Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.

com

Questions are for both separate science and combined science students
unless indicated in the question

(a) A student investigated the three states of matter.

1.
The arrangement of particles in the three states of matter are different.

Draw one line from each particle arrangement to the state of matter.

(2)

A large lump of ice was heated and changed state.

The figure below shows how the temperature varied with time.

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Which part of the figure above shows when the ice was melting?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

A B C D

(1)

(c) Which part of above the figure above shows when the water was boiling?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

A B C D

(1)

(d) Which property of the water particles changes as the temperature of the water increases?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

The kinetic energy of the particles

The mass of each particle

The number of particles

(1)

(e) Calculate the thermal energy needed to melt 0.250 kg of ice at 0 °C.

specific latent heat of fusion of water = 334 000 J/kg

Use the equation:

thermal energy = mass × specific latent heat

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Thermal energy = _______________ J

(2)

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(f) Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

condenses evaporates ionises sublimates

A substance is heated and changes directly from a solid to a gas.

The substance _______________.

(1)
(Total 8 marks)

A student wanted to determine the density of a small piece of rock.

2.
(a) Describe how the student could measure the volume of the piece of rock.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

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(b) The volume of the piece of rock was 18.0 cm3.

The student measured the mass of the piece of rock as 48.6 g.

Calculate the density of the rock in g/cm3.

Use the equation:

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Density = _______________________ g/cm3

(2)

The graph below shows the densities of different types of rock.

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(c) What is the most likely type of rock that the student had?

Tick one box.

Basalt

Flint

Granite

Limestone

Sandstone

(1)

(d) Give one source of error that may have occurred when the student measured the volume
of the rock.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) How would the error you described in part (d) affect the measured volume of the rock?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
The wind turbines in a wind farm must have a minimum distance of 500 m between them for
3. maximum efficiency.

The diagram shows the position of nine wind turbines in a wind farm.

(a) Suggest one way in which the layout of this wind farm ensures maximum efficiency when
the wind direction changes.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

The average mass of air passing through the blades of one wind turbine is 51 000 kg per second.

The density of air is 1.2 kg / m3

(b) Write down the equation that links density, mass and volume.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(c) Calculate the volume of air passing through the blades of one wind turbine in one second.

Give the unit.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Volume in one second = ___________ Unit ___________

(5)

(d) The average power output from one of the wind turbines in the diagram is 1.6 × 106 W

The average power output of a nuclear power station is 2.4 × 109 W

Calculate the number of wind turbines needed to generate power equal to one nuclear
power station.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Number of wind turbines = ____________________

(2)

(e) The UK requires a minimum electrical power of 2.5 × 1010 W at any time.

Give two reasons why wind turbines alone are unlikely to be used to meet this
requirement.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A student investigated the density of different fruits.
4.
To determine the density of each fruit, the student measured the volume of each fruit.

The figure below shows the equipment the student could have used.

(a) Describe a method the student could have used to measure the volume of the lime.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) The student measured the volume of each fruit three times and then calculated a mean
value.

The three measurements for a grape were

2.1 cm3 2.1 cm3 2.4 cm3

Calculate the mean value.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mean value = _______________ cm3

(2)

(c) What are the advantages of taking three measurements and calculating a mean value?

✓) two boxes.
Tick (✓

Allows anomalous results to be identified and ignored.

Improves the resolution of the volume measurement.

Increases the precision of the measured volumes.

Reduces the effect of random errors when using the equipment.

Stops all types of error when using the equipment.

(2)

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(d) The mass of an apple was 84.0 g.

The volume of the apple was 120 cm3.

Calculate the density of the apple.

Give your answer in g/cm3.

Use the equation:

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Density = _______________ g/cm3

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

The figure below shows a balloon filled with helium gas.

5.

(a) Describe the movement of the particles of helium gas inside the balloon.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(b) What name is given to the total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles of
helium gas in the balloon?

Tick one box.

External energy

Internal energy

Movement energy

(1)

(c) Write down the equation which links density, mass and volume.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) The helium in the balloon has a mass of 0.00254 kg.

The balloon has a volume of 0.0141 m3.

Calculate the density of helium. Choose the correct unit from the box.

m3 / kg kg / m3 kg m3

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Density = __________________ Unit _________

(3)
(Total 7 marks)

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Two students investigated the change of state of stearic acid from liquid to solid.
6.
They measured how the temperature of stearic acid changed over 5 minutes as it changed from
liquid to solid.

Figure 1 shows the different apparatus the two students used.

Figure 1

Student A’s apparatus Student B’s apparatus

(a) Choose two advantages of using student A’s apparatus.

Tick two boxes.

Student A’s apparatus made sure the test was fair.

Student B’s apparatus only measured categoric variables.

Student A’s measurements had a higher resolution.

Student B was more likely to misread the temperature.

(2)

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(b) Student B removed the thermometer from the liquid each time he took a temperature
reading.

What type of error would this cause?

Tick one box.

A systematic error

A random error

A zero error

(1)

(c) Student A’s results are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

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What was the decrease in temperature between 0 and 160 seconds?

Tick one box.

8.2 °C

8.4 °C

53.2 °C

55.6 °C

(1)

(d) Use Figure 2 to determine the time taken for the stearic acid to change from a liquid to a
solid.

Time = ____________ seconds

(1)

(e) Calculate the energy transferred to the surroundings as 0.40 kg of stearic acid changed
state from liquid to solid.

The specific latent heat of fusion of stearic acid is 199 000 J / kg.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Energy = _____________________ J
(2)

(f) After 1200 seconds the temperature of the stearic acid continued to decrease.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A teacher demonstrated the relationship between the pressure in a gas and the volume of the
7. gas.

The figure below shows the equipment used.

(a) What is the range of the syringe?

✓) one box. (separate only)

Tick (✓

From 0 to 1 cm3

From 0 to 5 cm3

From 0 to 25 cm3

(1)

(b) The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas is given by the equation:

pressure × volume = constant

Complete the sentence. (separate only)

For this equation to apply, both the mass of gas and the _______________ of the gas must
stay the same.
(1)

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(c) The initial volume of the gas in the syringe was 12 cm3.

The initial pressure of the gas in the syringe was 101 000 Pa.

Calculate the constant in the equation below. (separate only)

pressure × volume = constant

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Constant = _______________ Pa cm3

(2)

(d) The teacher pulled the plunger slowly outwards and the gas expanded.

The new volume of the gas was 24 cm3.

Calculate the new pressure in the gas.

The constant has the same value as in part (c) (separate only)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

New pressure = _______________ Pa

(3)

(e) Which change occurs when the plunger is pulled slowly outwards?

✓) one box. (separate only)

Tick (✓

The gas particles stop moving.

There are more frequent collisions between the gas particles.

There is more space between the gas particles.

(1)
(Total 8 marks)
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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A student used the equipment in the image below to investigate how the pressure of a gas varies
8. with the volume of the gas.

The syringe is filled with air.

The table below shows the results.

Volume in cm3 Pressure in kPa

24 100

20 120

12 200

10 240

(a) Describe how the student could use the equipment in the image above to obtain the data
shown in the table. (separate only)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

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(b) Describe what happens to the pressure of the air when the volume of the air is halved.
(separate only)
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The temperature of the air in the syringe remained constant during the student’s
investigation.

Which two properties of the air particles would change if the temperature increased?

✓) two boxes.
Tick (✓ (separate only)

kinetic energy

mass

shape

speed

volume

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Figure 1 shows water being heated. Eventually the water changed into steam.
9.
Figure 1

(a) Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

Each answer may be used once, more than once or not at all.

greater than less than the same as

The distance between the particles in steam is __________________________ the

distance between the particles in liquid water.

The density of steam is __________________________ the density of liquid water.

(2)

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Figure 2 shows how the temperature of the water varied with time.

Figure 2

(b) What is the name of the process that is taking place between points A and B?

Give a reason for your answer.

Process ____________________________________________________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) A mass of 0.063 kg of water was turned into steam.

The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2 260 000 J/kg

Calculate the thermal energy transferred to the water to turn it into steam.

Use the equation:

thermal energy for a change of state = mass × specific latent heat

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Energy = ___________________________ J
(2)

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) The mass of the steam was 0.063 kg

The volume of the steam was 0.105 m3

Calculate the density of steam.

Use the equation:

Choose the unit from the box.

kg m3 / kg kg / m3

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Density = ________________________ Unit __________________

(3)
(Total 9 marks)

The diagram below shows a cyclist riding along a flat road.

10.

(a) Complete the sentence.

Choose answers from the box.

chemical elastic potential gravitational potential kinetic

As the cyclist accelerates, the _______________________ energy store in

the cyclist’s body decreases and the _______________________ energy of

the cyclist increases.

(2)

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) The mass of the cyclist is 80 kg. The speed of the cyclist is 12 m/s.

Calculate the kinetic energy of the cyclist.

Use the equation:

kinetic energy = 0.5 × mass × (speed)2

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Kinetic energy = ______________________ J

(2)

(c) When the cyclist uses the brakes, the bicycle slows down.

This causes the temperature of the brake pads to increase by 50 °C.

The mass of the brake pads is 0.040 kg.
The specific heat capacity of the material of the brake pads is 480 J/kg °C.

Calculate the change in thermal energy of the brake pads.

Use the equation:

change in thermal energy = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Change in thermal energy = ______________________ J

(2)

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(d) How is the internal energy of the particles in the brake pads affected by the increase in
temperature?

Tick one box.

Decreased

Increased

Not affected

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

A student investigated how the pressure of a gas varied with the volume of the gas.
11.
The mass and temperature of the gas were constant.

The diagram shows the equipment the student used.

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) What is the range of the syringe?

Tick one box. (separate only)

0 to 1 cm3

0 to 5 cm3

0 to 20 cm3

0 to 25 cm3

(1)

(b) What type of variable was the mass of gas?

Tick one box. (separate only)

Control

Dependent

Independent

(1)

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
The student compressed the gas in the syringe and read the pressure from the pressure gauge.

The graph shows the student's results.

(c) The student concluded that when the pressure was multiplied by the corresponding volume
the answer was the same.

Use data from the graph to show that the student's conclusion was correct. (separate only)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) Complete the sentences.

Choose the answers from the box. (separate only)

Each answer may be used once, more than once or not at all.

decreases increases remains the same

decreases
When the gas is compressed, the volume of gas in the syringe ________________ .

So the number of collisions each second between the gas particles inside the

increases
syringe and the inside surface of the syringe ____________________ .

This means the force exerted on the inside surface of the container
increases
walls ____________________ .
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

An electric kettle was switched on.

12.
The graph below shows how the temperature of the water inside the kettle changed.

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) When the kettle was switched on the temperature of the water did not immediately start to
increase.

Suggest one reason why.

The energy had to be transferred so that the kinetic energy of the water could increase
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The energy transferred to the water in 100 seconds was 155 000 J.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg °C

Determine the mass of water in the kettle.

Use the graph above.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

E = mass x shc x temp change

___________________________________________________________________
1500= mass x 4200 x 78 100-22 = 78
___________________________________________________________________
mass = 1500/(4200 x 78)
mass = 4.58 x 10^-3
___________________________________________________________________
mass = 0.0046
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
0.0047
Mass of water (2 significant figures) = _______________ kg
(5)

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Particle Model of Matter (F) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) The straight section of the line in above graph can be used to calculate the useful power
output of the kettle.

Explain how.

The straight line is when the temperature is increasing. The purpose of a kettle is to
___________________________________________________________________
heat water, so that is the useful power output. The wasted power output would be
___________________________________________________________________
the time when the temperature is not increasing, so the useful power output would
be the temperature increase over the time that it stayed the same.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

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