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MOOD QUICK
REVISION NOTES

There are five types of mood.

A. Indicative mood
• expresses facts/opinions (all tenses)
(Sub. – Verb agreement necessary)
e.g. He loves working here.

B. Interrogative mood
• h
They love working here.

s
Used to Raise Questions (all tenses)

l i
(Sub. – Verb agreement necessary)
e.g. Do you like it?

r
i
when did you come?
C. Imperative mood
•

g s
expresses direct order/request/advice/suggestion etc.

n y
[Subject (always ‘you’) is always hidden]

E b nt
• V1
• Don’t + v1
e.g. Open your book.
Don't enter the room.
D. Subjunctive mood

ha
(Sub. – Verb agreement not necessary)
a) Present subjunctive mood [base form verb]
It expresses present/past necessities, requirements , indirect orders/advice/suggestions/proposals
etc.

s
b) Past subjunctive mood [past form verb]
• It expresses present/past regrets, unrealities, improbabilities, imaginations etc.

a
E. Conditional Mood
• An action relies on another which is the condition.


•
•

r
It is used in all conditional sentences.
See chapter "conditional" for more.

P Present subjunctive mood

It expresses present/past necessities, requirements , indirect orders/advice/suggestions/proposals etc.
Used in the Noun-clause (that-clause)
 Always use Base form of verb here regardless of Tense or number of subject
 In present subjunctive mood “should” is almost always possible before base form of the verb.
 Lest .... (should) v1
e.g. He gripped his brother's arm lest he is trampled by the mob. (use "he be")
 It is adjectives + that + sub. + (should) + base form of verb

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• Adjectives that can go in the above construction are as follows:

e.g. (in)appropriate, essential, crucial, obligatory, imperative, important, mandatory, (un)necessary, vital,
impossible, (im)proper, crucial etc.
Also most adjectives ending in -able
e.g. It is essential that he comes here. (use "he come")
It is advisable that he comes here. (use "he come")
 Subject + Verbs + that + sub + (should) + base form of verb
• Verbs that can go in the above construction are as follows:
e.g. Agree, allow, arrange, request, ask, beg, command, order, pledge, concede, decide, require, demand,
insist, urge, desire, determine, ensure, grant, intend, pray, prefer, pronounce, recommend, resolve,
propose, suggest, vote, move (= to put forward), instruct, specify, stipulate, etc.
Also participle adjectives made from some of the above verbs also take subjunctive verb form.
e.g. I desire that he comes here. (use "he come")

sh
It is desirable that he comes here. (use "he come")
Past subjunctive mood

i
 It expresses unrealities, improbabilities, imaginations, present/past regrets, etc.
 Present – V2, were (not ‘was’) , could/might/would/should + v1

g l i r
 Past – had + v3, could/might/would/should + have + v3
• I wish = if only = would that (express regrets )
e.g. I wish he was here today. (use "were")

s
I wish he were here yesterday. (use "had been")

n y
• If, as if, as though etc.

E b nt
e.g. She talks to me as if she is my mother. (use "were")
• It is/was (high/about) time + sub + v2
[Also:- it is/was time (for + sb) + to + v1]
e.g. It is time he goes home. (use "went")
Note:- It is time he went home. (subjunctive mood)

ha
It is time for him to go home. (indicative mood)
• Sub + Would rather + subj. + v2 (unreality)
[Also:- Sub+ would rather + v1 + than + v1]
e.g. I would rather you go home. (use "went")

a s
Note:- I would rather you went home. (subjunctive mood)
I would rather go home than stay here. (indicative mood)
• Would you mind if + subj. + v2 (hypothetical/permission)
e.g. Would you mind if I don't come today? (use "didn't come")

P r
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CONDITIONAL QUICK
REVISION NOTES

 Conditional sentence = main clause + condition clause

 Condition clauses (or if-clauses), can carry real or unreal conditions. The former needs indicative mood,
while the latter needs past subjunctive mood)
 0. Factual conditionals (zero conditional)
• It expresses universal facts or things that always happens/happened under certain conditions.
•
•

sh
If + pres. Ind. , pres. Ind. [Present facts]
If + past ind, past Ind. [Past facts]
Note – in zero conditional “if” means “when” or “whenever”

l i
e.g. If it rains, we go to school by bus.

r
If it rained, we went to school by bus.

i
If we freeze water, it will expand. (use "it expands")

g
 1. Predictive conditionals (1st conditional)

s
• It expresses probabilities or possibilities of present or future

n
• Will/shall can’t be used in the if-clause
•
•
y
If + pres. Ind/cont/per(cont) , subj + will/shall/can/may + v1

E b nt
If + pres. Ind/cont/per(cont), V1 + obj (imperative sentence)
e.g. If it will rain, we will go to school by bus.
If it will rain, go to school by bus.
(use "if it rains" in both the sentences)

a
 2. Hypothetical conditionals (2nd conditional)
• It expresses unreality, imagination or improbablity of PRESENT or FUTURE

h
• Would can’t be used in the if-clause
• If + past sub mood , would/could/might/should + v1

s
e.g. If I was a bird, I would fly. (use "were")
If it would rain, we would go to school by bus. (use "if it rained")

a
If I would have money, I could help you today. (use "If I had money")
 3. Counterfactual conditionals (3rd conditional)
•
•

r
It expresses regrets, unreality or imaginations of PAST
If + had + v3 , would/could/should/might have + v3

P
e.g. If I had money, we could have helped you that day. (use "if I had had money")
 4. Mixed conditionals
•
•
Sometimes we mixes up above mentioned structures to carry the desired meaning.
Present results for unreal condition in the past
( if sub+ had+ v3 , sub+ would + v1)
e.g. If I had had moeny yesterday, I wouldn't be here today.
Past unreal condition Present unreal result
• Past results for unreal conditon in the present (or all time)
(If + sub + were , sub+ would have + v3)

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e.g. If she were my sister, she would have helped me yesterday.

Present unreal Past unreal result
condition
 Some important construction.
• If it weren’t for you (= without you)
[used in 2nd conditional]
e.g If it weren't for you, I would have died. (use "would die")
• If it hadn’t been for you = But for you (= without you)
[used in 3rd conditional]
e.g. If it hadn't bee for you, I would have died.
But for you, I would die. (use "would have died")
 5. Unless (=if not) ds lkFknot ugha yxkrs gSA

sh
e.g. Unless he doesn't come here, I won't go. (use "comes")
6. If dh rjg fuEufyf[kr conjunctions ds ckn Hkh
will/would yxkdj error fn, tkrs gSA

i
• As if, as though, supposing, suppose, unless, in case, providing (that) , provided (that), on condition
that, even though, even if, only if, whether or not, until, when, after, what if, once, before, as soon as,

l r
as long as etc.

i
e.g. When he will come, we will start our lunch. (use "he comes")

g
 7. condition clause esa
if dh txg 'in case" rc yxk;k tkrk gS ;fn ge dksbZ dkeZ lko/kuh cjrus ds fy, dksbZ dk;Z

s
djrs gSA

n y
e.g. People insure their houses if there's a fire. (use "in case")

E b nt
The insurance company pays for the damage in case there's a fire. (use "if")
 8. Inversion in conditionals
• First conditional
e.g. Should he come, we will play
(here "should he come" means "if he comes")
•

ha
Second conditional.
e.g. Were I a bird, I would fly.
(here "were I a bird" means "if I were a bird")
Third conditional

s
e.g. Had I paid attention, I would have understood.
(here "had I paid attention" means "if I had paid attention")

a
P r
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