RRL 1 (Optimization of Traffic Signal Light Timing Using Simulation.

1. Problem Addressed - The paper addresses the issue of traffic congestion, which
leads to significant economic, environmental, and social problems. Specifically, it
focuses on optimizing traffic signal light timing to improve traffic flow and reduce
congestion-related issues.
2. Solution Proposed - The paper proposes the use of a special-purpose simulation
(SPS) tool developed using Simphony 1.05 to optimize traffic signal light timing. This
tool is capable of simulating and optimizing signal light timings at single and multiple
junctions in a road network, adapting to traffic demand for different time periods.
3. Difference from Previous Solutions - Unlike earlier models that may have relied on
static or less flexible optimization techniques, this simulation tool is user-friendly and
allows traffic engineers to draw and modify road networks without needing advanced
simulation knowledge. It incorporates stochastic variability and can adapt to different
junction types and traffic situations, providing a more dynamic and accessible approach.
4. Major Contributions and Conclusions:
● The paper demonstrates that the simulation tool is a cost-effective and efficient
method for analyzing traffic data and optimizing signal light timings, particularly
suited for third-world countries with limited resources.
● It highlights the tool's ability to provide valuable statistical data and graphical
representations, aiding in better decision-making.
● The tool's flexibility and ease of use are significant contributions, enabling users
to simulate various traffic conditions and forecast future scenarios.
● The paper concludes that accurate input data is crucial for reliable results and
underscores the ongoing validation efforts at the University of Moratuwa, Sri
Lanka, to ensure the tool's effectiveness and accuracy.

RRL 2 (Optimization Using Simulation of Traffic Light Signal Timings)

1. Problem Addressed - The paper tackles the severe traffic congestion issue in
Alexandria, Egypt, a common problem in many urban areas with high population
densities. The core issues are long vehicle queues, extended waiting times,
increased pollution, and diminished productivity due to inefficient traffic signal
timings.
2. Proposed Solution - The proposed solution involves optimizing traffic light
signal timings through computer simulation and an evolutionary optimizer. The
researchers developed several simulation models (SM1, SM2, and SM3) to
represent the current system and test various optimization scenarios.
3. Differences from Previous Solutions - Previous traffic control systems include
chaotic, pre-timed, and adaptive systems. The chaotic system, currently used in
Alexandria, does not adjust to varying traffic demands. The pre-timed system
sets fixed timings based on different periods of the day, while the adaptive
system adjusts in real-time according to current demand. This paper’s approach
is unique in that it uses a simulation-based optimization strategy with an
evolutionary algorithm to find optimal or near-optimal signal timings tailored
specifically to the oversaturated conditions of the road network under study.
4. Major Contributions and Conclusions:
 ● Development of Simulation Models: SM1 simulates the current traffic
situation, revealing significant performance issues such as extreme queue
lengths and vehicular waiting times. SM2 proposes a new phase plan and
operational logic, resulting in a 36% decrease in queue lengths and a 32%
reduction in waiting times.An optimized model using an evolutionary
algorithm further reduces queue lengths by 51% and waiting times by
33%.
● Performance Improvement:The optimization methodology significantly
enhances traffic flow and reduces congestion.The study demonstrates the
inadequacy of the current chaotic system and the benefits of signal
optimization based on traffic demand.
● Conclusion:Effective traffic management through optimized signal timings
can drastically improve urban traffic conditions.The research provides a
reliable framework that can be applied to other cities experiencing similar
traffic congestion problems.
RRL 3 ( VISSIM Based Traffic Flow Simulation Analysis on Road Network )

1. Problem Addressed - The paper focuses on the issue of traffic congestion in

urban and rural areas, particularly in countries like India where the increasing
number of vehicles leads to busy and congested roads.
2. Proposed Solution - The solution involves using PTV VISSIM, a simulation
software, to dynamically simulate traffic flow, analyze traffic conditions, and
suggest necessary improvements. This includes modeling public transport
systems, pedestrian and bicycle facilities, and adjusting traffic distribution,
signalization, and road widening.
3. Differentiation from Previous Solutions - This approach stands out from
previous solutions by employing the PTV VISSIM simulation tool, which offers
detailed and dynamic modeling of traffic scenarios. PTV VISSIM can simulate
private vehicles, public transport, pedestrians, and bicycles, providing a
comprehensive view of traffic management and planning.
4. Major Contributions and Conclusions:
● Successful Simulation: The study successfully demonstrated the
simulation and analysis of traffic conditions.
● Saturation Analysis: The simulation determined that the road network
reached saturation without errors.
● Public Transport Emphasis: The study concludes that strengthening public
transport systems is essential to reducing traffic congestion.
● Traffic Management Suggestions: Suggestions include minimizing turns,
improving traffic behavior, and incorporating pedestrian and bicycle
facilities to reduce congestion.
● Dynamic Traffic Modeling: The study highlights the importance of dynamic
traffic modeling to evaluate and plan effective traffic management
strategies.
These contributions underscore the effectiveness of using VISSIM for
traffic simulation and the necessity of integrated transport solutions to
manage traffic congestion.
RRL 4 (The traffic signal control problem for intersections: a review)

1. Problem Addressed - The intersection traffic signal control problem (ITSCP)

addresses the challenge of efficiently scheduling traffic signal settings at
intersections to maximize traffic flow. It takes into account various factors such as
real-time strategies, signal timing constraints, rapid developments in traffic
systems, and practical implementation issues​​.
2. Proposed Solution
● Simulation-based Optimization: Utilizing tools like VISSIM, NETSIM,
and AIMSUN to evaluate and optimize traffic signal settings​​.
● Dynamic Programming: Developing flexible control algorithms applicable
to different performance measures and traffic conditions. This includes
recursive optimization procedures and modified DP algorithms using
reinforcement learning (RL)​​.
● Multi-Agent Systems: Implementing systems where each component of
the traffic system acts as an agent, employing artificial intelligence for
prediction and control strategies​​.
● Reinforcement Learning: Using RL as a computational tool to obtain
optimal control policies for traffic signals​​.
3. Differentiation from Previous Solutions - The proposed solutions differ from
previous methods in their use of advanced computational and simulation
techniques, integration of real-time data, and focus on adaptive and autonomous
vehicle technologies. Unlike traditional fixed-time and actuated strategies, these
approaches offer more dynamic and responsive traffic control mechanisms​​.
4. Major Contributions
● Development of a unified terminology for the ITSCP and a citation network
of relevant research​​.
● Summarization of various assumptions, constraints, and solution
approaches used in the ITSCP field​​.
● Highlighting open issues and challenges that remain to be addressed by
future research, such as algorithm robustness, the need for a unified
simulation framework, and the integration of new vehicle detection
technologies​​.
5. Conclusions - The review concludes that despite the significant advancements
in solving the ITSCP, there are still many opportunities for future research. This
includes improving algorithm robustness, developing a unified simulation
framework for model comparison, and leveraging advancements in vehicle
detection technologies for practical implementation​​. The ongoing development of
connected and autonomous vehicle technologies also presents new challenges
and opportunities for traffic signal control systems​

RRL 5

RRL 6

Problem Addressed:

· Traffic congestion in smart cities due to a rise in vehicles and limited

infrastructure. This leads to wasted time, fuel, environmental damage, and
frustration for citizens.
Proposed Solution:

· An IoT-based traffic prediction and control system using the OWENN algorithm
and an Intel 80286 microprocessor.
· The system works in five phases:
1. IoT data collection
2. Feature extraction (traffic, weather, direction information)
3. Classification using OWENN to identify congested areas
4. Optimization of traffic IoT values using IBSO (unspecified method)
5. Traffic signal control with the microprocessor

How it Differs:

· The paper claims this method outperforms existing solutions by achieving

higher accuracy in traffic prediction and control.
· It leverages real-time data collection through IoT and utilizes a specific OWENN
algorithm for classification.

Major Contributions and Conclusions:

· The paper proposes a novel traffic management system using a combination of

IoT, OWENN algorithm, and microprocessor control.
· The results suggest significant improvement in accuracy, f-measure, MAE, and
RMSE compared to existing methods (ENN, CNN, NN, ANFIS).
· The system offers real-time traffic prediction and control with optimized signal
timing.

Limitations and Future Work:

· The paper mentions limitations like energy usage and recharging solutions for
the WiFi communication used in the system.
· Further research is needed to address these limitations.

RRL 7

Problem Addressed: Traffic congestion and delays at unsignalized intersections in urban

areas, causing driver discomfort and stress.

Proposed Solution: Converting an unsignalized intersection to a signalized intersection with

Left Turn on Red (LTOR) and potentially widening the road.

Differentiation from Previous Solutions:

· Utilizes microsimulation software (PTV VISSIM) to evaluate performance before and

after implementation.
· Analyzes not just delays and queues, but also potential safety improvements.
· Consider the impact of LTOR on traffic flow.
· Investigates the combined effect of LTOR and road widening.

Major Contributions and Conclusions:

 · Demonstrates that a signalized intersection with LTOR can significantly improve traffic
flow compared to an unsignalized intersection.
· Shows that combining LTOR with road widening leads to the best results, reducing
average queue length and improving service level.
· Highlights the effectiveness of microsimulation tools in evaluating and optimizing traffic
management strategies.

1. Major Approaches

The study focuses on modeling traffic scenarios at intersections to evaluate and improve
performance. Two primary scenarios are considered:

● Existing conditions of unsignalized intersections.

● Signalized intersections as a proposed solution to improve traffic flow and safety.

2. Methods of Analysis

The methods used for analysis include:

● Traffic Simulation: Using PTV VISSIM software to simulate traffic flow and behavior at
intersections.
● Regression Analysis: For data validation, comparing the traffic volumes captured
during the volume survey with the modeled data using linear regression.
● Manual Calculation: For setting traffic signal timings based on vehicle volume and
capacity calculations.

3. Metrics

The key metrics used in the analysis are:

● Vehicle Volume (Q): Number of vehicles passing through the intersection per hour.
● Road Capacity (S): Maximum number of vehicles that can be accommodated per hour.
● Degree of Saturation (Y): Ratio of vehicle volume to road capacity (Q/S).
● Level of Service (LOS): A qualitative measure describing operational conditions within a
traffic stream, and their perception by motorists and passengers.

4. Evaluation Tools

The primary evaluation tool used is the PTV VISSIM software, which allows for detailed traffic
simulation and modeling. It provides insights into traffic behavior, queue lengths, delays,
emissions, and overall intersection performance under different scenarios.

5. Analysis and Interpretation of Resulting Measured Data

● Traffic Modelling Results: The study compares traffic flow and delays at intersections
under existing unsignalized conditions and proposed signalized conditions.
● Data Validation: Linear regression analysis shows an R² value of 0.4384, indicating an
acceptable model fit as it is greater than 0.3.
● Scenario Comparison: Various scenarios are analyzed, including the addition of traffic
signals and road widening, to identify the most effective solution for improving
intersection performance.

6. Conclusions

The study concludes that:

 ● Best Model: The third scenario, which includes a combination of traffic signals, Left Turn
On Red (LTOR) enforcement, and arm widening, provides the best performance in terms
of reducing conflict points, increasing intersection capacity, and improving the Level of
Service (LOS).
● Traffic Signals: Implementing traffic signals at intersections significantly enhances traffic
flow and safety.
● Use of PTV VISSIM: The microsimulation program is effective in modeling and analyzing
traffic scenarios to determine the optimal intersection design and control measures.

RRL 8 (A Review of the Self-Adaptive Traffic Signal Control System Based on

Future Traffic Environment)

1. Problem Addressed - The primary problem addressed in the reviewed

documents is the inefficiency and limitations of existing traffic signal control
systems, particularly in handling real-time traffic fluctuations and accommodating
large-scale, complex traffic networks.
2. Proposed Solution - The proposed solution involves developing advanced
self-adaptive traffic signal control systems that can learn and optimize traffic
control strategies in real-time, leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) techniques
such as reinforcement learning (RL) and multi-agent systems (MAS).
3. Differentiation from Previous Solutions - The differentiation from previous
solutions lies in the incorporation of advanced AI and machine learning
techniques, which enable the systems to adapt to changing traffic conditions
more efficiently and with less human intervention. Previous systems often relied
on static models and required significant manual calibration and maintenance.
4. Major Contributions
● Integration of AI Techniques: The integration of RL, MAS, and other AI
methods to create more responsive and adaptive traffic signal control
systems.
● Reduction in Human Intervention: Development of systems that require
minimal manual tuning and can autonomously adapt to changing traffic
patterns.
● Scalability: Solutions that can handle large-scale traffic networks and
complex traffic scenarios more effectively than traditional systems.
● Real-time Adaptation: Systems capable of real-time response to traffic
fluctuations, improving overall traffic flow and reducing congestion.
5. Conclusions - The studies conclude that the implementation of self-adaptive
traffic signal control systems utilizing AI and machine learning significantly
improves traffic management efficiency. These systems provide a robust solution
to the limitations of traditional traffic control methods and have demonstrated
success in various real-world applications.
RRL 9 (Pedestrian Countdown at Traffic Signal Junctions (PCaTS) - Road Trial)

1. Problem Addressed - The primary issue addressed in the document is

pedestrian safety and the efficiency of crossing at traffic signal junctions.
Specifically, it tackles the problem that pedestrians often misjudge the remaining
time they have to cross, leading to unsafe behaviors such as running or
beginning to cross late in the signal cycle. This misjudgment can result in
accidents or increased anxiety, particularly in busy urban areas.
2. Proposed Solution - The proposed solution is the implementation of Pedestrian
Countdown Timers (PCTs) at traffic signal junctions. These timers display the
remaining time for pedestrians to safely cross the street, thus providing clear
information on when the signal will change. This is expected to help pedestrians
make more informed decisions and reduce risky crossing behaviors.
3. Differentiation from Previous Solutions - Previous pedestrian safety measures
at traffic signals typically included auditory signals, standard walk/don't walk
signals, or push-button activation without providing real-time countdowns. The
PCTs differentiate themselves by offering a visual countdown, which directly
informs pedestrians of the exact time they have left to cross. This direct feedback
mechanism aims to reduce uncertainty and promote safer crossing behavior
more effectively than traditional signals alone.
4. Major Contributions:
● Safety Improvement: The introduction of PCTs is expected to significantly
enhance pedestrian safety by reducing the likelihood of risky crossing
behaviors.
● Behavioral Impact: The study provides insights into how PCTs influence
pedestrian behavior, including changes in the timing of crossings and
reduction in anxiety or confusion.
● Operational Data: The trial offers valuable operational data on the
effectiveness and reliability of PCTs in real-world settings, which can be
used to inform broader implementations.
● Public Perception: The document also explores public perception and
acceptance of PCTs, which is crucial for the success of such interventions.
5. Conclusions - The conclusions from the trial suggest that PCTs are beneficial in
enhancing pedestrian safety and crossing efficiency at signalized junctions. The
trial results indicated a positive impact on pedestrian behavior, leading to fewer
instances of crossing at inappropriate times. Additionally, there was general
public support for the implementation of these timers. The findings recommend
further rollout and adoption of PCTs across more junctions to improve urban
pedestrian safety comprehensively.

RRL 10

Addressing Traffic Congestion at Intersections

This paper addresses the problem of traffic congestion at signalized intersections, which can lead to
delays, reduced traffic capacity, and potentially, accidents.

Proposed Solution: Signal Light Optimization with PTV Vissim

The paper proposes a solution that optimizes the timing of traffic signals at an intersection using PTV
Vissim, a traffic simulation software. This involves:
 1. Field Investigation: Collecting data on traffic flow at the intersection during peak periods.
2. Capacity and Delay Analysis: Using the collected data to calculate the current capacity and
delay time experienced by vehicles at the intersection.
3. PTV Vissim Simulation: Simulating the real-time traffic conditions at the intersection to
understand its behavior.
4. Signal Timing Optimization: Utilizing the Webster method and delay analysis to find the most
suitable signal timing scheme for the specific intersection. This may involve adjusting green,
red, and yellow light durations for different directions.
5. Evaluation and Refinement: Simulating the optimized traffic flow with the new signal timing
scheme in PTV Vissim and comparing it to the original situation. This allows for further
adjustments to achieve the best possible outcome.

Differentiation from Previous Solutions

While traditional methods for signal timing optimization might rely on formulas or historical data, this
approach leverages real-time traffic data and simulation software. This allows for a more data-driven and
dynamic approach that considers the specific characteristics of the intersection and traffic flow patterns.

Major Contributions and Conclusions

The paper contributes to improving traffic flow at intersections by:

· Demonstrating a methodology that combines field investigation, traffic analysis, and traffic
simulation software for signal timing optimization.
· Highlighting the benefits of PTV Vissim in evaluating the effectiveness of different signal timing
schemes.
· Concluding that this approach can lead to reduced delay times, improved traffic capacity, and
potentially, a lower risk of accidents.

Major Approaches

1. On-the-Spot Investigation: Conducting traffic flow investigations at the intersection during peak
periods to gather data on entry and exit roads.
2. PTV Vissim Simulation: Using the PTV Vissim software to simulate real-time road conditions
and optimize the traffic light durations at the intersection.

Methods of Analysis

1. Traffic Capacity Calculation: Computing the capacity of the intersection based on the collected
traffic flow data.
2. Delay Time Analysis: Evaluating the delay times for different lanes at the intersection.
3. Service Level Assessment: Using service level criteria to assess the operational status of the
intersection.

Metrics

1. Traffic Capacity: The number of vehicles that can pass through the intersection within a given
time period.
2. Delay Time: The time vehicles spend waiting at the intersection.

Evaluation Tools

1. Webster Method: Used to calculate delay times and determine the service levels of the
intersection.
2. PTV Vissim Software: A microscopic traffic simulation tool used to model and analyze the traffic
flow and signal optimization.
Analysis and Interpretation of Resulting Measured Data

1. Traffic Capacity: The calculated traffic capacity for each entrance of the intersection is
summarized in Table 5 of the document.
2. Delay Time: The delay times for each lane direction at the intersection are provided in Table 6.
3. Service Levels: The service levels are determined based on the delay times, with different levels
assigned to various lanes (e.g., C for east import straight, D for other lanes).

Conclusions

1. Current Status Simulation: The PTV Vissim simulation results indicate that the intersection
experiences significant delays, particularly for left turns, due to high traffic volumes.
2. Optimization Plan: The simulation helps in proposing a more reasonable traffic light duration
configuration to reduce delays and improve traffic capacity at the intersection.

RRL 11

Problem Addressed: Traffic congestion and delays at the unsignaled 4-way

intersection of Sakra in East Lombok, Indonesia. This congestion is likely due to the
surrounding commercial area.

Proposed Solution: The study uses PTV Vissim software modeling to analyze traffic
flow at the intersection. This software can simulate traffic behavior and identify potential
issues.

Differentiation from Previous Solutions: The abstract doesn't mention specific prior
solutions, but using traffic simulation software for analysis might be a more nuanced
approach compared to manual traffic studies.

Major Contributions and Conclusions:

· The study finds that the current intersection performance is not ideal, with a
Level of Service (LOS) of "C" (not good) on both weekdays and Sundays.
This is based on metrics like queue length and vehicle delay.
· Traffic flow density is considered moderate, meaning congestion isn't severe
yet, but drivers' freedom of movement is already affected.
· The study recommends road repairs in the intersection area to improve
traffic flow. It also suggests more comprehensive traffic surveys for
better data accuracy.

RRL 12
Problem: Traffic signal control systems are limited by inflexibility and incapability to
adapt to changing traffic conditions. This leads to congestion and inefficiency.

Solution: The paper proposes a new method for single-point intersection signal control
using a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network combined with Proximal Policy
Optimization (PPO) algorithm, called LSTM-PPO. LSTM-PPO can analyze traffic data
and choose the optimal signal phase to improve traffic flow.

How it's different: Existing traffic control systems rely on fixed timings or basic
adaptations based on sensors. LSTM-PPO uses machine learning to analyze traffic
patterns and adaptively choose signal phases.

Major contributions:

· LSTM-PPO significantly improves traffic efficiency compared to other methods.

· The model can learn and adapt to changing traffic conditions.

Limitations and Future Work:

· The research needs to be expanded to handle multi-intersection scenarios.

· The model needs to consider additional factors like pedestrians and road
conditions for real-world application.

RRL 13 (An Adaptive Traffic Signal Control in a Connected Vehicle Environment:

A Systematic Review)

1. Problem Addressed - The core issue addressed is urban traffic congestion

exacerbated by increasing vehicle ownership. Intersections are identified as
significant bottlenecks contributing to delays and inefficiencies in traffic flow.
Traditional traffic signal control systems are inadequate as they cannot
dynamically adjust to real-time traffic conditions, leading to excessive delays and
inefficient traffic management. Additionally, current adaptive traffic signal control
methods rely on static sensors, which have limitations in data accuracy and
installation costs.
2. Proposed Solution - The proposed solution is the development and
implementation of adaptive traffic signal control systems within a connected
vehicle environment. Connected Vehicle (CV) technology allows real-time data
exchange between vehicles and infrastructure, providing detailed traffic
information such as vehicle location, speed, and acceleration. By utilizing this
real-time data, adaptive traffic signal control systems can dynamically optimize
signal timing to better manage traffic flow and reduce delays at intersections.
3. Differentiation from Previous Solutions

Traditional traffic signal control strategies include:

● Fixed-Time Control: Utilizes historical traffic data to set signal timings, but
cannot adjust to real-time changes in traffic conditions.
● Actuated Control: Adjusts signal timings based on real-time data from
fixed infrastructure sensors, but still relies on pre-defined static
parameters.
● Adaptive Control: Uses real-time upstream traffic data for signal timing
optimization but is limited by the capabilities of fixed sensors, which
provide only instantaneous vehicle information and are costly to install and
maintain.
 The differentiation of the proposed connected vehicle-based adaptive signal
control lies in:

● Real-Time Data Utilization: CV technology provides continuous real-time

information about vehicle states, significantly improving the accuracy and
responsiveness of traffic signal control.
● Cost Efficiency: CV systems reduce the dependency on expensive and
maintenance-intensive fixed sensors.
● Flexibility and Scalability: The system can adapt to various penetration
rates of connected vehicles and can revert to traditional signal control
methods if necessary, ensuring robustness and reliability.
4. Major Contributions
● Systematic Review: The paper provides a comprehensive review of
existing adaptive traffic signal control methods within connected vehicle
environments, evaluating their advantages and limitations.
● Framework Proposal: It presents a systematic framework for future
research and development in CV-based adaptive signal control,
highlighting the need for methods that can handle varying penetration
rates of connected vehicles and provide robust performance.
● Performance Metrics: The review identifies key performance metrics, such
as delay minimization, queue length reduction, and throughput
optimization, which are critical for evaluating the effectiveness of traffic
signal control systems.
● Recommendations for Future Research: The paper outlines several areas
for further study, including the need to consider unequipped vehicles,
develop methods for coordinated intersections, and improve the
integration of CV technology in traffic management systems.
5. Conclusions - The systematic review concludes that connected vehicle
technology significantly enhances the capability of adaptive traffic signal control
systems by providing detailed real-time traffic data. This technology can reduce
travel time, emissions, and improve safety. However, the review also identifies
gaps in current research, such as the need for more robust methods that can
perform effectively under varying conditions and penetration rates of CVs. The
findings advocate for ongoing research and development to fully leverage the
potential of connected vehicle technology in traffic signal control and urban traffic
management.

RRL 14 (Modelling Traffic Flow Emissions at Signalized Intersections)

1. Problem Addressed - The research addresses the problem of high vehicular

emissions at urban signalized intersections, which contributes significantly to air
pollution and environmental degradation in cities.
2. Proposed Solution - The proposed solution involves using traffic simulation
software, specifically PTV Vissim, to model and evaluate the emissions
generated by different types of intersection designs (e.g., traditional four-legged
intersections vs. roundabouts). This modeling helps in identifying more efficient
intersection designs that minimize emissions.
3. Differentiation from Previous Solutions - Previous studies often focused on
general traffic flow and emissions without a detailed comparison of specific
intersection designs. This study provides a detailed comparative analysis of how
 different intersection configurations impact traffic emissions, using advanced
simulation tools.
4. Major Contributions:
● Detailed modeling and analysis of traffic emissions at signalized
intersections using PTV Vissim.
● Comparative evaluation of different intersection designs, highlighting the
benefits of roundabouts over traditional intersections in reducing
emissions.
● Providing a framework for urban planners to assess and optimize
intersection designs to minimize environmental impacts.
5. Conclusions - The study concludes that intersection design plays a crucial role
in determining traffic emissions. Roundabouts generally perform better than
traditional signalized intersections in reducing vehicle delays and emissions. The
findings support the adoption of more efficient intersection designs to improve air
quality and reduce environmental impacts in urban areas.

Jul 29, 2024

Traffic Control and Optimization

● Traffic Signal Control Systems:

○ Traffic Signal Control
○ Adaptive Signal Control
○ Self-adaptive Traffic Signal
○ Signal Timing
○ Real-time Signal Control
○ Signal Light Optimization
○ Traffic Signal
○ Signal Timing
○ Timing
● Optimization and Modeling:
○ Optimization
○ Simulation
○ Simulation Tools and Techniques
○ Stochastic Approach
○ Emissions Modeling
○ Signalized Intersection
○ Unsignalized Intersection
○ Intersection
○ PTV Vissim
○ VISSIM

Connected and Intelligent Systems

● Connected Vehicles
● VANET (Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks)
● Intelligent Traffic System (ITS)
● Connected Vehicle Technology
● Internet of Things (IoT)

Traffic Flow and Management

 ● Traffic Flow
● Intersection Control
● Traffic Congestion
● Traffic Management
● Traffic Flow and Efficiency
○ Delay
○ Performance
○ Efficiency
○ Congestion
○ Environmental Impact
■ Emissions
■ Fuel Consumption

Technology and Tools

● PTV.VISSIM
● Internet of Things (IoT)
● Intel 80286 Microprocessor

Methodologies and Techniques

● Optimized Weight Elman Neural Network (OWENN)

● Improved Beetle Swarm Optimization (IBSO)

Applications and Domains

● Smart City
● Traffic Prediction

Pedestrian and Road Safety

● Pedestrian Countdown
● Road Trial
● Traffic Signal Junctions

General and Miscellaneous

● Open access
● Proceedings
● Template
● Fast
● Affordable
● Flexible
● Effectiveness
Jul 29, 2024 12:00 PM
Part 1: Interest
Traffic Signaling

Part 2: Words Related to Traffic Signaling

1. Traffic Signal
2. Intersection
3. Congestion
 4. Volume
5. Optimization
6. Cycle (Green, Red, Yellow)
7. Flow
8. Conflicts
9. Simulation
10. Tools
11. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
12. Signal Phasing
13. Traffic Lights
14. Traffic Control Devices
15. Right-of-Way
16. Phase Sequence
17. Pedestrian Crossing
18. Signal synchronization
19. Road safety
20. Adaptive Signal Control
21. IoT
22. Road Traffic incident
23. Level of service
24. Public Transportation
25. Inductive loops
26. Traffic zone
27. Geometric road design
28. Speed limit
29. Reducing fuel consumption
30. Queue length
31. Intersection capacity
32. PTV Vissim simulation software

Part 3.1: Find RRL about that 30 words

Here:https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1wYimhv_dxFNxJo0_dhNgJHc7uzp_rh1Q

Jul 30, 2024 12:00 PM

Part 3.2: Read the articles, then find the common keywords you’ve found in each
article.
Common Keywords:
1. Traffic Congestion
2. Traffic flow
3. Road Capacity
4. Traffic simulation
5. Signalized intersection
6. Traffic control
7. Traffic Signal/Traffic Lights
8. Signal Control
9. Signal Timing
10. Pedestrian Safety
11. Vehicle management
12. Intersection management
13. Signal optimization
14. Safety considerations
15. Signal phasing
16. PTV vissim
17. Intersection
18. Vehicles
19. Engineering
20. Conflict zone
21. Real- time road condition
22. Unsignalized Intersection
23. Public Transportation
24. Modal split

Part 3.3: Categorizing the Common Keywords

Traffic Management

● Traffic Congestion
● Traffic flow
● Traffic control
● Vehicle management
● Intersection management
● Real-time road condition
● Traffic simulation
 ● Signalized intersection
● Unsignalized Intersection

Road and Intersection Design

● Road Capacity
● Intersection
● Conflict zone
● Safety considerations
● Pedestrian Safety

Traffic Signals

● Traffic Signal/Traffic Lights

● Signal Control
● Signal Timing
● Signal optimization
● Signal phasing

Public Transportation

● Public Transportation
● Modal split

Traffic Engineering Tools

● PTV Vissim
● Engineering

Part 4.1: Read the abstract, introduction and conclusion in detail. Answer the
following questions:

1. Which problem does it address?

2. What solution does it propose?
3. How the solution differs from previous solutions, and
4. What are the major contributions and conclusions?

ARTICLE 1: A Vehicle-Intersection Coordination Scheme for Smooth Flows of Traffic

Without Using Traffic Lights
1. Problem Addressed: The paper addresses the problem of traffic congestion and
inefficiency at urban intersections, particularly those controlled by traditional traffic
lights. Traffic lights often result in increased waiting times, fuel consumption, and
pollution due to stop-and-go driving patterns.

2. Proposed Solution: The paper proposes a coordination scheme for automated

vehicles at intersections that eliminates the need for traffic lights. Using a two-way
communication network, vehicles approaching the intersection are globally coordinated
through a model predictive control (MPC) framework. This approach optimizes the
trajectories of the vehicles to avoid collisions and ensures smooth traffic flows by
preventing conflicting vehicles from reaching the intersection at the same time.

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: The proposed solution distinguishes itself

from previous methods in several key aspects. Firstly, it does not rely on traditional
traffic lights or stop signs to control traffic flow. Instead, it utilizes a global coordination
system facilitated by Model Predictive Control (MPC) to optimize vehicle trajectories
collectively rather than independently. This approach allows for turning movements
without requiring auxiliary lanes, even under constrained velocities. Moreover, the
solution efficiently utilizes intersection space by dynamically coordinating vehicle
movements to prevent conflicts, rather than dedicating the entire intersection to traffic
from one direction at a time. These features highlight the innovative and adaptive nature
of the proposed method in enhancing traffic management and efficiency at intersections.

4. Major Contributions and Conclusions: The paper introduces a novel intersection

management system using real-time communication and control to manage vehicle
movements without traffic lights. Based on a Model Predictive Control (MPC)
framework, it optimizes vehicle trajectories for smoother traffic flow. Numerical
simulations show significant improvements in intersection performance compared to
traditional signalized intersections. The proposed scheme reduces delays, improves
traffic flow efficiency, and lowers collision risks by managing vehicle timings effectively.
This method outperforms traditional traffic light systems in reducing congestion and
enhancing overall traffic performance, showcasing a promising approach for urban
traffic management using advancements in vehicle automation and communication
technologies.

ARTICLE 2: Potential Effect of Traffic Signaling System in Catbalogan City, Philippines

1. Problem Addressed: The document addresses the growing traffic congestion in

Catbalogan City, Philippines, and evaluates the potential effects of implementing a
traffic signaling system to manage the traffic conditions.

2. Proposed Solution: The solution proposed is the installation of a traffic signaling

system tailored to the specific traffic conditions at different intersections in Catbalogan
City. The study suggests that a properly suited signaling system can significantly reduce
traffic congestion and improve overall traffic flow.

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: The study highlights that the effect of the
signaling system is not uniform across all intersections. This implies that previous
solutions might have taken a one-size-fits-all approach, whereas this study emphasizes
the need for intersection-specific signaling strategies to effectively manage traffic
congestion.
4. Major Contributions and Conclusions: The study makes several major
contributions. It demonstrates a significant reduction in traffic congestion at specific
intersections through the implementation of a tailored traffic signaling system.
Additionally, it highlights the importance of intersection-specific traffic management
strategies over a generic approach. The study also provides empirical data on the
potential benefits of traffic signaling in reducing vehicle emissions and fuel consumption.

ARTICLE 3: To determination of traffic delay at controlled intersection

1. Problem Addressed: The paper addresses the issue of determining traffic delays at
controlled intersections, which are critical points in urban road networks where
significant delays occur, particularly during peak hours. These delays can be caused by
high traffic flow intensities, changes in traffic flow structure, road user indiscipline,
vehicle conditions, and road unevenness near intersections.

2. Proposed Solution: The authors propose a revised approach to determining traffic

delay at controlled intersections. They suggest redefining the term "transport delay" at
intersections to account only for the delay experienced by the group of vehicles that
could not pass the intersection during the green signal and must wait for the next green
signal. This approach involves analyzing the specific components of Webster's formula
and considering the volume-capacity ratio of the road network, which reflects the
motorization level of the city's population.

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: The proposed solution differs from previous
approaches by redefining "transport delay" to distinguish between the necessary waiting
time for the first group of vehicles, which is part of the technological process, and the
actual delay experienced by subsequent vehicles. It also incorporates the
volume-capacity ratio of the road network into the calculation, considering the city's level
of motorization. Additionally, the solution compares the results of the proposed delay
calculation method with those obtained using Webster's formula.

4. Major Contributions and Conclusions: The paper redefines transport delay,

emphasizing that only the waiting time beyond the first group of vehicles at a controlled
intersection should be considered as a delay. By integrating the volume-capacity ratio,
the method better reflects the real-world conditions of urban traffic. The proposed
method is validated through comparison with Webster's formula, demonstrating its
effectiveness. The study's findings can lead to improved traffic management strategies
at controlled intersections, reducing unnecessary delays and enhancing overall traffic
flow efficiency. The conclusions underline the importance of precise traffic delay
definitions and advanced calculation methods to enhance the performance of urban
traffic systems.

ARTICLE 4: Modeling traffic flow emissions at signalized intersection with PTV Vissim

1. Problem Addressed: The document addresses the issue of reducing traffic

congestion, fuel consumption, and emissions at urban intersections. This is crucial as
transportation emissions are a significant contributor to global CO2 levels, and there is a
growing need to manage these emissions effectively.
2. Proposed Solution: The paper proposes a comparative analysis and modeling of
traffic flow emissions at signalized intersections using PTV Vissim software. It evaluates
the operational performance of typical four-legged intersections and roundabouts to
provide insights into effective traffic management strategies.

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: The proposed solution stands out from
previous methods by using a detailed microscopic traffic simulation model (PTV Vissim)
to estimate and compare the emissions and operational performance of different
intersection designs. This approach allows for a more granular analysis of traffic flows
and emissions, considering various signal timings and phasing schemes.

4. Major Contributions and Conclusions: The study uses a microscopic traffic

simulation model to compare emissions and operational performance of typical
intersections and roundabouts. Results indicate that signal timings and phasing
schemes significantly affect performance and emissions at signalized intersections,
underscoring the need for optimized signal planning. The comparative analysis shows
that while roundabouts generally improve traffic flow and reduce emissions, intersection
design should be context-specific. The conclusion stresses the importance of a
model-based approach for effective intersection design and management, considering
long-term traffic and emission impacts. Overall, the study highlights the value of
advanced simulation tools like PTV Vissim for informed intersection design and traffic
management decisions.

ARTICLE 5: A continuous-flow-intersection-lite design and traffic control for

oversaturated bottleneck intersections

1. Problem Addressed: This document addresses the issue of oversaturation at urban

intersections, particularly bottleneck intersections that lead to queue spillover and
network gridlock.

2. Proposed Solution: The proposed solution is a Continuous-Flow-Intersection-Lite

(CFI-Lite) design. This design simplifies the conventional Continuous Flow Intersection
(CFI) by eliminating the need for additional sub-intersections, which makes it more
suitable for urban areas with tightly spaced intersections. The CFI-Lite design enables
simultaneous left-turn and through traffic movements, thereby improving intersection
capacity and reducing congestion.

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: The CFI-Lite design distinguishes itself from
previous solutions in two key ways. First, it does not necessitate the installation of
additional sub-intersections, thereby minimizing vehicular stops and proving more
suitable for urban environments constrained by limited space. Second, it leverages
upstream intersections to manage left-turn traffic allocation, simplifying the design and
enhancing its practicality compared to traditional CFI designs.

4. Major Contributions and Conclusions: The study makes several significant

contributions. Firstly, it introduces the CFI-Lite design, which is tailored to be more
practical and effective in urban areas constrained by limited space. Secondly, through
case studies such as Foothill Blvd in Los Angeles, it demonstrates that the CFI-Lite
design can notably enhance traffic flow and reduce congestion in over 90% of the
observed cycles. Thirdly, the study provides empirical evidence showing that the
CFI-Lite design improves green bandwidths for synchronized phases, thereby boosting
overall traffic signal efficiency. These findings underscore the potential of the CFI-Lite
design to address urban traffic challenges effectively and efficiently.

ARTICLE 6: Edge ML Technique for Smart Traffic Management in Intelligent

Transportation Systems

1. Problem Addressed: The article addresses the problem of real-time traffic

management in intelligent transportation systems (ITS).

2. Proposed Solution: It proposes an edge machine learning (ML) technique for smart
traffic management, enabling real-time monitoring and adaptive control of traffic.

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: This approach differs by using edge ML,
which allows for real-time data processing and decision-making directly at the network
edge, offering faster and more responsive traffic management compared to traditional
centralized systems.

4. Major Contributions and Conclusions: The major contribution is the introduction of

edge ML techniques to ITS, showcasing their potential for enhancing traffic
management. The study concludes that edge ML can significantly improve traffic flow
and reduce congestion in smart cities.

ARTICLE 7: A Group-Based Signal Timing Optimization Model Considering

Safety for Signalized Intersections with Mixed Traffic Flows

1. Problem Addressed: The article addresses the challenge of optimizing signal timing
at intersections with mixed traffic flows, considering both efficiency and safety.

2. Proposed Solution: The solution is a group-based signal timing optimization model

that takes into account safety considerations for various types of traffic.

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: This model differs by focusing on group-based

optimization and explicitly incorporating safety measures into the signal timing process,
unlike many traditional models that prioritize efficiency alone.

4. Major Contributions and Conclusions: The major contribution is the development

of a safety-focused optimization model for signal timing at intersections with mixed
traffic. The study concludes that this approach can enhance both safety and traffic flow
efficiency.

ARTICLE 8: Design and Simulation of Optimized Traffic Light Control System using
YOLOV8

1. Problem Addressed: The document addresses the problem of optimizing traffic light
control to reduce congestion and improve traffic flow.
2. Proposed Solution: It proposes using the YOLOv8 deep learning model to design
and simulate an optimized traffic light control system.

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: This solution utilizes advanced deep learning
techniques (YOLOv8) for vehicle detection and traffic light optimization, offering a more
accurate and responsive system compared to traditional traffic control methods.

4. Major Contributions and Conclusions: The major contribution is the application of

YOLOv8 for traffic light optimization, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving traffic
flow and reducing congestion. The study concludes that deep learning can play a
significant role in modern traffic management.

ARTICLE 9: Synchronized Crossing with Staggered Platforms Increasing the Traffic

Flow at Level-Crossings

1. Problem Addressed: The issue addressed is the congestion and delays at

level-crossings due to unsynchronized pedestrian and vehicle movements.

2. Proposed Solution: The solution proposed is the implementation of synchronized

crossings with staggered platforms to streamline the flow of traffic and pedestrians at
level-crossings.

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: This solution introduces staggered platforms

and synchronization techniques not commonly used in previous designs, aiming to
reduce congestion more effectively.

4. Major Contributions and Conclusions: The major contribution is the development

of a new crossing design that increases traffic flow efficiency at level-crossings. The
study concludes that synchronized staggered platforms can significantly alleviate traffic
delays and improve safety.

ARTICLE 10: Enhancing Urban Intersection Efficiency: Visible Light Communication

and Learning-Based Control for Traffic Signal Optimization and Vehicle Management

1. Problem Addressed: The article tackles the problem of inefficient traffic signal
control at urban intersections, leading to congestion and delays.

2. Proposed Solution: The solution involves using visible light communication (VLC)
and learning-based control to optimize traffic signals and improve vehicle management.

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: This approach differs by leveraging VLC

technology and machine learning for real-time signal optimization, which offers higher
precision and adaptability compared to conventional traffic control systems.

4. Major Contributions and Conclusions: The study contributes a novel application of

VLC in traffic management and demonstrates that learning-based control can
significantly enhance intersection efficiency. The conclusion highlights the potential of
these technologies to reduce congestion and improve traffic flow.
ARTICLE 11: Assessing Traffic Characteristics for Safe Pedestrian Crossings:
Developing Warrants for Sustainable Urban Safety

1. Problem Addressed: The document addresses the issue of ensuring pedestrian

safety at crossings within urban environments, focusing on sustainable urban safety
measures.

2. Proposed Solution: The study proposes the development of warrants (specific

criteria) for pedestrian crossings to enhance safety in urban settings.

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: Unlike traditional methods, this study

integrates sustainability considerations into pedestrian safety measures and develops
specific warrants tailored for urban environments.

4. Major Contributions and Conclusions: The major contribution is the creation of a

framework for pedestrian crossing warrants that incorporate sustainability. The study
concludes that such warrants can significantly improve pedestrian safety in urban areas.

ARTICLE 12: AI enabled applications towards intelligent transportation

1. Problem Addressed: The paper addresses various problems plaguing the transport
industry, such as traffic congestion, unexpected delays, routing problems, safety
issues, pollution, and the increased need for mobility. These issues lead to monetary
losses for organizations and inefficiencies in the transport system.

2. Proposed Solution: The study suggests using AI to develop Intelligent

Transportation Systems (ITS) to address traffic issues. Proposed solutions include
predicting traffic congestion, managing routes, improving vehicle safety, and enhancing
travel behavior. AI's role in optimizing operations in manufacturing and logistics is also
highlighted.

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: The proposed AI solutions in Intelligent

Transportation Systems (ITS) utilize advanced technologies like Internet of Things (IoT),
Robotic Process Automation (RPA), Computer Vision, and Natural Language
Processing (NLP). These innovations enable real-time data processing and
decision-making, offering capabilities for dynamic response to traffic conditions,
improved fuel efficiency, and higher levels of automation and predictive analytics
compared to traditional systems.

4. Major Contributions and Conclusions: Comprehensive framework for

implementing ITS using AI (1) Identification of sub-systems within ITS that can benefit
from AI technologies (2) Compilation of AI techniques and their applications in resolving
specific transport issues, and (3) Insights into the adoption patterns of AI in
transportation across different countries and regions

GAP:
 (1) Need for substantial data, investment, and leadership support for successful AI
integration
(2) Challenges such as cybersecurity, data privacy, and ethical considerations in AI
adoption

ARTICLE 13: Optimization Model of Unsignalized Intersection to Signalized Intersection

Using PTV. VISSIM: Study Case in Imogiri Barat and Tritunggal Intersection,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia

1. Problem Addressed: The study focuses on the issue of traffic congestion at

unsignalized intersections, specifically at the crossroads between Imogiri Timur and
Wirosaban road in Yogyakarta. Unsignalized intersections often lead to longer
queues, delays, and increased driver stress due to the lack of traffic signals to
manage vehicle flow effectively.

2. Proposed Solution: The proposed solution involves converting the unsignalized

intersection into a signalized one and optimizing its performance using the PTV VISSIM
9.0 microsimulation tool. Three scenarios are tested: (1) Without Left Turn on Red
(LTOR), (2) With LTOR, and (3) Combination of LTOR and widening the road by 2
meters on the outlet road.

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: Previous solutions typically involved static

analysis or less sophisticated simulation tools. This study uses PTV VISSIM 9.0, which
allows for dynamic simulation of traffic conditions, providing more accurate and
detailed results. The use of multiple scenarios, including infrastructural changes like
road widening, offers a more comprehensive approach to optimization.

4. Major Contributions and Conclusions:

● Improvement in Queue Length and Level of Service (LOS)
○ Third scenario (LTOR with road widening) reduced average queue length
from 17.76 meters to 14.99 meters.
○ Improved LOS from D to C.
● Dynamic Simulation
○ Demonstrated the effectiveness of using PTV VISSIM for traffic simulation
and optimization at intersections,
○ providing insights into traffic flow, queue lengths, and capacity.
● Practical Implications
○ The study highlights practical changes that can be made to existing
infrastructure to enhance traffic flow, suggesting that similar approaches
can be applied to other congested intersections in urban areas.

ARTICLE 14: Fog-based dynamic traffic light control system for improving public
transport

1. Problem Addressed: The paper addresses the problem of increasing traffic

congestion in urban areas. Existing traffic light control systems are not efficient
enough to handle the rising demands and pressure of traffic.

2. Proposed Solution: (1) Fog-based distributed architecture for dynamic traffic light
control within an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). (2) Real-time local traffic data
collection using a wireless sensor network at each intersection. (3) Neighboring traffic
data acquisition from distributed fog nodes. (4) Efficient Dynamic Traffic Light Control
algorithm for Multiple Intersections (EDTLCM) to calculate optimal green light sequence
and duration

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: The key differentiator of the proposed solution
is its use of a fog-based distributed architecture, which allows for real-time data
collection and processing both locally and from neighboring intersections. This
approach contrasts with traditional centralized traffic control systems that might not
handle real-time data as efficiently or consider the impact of neighboring intersections.

4. Major Contributions and Conclusions:

● Real-time Data Utilization: Collects and uses real-time local and neighboring
traffic data for optimization
● EDTLCM Algorithm: Introduces the EDTLCM algorithm focusing on reducing
waiting time, minimizing fuel consumption, and increasing throughput
● Improved Efficiency: Demonstrates significant reduction in waiting times, lower
fuel consumption, and improved system throughput compared to other dynamic
strategies
● Potential of Fog Computing: Highlights the effectiveness of fog computing in
enhancing traffic control systems and public transport efficiency

ARTICLE 15: Signal Light Optimization based on PTV VissimSoftware

1. Problem Addressed: The paper addresses the issue of traffic congestion and
delays at signalized intersections, specifically at the intersection of Qinglongtan Road
and Ziyun Road in Hefei City's Economic Development Zone. The primary goal is to
improve the traffic capacity and reduce the delay times at this intersection to enhance
overall traffic flow efficiency and safety.

2. Proposed Solution: (1) Use of PTV Vissim, a microscopic traffic simulation software,
to optimize signal light durations. (2) Simulation of current traffic conditions. (3)
Development of an optimized signal timing scheme to minimize delays and maximize
intersection capacity.

3. Difference from Previous Solutions: How the solution differs from previous
solutions, and
● Utilizes PTV Vissim for real-time traffic simulation and precise signal
timing optimization.
● More dynamic and responsive than previous static and less adaptable
methods.
● Relies on real-time data and comprehensive simulations for optimization.

4. Major Contributions and Conclusions:

● A detailed investigation of the current traffic conditions at the specified

intersection.
● The application of PTV Vissim for simulating and analyzing traffic flow and
signal timings.
● Development of an optimized signal timing scheme that significantly
reduces delay times and improves intersection capacity.
 ● Validation of the proposed optimization through simulation results, which
showed improved traffic flow and reduced congestion during peak hours.

Part 4.2.: Choose 4-6 articles that are of highest quality and addresses the
researcher’s interest and challenges in the field most appropriately.

● ARTICLE 2: Potential Effect of Traffic Signaling System in Catbalogan City,

Philippines
● ARTICLE 8 Design and Simulation of Optimized Traffic Light Control System
using YOLOV8
● ARTICLE 10 Enhancing Urban Intersection Efficiency: Visible Light
Communication and Learning-Based Control for Traffic Signal Optimization and
Vehicle Management
● ARTICLE 13: Optimization Model of Unsignalized Intersection to Signalized
Intersection Using PTV. VISSIM: Study Case in Imogiri Barat and Tritunggal
Intersection, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
● ARTICLE 15: Signal Light Optimization based on PTV VissimSoftware

Part 5.1 : Read the chosen 4-6 articles, full article na.

Part 5.2: Identify the following:

(1) major approaches

(2) methods of analysis in terms of;

(a) metrics

(b) evaluation tools

(c) analysis and interpretation of resulting measured data, and

(3) conclusions

1. ARTICLE 2 Potential Effect of Traffic Signaling System in Catbalogan City,

Philippines

Major Approaches: The study examines the effects of implementing traffic signaling
systems at key intersections in Catbalogan City to manage and improve traffic flow. It
tests three scenarios: current traffic conditions, traffic without rickshaws (pedicabs), and
traffic where rickshaws are replaced with motorized tricycles. Additionally, the study
evaluates both the traffic flow and environmental impacts, such as pollution, resulting
from each scenario.

Methods of Analysis

(a) Metrics - The study measures the impact of traffic signaling on travel time
through key intersections, providing insights into how these signals affect the
overall efficiency of transit. Additionally, it includes an analysis of how traffic
 signaling influences the flow of vehicles, examining the patterns and volume of
traffic under different signaling conditions. Moreover, the study evaluates
pollution levels, considering the environmental impacts that arise from changes in
vehicle types and varying traffic conditions. This comprehensive approach helps
to understand the broader implications of traffic signaling on urban transportation
and environmental health.
(b) Evaluation Tools - SYNCHRO Studio 8.0 is a traffic simulation software used to
model and analyze different traffic scenarios in Catbalogan City.
(c) Analysis and Interpretation of Datas - Data on current traffic conditions,
vehicle types, and volumes are collected for accurate simulation. Multiple
simulation runs are conducted for each scenario to ensure the reliability of the
results. A comparative analysis is then performed, comparing the simulation
results to evaluate the effectiveness of traffic signals and assess the impact of
removing or replacing rickshaws.

Conclusions: Implementing traffic signals has led to improvements in traffic flow at the
Curry Avenue – Del Rosario St. and Curry Avenue – San Roque St. intersections.
However, the same enhancements were not observed at the San Roque-Mabini Avenue
intersection. Additionally, while the removal of rickshaws has improved traffic flow,
replacing them with motorized tricycles has resulted in severe traffic congestion and
negative environmental consequences.

2. ARTICLE 8 Design and Simulation of Optimized Traffic Light Control System using
YOLOV8

Major Approaches: The research aims to optimize traffic light control systems using
YOLOv8 for object detection and image classification to improve traffic flow at
intersections​.

Methods of Analysis:

(a) Metrics - Accuracy for image classification and Precision-Recall Curve and
mean Average Precision (mAP) for object detection​.
(b) Evaluation Tools - Google Colaboratory (Colab) for model training and
validation. Additionally, YOLOv8 and SORT (Simple Online and Real-time
Tracking algorithm) for object detection and tracking
(c) Analysis and Interpretation of Datas - The model training process involves
splitting the data into training, test, and validation sets. Evaluation is conducted
by measuring accuracy, precision, and recall, and analyzing the Precision-Recall
curve. The results from this evaluation are then used to optimize traffic light
timings based on detected traffic density.

Conclusions: Integrating advanced computer vision techniques like YOLOv8 can

significantly improve traffic light control systems by providing more accurate and
real-time traffic density data, thereby optimizing traffic flow and reducing congestion​

3. ARTICLE 10 Enhancing Urban Intersection Efficiency: Visible Light Communication

and Learning-Based Control for Traffic Signal Optimization and Vehicle Management
Major Approaches: The paper explores innovative methods to optimize traffic signals
using visible light communication (VLC) and learning-based control mechanisms. The
approach integrates advanced communication technologies with adaptive traffic signal
control systems to enhance intersection efficiency.

Methods of Analysis:

(d) Metrics - Key performance indicators include average delay, queue length,
intersection throughput, and emissions levels. System performance under
different traffic conditions and signal timings is analyzed.
(e) Evaluation Tools - Tools include VLC technology for vehicle-to-infrastructure
(V2I) communication and machine learning algorithms for adaptive signal control.
Simulation platforms may be used to test and validate the proposed system
under various traffic scenarios.
(f) Analysis and Interpretation of Datas - The data from simulations and
real-world testing are analyzed to determine the effectiveness of VLC and
learning-based control in reducing delays and improving flow. Comparative
analysis with traditional traffic signal control methods to highlight improvements.

Conclusions: The integration of VLC and learning-based control significantly enhances

traffic signal efficiency. The study suggests that such advanced systems could reduce
congestion, improve travel times, and lower emissions at urban intersections.

4. ARTICLE 13: Optimization Model of Unsignalized Intersection to Signalized

Intersection Using PTV. VISSIM: Study Case in Imogiri Barat and Tritunggal
Intersection, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Major Approaches: evaluates converting unsignalized intersections to signalized ones

using PTV VISSIM microsimulation software. This approach measures performance
based on delay, queue lengths, and capacities.

Methods of Analysis:

(a) Metrics - Delay:

Waiting time at the intersection.
Queue Lengths: Number of vehicles lined up.
Capacities: Maximum vehicle throughput.
Number of Conflict Points: Intersecting vehicle paths.
Intersection Capacity: Overall traffic handling ability.
Level of Service (LOS): Quality of traffic flow conditions.

(b) Evaluation Tools - PTV VISSIM, a traffic simulation software, models

intersection traffic flow and interactions. It is chosen for its ease of use, flexibility,
and ability to simulate complex traffic scenarios.
(c) Analysis and Interpretation of Datas - Data analysis compares unsignalized
and signalized intersection performance using metrics. Simulations under various
scenarios identify the best configuration for traffic flow and safety. Results show
signalization, road widening, and LTOR enforcement improve the intersection's
level of service by reducing delays and conflict points.
Conclusions: The optimal scenario combines traffic signals, LTOR, and road widening,
improving intersection performance by reducing conflict points, increasing capacity, and
decreasing delays. The study shows that PTV VISSIM simulations effectively enhance
traffic flow and safety when converting unsignalized intersections to signalized ones.

5. ARTICLE 15: Signal Light Optimization based on PTV VissimSoftware

Major Approaches:Optimization of traffic signal timings using PTV Vissim software and
real-time simulations.

Methods of Analysis:Field survey, Webster Method for signal timing, and PTV Vissim
for simulation and testing.

(a) Metrics - Traffic capacity, delay time, and service level to evaluate the
effectiveness of signal timings.
(b) Evaluation Tools -PTV Vissim for simulation, Webster Method for signal timing
calculations.
(c) Analysis and Interpretation of Datas - Analysis showed high delays and low
service levels with current timings, leading to proposed optimizations.

Conclusions:Proposed signal timing changes improve traffic flow, reduce delays, and
increase capacity.

Part 5.3: Study, Gaps or Limitations

● Did all / some papers use similar approaches?

Yes, upon reading the articles, they all focus on optimizing traffic signal
systems to improve traffic flow and reduce congestion. They use simulation
software such as PTV Vissim and SYNCHRO Studio 8.0 and data analysis to
evaluate the effectiveness of their proposed methods. They utilized these
simulation software to improve traffic flow.

● Have they used the same evaluation criteria or method of analysis?

No, upon understanding, each article used different evaluation criteria or

method of analysis. The Different Evaluation Criterias in each articles are as
follows:

❖ Article 2: Pollution levels, SYNCHRO Studio 8.0.

❖ Article 8: AI-based real-time traffic density detection, YOLOv8, Google
Colab.
❖ Article 10: VLC, machine learning, emissions levels.
❖ Article 13: Intersection capacity, conflict points, PTV VISSIM.
❖ Article 15: Webster Method for signal timing, PTV VISSIM.
● If not, then what are the strengths / weaknesses of each method?

Strengths. Advanced methodologies, comprehensive performance metrics,

practical applications.
 Weaknesses. Implementation complexity, reliance on data quality, potential high
costs, and technical challenges.

Part 5.4.: List down the ideas you want to explore

Figure 5.4.1 Theoretical Framework

TRAFFIC Signal Timing

● Traffic Flow
○ Traffic volume
● Traffic Signal
○ Signal Phasing and Timing
● Traffic Congestion
○ Road Capacity
● Simulation Tools
○ PTV vissim

Part 6: Making of Two Page Proposal

Inclusions:

● Motivation
● Research challenges
● Overview of existing work
● Limitations of existing work
● Potential directions and ideas for improvement
● Expected results and impact on the field.

Title: RESEARCH PROPOSAL

I. Research Title:
● Optimization of Traffic Signal Timings for Minimizing Congestion Using PTV
Vissim Simulation
● Enhanced Urban Mobility: Simulation-Based Optimization of Traffic Signal
Timing in PTV Vissim for Minimizing Congestion and Improving Traffic Flow
 II. Research Problem:
The increased number of vehicles in Batangas City and Lipa City has resulted in
inadequate traffic signal timing, contributing to traffic congestion and delays.
Therefore, it is essential to consider pedestrians, traffic volume, and road capacity in
addressing this issue.

III. Research Objectives:

The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of traffic signal timing
on traffic flow and congestion reduction at urban intersections.

Specifically, this aimed to:

1. analyze the current traffic volume and flow patterns in Batangas City and Lipa
City
2. compare the effectiveness of proposed traffic signal timings with current
timings
3. evaluate the effects of traffic volume variations on vehicle delay and queue
length
4. assess the impact of different traffic signal timings on vehicle delay and queue
length considering the following:
1.1 Pedestrians
1.2 Traffic Volume
1.3 Road Capacity

IV. Motivation

Our frustration increases when we frequently find ourselves stopped in traffic on the
congested highways of Lipa and Batangas City, with traffic lights that seem to be stuck
on red. As researchers, we see that this everyday struggle for many citizens is a sign of
a traffic management system that isn't working properly. In our growing cities, outdated
traffic signal timing adds to extreme traffic jams that negatively impact vehicles,
people, and the environment. From that, our study proposes a remedy for the primary
cause of the issue, which is ineffective traffic signal timing. We may optimize traffic
flow by considering the demands of pedestrians, the ever-increasing number of
vehicles, and the constraints of our roads. It goes beyond merely keeping pedestrians
safe to create safer streets for everyone. In fact, it might result in more efficient traffic
flow for all. Two advantages of enhanced traffic management include reduced delays
and securer crossings for pedestrians. The smoother the traffic flow between Lipa and
Batangas City, the shorter the travel times and less frustration for drivers. As a result,
both drivers and pedestrians benefit.

V. Research Challenges

There are a number of obstacles in the way of studying how to adjust traffic light
timing to optimize traffic flow in Batangas City and Lipa City. First, although it might
be challenging, gathering current, reliable data on pedestrian traffic volume and
movement is essential. Furthermore, there might not be much information available on
lane widths and work zones on the roads. The level of difficulty of actual traffic, which
is influenced by inconsistent variables like weather and driver behavior, may be
difficult for traffic simulations to accurately expand, even with reliable data. Even if a
solution works in a simulation, actual hurdles like financial constraints or a lack of
infrastructure for advanced technologies may make it difficult to put it into practice.
Previous research may provide solutions that are useful in certain situations but may
not be applicable to other areas. Overall, optimizing traffic light timing in major cities
requires careful planning, reliable information, and consideration of the local context.

VI. Overview
 Traffic light timing is necessary for managing congestion, and research shows
optimized plans can significantly improve traffic flow. Tools like simulations help us
assess different timings, while pedestrian safety and understanding traffic patterns are
also important. Emerging technologies like machine learning and real-time data
collection offer exciting possibilities for even more efficient traffic management.

Research on traffic management in developing cities provides valuable insights for

Batangas City and Lipa City. These studies highlight the importance of considering
local traffic patterns, infrastructure limitations, and socio-economic factors when
designing signal timing solutions. Furthermore, case studies from various cities
document the positive impacts of signal timing changes on congestion and traffic flow.

In conclusion, the existing knowledge on traffic signal timing, traffic volume analysis,
road capacity, and advanced technologies provides a strong foundation for this
research. By leveraging these insights and incorporating data specific to Batangas City
and Lipa City, the aim is to develop effective traffic signal timing solutions to reduce
congestion and improve traffic flow in these cities.

VII. Limitations

There are still certain gaps in the literature on traffic signal timing, which this research
seeks to fill. It is challenging to create timings that are distinctive to Batangas City and
Lipa City because previous research frequently depends on insufficient data. Moreover,
there may be a lack of data on pedestrian mobility, which makes it difficult to integrate
pedestrian safety. Although traffic simulations are useful tools, they may not fully
depict uncertain traffic behavior because their accuracy is dependent on actual data.
Previous studies have frequently been obtained, but the goal of this research is to create
timings that are especially suited to the distinct traffic patterns and infrastructure of
these cities. Additionally, due to financial or infrastructure constraints, modern
technologies utilizing IoT or machine intelligence may not be easily accessible.
Moreover, this research recognizes these limitations and emphasizes how important it
is to gather precise, local data. By doing this, it seeks to create effective and flexible
traffic signal timing solutions that take into consideration the unique circumstances and
limitations of Lipa City and Batangas City.

VIII. Potential Directions and Ideas for Improvement

- Based on the motivation and limitations identified, you can propose your
specific research question and methodology. This section explains how your
research will address the gaps and contribute new knowledge.

IX. Expected Results and Impact on Field

- Describe the concrete outcomes you anticipate from your research. What new
knowledge will it generate? How will it improve existing understanding or
practices in the field? This ties back to the initial motivation, showcasing the
potential significance of your research.

X. References

Research Challenges:
- Are there limitations in data availability, methodology, or existing knowledge?

The research challenges with the study might include having a hard time getting
reliable and complete data on traffic volumes in Batangas City and Lipa City,
which is crucial for understanding current traffic trends. There might also be
challenges in getting accurate data on pedestrian movements and understanding
 how traffic changes throughout the day. Optimizing traffic signal timings with
PTV Vissim requires a lot of computing power and a good understanding of
simulation modeling.

Overview:
- Knowing the current state of knowledge in your field is crucial. This section highlights
relevant research that has already been done, demonstrating your familiarity with the
landscape.

Limitations: