Chapter Outlines

➢ Aromatic Compounds and Aromaticity.

➢ The physical properties of Benzene
➢ Hybridization of Benzene Ring.
➢ Hückel‟s Rule.

➢ Nomenclature of Benzene and Aromatic Compounds.

2
 Aromaticity and Aromatic compounds
Aromatic word is derived from the Greek word „aroma‟which
means fragrant smell. For such reason, benzene and its derivative
were originally classify as aromatic compounds as many of them
have distinctive odors.

Here is some examples of aromatic compounds that have distinctive odors:

General Information
OH
O

HO H3C CH3

OCH3 Cl

Vanillin Naphthalene Dettol

4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol

! Note, however, that "aromatic" hydrocarbons sometimes are odorless. 3

Benzene Chemical structure
•There were several other structures proposed for benzene, but a
much more satisfactory approach became possible when we began
to understand that covalent bonds consist of pairs of electrons
shared between atoms.
•In 1865 Kekulé proposed the structure for benzene. Which satisfied
the molecular formula C6H6 and the valence of carbon. It also has
only a single kind of hydrogen.
H

H C H
C C
C6H6
C C
H C H

H
Friedrich August Kekulé
4
Kekulé suggested that the two compounds were in rapid equilibrium, so
they could not be separated. Although this is not exactly correct, it was a
pretty good answer for the time. Now we know that these are;
the two resonance structure of the same compounds.

The true structure of benzene is a the RESONANCE MIXTURE or

HYBRID of the two Lewis structures, with the dashed lines of the hybrid
indicating the position of the  bonds.
The electrons in the or in an The circle represent
π-bonds are six π-electrons
abbreviated distributed over
delocalized around
the ring
way the six atoms
of the ring.
Circle-in-a-ring notation stands for resonance description of benzene
(hybrid of two Kekulé structures)
5
Later spectroscopic evidence showed :
1. All bond lengths to be equal and intermediate between single and
double bond lengths (1.39 Å).

CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2

1.53 A° 1.34 A°
1.39 A°

2. It was also found that benzene was a flat (planar) molecule.

3. Further more, all bond angles in benzene are 120º, p electrons are
delocalised.

Delocalized electrons are electrons in a molecule that are not

associated with a single atom or to a covalent bond. Delocalized electrons
are contained within an orbital that extends over several adjacent atoms. 6
The physical properties of Benzene

1) Benzene is a colorless liquid.

2) Benzene is soluble in organic solvents but immiscible in water.

3) It is an aromatic compound so it has a typical aromatic odor.

7
Hybridization of Benzene ring. C6H6
The Simplest Aromatic Compound; “The parent Aromatic compound”.
Enrgy

Enrgy

Enrgy
2p x
1 2p 1 2p 0
y z 2px1 2py1 2pz1 sp2 sp2 sp2 2pz1
2s 2
2s1

1s2 1s2 1s2

Ground state Excited state sp2 hybrid state

Promotion Hybridization
Benzene is built from hydrogen atoms (1s1) and carbon atoms (1s22s22px12p y1).
Each carbon atom has to join to three other atoms (one hydrogen and two carbons)
and doesn't have enough unpaired electrons to form the required number of bonds,
so it needs to promote one of the 2s2 pair into the empty 2pz orbital. 8
Summary
▪ Benzene has 3 sp2-hybridized for each C atoms.
▪Each carbon atom uses the sp2 hybrids to form sigma bonds with two
other carbons and one hydrogen atom.
σ bond formed from sp2 hybrid orbitals .

H H
C C
H C C H
C C Pz unhybrid orbital above and below the plan of the ring
H H

The three sp2 hybrid orbitals arrange themselves as far apart as possible
- which is at 120° to each other in a plane. 9
Summary
❑ Because the electrons are no longer held between just two carbon atoms,
but are spread over the whole ring, the electrons are said to be delocalised.
❑ The lobes of these atomic orbitals meld together to form circular rings
of electron density above and below the plane of the molecule.
❑ The two of these together constitute the "second half" of the carbon-carbon
double bonds in benzene.

10
 Hückel‟s Rule

Erich Hückel proposed a series of rules that would predict whether compounds
would be unusually stable like benzene. These compounds are called aromatic,
and if they meet these requirements are much more stable than expected for a
similar non-aromatic structure.
Aromatic structural requirements :
✓ The molecule must be cyclic.
✓ Every atom in the ring must possess a p-orbital (sp2 hybridized).
✓ The molecule must be planar so that all of the p-orbitals are parallel.
✓ The molecule must have 4n+2 π-electrons (electrons in the π-orbitals),
where n is an integer (0,1,2,3, etc). Thus the aromatic molecule will have
2, 6, 10, 14, etc. π-electrons . 11
 How does the 4n+2 Rule Work?

To apply the 4n+2 rule,

first count the number of π electrons in the molecule.

Then, set this number equal to 4n+2 and solve for n.

If n turns out to be 0 or any positive integer (1, 2, 3,...), the rule has
been met.

For; 4n+2 π electrons (n = 0,1,2,3,……= 2, 6, 10, 14, 18 ) is Aromatic

Note that;

Molecules that doesn’t follow any of the first three aromatic criteria are
called Non-Aromatic.
12
 Applications of Hückel rules:

(a) Homocyclic Systems. (b) Heterocyclic Systems. (c) Polycyclic Systems.

(1) Neutral Compounds. (2) Aromatic Ions.

Aromatic Ions:
Hückel‟s rule also applies to ions, as long as a compound has 4n+2 π -
electrons. It doesn‟t matter if the molecule is neutral or has a charge.
Pi electrons are counted as follows:
Each double bond counts as two pi electrons.
Each (+) charge counts as zero pi electrons.
Each (-)charge counts as two pi electrons.
Each (•) radical counts as one pi electron.
Set the total number of pi electrons as equal to 4n + 2; solve for n. 13
Examples “Neutral Aromatic compounds”
3π-bonds = 6 pi electrons
(a) 4n+2= 6 ; n= 1
Aromatic
Benzene

4π-bonds = 8 pi electrons
(b) 4n+2= 8 ; n= 3/2

☻ Anti-aromatic
Cyclooctatetraene

The hybridization of the top C is sp3

(c) Not planar, not fully conjugated

Cyclopentadiene ☻ Non-aromatic

2π-bonds = 4 pi electrons
(d) 4n+2= 4 ; n= 1/2

☻ Anti-aromatic
Cyclobutadiene 14
Excercise The hybridization
of the top “C” is sp3
i.e. No p-orbital
Case 1

Cyclopropene
The compound is Non-aromatic

-ve charge atom

has 2 pi electrons
Case 2

4n+2= 4 ; n= 1/2
☻ Anti-aromatic
+ ve charge atom
Case 3 empty p orbital.

4n+2= 2 ; n= 0
Aromatic 15
Examples “Aromatic Ions”

(a) (b)

Cyclopentadienylanion Cyclopentadienylcation

(d)

Cyclopentadienylradical

(e)
(c)

Cycloheptatrienecation
Cycloheptatrieneanion
(tropylium ion) 16
Heterocyclic Systems
Heterocyclic compounds are compounds in which one or more
carbons in the ring are replaced by other atoms (heteroatoms).
Heteroatoms in organic compounds are usually nitrogen “N”,
oxygen “O”, or sulfur “S” atoms.
Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are heterocycles that are planar,
cyclic, fully conjugated molecules that follow Hückel's rule.

How to count the # lone pair(s) on hetero atom?

▪ A single lone pair can be found with atoms in the nitrogen group
such as nitrogen in ammonia,

▪ Two lone pairs can be found with atoms in the chalcogen group
such as oxygen , sulfur in water
17
 “Heterocyclic compounds ”
Examples
Predict which of the following structures accord to Hückels rule for aromaticity

2π-bonds + 1 lone pair = 6 pi electrons

(1) N H 4n+2= 6 ; n= 1
N H
Aromatic
Pyrrol
The lone pair of electrons are in the p orbital. They contribute to the π-
aromatic system.

3π-bonds + 0 lone pair = 6 pi electrons

(2) N 4n+2= 6 ; n= 1 N

Aromatic
Pyridine
The lone pair occupies an sp2 orbital. They are perpendicular to the p orbitals
they don’t contribute to the π-aromatic system.
 2π-bonds + 1 lone pair = 6 pi electrons
(3) 4n+2= 6 ; n= 1
O
Aromatic
O
Furan

2π-bonds + 1 lone pair = 6 pi electrons

(4) S 4n+2= 6 ; n= 1
S
Aromatic
Thiophene

Both Furan & Thiophene have two pairs of nonbonding electrons but
only one pair is in the unhybridized p orbital and is able to overlap with the
carbons of the ring. The second lone pair of electrons is in the plan of the
ring.
 Polycyclic Systems
Predict which of the following structures accord to Hückels rule for aromaticity

5π-bonds = 10 pi electrons
(a) 4n+2= 10 ; n= 2
Aromatic
Naphthalene

(b) 7π-bonds = 14 pi electrons

4n+2= 14 ; n= 3
Aromatic
Anthracene

5π-bonds = 10 pi electrons
(c) 4n+2= 10 ; n= 2

Azulene Aromatic
20
Nomenclature of Benzene derivatives

Benzene derivatives are divided into three classes :

DiSubstituted Tri or Poly-

MonoSubstituted Substituted
Benzene Benzene
Benzene

X X X

X X X
IMPORTANT NOTES:
▪ Aryl = Ar = Aromatic group
“ It is a broad term, and includes any aromatic rings”
▪ Phenyl = Φ or Ph = C6H5-
You get a phenyl group, C6H5, by removing a hydrogen from
a benzene ring, C6H6.
Cl

e.g. biphenyl
Phenylchlorid

▪ Benzyl = Bn = C6H5CH2- CH2

You get a benzyl group, C6H5CH2-, by removing a hydrogen

from the methyl on the benzene ring.
CH2 OH
e.g.
Benzylalcohol
(a) Monosubstituted Benzene
Two systems are used in naming monosubstituted benzene.
Case 1.
Benzene is a parent name for some monosubstituted benzenes the
substetuent name is added as prefix. (Combined name).
Case 2.
For other monosubstituent benzenes, the presence of substituent result in
a new parent name. (Singular Name)
For the 1st Case
There are usually two equivalent names for each benzene-based
compound, one with phenyl as the root and one with benzene.
Br

(a) Functional group suffix = -benzene Bromobenzene

Br

(b) Functional group prefix = phenyl-

Phenylbromide
 (1) Benzene as a Parent Name
(Combined name).
The IUPAC system of naming mono-substituted benzene derivatives uses
the name of the substituent as a prefix to the name benzene.

Examples

F Br I
Cl

Fluorobenzene Chlorobenzene Bromobenzene Iodobenzene

Phenyl fluoride Phenyl chloride Phenyl Bromide Phenyl iodide
 Examples

Ethylbenezene t-Butylbenezene

NO2 NO OCH2CH3

Nitrobenzene Nitrosobenzene Ethoxybenzene

Note:
Because all six positions in benzene are equivalent, there is no need
to specify by a position number of a substituent for monosubstituted benzene.
 Notes that:
When the aliphatic part of a molecule is more complex than the aromatic. The
name of the compound may be derived from the aliphatic part using prefix,
Phenyl, to indicate benzene substitution.

1. R ≤ 6 benzene ring as parent name CH3CH2CH2CH3

“alkyl-substituted benzene”

Butylbenzene

R > 6 or R containing a functional group,

2. benzene ring as substituent.
“Phenyl-substituted hydrocarbon”

2-methyl-7-phenyloctane
 (2) Benzene Derivatives Common Name
(Singular Name)
A few mono-substituted benzene have names wherein the substituent
and benzene ring taken together constituente a new parent name.

Function group Structure Name

NH2
NH2

Aniline
Amino
Examples

Function group Structure Name

CH3
-CH3
Toluene
Methyl

-CH=CH2 CH CH2

Styrene
Vinyl =

SO3H SO3H
Benzenesulfonic
acid
Sulfo
Examples

Function group Structure Name

O O OH
C
C OH
Benzoic acid

Carboxyl group

O O H
C H C
Benzaldehyde

Aldehyde group

O O R R= ph
C R C Benzophenone
or
Carbonyl group R= CH3
“ Keton” Acetophenone
Examples

Function group Structure Name

OH
OH
Phenol
Hydroxyl

C N C N

Benzonitryle
Nitrile

O CH3 O CH3

Anisol
Methoxy
Disubstituted Benzene
❑ When two substitents, either the same or different, are attached to benzene ring, three
isomeric structure are possible.
The prefix system uses the prefixes:
X X
X

X
X
1,2- = ortho- 1,3- = meta- 1,4- = para-
(abbreviated , o- ) (abbreviated , m- ) (abbreviated , p- )
Examples: Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl

Cl Cl

ortho-chlorobenzene meta-chlorobenzene para-chlorobenzene

or 1,2- Dichlorobenzene or 1,3- Dichlorobenzene or 1,4- Dichlorobenzene
 X
X

1,2- = ortho-
(abbreviated , o- ) X

X X X

X X X X

X X

X
X

X
1,3- = meta-
(abbreviated , m- )
X
X
 X

X
1,4- = para-
(abbreviated , p- )

X X

X
X
❑When one of the two substituents in a disubstituted benzene impart a special name
to the compound (as example; toluene), the compound is named as a derivative of
that parent molecule. The special substituent is assumed to be at ring position 1.
CH3
CH2 CH3
CH3

Br
4-Bromotoluene 2-Ethyltoluene
(Not; 1-Bromo-4-toluene) (Not; 1-Ethyl-2-methylbenzene)

Examples Cl
Br CO2H
NO2

CH3
O CHO
1-Bromo-anisol 2-Nitrobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde
m-Bromoanisol o-Nitrobenzoic acid p-Chlorobenzadehyde
❑When neither substituent group impart a special name, the substituents are cited in
alphabetical order before the ending -benzene. The carbon of the benzene ring bearing
the substituent with alphabetical priority becomes carbon 1.
Cl Cl
CH2 CH3

Br
1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-3-chlorolbenzene
Not; 2-Chloro-1-ethylbenzene Not; 3-Bromo-1-chlorobenzene
❑ A benzene ring bearing 2 methyl groups is a situation that generates a new special
base name. such compounds ( has three isomers) are not named as 2-methylbenzene or
Methyl toluene.
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3

CH3
CH3
o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene
or 1,2- Dimethylbenzene or 1,3- Dimethylbenzene or 1,4- Dimethylbenzene
Benzene derivatives with three or more substituents

❑ When more than two groups are present on the benzene ring, their
positions are indicated by numbers.
❑ The ring is numbered in such a way as to obtain the lowest possible numbers
for the carbon atoms that have substituents.

❑ If there is a choice of numbering (two systems give the same lowest set),
then the group that came first alphabetically is given the lower number.
Examples:
Cl
Br
3
Br 2
1
1 5
4 Br Br Cl

1,2,4-Tribromobenzene 1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene
Examples:
OH
CH3 1
1
Br 6 Br
O2N 6 NO2 2
2
5 3
5 3 (b)
(a) 4
4 Br
NO2
2,4,6-Tribromophenol
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
“OH on Carbon 1”
“CH3 on Carbon 1”

NO2
1

6 2
(c) 5 3
F Cl
4

3-Chloro-5-fluoronitrobenzene
“Nitro on Carbon 1”
Exercises
Give an IUPAC or COMMON for each of the following:
Cl NH2

Br
(1) (2)

O
C OH

(3)
(4)
F
Cl
O