Computational Methods and Function Theory

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40315-020-00316-x

Value-Distribution of the Riemann Zeta-Function Along Its

Julia Lines

Jörn Steuding1 · Ade Irma Suriajaya2

Received: 27 November 2019 / Accepted: 19 December 2019

© The Author(s) 2020

Abstract
For an arbitrary complex number a = 0 we consider the distribution of values of
the Riemann zeta-function ζ at the a-points of the function  which appears in the
functional equation ζ (s) = (s)ζ (1 − s). These a-points δa are clustered around the
critical line 1/2 + iR which happens to be a Julia line for the essential singularity of
ζ at infinity. We observe a remarkable average behaviour for the sequence of values
ζ (δa ).

Keywords Riemann zeta-function · Value-distribution · Critical line · Julia line

Mathematics Subject Classification 11M06 · 30D35

1 Motivation and Statement of the Main Results

In 1879, Émile Picard [12] proved that if an analytic function f has an essential
singularity at a point ω, then f (s) takes all possible complex values with at most
a single exception (infinitely often) in every neighbourhood of ω. In 1924, Julia [6]
achieved his celebrated refinement of Picard’s great theorem, namely that one can
even add a restriction on the angle at ω to lie in an arbitrarily small cone (see also Bur-
ckel [3, §12.4]). These results can easily be reformulated for meromorphic functions.

Dedicated to the Memory of Stephan Ruscheweyh.

Communicated by Elias Wegert.

B Jörn Steuding
steuding@mathematik.uni-wuerzburg.de
Ade Irma Suriajaya
adeirmasuriajaya@math.kyushu-u.ac.jp

1 Department of Mathematics, Würzburg University, Emil Fischer-Str. 40, 97 074 Würzburg,

Germany
2 Faculty of Mathematics, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

123
 J. Steuding, A. I. Suriajaya

Moreover, they can be discussed with respect to functions defined by a Dirichlet series
in some half-plane. The latter topic had been investigated to some extent by Man-
delbrojt (in, for example,
[10]). In his and later research work (e.g., by Tanaka [15])
general Dirichlet series n an exp(−sλn ) are considered and, if certain conditions on
the divergent sequence of real exponents λn are fulfilled, the values are taken around
a (horizontal) so-called Julia line.
In number theory, however, ordinary Dirichlet series appear naturally. The most
simple example is the famous Riemann zeta-function, for Re s > 1 defined by

ζ (s) = n −s ,
n≥1

and by analytic continuation elsewhere except for a simple pole at s = 1. It is well-

known that the value-distribution of ζ is intimately related with the distribution of
prime numbers and the yet unsolved Riemann hypothesis on the distribution of zeros
would imply the best possible error term in the prime number theorem; for this and
more we refer to Titchmarsh [16]. In 1975, Voronin [17] proved with his so-called
universality theorem that, roughly speaking, every admissible target function f can
be approximated uniformly by appropriate shifts of ζ ; more precisely, given a non-
vanishing analytic f defined on a closed disk of radius r ∈ (0, 1/4) and  > 0, there
exists a real number τ > 0 such that
   
max ζ s + 3
4 + iτ − f (s) < ;
|s|≤r

furthermore, the set of shifts τ satisfying the above inequality has positive lower
density. It is straightforward to deduce that every vertical line σ +iR with σ ∈ [1/2, 1]
is a Julia line for the essential singularity of ζ at infinity. More precisely, for every
 > 0, every T > 0 and every complex number a with at most one exception, there
exists some z satisfying ζ (z) = a with |Re (z) − σ | <  and Im (z) > T . Indeed,
this may be deduced from the universality property applied to the function constant a
(in case a = 0) and an application of Rouché’s theorem (as explained in [14, §8.1 &
10.1]). It should be mentioned that the latter statement about the Julia lines σ + iR
for σ > 1/2 also follows from weaker results due to Bohr and Jessen [1] from 1932
who showed that ζ (σ + iR) is dense in C for σ ∈ (1/2, 1]. For Re s > 1 the defining
Dirichlet series converges absolutely and, consequently, the values of ζ on such vertical
lines σ + iR cannot be dense; for σ < 1/2 there is also no such denseness provided
that the Riemann hypothesis is true (as shown by Garunkštis and Steuding [4]), and
the remaining case of the critical line is a long-standing folklore conjecture:

ζ ( 21 + iR) = C ? (1)

With regard to Voronin’s universality theorem it is known that the range of universality,
the open strip 1/2 < Re s < 1, cannot be extended.
Given an arbitrary complex number a, it is an immediate implication of the Julia
line 1/2 + iR (or universality) that there exists a sequence of complex numbers with

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Value-Distribution of the Riemann Zeta-Function…

real parts converging to 1/2 on which ζ assumes the value a. For a meromorphic
function f , the solutions of the equation

f (s) = a

are called a-points of f , and in the case of the zeta-function investigations of the
distribution of a-points date back to Landau’s talk [9] at the International Congress of
Mathematicians 1912. It is interesting that a property similar to the aforementioned
implication of the Julia line holds for the a-points of a different function. Let

πs
(s) := 2s π s−1 (1 − s) sin 2 . (2)

In this note we shall prove that for every complex number a = 0 the mean of the values
ζ (δa ) on the sequence of a-points δa of the function  exists and equals a + 1; the case
a = 0 is related to the trivial ζ -zeros at s = −2n for n ∈ N. Hence, these averages of
these ζ -values attain all but one possible complex limit. This indicates an interesting
link between the distribution of a + 1-points of the zeta-functions and a-points of .
The main reason for this remarkable behaviour is the well-known functional equa-
tion
ζ (s) = (s)ζ (1 − s), (3)
where  is given in (2). It follows that (s)(1 − s) = 1, hence (1/2 + it) lies on
the unit circle for real t. This special case a = exp(2iφ) with real φ has been studied
by Kalpokas and Steuding [7] as well as by Kalpokas et al. [8], respectively. In this
situation the exp(2iφ)-points correspond to intersections of the curve t → ζ (1/2 +it)
with straight lines exp(iφ)R through the origin and related, so-called -results have
been derived for these sequences.
In this note we shall prove for the general case

Theorem 1 Given a complex number a = 0, the number Na (T ) of a-points δa =

βa + iγa satisfying βa > −1, 0 < γa < T is asymptotically equal to

T T
Na (T ) = log + Oa (log T ),
2π 2π e

where the implicit constant in the error term depends on a.

The proof of this theorem will also show that for a = 0 the a-points of  are clustered
around the critical line or, in other words, with increasing imaginary part γa the real
part βa is tending to 1/2. Hence, the critical line 1/2 + iR is the unique vertical Julia
line for . There are further a-points of  in the left half-plane, close to zeros of 
(and they can be located by another application of Rouché’s theorem); the condition
βa > −1 excludes them with at most finitely many exceptions. Notice that (s) is
regular except for simple poles at the positive odd integers s = 2n + 1, n ∈ N0 ;
moreover, (s) vanishes exactly for the non-positive even integers s = −2n, n ∈ N0
(as follows from the well-known properties of Euler’s and the sine function). Both,
0 and ∞ are thus deficient values for  in the language of value-distribution theory

123
 J. Steuding, A. I. Suriajaya

(each of which having defect δ = 1). It appears that the distribution of values of
both,  and ζ in the left half-plane is pretty similar (except for the value 0). In this
context the formula in Theorem 1 should be compared with the (in principle) identical
counterpart for ζ (obtained by Landau [2]).
For the values of the zeta-function on the a-points of  we have

Theorem 2 For every complex number a = 0, and every η ∈ (−, 1),

  1−η
T T a T T
ζ (η + δa ) = log + log
2π 2π e 1 − η 2π 2π
0<γa <T
βa >−1
 1−η
a T
− + Oa (T 1/2+ ),
(1 − η)2 2π

where again the implicit constant in the error term depends on a and  > 0 is arbitrary.

Theorem 2 implies that ζ has an essential singularity at infinity (since the values a
may be chosen with an arbitrarily big and arbitrarily small absolute value, too big for
a removable singularity or a pole). The most interesting case appears for the critical
line (η = 0). In this case it follows that

lim Na (T )−1 ζ (δa ) = a + 1.
T →∞
0<γa <T
βa >−1

The second main term reflects the order of growth of ζ (σ + it) with respect to σ [see
(14) and (15) below]. In view of ζ (σ + it) → 1 as σ → +∞ the main term tends
to Na (T ) for increasing η. It is certainly possible to enlarge the range for η, however,
we do not consider this of interest.

2 Proof of Theorem 1

By Stirling’s formula,
 1/2−(σ +it)
t π
(σ + it) = exp i t + 1 + O(t −1 ) (4)
2π 4

for t ≥ 1 and σ ≥ −2 (see, for example, [11, A.2]). Hence, writing

a = (δa ) = |a| exp(iφ)

for an a-point δa = βa + iγa of , it follows that

γa 1/2−βa
|a| = 1 + O(γa−1 ) ,
2π

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Value-Distribution of the Riemann Zeta-Function…

2π e π
φ ≡ γa log + + O(γa−1 ) mod 2π. (5)
γa 4

This shows that

1
βa → as γa → ∞. (6)
2
Hence, there exists a positive real number ta > 1, depending only on a, such that all
a-points δa = βa + iγa have a real part βa ∈ (−1, 2) whenever γa > ta .
For the proof of Theorem 1 we apply the argument principle to the function (s)−a
and integrate counterclockwise over the rectangular contour C determined by the
vertices −1 + ita , 2 + ita , 2 + i T and −1 + i T . Hence,

 (s)
2πi (Na (T ) − Na (ta )) = ds; (7)
C (s) − a

observe that the contour avoids the poles and zeros of  (on the real line). Hence, we
may rewrite the integrand as

 (s)  1
= (s) · a . (8)
(s) − a  1 − (s)

Taking into account (4) in combination with a relative of Stirling’s formula,

 t
(σ + it) = − log + O(t −1 ), (9)
 2π

which is also valid for t ≥ 1, we obtain, for σ > 1/2,

 (s)
a t 1/2−σ log(t + 1), (10)
(s) − a

where we write s = σ + it, as is usually done in analytic number theory. In a similar

fashion we find for σ < 1/2 that
⎛ ⎞
  j
 (s)  a
= (s) · ⎝1 + ⎠
(s) − a  (s)
j≥1
t
= − log + O(t −1 ) + Oa t σ −1/2 log(t + 1) ; (11)
2π

expanding the second factor here into a geometric series is justified by (4).
Using estimate (10), the contribution of the integral over the line segments where
the integration variable has real part larger than 1/2 yields
 1/2+i T 
2+ita 2+i T  (s)
+ + ds a log T .
1/2+ita 2+ita 2+i T (s) − a

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 J. Steuding, A. I. Suriajaya

And using estimate (11), the contribution of the integral over the line segments where
the integration variable has real part less than 1/2 leads to

 −1+i T −1+ita 1/2+ita 

 (s)
+ + ds
1/2+i T −1+i T −1+ita (s) − a
T  
t
= −i − log + O(t −1 ) dt + Oa (log T ).
ta 2π

Therefore, we end up with

 (s) T
ds = i T log + Oa (log T ).
C (s) − a 2π e

Substituting this and the trivial bound Na (t0 ) = Oa (1) into (7) finishes the proof of
Theorem 1.

3 Proof of Theorem 2

In view of Theorem 1 the sequence of imaginary parts of the a-points δa = βa + iγa

cannot be too dense. As a matter of fact, for any given T0 there exists T ∈ [T0 , T0 + 1)
such that
1
min |T − γa | a , (12)
δa log T

where the minimum is being taken over all δa . As indicated in the proof of Theorem
1 there exists a real number ta > 1 such that βa ∈ (−1, 2) for γa > ta . Hence, the
a-points in the sum of Theorem 2 lie in the interior of the rectangle with vertices
2 + ita , 2 + i T , −1 + i T , −1 + ita , where T is supposed to satisfy (12). For technical
reasons, however, we integrate over the counterclockwise oriented contour C with
vertices 1 + η +  + ita , 1 + η +  + i T , −η −  + i T , −η −  + ita , where we
may assume that  < 1 − η (so that 1 + η +  < 2). In view of (6) the difference is
bounded. Hence,

ζ (η + δa )
0<γa <T
βa >−1
 1+η++i T −η−+i T
1
= +
2πi 1+η++ita 1+η++i T
−η−+ita 1+η++ita   (s)
+ + ζ (η + s) ds + Oa (1)
−η−+i T −η−+ita (s) − a

= I j + Oa (1), (13)
1≤ j≤4

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Value-Distribution of the Riemann Zeta-Function…

say. For the calculation of these integrals we shall use the standard estimates

ζ (σ + it) 1 + t (1−σ )/2+ for σ ∈ [0, 2], t ≥ 1, (14)

and
ζ (σ + it) t 1/2−σ + for σ ∈ [−1, 0], t ≥ 1 (15)

(see [16, §5.1]).

We first consider the vertical integrals in (13). The range of integration of I1 lies in
the half-plane σ > 1/2. Taking into account (10) in combination with (14), we find

T
I1 a t −1/2−η− log t dt a T 1/2−η− log T . (16)
ta

For the integral I3 lying in the half-plane σ < 1/2 we use (11) and (1 − s)(s) = 1
and get

⎛ ⎞
1 −η−+i T  a   a j
I3 = − (s) ⎝1 + + ⎠ ζ (η + s) ds
2πi −η−+ita  (s) (s)
j≥2
⎛ ⎞
1 1+η+−i T  
= (1 − s) ⎝1 + a(s) + (a(s)) j ⎠ ζ (1 + η − s) ds
2πi 1+η+−ita 
j≥2

= J , (17)
1≤≤3

say. In general, we observe that

1 σ −i T 1 T
f a (s) ds = − f a (σ − it) dt
2πi σ −ita 2π ta

1 i T 1 σ +i T
=− f a (σ + it) dt = − f a (s) ds.
2π i ta 2πi σ +ita

Thus, substituting the functional Eq. (3) yields

1 1+η++i T 
J1 = − (1 − s)(1 + η − s)ζ (s − η) ds
2πi 1+η++ita 
T  t
 
1 1+η++it 
= log + O(t −1 ) d (1 + η − s)ζ (s − η) ds .
ta 2π 2πi 1+η++i
(18)

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 J. Steuding, A. I. Suriajaya


For the inner integral we use Gonek’s lemma: Suppose that ∞ n=1 a(n)n
−s converges

for σ > 1 where a(n) 

n for any  > 0. Then we have, uniformly for 1 < α ≤ 2,

  ∞
1 α+i T m s πis  a(n)
(s) exp δ ds
2πi α+i 2π 2 ns
n=1
   
a(n) exp(−2πi mn ) + O m α T α−1/2+ if δ = −1,
= n≤T m/(2π )
O(m a ) if δ = +1.

A proof of this lemma can be found in [5] (and there is a pre-version in [16, §7.4]).
Since
    
−s πis πis
(1 − s) = (2π ) (s) exp + exp −
2 2

by the definition (2) of , this gives via the substitution z = s − η here

1 1++it t
(1 − z)ζ (z) dz = + O(t 1/2+ ).
2πi 1++i 2π

Plugging this into (18) leads to

T T
J1 = log + Oa T 1/2+ . (19)
2π 2π e

We observe that there is no impact of the conjugation in (18) here and the same will
turn out for the further integrals J in the sequel.
For J2 we get

a 
1+η++i T (1 + η − s)
J2 = − (1 − s) ζ (s − η) ds
2πi 1+η++ita  (1 − s)
T    −η 

a t −1 t −1−η
= log + O(t ) + O(t ) n −(1++it) dt,
2π ta 2π 2π
n≥1

where we have used (4) to write

 −η
(1 + η − s) t
= 1 + O(t −1 ) .
(1 − s) 2π

Extracting the constant term (for n = 1) from the absolutely convergent series yields

T  −η
a t t
J2 = log dt + Oa (1)
2π 1 2π 2π

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Value-Distribution of the Riemann Zeta-Function…

⎛ ⎞
 T  −η
t t
+O ⎝ n −1− log exp(−it log n) dt ⎠ . (20)
ta 2π 2π
n≥2

For the exponential integral in the latter error term we may use the following lemma:
Given real functions F and G on [a, b] such that G(t)/F (t) is monotonic and
F (t)/G(t) ≥ M > 0 or F (t)/G(t) ≤ −M < 0, then

b 1
G(t) exp(i F(t)) dt .
a M

This is essentially a classical lemma from [16, §4.3]. Taking into account (20) this
leads in our situation to

 1−η  1−η
a T T a T
J2 = log − + Oa (1). (21)
1−η 2π 2π (1 − η)2 2π

For the vertical integrals it remains to estimate the integral over the tail of the
geometric series. For this purpose we apply (9) and (15) and get

T 
J3 a log t t − j(1/2+η+) t +1/2+ dt a T 1/2+ .
ta j≥2

Substituting this, (19) and (21) into (17), in combination with (16) we conclude that
the vertical integrals contribute

 1−η
T T a T T
I1 + I3 = log + log
2π 2π e η − 1 2π 2π
 1−η
a T
− + Oa (T 1/2+ ), (22)
(1 − η) 2 2π

which is already the main term. It remains to consider the horizontal integrals in (13).
Of course, I4 a 1 (since it is independent of T ). For I2 , however, we need a little
help from Jacques Hadamard’s theory of functions of finite order (see [13, §5.3]). Our
approach is pretty similar to the case of the zeta-function (in [16, §9.6]).
As mentioned above, (s) is analytic except for simple poles at the positive odd
integers. Thus,

 −1
1−s
f (s) := ((s) − a) ·
2

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 J. Steuding, A. I. Suriajaya

defines an entire function. It follows from Stirling’s formula that f is entire of order
one. Hence, Hadamard’s factorization theorem yields
 s
  
s
f (s) = exp(A + Bs) 1− exp ,
δa δa
δa

where A and B are certain complex constants and the product is taken over all zeros
δa of f (s). Hence, taking the logarithmic derivative, we get

f  1 1

(s) = B + +
f s − δa δa
δa

In view of
 
f  (s) 1 1−s
(s) = +
f (s) − a 2 2

and
 
1−s
log t
2

(as follows from Stirling’s formula), we arrive at

 (s)  1 1

= + + O(log t).
(s) − a s − δa δa
δa

Using this with s = 2 + it and taking into account that

 (2 + it)
a 1,
(2 + it) − a

as follows from (10), leads to

 (s)  1 1

= − + Oa (log t).
(s) − a s − δa 2 + it − δa
δa

By Theorem 1,
 1 
a 1 = Na (t + 1) − Na (t − 1) a log t.
2 + it − δa
|t−γa |≤1 |t−γa |≤1

Moreover, for any positive integer n,

   
1 1 1 log(t + n)
− a a
s − δa 2 + it − δa n2 n2
t+n<γa ≤t+n+1 t+n<γa ≤t+n+1

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Value-Distribution of the Riemann Zeta-Function…


as a short computation shows. Since n≥1 log(t + n)/n 2 log t it follows that

  1 1

− a log t
s − δa 2 + it − δa
γa >t+1

and by a similar reasoning we can estimate the sum over the a-points δa satisfying
γa < t − 1 by the same bound. Hence, the contribution of the a-points distant from s
are negligible. This leads to

 (s)  1
= + Oa (log t),
(s) − a s − δa
|t−γa |≤1

valid for σ ∈ [−1, 2].

Hence, the remaining integral I2 in (13) can be bounded by
⎛ ⎞
1 −η−i T  1
I2 = ⎝ + Oa (log T )⎠ ζ (η + s) ds.
2πi 1+η++i T s − δa
|T −γa |≤1

In view of (12) we have 1/|s − δa | a log T . Thus, using Theorem 1, (15) and (14)
yields
 +i T 1+i T 1+2η++i T 
I2 a (log T ) 2
+ + |ζ (s)| ds
−+i T +i T 1+i T
 
a (log T )2 T 1/2+ + T 1/2+ +1 a T 1/2+ ,

where  at different places may take different values. This is the contribution of the
horizontal integrals. In combination with (22) we thus arrive via (13) at the asymptotic
formula of the theorem. In view of (14) and (15) we may replace the chosen T (with
respect to (12) by a general T at the expense of an error of order T 1/2+ (as follows
from estimate (14)). This finally proves Theorem 2.

4 Concluding Remarks

Our results rely heavily on the functional equation (3) and its implication (s)(1 −
s) = 1. These identities imply a certain point symmetry for both ζ and  with respect
to s = 1/2 which is the abscissa of the vertical Julia line for . Concerning the location
of the a-points of  let a ∈ C be non-zero. All complex numbers of absolute value
|a| form a circle of radius |a| centered at the origin. According to (5) the a-points of
 lie close to the curves C|a| defined by
 1/2−σ
t
|a| =
2π

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 J. Steuding, A. I. Suriajaya

or

1 log |a|
σ = − t ,
2 log 2π

where we may assume that t is sufficiently large. With increasing real part these
δa = βa + iγa lie closer and closer to C|a| . It follows that circles of radius |a| < 1
correspond to curves C|a| to the right of the Julia line 1/2 + iR and circles of radius
|a| > 1 correspond to curves C|a| to the left. Asymptotically all these curves approach
the line 1/2 + iR which is the exact curve corresponding to the unit circle or the points
a with |a| = 1.
It follows from the two theorems that

1/2
ζ ( 21 + iγa ) − ζ (δa ) = ζ (σ + iγa ) dσ,
βa

hence

ζ ( 21 + iγa ) = (a + 1)Na (T ) + Oa (T 1/2+ )
0<γa <T
βa >−1
⎛ ⎞
 
⎜   1  ⎟
⎜
+O ⎝  |ζ (σ + iγa )|⎟
βa − 2  max
1/2≤σ ≤βa ⎠.
0<γa <T or βa ≤σ ≤1/2
βa >−1

One could imagine that also the values ζ (1/2 + iγa ) equal a + 1 on average but for
a proof too little is known about the quantities ζ (σ + iγa ). The counterpart to the
existence of the mean of the values ζ (δa ) with respect to the point symmetry at s = 1/2
given by (3) is that ζ (1 − δa ) is on average equal to 1 + 1/a. And for results with
respect to a-points of  in the lower half-plane one may use the functional equation
(3) in combination with the reflection principle ζ (s) = ζ (s). Unfortunately, our results
do not shed new light on the question proposed by (1).
It is also straightforward to prove similar results for other functions defined by a
Dirichlet series in some half-plane and satisfying a Riemann-type functional equation
(for example Dirichlet L-functions to residue class characters).

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Value-Distribution of the Riemann Zeta-Function…

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