirements for each cake and the amounts that can be stored
are shown in the table below:
Flour (kg) Sugar (kg) Butter (kg)

Cake A 1 1 1.2
Cake B 2 1 0.8
Amount stored 30 22 24
Let x represent the number of type A cakes baked in a week, and let y represent the
number of type B cakes baked in a week.
a Construct the set of five constraint inequalities.

b Graph the region defined by the inequalities in the first quadrant.
c Assume that every cake that is baked is also sold. If each type A cake sells for a profit of
$13 and each type B cake makes a profit of $11, write the objective function that models
the weekly profit P .
d Evaluate the profit corresponding to each vertex of the feasible region.

e State the maximum weekly profit for the bakery.
f State the number of each type of cake that should be made to achieve the maximum
profit.
11 A television manufacturer makes rear-projection and plasma televisions. The profit per unit
is $75 for the rear-projection televisions and $150 for the plasma televisions.
Let x be the number of rear-projection televisions sold in a month and y be the number of
plasma televisions sold in a month.
a Write the objective function that models the total monthly profit P .
b The manufacturer is bound by the following constraints:
1. Equipment in the factory allows for making a maximum of 150 rear-projection

televisions and 300 plasma televisions in one month.
2. The cost to manufacture per unit is $400 for the rear-projection televisions, and
$300 for the plasma televisions.
3. Total monthly costs cannot exceed $120 000.
Express these three constraints as inequalities in terms of x and y .

c Graph the region defined by the inequalities in the first quadrant.
d Evaluate the objective function for total monthly profit at each of the corners of the
feasible region. Round your answer to the nearest dollar.
e Hence determine the maximum monthly profit.
f State the number of each type of television that should be manufactured for maximum
profit.
12 Dave is trying to save money to buy a car. He spends as much of his spare time as possible
earning money from two activities: his parents pay him $5 per hour to complete his
homework, and he also works part-time at a cafe where he earns $15 per hour.
Let x represent the number of hours spent doing homework, and y represent the number of
hours spent working at the cafe.
a Write down the objective function that models Dave's earnings, E .

b Dave has 30 hours spare each week, and he must spend a minimum of 10 hours doing
homework each week. He is also allowed to work at the cafe for no more than 5 hours
more than he spends doing homework.
From this information, construct a set of four constraint inequalities.
c Graph the region defined by the inequalities.
d List the four vertices of the feasible region.
e State the maximum amount that Dave can earn in a week.
f State the number of hours Dave should spend doing homework and working at the cafe
each week to earn the maximum possible income.

13 A camp organiser needs to transport 60 campers and 60 bags of luggage to a camp. The two
types of transport available are buses and vans. Buses can carry 30 campers and 20 bags,
while vans can carry 15 campers and 20 bags.
Let x represent the number of buses and y represent the number of vans to be used.

b Graph the region defined by inequalities in the first quadrant.
c If a bus costs $32 to make the trip, while a van costs $24, write the objective function that
models the cost C .
d Evaluate the cost corresponding to each vertex of the feasible region.
e State the minimum cost for the transport.
f State the number of buses and vans that will give the cheapest possible option.
14 Oliver is opening a new cross-state shipping company. He has the option to buy semi-trailer
trucks or box trucks. To help in his decision, Oliver analysed the following data:
The annual maintenance cost should not exceed $562 500.

The total payload had to be at least 300 tonnes.
Only 30 semi-trailer trucks are available.
Semi-trailer truck Box truck

Annual maintainance cost $12 500 $11 250
Payload 20 tons 3 tons
The average profit made by a semi-trailer truck is $12 000 per year and the average profit
made by a box truck is $13 000 per year.
Find how many of each type of truck Oliver has to buy in order to maximise his annual profit
and state the amount of the annual profit.
15 Food and clothing are shipped to survivors of a hurricane. Each box of food will feed 4
people, while each box of clothing will help 6 people. Each 1.0 m3 box of food weighs 5 kg
and each 0.6 m3 box of clothes weighs 8 kg. The planes transporting food and clothing are
bound by the following constraints:
The total weight per plane cannot exceed 2000 kg.

The total volume must be less than 300 m3 .
Determine the number of boxes of food and clothing that should be sent with each plane
shipment to maximise the number of people that are helped.

13.04
Integer solutions to linear
programming applications
Integer solutions in feasible regions
1 Given the following graphs, list the integer coordinate pairs that satisfy the feasible region
which is shaded:
a b
y y
14
14
44
13
13
12
12
33
11
11
10
10 22
99
11
88
77 x
11 22 33 44
66
x
44 55 66 77 88 99
c d
y yx
77 −
−77 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11
−
−11
66 −
−22
−
−33
55
−
−44
44 −
−55
−
−66
33
−
−77
x
33 44 55 66 77
e
y
88
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

2 For each of the following objective functions:
i List the integer coordinate pairs that satisfy the feasible region on the corresponding
graph.
ii Find the integer coordinate pair that maximises the objective function.
a The objective function for the graph is: y

x y
z =− + +7 44
3 3

33
22
11
x
11 22 33 44
b The objective function for the graph is: y

77
x 3y
z= − + 30
2 2

66
55
44
33
22
11
x
11 22 33 44 55 66
c The objective function for the graph is: y

77
8x 7y
z=− + +7
3 3

66
55
44
33
22
11
x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77
3 For each of the following objective functions:

i List the integer coordinate pairs that satisfy the feasible region on the corresponding
graph.
ii Find the integer coordinate pair that minimises the objective function.
a The objective function for the graph is: y

77
z = x + 2y + 15.
66
55
44
33
22
11
x
11 22 33 44 55 66 77
b The objective function for the graph is: y

11
3x 3y x
z=− − + 15.
4 4

−
−77 −
−66 −
−55 −
−44 −
−33 −
−22 −
−11 11
−
−11
−
−22
−
−33
−
−44
−
−55
−
−66
−
−77
4 Consider the following set of inequalities:
x + 3y ≤ 6, 3x + 4y ≤ 12, x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0
a Use your CAS calculator to graph the inequalities and hence list the nine pairs of
integers that satisfy the feasible region.
b Find the coordinate pair that maximises the value of the function z = x + 2y .
c Hence, find the maximum value of z = x + 2y .

5 Consider the following feasible region y
defined by the inequalities:
44
x ≥ 0, x ≤ 3, y ≥ 0.3x, 3x + 6y ≤ 22
33
a Determine the maximum value of the
objective function z = 2x + 3y . 22
b Determine the maximum value of the
objective function z = 5x + 3y . 11
x
11 22 33
Integer solutions in linear programming applications
6 A tutoring company offers private tuition for English and Mathematics. An English student
takes one tuition session which is broken up into two sections that cover Module A and
Module B. The same goes for a Mathematics student, but with a different amount of hours
covering each module. The company decides to set a maximum number of hours dedicated
to each module according to its relevance in the syllabus.
The maximum hours and set by the
company and the break up of a tuition Module Module
session is shown in the table: A B
Let x represent the number of students that English session 3 hours 1 hour
take English per week, and let y represent
Mathematics
the number of students that take 2 hours 3.5 hours
session
Mathematics per week.
Max time per
24 hours 14 hours
week
a Explain why x and y must be integer values.

b Construct the set of four constraint inequalities.
c Graph the region defined by the constraint inequalities.
d If English tuition is charged at $50 per hour and Mathematics is charged at $40 per hour,
write the objective function that models the weekly profit, P .
e The set of integer solutions that could
minimise the objective function is listed Possible solutions Profit ($)
in the table:
(0, 4)
Complete the table to determine the
(7, 0)
profit corresponding to each possible
coordinate pair. (6, 2)

f Hence, state the maximum weekly profit.
g State the number of English students and Mathematics students required for the
company to achieve the maximum profit.
7 A bakery sells gourmet cakes and muffins. The two most expensive ingredients are vanilla
beans and truffles. The amounts of each ingredient required to make each baked good is
given in the table. The bakery must use at least the stated amounts in the last row of each
ingredient before expiry:
Vanilla beans Truffles

Amount required for one cake 8g 6g
Amount required for one muffin 2g 4g
Amount of each ingredient that must be used 24 g 36 g
Let x be the number of cakes made and let y be the number of muffins made.

b Graph the region defined by the constraint inequalities.
c The cost of vanilla beans is $0.60 per gram, and the cost of truffles is $3.50 per gram.
Write the objective function C that describes the cost of the ingredients.
d Write the set of integer solutions that could minimise the cost function.
e Determine the cost corresponding to each of the possible integer solutions in the
feasible region.
f Hence, state the minimum cost for ingredients.
g State the number of cakes and muffins that should be made to minimise the cost of
ingredients.
8 Beth wants to plant carrots and parsnips in her veggie patch. The planting space and potting
mix required for each plant are given below:
Planting space Potting mix

Carrots 175 cm2 0.25 cm2
Parsnips 250 cm2 0.8 cm2
Maximum amount available 5250 cm2 8 cm2
Let x be the number of carrots and let y be the number of parsnips.

c Beth wants to plant as many carrots or parsnips as she can. Write the objective function,
P , that describes the number of carrots and parsnips.

d Write the set of integer solutions that could maximise the objective function, P .
e Determine the maximum number of plants that can fit in Beth's veggie patch.
f State the number of carrots and parsnips Beth should plant if she wants to fit as many
plants as possible into her veggie patch.
9 Bill wants to grow tomato plants and strawberry plants. The amount of water and fertiliser
required for each plant per week is given in the table below. To save on resources, the
amount of water and fertiliser used must be within the maximum weekly amount:
Water Fertilizer
Tomato plant 15 ml 20 ml
Strawberry plant 10 ml 15 ml
Maximum weekly amount 1000 ml 600 ml
Let x be the number of tomato plants and let y be the number of strawberry plants.
a Bill wants at least 10 tomato plants and 10 strawberry plants in his garden. Construct the
set of four constraint inequalities.
c A tomato plant yields 10 tomatoes, and each tomato sells for $0.50. A strawberry plant
yields 20 strawberries, and each strawberry sells for $0.10. Write the objective function,
V , that models the value of the tomatoes and strawberries in dollars.
d List the set of integer solutions from the feasible region that could maximise the
objective function.
e Determine the value of V corresponding to each coordinate pair from the feasible
region.
f Hence, state the maximum value for the garden.
g State the number of each type of plant that Bill should grow to maximise the value of his
garden.
10 A health foods startup wants to sell two new products, pea protein powder and pea protein
pancake mix. The amount of protein and carbohydrates for each product is given below:
The startup wants to use at least 300 g of
pea protein isolate in their first test batch, Protein Carbohydrates
and at most 350 g of carbohydrates worth of
Protein
flavouring. They also want to make at least 9 25 g 12 g
powder
of each product.
Pancake
Let x be the number of protein powder 15 g 15 g
mix
sachets and y be the number of pancake
mix packets.

b Use your CAS calculator to graph the regions as defined by the constraint inequalities.
c The startup plans to sell the protein powder for $15 per sachet and the pancake mix for
$12. Write the objective function, V , that models the value of their first batch in dollars.
d List the set of all integer solutions in the feasible region that could minimise the
objective function.
e Determine the value, V , corresponding to each integer solution in the feasible region.
f State the maximum value for the first batch.
g State the number of protein powder sachets and packets of pancake mix needed to
maximise their first sales.
11 A bakery produces two types of cake, each using the three main ingredients of flour, sugar
and butter in different proportions. The bakery has a certain amount of each type of
ingredient delivered each week. The requirements for each cake and the amounts that can
be stored are shown in the table below:
Flour Sugar Butter

Cake Type A 1 kg 1 kg 1.2 kg
Cake Type B 2.5 kg 1.1 kg 0.6 kg
Quantity delivered each week 30 kg 22 kg 24 kg
Let x represent the number of Type A cakes baked in a week, and let y represent the
number of Type B cakes baked in a week.
a Construct the set of five constraint inequalities.

b Use your CAS calculator to construct the region defined by the given inequalities.
c If each Type A cake sells for a profit of $11 and each Type B cake makes a profit of $9,
write the objective function P that models the weekly profit. Assume that every cake
that is baked is also sold.
d List all the possible integer solutions that could satisfy the feasible region for the
constraints.
e Determine the profit, P , corresponding to each possible coordinate pair.
f Determine the maximum weekly profit.
g State the number of each type of cake that should be baked each week to achieve the
maximum profit.
12 A camp organiser needs to transport 60 campers and 75 bags of luggage to a camp. The two
types of transport available are buses and vans. Buses can carry 30 campers and 25 bags,
while vans can carry 10 campers and 25 bags.
A bus costs $32 to make the trip, while a van costs $24.
Use linear programming techniques to determine the minimum cost of transporting the
campers, and the number of each type of vehicle required to achieve this minimum cost.


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Contents

1. Algebra and Indices

2. Radicals and Surds

3. Equations and Inequalities

12. Non-right angled Trigonometry (Extended)

13. Linear Programming (Extended)

1 Identify the following parts of the algebraic term:

a 10p and 5p b 3 and y c 5n2 and 8n d 5p and 5

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a 5x + 2y − 8x + 6z − 3y + 4z b 2xy + 5yz + 4xz − 8xy + 2xz − 3yz

6 State whether the following expressions are equal to 11y :

7 State whether the following expressions is equal to 8r + 9:

8 State whether the following expressions is equal to 9rt + 8:

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1 Simplify the following:

2 Simplify the following:

3 Simplify the following:

4 Simplify the following:

Division of algebraic terms

5 Simplify the following:

e 12xy f 63pq g 12mn h 6r

y −12u −4m −abc

6 Simplify the following:

7 Simplify the following:

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1 Simplify the following:

a (5u − 2u) × 3 b (13a + 15a) ÷ 7

2 Simplify the following:

c 21m 10m d 9v × 2 − 25v

e 15m + 51m − m . f 58r + 5r

k 8n2 l 7st + 53st

3 Simplify the following:

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a Find the lowest common denominator of w and w .

6 Simplify the following expressions:

a 8x 10x b y 9y c 17y 14y d 7x 5x

7 Write an algebraic expression for the perimeter of the following shapes:

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8 Write an algebraic expression for the area of the following shapes:

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9 Consider the following rectangular prism:

a Write an expression for its volume.

average speed of Dylan and Valentina's vehicles.

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a 9k when k = 6. b −9z when z = 5.

a c2 when c = 9. b s 3 when s = 5. c k2 when k = −7. d k3 when k = −9.

4 Evaluate the expression 45 when:

a st when s = 7 and t = −8. b 4xy when x = −6 and y = −5.

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a x − y − z when x = −4, y = 5 and z = 6.

12 Evaluate the expression mn when:

a m = 7 and n = 9. b m = 4 and n = 3.5.

13 Evaluate the expression pq when:

14 Evaluate the expression ab when:

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14 Consider the expression m5 × m m .