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11th Computer Science Study Materials English Medium

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11th Computer Science

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CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Choose the correct answer:

1. First generation computer __________ component is used
a. Vacuum tubes b. Transistors
c. Integrated circuits d. Microprocessors
2. Name the volatile memory
a. ROM b. PROM c. RAM d. EPROM
3. Identify the output device
a. Keyboard b. Memory c. Monitor d. Mouse
4. Identify the input device
a. Printer b. Mouse c. Plotter d. Projector
5. ___________ Output device is used for printing building plan, flex board, etc.
a. Thermal printer b. Plotter c. Dot matrix d. inkjet printer
6. In ATM machines, which one of the following is used to _____.
a. Touch Screen b. speaker c. Monitor d. Printer
7. When a system restart __________ which type of booting is used.
a. Warm booting b. Cold booting c. Touch boot d. Real boot.
8. Expand POST
a. Post on self Test b. Power on Software Test
c. Power on Self Test d. Power on Self Text
9. Which one of the following is the main memory?
a. ROM b. RAM c. Flash drive d. Hard disk

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10.

11.

12.
Which generation of computer used IC’s?
a. First b. Second
__________ Example of First Generation Computer.
a. IBM 1401 b. VLSI
c. Third

c. IBM 360 Series

d. Fourth

d. ENIAC
Which of the following led us today to extremely high speed calculating device?
a. Laptop b. Tabulating machine c. Abacus d. ENIAC
13. _______ Languages used in Third generation Computer.
a. Machine Level b. Object Code
c. High Level d. Assembly Level
14. __________ Example is not in First Generation Computer.
a. IBM 1401 b. EDVAC c. UNVAC1 d. ENIAC
15. In second generation _________ component is used.
a. IC’s b. Microprocessor c. Transistor d. Vacuum tubes
16. _________ Example of Second Generation Computer.
a. IBM 1401 b. EDVAC c. UNVAC d. ENIAC
17. ___________ is defined as an unprocessed collection.
a. Datum b. Data c. Process d. Project
18. __________ Example is not in Second Generation Computer.
a. IBM 1401 b. UNVAC1108 c. IBM 360 Series d. UNIVA1
19. The CPU has ___________ components in Computer.
a. 2 b. 4 c. 3 d. 5
20. __________ Device is used to insert the Alpha-Numeric data into Computer.
a. Mouse b. Printer c. Monitor d. Keyboard
21. Which of the following is a Third generation of computer?
a. IBM1620 b. ENIAC
c. UNIVAC1 d. Honeywell 6000 series
22. ________ memory is a Volatile.
a. Primary b. PROM c. Secondary d. ROM
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23. The __________ converts any type of printed or written information including photographs
into a digital format.
a. Monitor b. Scanner
c. Printer d. Digital Camera
24. A _______ is a device for signaling by hand, by way of pressing one or more switches.
a. Keyboard b. Printer c. Keyer d. Touch Screen
25. Pictures on a monitor are formed with picture elements called _______.
a. Points b. Dots c. inches d. Pixels
26. A ________ printer that prints using a fixed number of pins or wires.
a. Laser b. Ink Jet c. Plotter d. Dot-matrix
27. _________ are used to produce computer output on a big screen.
a. Monitors b. Touch Screen
c. Plotter d. Multimedia Projector
28. An __________ is a basic software that makes the computer to work.
a. Ms-Office b. Ms-Paint c. Operation System d. Note Pad
29. Booting process has __________ Types.
a. 3 b. 2 c. 5 d. 1
30. __________ is the physical component of a computer.
a. Software b. Application c. Hardware d. Power
31. “An act of Calculating” means __________.
a. Computing b. Arithmetic c. numbers d. calculations
32. _____ is the first known calculating machine counting.
a. Analytical Engine b. Abacus
c. Calculator d. Computer
33. Super Conductors are used in __________ generation.
a. Fourth b. Second c. Fifth d. Third
34. Which software used in fifth generation computer?

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35.

36.
a. Artificial Neural Network
c. Robotics
b. Artificial Intelligence
d. Machine language
The first generation computers were used between ________.
a.1940 – 1955 b. 1941 – 1956 c. 1942 – 1955
The first generation computers used _______ for memory.
d. 1941- 1955

a. Magnetic circuitry b. Magnetic drums

c. Magnetic tubes d. Magnetic buses
37. Transistors were made smaller in size and placed on _________ chips.
a. Integrated b. Silicon c. Magnetic d. Circuit
38. The primary memory is _______ in nature.
a. Peripheral b. Volatile c. Non- Volatile d. Main memory
39. The second generation computers were used between ________.
a. 1954 – 1964 b. 1951 – 1966 c. 1950 – 1956 d. 1961- 1965
40. The third generation computers were used between ________.
a. 1964 – 1975 b. 1961 – 1971 c. 1960 – 1975 d. 1964- 1975
41. The fourth generation computers were used between ________.
a.1975 – 1980 b. 1971 – 1981 c. 1970 – 1975 d. 1974- 1985
42. ____ is the major component which interprets and executes software instructions.
a. Input unit b. Output unit c. Memory d. CPU
43. In ______ Mouse uses Laser Light.
a. Optical b. Mechanical c. Laser d. Air
44. _________ types of Printer in the categories.
a. 3 b. 2 c. 4 d.1
45. Laser printer print _______ pages per minutes.
a. 100 b.150 c. 80 d. 120
46. Line printers are capable of printing much more than ________ Lines Per Minute.
a. 1500 b. 1000 c. 500 d. 800

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47. ________is the physical component of a computer.
a. Hardware b. Software c. Application d. Picture
48. The speed of Inkjet printers generally range from __________ Page Per Minute.
a. 1-10 b. 1-15 c. 15-20 d.1-20
49. _______ serves as a voice Input device.
a. Speakers b. Scanner c. Printer d. Microphone
50. ________ is the set of programs or instructions.
a. Hardware b. Software c. Application d. Picture
51. The computer mouse as we know it today was invented and developed by ________.
a. Douglas Engelbart b. Douglas Lee c. Charles Babbage d. Napier
52. Third generation computers, used________
a. Vacuum Tube b. Transistor
c. Integrated Circuit d. Micro Processor
53. When the system starts from initial state _______
a. Computing b. Cold Booting c. Warm Booting d. BIOS
54. When the system restarts or when reset button is pressed, we call it ________.
a. Computing b. Cold Booting c. Warm Booting d. BIOS
55. The _________ is the combination of hardware and software.
a. Calculator b. Computer c. ALU d. CPU
56. CPU interprets and executes software instructions.
a. CPU b. ALU c. monitor d. mouse
57. The processing is performed by the__________
a. software b. information c. data d. hardware
58. Which of the following is not a input device?
a. Keyboard b. Mouse c. Scanners d. Printers
59. __________ Printers use color cartridges.
a. Laser b. Dot Matrix c. Thermal d. Inkjet

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60.

61.

62.
_________ is used to feed any form of data to the computer.
a. Output Unit b. Processing
_________unit is used to Display the data.
a. Output Unit b. Processing
c. Memory Unit

c. Memory Unit
_________ is used to Store the data into to the computer.
d. Input Unit

d. Input Unit

a. Output Unit b. Processing c. Memory Unit d. Input Unit

63. Main Memory is also called ____________.
a. Secondary memory b. Main memory
c. CPU d. Cache memory.
64. Optical Mouse invented in the year _________.
a. 1968 b. 1973 c. 1988 d. 1981
65. Laser mouse has as many as ____ buttons. a. 4 b. 3 c. 1 d. 2
66. Who invented the computer mouse?
a. Douglas Engelbart b. Bill English c. Apple Lisa d. Henry Babbage
67. Which device works like a Xerox machine?
a. Retinal scanner b. OCR c. OMR d. Scanner
68. Which device is very safe and convenient for security instead of password?
a. Scanner b. Finger scanner c. Track Ball d. Retinal scanner
69. Which device similar to the upside – down design of the mouse?
a. Mouse b. Optical Mouse c. Laser Mouse d. Retinal Scanner
70. _______ detect alpha numeric characters printed or written on a paper.
a. Scanner b. Mouse
c. Trace Ball d. Optical Character Reader
71. Which of the following device uses CCD Electronic Chip?
a. Digital Camera b. OCR c. MICR d. Voice Input System
72. Input  __________  Output
a. Data b. Information c. Process d. Computer
73. Printers are basically classified into ________ types.
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a. 3 b. 2 c. 4 d. 5
74. How many classification of memories in memory unit?
a. 2 b. 4 c.5 d. more than 2
75. How many types of keyboards used to input the data? a. 2 b. 4 c. 3 d. 5
76. Which of the following Mouse type used Green LED?
a. Mechanical b. Optical c. Laser d. None of those
77. Which of the following Mouse type used Infrared LED?
a. Mechanical b. Optical c. Laser d. None of those
78. Which mouse has as many as 12 buttons?
a. Laser b. Optical c. Mechanical d. Both a & b
79. The mechanical mouse introduced in the year.
a. 1978 b.1988 c. 1968 d. 1958
80. The first computer Monitor was released in the year ________
a. 1974 b. 1972 c. 1971 d. 1973
81. Which of the following is an impact printer?
a. Inkjet b. Fax c. Dot Matrix d. Laser
82. How many buses available inside the CPU? a. 4 b. 3 c. 2 d. many
83. In which bus the data can travel in single direction?
a. Address bus b. Data Bus c. Control Bus d. Universal Bus

ABBREVIATION:

ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit

CPU – Central Processing Unit
CU – Control Unit
IC – Integrated Circuits

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GUI -
VLSI -
ULSI –
ENIAC-
NLP -
Graphical User Interface
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits.
Ultra Large Scale Integration
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
Natural Language Processing
AI - Artificial Intelligence
RAM – Random Access Memory
ROM – Read Only Memory
QR – Quick Response
OCR – Optical Character Reader
CCD - Charge Coupled Device
CRT - Cathode Ray Tube
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
LED - Light Emitting Diode
VGA - Video Graphics Array
CPS - Character Per Second
PIXEL – Picture Element
CPS - Character Per Second
DPI - Dots Per Inch
PPM - Page Per Minute
POST - Power on Self Test
BIOS - Basic Input Output System
OS - Operating system

Question and Answer:

1. What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability
to store, retrieve, and process data.
Computer works faster than human being and given the values more accuracy and reliable.

2. Write about Charles Babbage.

 Is considered to be the father of computer.
 His invention and the concept of Analytical Engine in 1837.
 The Analytical Engine contained an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, and
integrated memory; which led to the development of first general - purpose computer
concept.

3. What are the Characteristics of Computer?

Computer is the powerful machine. It can perform large number of tasks. The main
capacities of computer are work length, speed accuracy, diligence, versatility memory and
automation and lots of more tasks.
4. Write the Generation of Computer.

First Generation 1942-1955 Vacuum tubes

Second Generation 1955-1964 Transistors
Third Generation 1964-1975 Integrated Circuits (IC)
Microprocessor Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits
Fourth Generation 1975-1980
(VLSI)
1980 – till date Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI)

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Fifth Generation
Sixth Generation In future

5. The first digital computer

The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) was invented by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly.
It occupied about 1,800 square feet and used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing almost 50 tons.
ENIAC was the first digital computer because it was fully functional.

6. Write the Applications of computer.

A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility
which made it an integrated part of our life as well as business organisations. Computers are being
used almost every walk of life.

7. Write the functions of Arithmetic and Logic Unit

The ALU is a part of the CPU where various computing functions are
performed on data. The ALU performs arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and logical operations. The result of an operation is stored in internal
memory of CPU. The logical operations of ALU promote the decision-making ability of a
computer.

8. Write the significant features of Monitor.

Monitor is the most commonly used output device to display the information. It looks like a
TV. Pictures on a monitor are formed with picture elements called PIXELS. Monitors may either
be Monochrome which display text or images in Black and White or can be color, which display
results in multiple colors.

9. Distinguish between Data and Information.

Data:
Data is defined as an unprocessed collection of raw facts, suitable for communication,
interpretation or processing.
For example: 134, 16, ‘Kavitha’, ‘C’ is data. This will not give any meaningful message.
Information:
Information is a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn. In simple words
we can say that data is the raw facts that are processed to give meaningful, ordered or structured
information.
For Example: Kavitha is 16 years old. This information is about Kavitha and conveys some
meaning. This conversion of data into information is called data processing.

10. Write the Components of a Computer.

1. Input Unit 2.Central Processing Unit (Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit, Memory
Unit) 3.Output Unit

11. Write about Input Unit and Output Unit.

Input Unit
Input unit is used to feed any form of data to the computer, which can be stored in the
memory unit for further processing. Example: Keyboard, mouse, etc.

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Output Unit
An Output Unit is any hardware component that conveys information to users in an
understandable form. Example: Monitor, Printer etc.

12. Write about the Central Processing Unit.

CPU is the major component which interprets and executes software instructions. It also
controls the operation of all other components such as memory, input and output units. It accepts
binary data as input process the data according to the instructions and provides the result as output.
The CPU has three components which are Control unit, Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
and Memory unit.

13. Write about Arithmetic and Logic Unit.

The ALU is a part of the CPU where various computing functions are performed on data.
The ALU performs arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
logical operations. The result of an operation is stored in internal memory of CPU.
The logical operations of ALU promote the decision-making ability of a computer.

14. Write about Control Unit.

The control unit controls the flow of data between the CPU, memory and I/O devices. It
also controls the entire operation of a computer.

15. Write about Memory Unit / Storage Unit.

The Memory Unit is of two types which are primary memory and secondary
memory. The primary memory is used to temporarily store the programs and
data when the instructions are ready to execute. The secondary memory is used to store the data
permanently.

18. List out the Types of Output Devices.

Monitors, Printers, Speakers, Plotter, Multimedia Projectors are the Output Devices.

19. Difference between Optical and Laser Mouse

Optical Mouse Laser Mouse

 Measures the motion and
acceleration of pointer.  Measures the motion and
 It uses light source instead of ball to acceleration of pointer.
judge the motion of the pointer.  Laser Mouse uses Laser Light.
 Optical mouse has three buttons.  Laser Mouse is highly sensitive and
 Optical mouse is less sensitive able to work on any hard surface.
towards surface.

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20. Write about Sixth Generation Computer.

In the Sixth Generation, computers could be defined as the era of intelligent

computers, based on Artificial Neural Networks. One of the most dramatic changes in
the sixth generation will be the explosive growth of Wide Area Networking. Natural
Language Processing (NLP) is a component of Artificial Intelligence (AI). It provides the ability to
develop the computer program to understand human language.

Answer the Detail Question:

1. Explain the Generation of Computer

Main Component
Generation Period Merits/Demerits
used
• Big in size
First 1942- • Consumed more power
Vacuum tubes
Generation 1955 • Malfunction due to overheat
• Machine Language was used
First Generation Computers - ENIAC , EDVAC , UNIVAC 1 ENIAC weighed about 27 tons,
size 8 feet × 100 feet × 3 feet and consumed around 150 watts of power
• Smaller compared to First Generation
• Generated Less Heat
• Consumed less power compared to first
Second 1955- generation
Transistors
Generation 1964 • Punched cards were used
• First operating system was developed - Batch
Processing and Multiprogramming
Operating System
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• Machine language as well as Assembly
language was used.
Second Generation Computers IBM 1401, IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108
• Computers were smaller, faster and more
reliable
Third 1964 Integrated
• Consumed less power
Generation -1975 Circuits (IC)
• High Level Languages were
used
Third Generation Computers IBM 360 series, Honeywell 6000 series
Microprocessor • Smaller and Faster
Fourth 1975- Very Large Scale • Microcomputer series such as IBM and
Generation 1980 Integrated Circuits APPLE were developed
(VLSI) • Portable Computers were introduced.
• Parallel Processing
• Super conductors
• Computers size was drastically reduced.
1980 - Ultra Large • Can recognize Images and Graphics
Fifth
till Scale Integration • Introduction of Artificial Intelligence and
Generation
date (ULSI) Expert Systems
• Able to solve high complex problems
including decision making and logical
reasoning
• Parallel and Distributed computing
• Computers have become smarter, faster and
Sixth In smaller
Generation future • Development of robotics

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• Natural Language Processing
• Development of Voice Recognition Software

2. Explain the Input and Output Devices.

Input Devices:

(1) Keyboard:
Keyboard (wired / wireless, virtual) is the most common input device used today. The
individual keys for letters, numbers and special characters are collectively known as character keys.
This keyboard layout is derived from the keyboard of original typewriter. The data and instructions
are given as input to the computer by typing on the keyboard. Apart from alphabet and numeric
keys, it also has Function keys for performing different functions. There are different set of keys
available in the keyboard such as character keys, modifier keys, system and GUI keys, enter and
editing keys, function keys, navigation keys, numeric keypad and lock-keys.
(2) Mouse:
Mouse (wired/wireless) is a pointing device used to control the movement of the cursor on
the display screen. It can be used to select icons, menus, command buttons or activate something on
a computer. Some mouse actions are move, click, double click, right click, drag and drop.
(3) Scanner:
Scanners are used to enter the information directly into the computer’s memory. This device
works like a Xerox machine. The scanner converts any type of printed or written information
including photographs into a digital format, which can be manipulated by the computer.
(4)Fingerprint Scanner:
Finger print Scanner is a fingerprint recognition device used for computer security,
equipped with the fingerprint recognition feature that uses biometric technology. Fingerprint
Reader / Scanner is a very safe and convenient device for security instead of using passwords,
which is vulnerable to fraud and is hard to remember.

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(5) Track Ball:
Track ball is similar to the upside- down design of the mouse.
The user moves the ball directly, while the device itself remains stationary. The user spins the ball
in various directions to navigate the screen movements.
(6) Retinal Scanner:
This performs a retinal scan which is a biometric technique that uses unique patterns on a
person's retinal blood vessels.
(7) Light Pen:
A light pen is a pointing device shaped like a pen and is connected to a monitor. Te tip of
the light pen contains a light-sensitive element which detects the light from the screen enabling the
computer to identify the location of the pen on the screen. Light pens have the advantage of
‘drawing’ directly onto the screen, but this becomes hard to use, and is also not accurate.
(8) Optical Character Reader:
It is a device which detects characters printed or written on a paper with OCR, a user can
scan a page from a book. The Computer will recognize the characters in the page as letters and
punctuation marks and stores. The Scanned document can be edited using a word processor.
(9) Bar Code / QR Code Reader:
A Bar code is a pattern printed in lines of different thickness. Te Bar code reader scans the
information on the bar codes transmits to the Computer for further processing. Te system gives fast
and error free entry of information into the computer. QR (Quick response) Code: The QR code is
the two dimension bar code which can be read by a camera and processed to interpreter the image
(10) Voice Input Systems:
Microphone serves as a voice Input device. It captures the voice data and sends it to the
Computer. Using the microphone along with speech recognition software can offer a completely
new approach to input information into the Computer.
(11) Digital Camera:
It captures images / videos directly in the digital form. It uses a CCD (Charge Coupled

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Device) electronic chip. When light falls on the chip through the lens, it converts light rays into
digital format.
(12) Touch Screen:
A touch screen is a display device that allows the user to interact with a computer by using
the finger. It can be quite useful as an alternative to a mouse or keyboard for navigating a Graphical
User Interface (GUI). Touch screens are used on a wide variety of devices such as computers,
laptops, monitors, smart phones, tablets, cash registers and information kiosks. Some touch screens
use a grid of infrared beams to sense the presence of a finger instead of utilizing touch-sensitive
input.
(13) Keyer:
A Keyer is a device for signaling by hand, by way of pressing one or more switches.
Modern keyers have a large number of switches but not as many as a full size keyboard. Typically,
this number is between 4 and 50. A keyer differs from a keyboard, which has "no board", but the
keys are arranged in a cluster.

Output Devices:
(1) Monitor:
Monitor is the most commonly used output device to display the information. It looks like a
TV. Pictures on a monitor are formed with picture elements called PIXELS. Monitors may either
be Monochrome which display text or images in Black and White or can be color, which display
results in multiple colors. There are many types of monitors available such as CRT (Cathode Ray
Tube), LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and LED (Light Emitting Diodes). The monitor works with
the VGA (Video Graphics Array) card. The video graphics card helps the keyboard to
communicate with the screen. It acts as an interface between the computer and display monitor.
Usually the recent motherboards incorporate built-in video card.
The first computer monitor was part of the Xerox Alto computer system, which was
released on March 1, 1973.

(3) Printers:
Printers are used to print the information on papers. Printers are divided into two main
categories:
• Impact Printers
• Non Impact printers
Impact Printers
These printers print with striking of hammers or pins on ribbon. These printers
can print on multi-part (using carbon papers) by using mechanical pressure. For
example, Dot Matrix printers and Line matrix printers are impact printers.
A Dot matrix printer that prints using a fixed number of pins or wires. Each dot is produced by a
tiny metal rod, also called a “wire” or “pin”, which works by the power of a tiny electromagnet or
solenoid, either directly or through a set of small levers. It generally prints one line of text at a time.
Te printing speed of these printers varies from 30 to 1550 CPS (Character Per Second).
Line matrix printers use a fixed print head for printing. Basically, it prints
a page-wide line of dots. But it builds up a line of text by printing lines of dots. Line
printers are capable of printing much more than 1000 Lines Per Minute, resulting
in thousands of pages per hour. These printers also uses mechanical pressure to print on multi-part
(using carbon papers).

Non-Impact Printers
These printers do not use striking mechanism for printing. They use
electrostatic or laser technology. Quality and speed of these printers are better than

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Impact printers. For example, Laser printers and Inkjet printers are non-impact printers.

Laser Printers

beam
Laser printers mostly work with similar technology used by photocopiers. It makes a laser
scan back and forth across a drum inside the printer,
building up a pattern. It can produce very good quality of graphic images. One of the chief
characteristics of laser printer is their resolution – how many Dots per inch(DPI). The available
resolution range around 1200 dpi. Approximately it can print 100 pages per minute(PPM).

Inkjet Printers:
Inkjet Printers use colour cartridges which combined Magenta, Yellow and Cyan inks to
create color tones. A black cartridge is also used for monochrome output. Inkjet
printers work by spraying ionized ink at a sheet of paper. Te speed of Inkjet printers generally
range from 1-20 PPM (Page Per Minute).
They use the technology of firing ink by heating it so that it explodes
towards the paper in bubbles or by using piezoelectricity in which tiny electric
currents controlled by electronic circuits are used inside the printer to spread ink
in jet speed. An Inkjet printer can spread millions of dots of ink at the paper every single second.

Speakers:
Speakers produce voice output (audio) . Using speaker along with speech synthesize
software, the computer can provide voice output. This has become very common in places like
airlines, schools, banks, railway stations, etc..

Multimedia Projectors:
Multimedia projectors are used to produce computer output on a big screen.
These are used to display presentations in meeting halls or in classrooms.

The computer is the combination of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical
component of a computer like motherboard, memory devices, monitor, keyboard etc., while
software is the set of programs or instructions. Both hardware and software together make the
computer system to function.
Let us first have a look at the functional components of a computer.
Every task given to a computer follows an Input- Process- Output Cycle (IPO cycle). It needs
certain input, processes that input and produces the desired output. The input unit takes the input,
the central processing unit does the processing of data and the output unit produces the output. The
memory unit holds the data and instructions during the processing.

Components of a Computer (Block Diagram)

Input Unit

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Input unit is used to feed any form of data to the computer, which can be stored in the
memory unit for further processing. Example: Keyboard, mouse, etc.
Central Processing Unit
CPU is the major component which interprets and executes software
instructions. It also controls the operation of all other components such as memory, input and
output units. It accepts binary data as input, process the data according to the instructions and
provide the result as output. The CPU has three components which are Control unit, Arithmetic and
logic unit (ALU) and Memory unit.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
The ALU is a part of the CPU where various computing functions are
performed on data. The ALU performs arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and logical operations. The result of an operation is stored in internal
memory of CPU. The logical operations of ALU promote the decision-making ability of a
computer.
Control Unit
The control unit controls the flow of data between the CPU, memory and
I/O devices. It also controls the entire operation of a computer.
Output Unit
An Output Unit is any hardware component that conveys information to
users in an understandable form. Example: Monitor, Printer etc.
Memory Unit
The Memory Unit is of two types which are primary memory and secondary
memory. The primary memory is used to temporarily store the programs and data when the
instructions are ready to execute. The secondary memory is used to store the data permanently. The
Primary Memory is volatile, that is, the content is lost when the power supply is switched off. The
Random Access Memory (RAM) is an example of a main memory. The Secondary memory is non
volatile, that is, the content is available even after the power supply is switched off. Hard disk, CD-
ROM and DVD ROM are examples of secondary memory.

PART - I
Choose the Correct Answer:

1. Which refers to the number of bits processed by a computer’s CPU?

A) Byte B) Nibble C) Word length D) Bit
2. How many bytes does 1 Kilo Byte contain?
A) 1000 B) 8 C) 4 D) 1024
3. Expansion for ASCII
A) American School Code for Information Interchange
B) American Standard Code for Information Interchange
C) All Standard Code for Information Interchange
D) American Society Code for Information Interchange
4. 2^50 is referred as
A) Kilo B) Tera C) Peta D) Zeta
5. How many characters can be handled in Binary Coded Decimal System?
A) 64 B) 255 C) 256 D) 128
6. For 11012 what is the Hexadecimal equivalent?
A) F B) E C) D D) B
7. What is the 1’s complement of 00100110?
A) 00100110 B) 11011001 C) 11010001 D) 00101001
8. Which amongst this is not an octal number?
A) 645 B) 234 C) 876 D) 123
9. The term data comes from the word ______
A) Datum B) Digit C) Datam D) Dateum

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10.

11.

12.
A _______ is a collection of 4 bits.
A) Byte B) Boolean C) MB
The most commonly used numbering system is the __________ system.
A) Binary B) Decimal C) Octal
D) Nibble

D) Hexadecimal
A _____ is small piece of data that is derived from the words “BInary DigiT”.
A) Byte B) BIT C) Kilo Byte D) Mega Byte
13. A collection of 8 bits is called as a __________.
A) Byte B) KB C) Bit D) MB
14. ____ have only two possible values, 0 and 1.
A) Byte B) KB C) BIT D) MB
15. The most commonly used coding scheme __________.
A) BCD B) ASCII C) EBCID D) ISCII
16. The left most bit in the binary number is called as _________.
A) LSB B) SLB C) MSB D) LMB
17. The right most bit in the binary number is called as _________.
A) LSB B) SLB C) MSB D) LMB
18. The ASCII value for a Blank character is ___________.
A) 8 B) 16 C) 32 D) 64
19. The ASCII value range for the upper case alphabets is ____________.
A) 0 – 48 B) 97 to 122 C) 0 – 127 D) 65 to 90
20. The radix of an Binary number is _____________.
A) 2 B) 8 C) 4 D) 16
21. The radix of an octal number is _____________.
A) 2 B) 8 C) 4 D) 16
22. The radix of an Decimal number is _____________.
A) 2 B) 8 C) 10 D) 16
23. The radix of an Hexadecimal number is _____________.
A) 2 B) 8 C) 4 D) 16
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24. How the information entered into computer?
A) knowledge B) Data C) ASCII value D) BCD
25. Data means a ________.
A) Set of Information B) Set of Record C) Set of Values D) Set of Files
26. Singular form of Data __________.
A) Record B) File C) Values D) Datum
27. How the messages represented in computers?
A) Information B) Data C) Knowledge D) All of these
28. In a computer, a data is converted into __________.
A) ASCII form B) BCD form C) Binary form D) Octal form
29. 4 Bits = _______.
A) Bit B) Byte C) Word D) Nibble
30. Which is used to measure the number of bits in each word?
A) Word Length B) Length C) Size D) Word Size
31. A word can have a length of _________.
A) 2,5,10 bits B) 15,25,50 bits C) 16,32,64 bits D) 12,24,48 bits
32. Who coined the term byte?
A) Charles Babbage B) John Von Newmann
C) Werner Buchholz D) Herman Helirith
33. A number system can be derived from a _________.
A) bit B) byte C) base or radix D)nibble or word
34. How many standard number system are there to use?
A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 16
35. Which of the following is not a standard number system?
A) Pentagon B) Hexadecimal C) Decimal D) Binary
36. The Radix of Hexadecimal is _________.
A) 6 B) 10 C) 16 D) 8

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37.

38.

39.
Which digit is not allowed in Hexadecimal number system?
A) G B) B
The decimal value of 1010.012 is _______.
A) 10.5 B) 10.25
C) E

C) 10.05
In binary numbers, the signed positive number has a prefix?
D) D

D) 10.025

A) + B) 0 C) 1 D) –
40. In binary numbers, the signed negative number has a prefix?
A) + B) 0 C) 1 D) –
41. The 4 bit binary equivalent of -5 is ________.
A) 1101 B) 0101 C) 1100 D) -101
42. A Latin prefix Deci means ______.
A) 2 B) 8 C) 16 D) 10
43. How many procedures are there to convert from decimal to binary?
A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 3
44. The most commonly used number system is _________.
A) Binary B) Hexadecimal C) Decimal D) Octal
45. BCD is ____ bit code.
A) 16 B) 8 C) 4 D) 2
46. Which coding scheme is used to LCD?
A) Unicode B) ASCII C) EBCDIC D) BCD
47. Enhanced BCD is _____ bit code.
A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8
48. EBCDIC primarily used in ____ Computers.
A) IBM B) APPLE C) PENTUM D) LAPTOP
49. EBCDIC uses ____ bit coding scheme.
A) 16 B) 8 C) 4 D) 2
50. The Total number of characters coded using EBCDIC is ________.
A) 32 B) 64 C) 128 D) 256
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51. Which of the following the newest concept in digital coding?
A) ASCII B) Unicode C) EBCDIC D) Byte Code
52. Unicode is a ______ bit code.
A) 8 B) 4 C) 16 D) 32
53. Which coding schemes have 65000 representations?
A) Byte code B) Binary code C) EBCDIC D) Unicode
54. Which coding schemes used by Asian Languages?
A) Unicode B) ASCII C) EBCDIC D) BCD
55. Which of the program used Unicode?
A) C B) C++ C) Java D) None of these
56. The decimal equivalent of 0.0112 is _______.
A) 0.6875 B) 0.1875 C) 0.1785 D) 0.5
57. 1’s complement of 10012 is __________.
A) 10012 B) 01112 C) 01102 D) 10102
58. The most popular way of representing negative numbers in computer system is ______.
A) 1’s Complement B) Signed Bit C) 2’s Complement D) All of these
59. Which complement performs the logical negation on each individual bit?
A) Signed B) Unsigned C) 2’s D) 1’s
60. The 2’s complement of 11012 is _______.
A) 11002 B) 10102 C) 01012 D) 00112
61. The 2’s complement of 11002 is _______.
A) 11102 B) 01002 C) 01012 D) 00112
62. 102 + 102 = _________.
A) 1002 B) 202 C) 1102 D) 102
63. The ASCII value of put Zero ( 0 ) is _____.
A) 48 B) 58 C) 65 D) 30
63. ISCII has been used by ________.

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64.

65.
A) IBM

A) IWG – TSC
B) Apple
TSCII is Proposed by ______.
B) Apple
C) Microsoft

C) IBM
Entire Tamil alphabets handled by the coding Schemes _____.
A) EBCDIC B) ASCII C) ISCII
D) A & B

D) Microsoft

D) TSCII
66. The Tamil alphabets have _______.
A) Soup B) Grantha C) Numerals D) All of those
67. The number of Tamil glyphs is about _____.
A) 255 B) 128 C) 170 D) 256
68. Which indicates whether the given value is positive or negative ?
A) Signed bit B) Unsigned bit
C) 1’s Complement D) 2’s Complement
69. 160 is equivalent to ____ value.
A) 0 B) 1 C) 16 D) A & B
70. In Hexadecimal number system B represents the digit.
A) 11 B) 12 C) 14 D) 13
71. The Binary equivalent of Hexadecimal value C is repressed by ________.
A) 1010 B) 1011 C) 1101 D) 1100
72. The Hexadecimal equivalent of 1011 is _____.
A) 14 B) 13 C) 11 D) 15
73. Which of the following is not a parameter to find the magnitude of a number?
A) Absolute Value B) Positional Value
C) Base Value D) Number System
74. How many parameters are considered to find the magnitude of a number?
A) 3 B) 4 C) 2 D) 5
75. Which of the following idea behind positional numbering system?
A) Absolute Value B) Place volume C) Radix D) All of these

BCD – Binary Coded Decimal.

EBCDIC – Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code.
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
ISCII - Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange.
TSCII – Tamil Standard Code for Information Interchange.
MSB- Most Significant Bit.
LSB- Least Significant Bit.
IBM - International Business Machine.

Question and Answer:

1. What is Data?
The term data comes from the word datum, which means a raw fact. The data is a fact
about people, places or some objects.

2. Write the 1’s complement procedure.

The steps to be followed to find 1’s complement of a number:
Step 1: Convert given Decimal number into Binary
Step 2: Check if the binary number contains 8 bits, if less add 0 at the left most bit, to make it as 8
bits.
Step 3: Invert all bits (i.e. Change 1 as 0 and 0 as 1)

3. We cannot find 1’s complement for (28)10. State reason.

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It’s a positive number. 1’s complements apply only with negative number.

4. Convert (46)10 into Binary number.

46 / 2 = 23 =0  MSB
23 / 2 = 11= 1
11 / 2 = 5 = 1
(46)10 = (101110)2
5/2=2 =1
2/2=1 =0

LSB

5. What is radix of a number system? Give example.

The number systems are Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal. Each number system is
uniquely identified by its base value or radix. Radix or base is the count of number of digits in
each number system. Radix or base is the general idea behind positional numbering system.

Example of Number System as Flow-diagram

7. Convert (150)10 into Binary, then convert that Binary number to Octal.

(150)10 = ( ? )2 (10010110)2 = ( ? )8
150 / 2 = 75 =0 MSB
75 / 2 = 37 =1 = 010 010 110
37 / 2 = 18 =1
18 / 2 = 9 =0 = 2 2 6
9/2 =4 =1
4/2 =2 =0 (10010110)2 = (226)8
2/2 =1 =0

LSB

(150)10 = (10010110)2

8. Write a short note on ISCII.

ISCII is the system of handling the character of Indian local languages. This as a 8-bit

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coding system. Therefore it can handle 256 (28) characters. This system is formulated by the
department of Electronics in India in the year 1986 - 88 and recognized by Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS). Now this coding system is integrated with Unicode.

9. Add : a) -2210+1510 b) 2010+2510

a) -2210+1510
+15’s binary value = 1111 as 8 bit format is 0000 1111  ans of (+15)
22’s binary value = 10110
8 bit format = 0001 0110

1’s complement = 1110 1001

2’s complement -22 = +1
= 1110 1010 ans of (-22)

1110 1010
+ 0000 1111
= 1111 1001 final answer
b) 2010+2510

20’s binary value = 0001 0100

25’s binary value = 0001 1001
(20 + 25)10 = (45)10 = 00101101

10. Write the procedure to convert fractional Decimal to Binary

Conversion of fractional Decimal to Binary

The steps involved in the method of repeated multiplication by 2:

Step 1: Multiply the decimal fraction by 2 and note the integer part. The integer part is
either 0 or 1.

Step 2: Discard the integer part of the previous product. Multiply the fractional part of
the previous product by 2. Repeat Step 1 until the same fraction repeats or terminates (0).

Step 3: The resulting integer part forms a sequence of 0s and 1s that become the binary
equivalent of decimal fraction.

Step 4: The final answer is to be written from first integer part obtained till the last
integer part obtained.

11. Convert (98.46)10 to Binary

(0.46)10 = ( ? )2
(98)10= ( ? )2
.46x2=.92 = 0 LSB
.92x2=.84 = 1
98 / 2 = 49 =0  MSB
.84x2= .6 = 1
49 / 2 = 24 =1
.64x2=.36 = 1
24 / 2 = 12 =0
.36x2=.72 = 0
12 / 2 = 6 =0
.72x2=.44 = 1
06 / 2 = 3 =0

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03 / 2
01 / 2
=
=

= (1100010)2
1
0
=1
=1  LSB
.44x2=.88 = 0
.88x2=.76 = 1
.76x2=.52 = 1
.52x2=.04 = 1
.04x2=.08 = 0  MSB
Final Answer is
= (1100010 + 0.01110101110)2 = (01110101110)2
(98.46)10 =(1100010.0111010101110)2

12. Find 1’s Complement and 2’s Complement for the following Decimal number
a) -98 b) -135
a) -98 b) -135
98’s Binary value is 1100010 [find the value 135’s Binary value is 10000111 [find the value
through divide by 2] through divide by 2]
8 bit format is 0110 0010 8 bit format is 1000 0111
1’s Complement 10011101 1’s Complement 0111 1000
2’s Complement +1 2’s Complement +1
1001 1110 (-98) 0111 1001 (-135)

13. Add 11010102+1011012 14. Subtract 11010112 - 1110102

1101010 1101011
(+) 0101101 (-) 0111010
10010111 = (10010111)2 0110001 = (0110001)2

Choose the correct answer :

1. Which is a basic electronic circuit which operates on one or more signals?
a) Boolean algebra b) Gate c) Fundamental gates d) Derived gates
2. Which gate is called as the logical inverter?
a) AND b) OR c) NOT d)XNOR
3. A + A =_________.
a) A b) 0 c) 1 d) A'
4. NOR is a combination of ?
a) NOT (OR) b) NOT(AND) c) NOT(NOT) d)NOT(NOR)
5. NAND is called as ________ Gate.
a) Fundamental Gate b) Derived Gate c) Logical Gate d) Electronic Gate
6. The _________ sign is used to indicate the OR operator.
a) (+) Plus b) (-) minus c) ( / ) Slash d) ( . ) Dot
7. The ____ sign is used to indicate the AND operator
a) (+) Plus b) (-) minus c) ( / ) Slash d) ( . ) Dot
8. NAND is a combination of ?
a) NOT (OR) b) NOT(AND) c) NOT(NOT) d)NOT(NOR)

Answer the Following :

1. What is Boolean Algebra?

Boolean algebra is a mathematical discipline that is used for designing digital circuits in a
digital computer. It describes the relation between inputs and outputs of a digital circuit. The name

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Boolean algebra has been given in honor of an English mathematician George Boole who
proposed the basic principles of this algebra.

2. Write a short note on NAND gate.

The NAND gate operates an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It acts in the manner of the
logical operation "AND" followed by inversion. The output is "false"
if both inputs are "true", otherwise, the output is "true". In other words the output of the NAND
gate is 0 if and only if both the inputs are 1, otherwise the output is 1.

3. Draw the Truth Table for XOR gate.

In Boolean algebra (Exclusive - OR ) operator ⊕ or "encircled plus". Hence C = A ⊕B.
The Truth Table for XOR gate is
Input Output
A B C
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

4. Write the Associative Laws?

Associative Law
A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C
A.(B.C) = (A.B).C

6. Write the truth table of fundamental gates.

The AND, OR & NOT are fundamental gates.

7. Write a short note on XNOR gate.

The XNOR (exclusive - NOR) gate is a
combination XOR gate followed by an inverter. Its

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output is "true" if the inputs are the same, and
"false" if the inputs are different.. In simple words,
the output is 1 if the input are the same, otherwise
the output is 0.

8. Reason out why the NAND an NOR are called universal gates?
NAND and NOR gates are called Universal gates, because the fundamental logical gates
can be realized through them.

9. Write the De Morgan’s law.

Explain in Detail:
1. Explain the fundamental gates with expression and truth table.

AND Gate

The AND gate can have two or more input signals and produce an output signal. The output
is "true" only when both inputs are "true", otherwise, the output is "false". In other words the
output will be 1 if and only if both inputs are 1; otherwise the output is 0. The output of the AND
gate is represented by available say C, where A and B are two and if input Boolean variables. In
Boolean algebra, a variable can take either of the values '0' or '1'.
The logical symbol of the AND gate is

One way to symbolize the action of an AND gate is by writing the Boolean function.
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C = A AND B
In Boolean algebra the multiplication sign stands for the AND operation. Therefore, the output of
the AND gate is
C = A . B or simply C = AB
Read this as "C equals A AND B".

Since there are two input variables here, the truth table has four entries, because there
are four possible inputs : 00, 01, 10 and 11.

For instance if both inputs are 0,

C=A.B
=0.0
=0

OR Gate

The OR gate gets its name from its behavior like the logical inclusive "OR". The output is
"true" if either or both of the inputs are "true". If both inputs are "false" then the output is "false".
In other words the output will be 1 if and only if one or both inputs are 1; otherwise, the output is
0.
The Logical symbol of the OR gate is The Truth Table for OR gate is

The OR gate output is

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C = A OR B
We use the + sign to denote the OR function.
Therefore,
For instance,
C=A+B

If both the inputs are 1

Read this as "C equals A OR B".

C=A+B=1+1=1

NOT Gate

The NOT gate, called a logical inverter, has only one input. It reverses the
logical state. In other words the output C is always the complement of the input.
The Logical Symbol of the NOT gate is
The Boolean function of NOT gate is
C = NOT A
In Boolean Algebra, the Over bar stands for
NOT operation. Therefore,
C=A
The Truth Table of NOT gate is Read this as "C equals NOT A" or "C equals
The complement of A".
If A is 0,
C=0=1
On the other hand, if A is 1,
C=1=0

2. How AND and OR can be realized using NAND and NOR gates.

AND and OR operation from NAND gates are shown below:

AND operation
A
NAND A.B NAND A.B
B

A.B = (A NAND B) NAND (A NAND B)

OR operation

A.A
A NAND

NAND A+B
B.B
B NAND

A+B = (A NAND A) NAND (B NAND B)

AND and OR operation from NOR gates are shown below:

AND operation

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A.B = (A NOR A) NOR (B NOR B)

OR operation

A+B = (A NOR B) NOR (A NOR B)

3. Explain the Derived gates with expression and truth table.

NOR Gate
The NOR gate circuit is an OR gate followed by an an inverter. Its output is
"true" if both inputs are "false" Otherwise, the output is "false". In other words, the
only way to get '1' as output is to have both inputs '0'. Otherwise the output is 0.
The logic circuit of the NOR gate is The Logic Symbol of NOR Gate

The output of NOR gate is The Truth Table of NOR Gate

C = ( A + B)

Read this as "C equals NOT of A OR B" or "C equals the

complement of A OR B".
For example,
if both the inputs are 0,

C = ( 0 + 0) = 0 = 1.

NAND Gate

The NAND gate operates an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It acts in the
manner of the logical operation "AND" followed by inversion. The output is "false"
if both inputs are "true", otherwise, the output is "true". In other words the output of the NAND
gate is 0 if and only if both the inputs are 1, otherwise the output is 1.

The logical circuit of NAND gate is Logic Symbol of NAND Gate

The output of the NAND gate is The truth table for NAND gate is

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C = (A . B)
Read this as "C" equals NOT of A AND B" or
"C" equals the complement of A AND B".
For example if both the inputs are 1
C = (1 . 1)= 1 = 0

4. Write the Theorems of Boolean Algebra.

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Extra Question and Answers:

1. List the types of Information stored in a computer.

Numbers, Text, Graphics, Animation, Audio, Video etc…

2. Name the Number System is used in General.

Decimal Number is the Number System is used in General.

3. Write the Types of Number System and its radix (basic value).
There are Four types of Number System.
Types Radix (basic value)
Binary Number 2
Octal Numbers 8
Decimal Numbers 10
Hexadecimal Numbers 16
The above number systems are also called as Positional value System.

4. How the given messages are represented in computer?

The given messages are represented in computer as Information  Data  Knowledge.

6. What is Knowledge? Give example.

Knowledge is identified for the information. Ex: 50% of work done in Computer by CPU.

7. How the data classified based on their size?

Bits, Nibbles, Bytes and Word.

8. What is Bit?
The most basic unit of information in a digital computer is called as a Bit. A bit is Binary
digit which can be 0 or 1.

9. What is Byte?
Byte is a group of 8 bits which is used to represent a character. A byte is considered as the
basic unit of measuring the memory size in the computer.

10. What is Nibble?

A Nibble is half byte. Which is usually a grouping of 4 bits. Word is the number of bits a
processor can bundle ( read / write) a time.

11. What is Word Length?

The term word length is used as the measure of the number of bits in each word.
For example: A word can have a length of 16 bits, 32 bits and 64 bits.

12. Which parameters are used to determine the magnitude of a number or the value of
each digit in a number?

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o Absolute value
o Place Value or positional value
o Base value

13. How many procedures for converting from decimal to binary? What are they?
There are two procedures for converting from decimal to binary.
They are: a) Expansion Method b) Repeated division by 2.

14. What is double dabble method?

The conversion of decimal number into the binary using Repeated-division method is called
double dabble method.

15. Convert 1011012 to its decimal equivalents using double dabble method.

The Left Most Bit ( LMB ):1

Multiply by 2, add next bit (2x1)+0 = 2.
Multiply by 2, add next bit (2x0)+1 = 5.
Multiply by 2, add next bit (2x5)+ 1 = 11.
Multiply by 2, add next bit (2x11)+0 = 22.
Multiply by 2, add next bit (2x22)+1 = 45. (101101)2 = 4510

16. How the binary number represented by signed and unsigned bit?
In Binary, a negative number may be represented by prefixing a digit 1 to the number while
number while a positive number may be represented by prefixing a digit 0.

17. What does the complement of a number refer?

The term complement refers to part which together with another makes up a whole. The 1’s
complement performs the logical negation on each individual bit.
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18. Write the 1’s complement of 10102 and 1001012?
1’s Complement of 10102 is 01012 (replace 1 by 0 and 0 by 1)
1’s Complement of 1001012 is 0110102.

19. What is use of coding scheme?

The coding scheme is used to represent a character in the bit.

20. If a user types 256 (in Decimal) using BCD coding. What is the number stored in
memory of the computer?
The number stored as 0010010110.

21. Convert 1010100.0112 to decimal number.

1010100.0112
= 1 x 26 + 0 x 25 + 1 x 24 + 0 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 0 x 20 + 0 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2 + 1 x 2-3
= 64 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0.25 + 0`125
= 84.32510.

22. Convert 22.2510 to binary.

Integer part Fractional part

22 / 2 = 11 = 0 0.25 x 2 = 0.50 0
11 / 2 = 05 = 1 0.50 x 2 = 1.00 1
05 / 2 = 02 = 1
02 / 2 = 01 = 0

= 10110.012

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23. Convert 110111101011102 to Hexadecimal number.

110111101011102
Group in fours 0011 0111 1010 1110
Convert each number 3 7 A E
= 37AE16.

24. Convert 4A8C16 to binary.

4 A 8 C
Convert each Digit 0100 1010 1000 1100
= 01001010100011002.

25. Convert (128)8  ( ? )10

(128)8
(128)8 = 1x82+2x81+8x80
= 64+16+8
= 8810

1. What is number system? Describe different number system in detail.

A numbering system is a way of representing numbers. Each number system is
uniquely identified by its base value or radix.

Decimal Number System

 The term Decimal is derived from a Latin prefix Deci, which means ten.
 It consists of 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9(10 digits).
 It is the oldest and most popular number system used in our day to day life.
 In the positional number system, each decimal digit is weighted relative to its
position in the number.
 This means that each digit in the number is multiplied by 10 raised to a power
corresponding to that digit’s position.
Binary Number System
 There are only two digits in the Binary system, namely, 0 and 1.
 The numbers in the binary system are represented to the base 2 and the positional
multipliers are the powers of 2.
 The left most bit in the binary number is called as the Most Significant Bit (MSB)
and it has the largest positional weight.
 The right most bit is the Least Significant Bit (LSB) and has the smallest positional
weight.
Octal Number System
 The octal number system is playing a vital role in digital computer work.
 Octal number system has base of 8.
 Octal number system uses digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 (8 digits).

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 The places to left of the octal point are positive powers of 8 and places to right are
negative powers of 8.
Hexadecimal Number System
o A hexadecimal number is represented using base 16.
o Hexadecimal or Hex numbers are used as a shorthand form of binary sequence.
o This system is used to represent data in a more compact manner.
o It has 16 symbols are used, 0 to F, the notation is called hexadecimal.
o The first 10 symbols are the same as in the decimal system, 0 to 9 and the remaining
6 symbols are taken from the first 6 letters of the alphabet sequence, A to F, where
A represents 10, B is 11, C is 12, D is 13, E is 14 and F is 15.

2. Explain the following terms

i) BCD ii) EBCDIC iii) ASCII iv) ISCII v) Unicode

BCD – Binary Coded Decimal

EBCDIC – Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Unicode
ISCII - Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange.
i) Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
This encoding system is not in the practice right now. This is 26 bit encoding system.
This can handle 26 = 64 characters only.

ii) American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

This is the most popular encoding system recognized by United States. Most
of the computers use this system. Remember this encoding system can handle English
characters only. This can handle 27 bit which means 128 characters. In this system, each
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character has individual number (Refer Appendix). The new edition (version) ASCII -8,
has 28 bits and can handle 256 characters are represented from 0 to 255 unique numbers.
The ASCII code equivalent to the uppercase letter ‘A’ is 65. The binary representation of
ASCII (7 bit) value is 1000001. Also 01000001 in ASCII-8 bit.

iii) Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)

This is similar to ASCII Code with 8 bit representation. This coding system is
formulated by International Business Machine (IBM). The coding system can handle 256
characters. The input code in ASCII can be converted to EBCDIC system and vice - versa.

iv) Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange (ISCII)

ISCII is the system of handling the character of Indian local languages. This as a 8-
bit coding system. Therefore it can handle 256 (28) characters. This system is formulated by
the department of Electronics in India in the year 1986- 88 and recognized by Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS). Now this coding system is integrated with Unicode.

v) Unicode
This coding system is used in most of the modern computers. The popular coding
scheme after ASCII is Unicode. ASCII can represent only 256 characters. Therefore
English and European Languages alone can be handled by ASCII. Particularly there was
a situation, when the languages like Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu could
not be represented by ASCII. Hence, the Unicode was generated to handle all the coding
system of Universal languages. This is 16 bit code and can handle 65536 characters.
Unicode scheme is denoted by hexadecimal numbers.

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Choose the correct Answer:

1. Which of the following is said to be the brain of a computer?
a) Input devices b) Output devices c) Memory device d) Microprocessor
2. Which of the following is not the part of the microprocessor unit?
a) ALU b) Control unit c) Cache memory d) Register
3. How many bits constitute a word?
a) 8 b) 16
c) 32 d) determined by the processor used
4. Which of the following device identifies the location when address is placed in the memory
address register?
a) Locator b) encoder c) decoder d) multiplexer
5. Which of the following is a CISC processor?
a) Intel P6 b) AMD K6 c) Pentium III d) Pentium IV
6. Which is the faster memory?
a) Hard disk b) Main memory c) Cache memory d) Blue Ray disc
7. How many memory locations are identified by a processor with 8 bits address bus at a time?
a) 28 b) 1024 c) 256 d) 8000
8. What is the capacity of 12cm diameter DVD with single sided and single layer?
a) 4.7GB b) 5.5GB c) 7.8GB d) 7.2GB
9. What is the smallest size of data represented in a CD?
a) blocks b) sectors c) pits d) tracks
10. Display devices are connected to the computer through _________.
a) USB port b) PS / 2 port c) SCSI port d) VGA connector
11. Which of the is not included in computer organization?

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a) I / O devices b) Software c) CPU d) Main memory
12. Which of the following deals with the hardware components of a computer system?
a) Application software
c) Computer Organization
b) Computer architecture
d) System software
13. Which of the following involved in designing a computer?
a) Computer Architecture b) Computer Organization
c) Computer Software d) Memory
14. Which of the following performs all tasks in the computer?
a) Chips b) Bus c) CPU d) I / O devices
15. Microprocessors were first introduced in the early?
a) 1956 b) 1958 c) 1960 d) 1970
16. The first general purpose Microprocessor developed by ________.
a) IBM b) Intel c) Apple d) Microsoft
17. Microprocessor is driven by _______.
a) Clock pulses b) ALU c) Control unit d) Register
18. The first general purpose Microprocessor was ______.
a) 5005 b) 4004 c) 8085 d) 8086
19. Which of the following is an integrated circuit?
a) Personal computer b) Microprocessor
c) INTEL d) Transistor
20. Which of the following is a programmable multipurpose silicon chip that is based on a
register?
a) Microprocessor b) Clock c) Address Bus d) Data bus
21. How many units the Microprocessor is made?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
22. Which of the following process computer instructions?
a) ALU b) Control Unit c) Register d) Microprocessor
23. Which of the following control the operations through signals?
a) Register b) Control Unit c) Intel d) ALU
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24. Which holds the instruction and data for the execution of the processor?
a) ALU b) Control Unit c) Register d) System Bus
25. System Bus is the collection of ______ buses.
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 6
26. System Bus is the collection of _________.
a) Address Bus b) Data Bus c) Control Bus d) All of these
27. Which of the following act as a communication channels between the microprocessor and
devices?
a) ALU b) Control Unit c) Register d) System Bus
28. How many characteristics the microprocessor depends on?
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 8
29. Which of the following is not the characteristics of Microprocessor?
a) Clock Speed b) Instruction set c) Word size d) System Bus
30. Which of the following is not the unit of Microprocessor?
a) ALU b) Clock speed c) Control unit d) Register
31. The speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions is called?
a) Clock speed b) Clock rate c) Clock bus d) Clock size
32. Clock speed is measured in _______.
a) MHz b) GHz c) a & b d) BPS
33. Which of the following regulates the speed of the microprocessor?
a) Program counter b) Instruction set c) ALU d) Clock
34. One Hertz = ______ cycle per second.
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
35. Which of the following used to measure the speed of computer processors?
a) Clock rate b) Clock speed c) Word size d) Hertz
36. Expansion of MHz is _________.
a) Memory Hertz b) Mega Hertz c) Micro Hertz d) Main Hertz

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37. How many types of operations carried out of instruction set?
a) 5 b) 4 c) 3 d) 2
38. Which of the following in turn determines architecture of the microprocessor?
a) I / O pins b) Control flow c) Data transfer d) Operations
39. Which of the following determines the amount of RAM accessed at the time?
a) Clock speed b) Word size c) Hertz d) Data bus
40. Which of the following accessed the total number of pins on the microprocessor?
a) Hertz b) Clock speed c) System Bus d) Word Size
41. The first commercial microprocessor is a _____ bit.
a) 8 b) 16 c) 3 d) 2
42. In Microprocessor, the total output pins is always _______ to the total input pins.
a) equal b) greater than c) less than d) not equal
43. The present microprocessor use ____ bit architecture.
a) 8 or 16 b) 4 or 8 c) 32 or 64 d) 64 or 128
44. How many types of Register the CPU has?
a) 4 b) 2 c) 8 d) 16
45. Expansion of MDR is ____.
a) Mega Data Register b) Micro Data Register
c) Memory Data Register d) Machine Data Register
46. Expansion of MAR is _____.
a) Memory Address Register b) Micro Address Register
c) Memory Add Register d) Microprocessor Address Recognition
47. Which of the following bus is used to point a memory location?
a) System Bus b) Data Bus c) Address Bus d) Control Bus
48. Which of the following bus is used to transfer information between CPU and the memory?
a) System Bus b) Data Bus c) Control Bus d) Address Bus
49. Which bus in unidirectional?
a) System Bus b) Data Bus c) Control Bus d) Address Bus
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50. Which has controls read or write operations?
a) System Bus b) Data Bus c) Control Bus d) Address Bus
51. The read operation transfer data from memory to ______.
a) MAR b) MDR c) PC d) Instruction set
52. Which operation transfers data from the MDR to memory?
a) Read b) Copy c) Move d) Write
53. In 8 bit processor, its MDR and the word in the memory have ________ bit.
a) 16 b) 8 c) 256 d) 64
54. How many types of Microprocessor are there?
a) 2 b) 4 c) 3 d) 8
55. How many classification of Microprocessor are there based on the Data Width?
a) 4 b) 8 c) 16 d) 64
56. Which of the following microprocessor is not the classification based on data size?
a) 8 b) 16 c) 32 d) 128
57. How many types of Microprocessor are there based on Instruction set?
a) 8 b) 16 c) 4 d) 2
58. Expansion of RISC is _________.
a) Reduced Information Set Computers b) Reduced Instruction Set Computers
c) Reading Information Set Computers d) Reader Inclusion System Computers
59. Expansion of CISC is _______.
a) Communication information Set Computers
b) Complex Information Set Computers
c) Classified Instruction Set Computers
d) Complex Instruction Set Computers
60. Which of the following is not an example of RISC processor?
a) Intel P6 b) Pentium IV c) Pentium II d) AMD K6
61. Which of the following is not an example of CISC processor?

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a) Intel P6 b) Pentium IV
62. Expansion of DVD is _________.
a) Digital Versatile Disc
c) Digital Versatile Digital
63. The color of double-layered DVD is _____.
c) Pentium II d) AMD K6

b) Digital Video Display

d) Digital Versatile Display

a) Silver b) Bronze c) Blue d) Gold

64. The color of Single-layered DVD is ________.
a) Silver b) Bronze c) Blue d) Gold
65. Expansion of HDMI is _________.
a) Higher Display Multimedia Information
b) High Definition Memory Information
c) High Definition Multimedia Interface
d) High Definition Media Interface
66. Expansion of USB is ________.
a) Uniform Source Bus b) Universal Source Bus
c) Universal System Bus d) Universal Serial Bus
67. Which of the following transfer data up to 5 Gigabyte / second?
a) USB 1.0 b) USB 2.0 c) USB 3.0 d) USB 1.2
68. Which of the following is the today &x0027’s basic component of electronics?
a) IC’s b) Transistor c) Silicon d) Vacuum Tube
69. Which of the following is the behind a computer?
a) IC’s b) Microprocessor c) CPU d) Memory Unit
70. A CD or CD-ROM is made from _____ thickness.
a) 10mm b) 15mm c) 1.4mm d) 1.2mm
71. How the CD data is represented?
a) Pits b) Tracks c) Lands d) Rings
72. DVD can hold the data more than ____ times of CD.
a) Five b) Six c) Four d) Three
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73. USB Port consumes power ______ DC.
a) 3V b) 2V c) 5V d) More than 5v
74. The capacity of Blue ray disc is more than five times of _________.
a) CD b) DVD c) Flash Drive d) HDD
75. Which of the following is an importance consideration while categorizing microprocessors?
a) Register b) Pins c) Instruction Set d) Program Counter
76. How many control line is enough to have read or write operation?
a) Only One b) Only Two c) Only Four d) More than One
77. Which of the following company manufacturing especially mother board and processor?
a) IBM b) Intel c) Motorola d) Samsung
78. The color of double-layered DVD is _________
a) Silver b) Bronze c) Blue d) Gold
79. Which is a state non volatile storage medium?
a) Blu-Ray b) Flash memory c) Cache memory d) DVD
80. Which memory offers a fast read and write access time?
a) Flash b) Cache c) Hard disk d) Main
81. In which memory contents can be erased using UV rays?
a) PROM b) EEPROM c) ROM d) EPROM
82. Which of the following is to write HD videos?
a) Blu-Ray b) DVD ` c) CD d) SVCD
83. A CD or CD-ROM is made from _____ thickness.
a) 10mm b) 15mm c) 1.4mm d) 1.2mm

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Answer the following:
1. What are the parameters which influence the characteristics of microprocessor?
A microprocessor’s performance depends on the following characteristics:
a. Clock speed
b. Instruction set
c. Word size

2. What is an instruction?
A command which is given to a computer to perform an operation on data is called
an instruction.

3. What is a program counter?

The program counter (PC) is a special register in the CPU which always keeps the
address of the next instruction to be executed.

4. What is HDMI?
High-Definition Multimedia Interface is an audio/video interface which transfers the
compressed video and audio data from video controller, to a compatible computer monitor,
LCD projector, digital television etc..

5. Which source is used to erase the content of a EPROM?

Ultra-violet-rays is used erase the content of a EPROM.

6. Differentiate Computer Organization from Computer Architecture.

Computer architecture deals with the engineering considerations involved in designing a
computer. Computer Organization deals with hardware components that are transparent to
the programmer.

8. Write down the classifications of microprocessors based on the instruction set.

The two types of microprocessors which are based on their instruction sets.
i. Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC)
ii. Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC)

9. Differentiate PROM and EPROM.

PROM can be written only and cannot be erased. EPROMS are used widely in personal
computers because they enable the manufacturer to change the contents of the PROM to
replace with updated versions or erase the contents before the computer is delivered.

10. Write down the interface and ports available in a computer.

The various types of ports are given below:
Serial Port: To connect the external devices, found in old computer.
Parallel Port: To connect the printers found in old computer.
USB Port: To connect external devices like camera, scanners, mobile phones external
hard disks and printers to the computer.

11. Differentiate CD and DVD.

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



CD
Expansion is Compact-Disc.
A standard CD can store about 700 MB
of Data.
CD players cannot play DVDs.



Disc.
DVD
Expansion is Digital Versatile

A standard DVD can hold 4.7 GB

of Data.
 It stores up to 80 min of audio.  DVD players can play CDs.
 It can range from 4.7 GB to 17.08
GB.

12. How will you differentiate a flash memory and an EEPROM?

Flash Memory EEPROM

 Faster in performance.  Slower in performance.
 Flash uses the slower NAND gate.  EEPROM uses the faster NOR
 |Using flash, access and erase data in gate.
block-wise.  Using EEPROM, access and
 Storage capacity can range from a GB erase data only byte-wise or byte
to hundred of GB. at a time.
 Storage capacity can range from a
kilobytes to couple of megabytes.

Answer the Details Question:

1. Explain the characteristics of a microprocessor.

A Microprocessor’s performance depends on the following characteristics:
a) Clock speed
b) Instruction set
c) Word size
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a) Clock Speed
Every microprocessor has an internal clock that regulates the speed at which it
executes instructions. The speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions is called
the clock speed. Clock speed is measured in MHz (Mega Hertz) or in GHz (Giga Hertz).

b) Instruction Set
A command which is given to a computer to perform an operation
on data is called an instruction. Basic set of machine level instructions that a
microprocessor is designed to execute is called as an instruction set. This instruction set
carries out the following types of operations:

• Data transfer
• Arithmetic operations
• Logical operations
• Control flow
• Input/output

c) Word Size
The number of bits that can be processed by a processor in a single instruction
is called its word size.
Word size determines the amount of RAM that can be accessed by a microprocessor
at one time and the total number of pins on the microprocessor.
Total number of input and output pins in turn determines the architecture of the
microprocessor.

2. How the read and write operations are performed by a processor? Explain.

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i.

ii.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) has a Memory Data Register (MDR) and a
Memory Address Register (MAR).
The Memory Data Register (MDR) keeps the data which is transferred between the
Memory and the CPU. The Program Counter (PC) is a special register in the CPU
which always keeps the address of the next instruction to be executed.
iii. The Arithmetic and Logic unit of CPU places the address of the memory to be
fetched,
into the Memory Address Register.
iv. A bus is a collection of wires used for communication between the internal
components of a computer.
v. The address bus is used to point a memory location. A decoder, a digital circuit is
used to point to the specific memory location where the word can be located.
vi. The address register is connected with the address bus, which provides the address
of the instruction. A data bus is used to transfer data between the memory and the
CPU.
vii. The data bus is bidirectional and the address bus is unidirectional. The control bus
controls both read and write operations.
viii. The read operation fetches data from memory and transfers to MDR. A single
control line performs two operations like Read/Write using 1or 0.
ix. Also, the write operation transfers data from the MDR to memory. This
organization is shown in Figure

i. The word in the RAM has the same size (no. of bits) as the Memory Data Register
(MDR). If the processor is an 8-bit processor like Intel 8085, its MDR and the word in
the RAM both have 8 bits.
ii. If the size of the MDR is eight bits, which can be connected with a word in the memory
which is also eight bits size. The data bus has eight parallel wires to transfer data either
from MDR to word or word to MDR based on the control(Read or write).

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iii. This control line is labeled as R/W, which becomes 1 means READ operation and 0
means WRITE operation. Figure shows the content of MDR and the word before the
READ operation. Also, Figure shows the content of MDR and the word after the READ
operation.
iv. The read operation transfers the data (bits) from word to Memory Data Register. The
write operation transfers the data (bits) from Memory Data Register to word.
3. Arrange the memory devices in ascending order based on the access time. – Explain
(or) Explain the types of Secondary Storage devices.

a) CD / DVD Blu-Ray
b) Hard disk (Main memory)
c) Flash Drives
d) Cache Memory
Compact Disc (CD)
A CD or CD-ROM is made from 1.2 millimeters thick, polycarbonate plastic
material. A thin layer of aluminum or gold is applied to the surface. CD data is
represented as tiny indentations known as "pits", encoded in a spiral track molded
into the top of the polycarbonate layer. The areas between pits are known as "lands". A
motor within the CD player rotates the disk. The capacity of an ordinary CDROM is
700MB.
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc)
A DVD is an optical disc capable of storing up to 4.7 GB of data, more than six
times what a CD can hold. DVDs are often used to store movies at a better quality. Like
CDs, DVDs are read with a laser.
The disc can have one or two sides, and one or two layers of data per side; the number of
sides and layers determines how much it can hold. A 12 cm diameter disc with single sided,
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single layer has 4.7 GB capacity, whereas the single sided, double layer has 8.5 GB
capacity. The 8 cm DVD has 1.5 GB capacity. The capacity of a DVD-ROM can be
visually determined by noting the number of data sides of the disc. Double-layered sides are
usually gold-colored, while single-layered sides are usually silver-colored, like a CD.

Blu-Ray Disc
Blu-Ray Disc is a high-density optical disc similar to DVD. Blu-ray is the type of
disc used for PlayStation games and for playing High-Definition (HD) movies. A double
layer Blu-Ray disc can store up to 50GB (gigabytes) of data. This is more than 5 times the
capacity of a DVD, and above 70 times of a CD. The format was developed to enable
recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video, as well as storing large amount
of data. DVD uses a red laser to read and write data. But, Blu-ray uses a blue-violet laser to
write. Hence, it is called as Blu-Ray.
Hard Disk
Hard disk is a magnetic disk on which you can store data. The hard disk has the
stacked arrangement of disks accessed by a pair of heads for each of the disks. The hard
disks come with a single or double sided disk.

Flash Memory
Flash memory is an electronic (solid-state) non-volatile computer storage medium
that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. They are either EEPROM or EPROM.
Examples for Flash memories are pen-drives, memory cards etc. Flash memories can be
used in personal computers, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA), digital audio players, digital
cameras and mobile phones.
Flash memory offers fast access times. The time taken to read or write a character in
memory is called access time. The capacity of the flash memories vary from 1 Gigabytes

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(GB) to 2 Terabytes (TB).

Cache Memory
The cache memory is a very high speed and expensive memory, which is used to
speed up the memory retrieval process. Due to its higher cost, the CPU comes with a
smaller size of cache memory compared with the size of the main memory. Without cache
memory, every time the CPU requests the data, it has to be fetched from the main memory
which will consume more time. The idea of introducing a cache is that, this extremely fast
memory would store data that is frequently accessed and if possible, the data that is closer
to it. This helps to achieve the fast response time. Where response Time, (Access Time)
refers to how quickly the memory can respond to a read / write request.

4. Explain the Types ROMs.

Read-only Memory (ROM)

Programmable Read-only Memory (PROM)
Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory (EPROM)
Electrically Erasable Read-only Memory (EEPROM)

Read-only Memory (ROM)

 Read Only Memory refers to special memory in a computer with pre-recorded data at
manufacturing time which cannot be modified. The stored programs that start the
computer and perform diagnostics are available in ROMs.
 ROM stores critical programs such as the program that boots the computer. Once the
data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be modified or removed and can only
be read.
 ROM retains its contents even when the computer is turned off. So, ROM is called as a
non-volatile memory.

Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)

 Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory is a special type of memory which
serves as a PROM, but the content can be erased using ultraviolet rays. EPROM retains
its contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light clears its contents,
making it possible to reprogram the memory.
 An EPROM differs from a PROM, PROM can be written only once and cannot be
erased. EPROMs are used widely in personal computers because they enable the
manufacturer to change the contents of the PROM to replace with updated versions or
erase the contents before the computer is delivered.

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM)

 Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory is a special type of PROM that
can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge.
 Like other types of PROM, EEPROM retains its contents even when the power is turned
off. Comparing with all other types of ROM, EEPROM is slower in performance.

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Extra Question and Answer:
1. Name the communication channels between the microprocessor and other devices in
the computer. (OR) What are the collections of System Bus?
Address Bus
Control Bus
Data Bus
2. Name the measurement of clock speed of the computer.
MHz (Mega Hertz)
GHz (Giga Hertz)
3. Draw the block diagram of a microprocessor based system.

4. What is instruction set?

Basic set of machine level instructions that a microprocessor is designed to execute
is called as an instruction set.

5. What is word size?

The number of bits that can be processed by a processor in a single instruction is
called its word size.
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6. Name the different types of CPU Register.
o MAR (Memory Address Register)
o MDR (Memory Data Register)

7. What is Bus?
A bus is a collection of wires used for communication between the internal
components of a computer.

8. Define - Data bus

 Data bus is collection of wires to carry data in bits.
 A data bus is used to transfer data between the memory and the CPU.
 The data bus is bidirectional.

9. Define – Address bus.

 Address bus is collection of wires to carry data bits.
 The address bus is used to point a memory location.
 The address bus is unidirectional.

10. Define – Control bus.

 Control bus is a control line / collection of wires to control the operation / functions.
 The control bus controls both read and write operations.

11. What is the use of MDR?

MDR keeps the data which is transfered between the memory and the CPU.

12. Define Decoder.

www.Padasalai.NetA decoder, a digital circuit is used to point to the specific memory location where
the word can be located.

13. What is the use of Address Bus and Data Bus?

Address Bus is used to point the memory location.
Data Bus is used to transfer data between the memory and the CPU.

1. Explain the Classification of Microprocessors based on Instruction Set.

 The size of the instruction set is another important consideration while categorizing
microprocessors. Initially, microprocessors had very small instruction sets because
complex hardware was expensive as well as difficult to build.
 As technology had developed to overcome these issues, more and more complex
instructions were added to increase the functionality of microprocessors.
 Let us learn more about the two types of microprocessors based on their instruction
sets.
 RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computers. They have a small set of
highly optimized instructions.
 Complex instructions are also implemented using simple instructions, thus reducing
the size of the instruction set.
 Examples of RISC processors are Pentium IV, Intel P6, AMD K6 and K7.
 CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computers. They support hundreds of
instructions. Computers supporting CISC can accomplish a wide variety of tasks,
making them ideal for personal computers.
 Examples of CISC processors are Intel 386 & 486, Pentium, Pentium II and III, and
Motorola 68000.

 The main memory is otherwise called as Random Access Memory. This is

available in computers in the form of Integrated Circuits (ICs). It is the place in a
computer where the Operating System, Application Programs and the data in current
use are kept temporarily so that they can be accessed by the computer’s processor.
 The smallest unit of information that can be stored in the memory is called as a bit.
The memory can be accessed by a collection of 8 bits which is called as a byte.
 The bytes are referred by ‘B’. If a computer has 1 megabyte of memory, then it can
store 10,48,576 bytes (or characters) of information. [Hence 1MB is 1024KB and 1
KB is 1024 Bytes, So 1024X1024 =10,48,576 Bytes]

 RAM is a volatile memory, which means that the information stored in it is

not permanent. As soon as the power is turned off, whatever data that resides in
RAM is lost. It allows both read and write operations.
 There are two basic types of RAM
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• Static RAM (SRAM)
 These two types differ in the technology they use to hold data. Dynamic RAM being
a common type needs to be refreshed frequently. Static RAM needs to be refreshed
less often, which makes it faster.
 Hence, Static RAM is more expensive than Dynamic RAM.

3. Explain the ports and Interface.

The Motherboard of a computer has many I/O sockets that are connected to the ports and
interfaces found on the rear side of a computer (Figure 3.13). The external devices can be

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connected to the ports and interfaces. The various types of ports are given below:
Serial Port: To connect the external devices, found in old computers.
Parallel Port: To connect the printers, found in old computers.
USB Ports: To connect external devices like cameras, scanners, mobile phones, external
hard disks and printers to the computer.
USB 3.0 is the third major version of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard to connect
computers with other electronic gadgets. USB 3.0 can transfer data up to 5 Giga
byte/second. USB3.1 and USB 3.2 are also released.
VGA Connector: To connect a monitor or any display device like LCD projector.
Audio Plugs: To connect sound speakers, microphone and headphones.
PS/2 Port: To connect mouse and keyboard to PC.
SCSI Port: To connect the hard disk drives and network connectors.

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Choose the Correct Answer:

1. Operating System is a ________.

a. Application Software b. Hardware
c. System Software d. Component
2. Identify the usage of Operating System.
a. Easy interaction between the human and computer
b. Controlling input & output
c. Managing use of main memory
d. All the above
3. Which of the following is not a function of an Operating function?
a. Process Management b. Memory Management
c. Security Management d. Compiler Environment
4. Which of the following OS is a commercially licensed Operating System?
a. Windows b. UBINTU c. FEDORA d. REDHAT
5. Which if the following Operating systems are support Mobile Devices?
a. Windows 7 b. Linux c. BOSS d. iOS
6. File Management manages ________.
a. Files b. Folders c. Directory d. All the Above
7. Interactive Operating System provides __________.
a. Graphics User Interface (GUI) b. Data Distribution
c. Security Management d. Real Time Management
8. Android is a _____.
a. Mobile Operating System b. Open Source

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c. Development by Google

a. Input device b. Output device

d. All the above
9. Which of the following refers to Android operating System’s version?
a. JELLY BEAN b. UBUNTU c. OS/2
10. Which of the following acts as an interface between a user and computer?
d. MITTIKA

c. Operating system d. Bus

11. Which of the following is used that the user cannot communicate directly with the hardware?
a. Application b. Utility programs
c. Device Management d. Operating System
12. Which of the following operating systems not used in laptops and computers?
a. Windows b. Linux c. iOS d. Unix
13. Which of the following operating systems not used in mobiles?
a. Windows b. Linux c. iOS d. Google Android
14. Which is not a type of Operating system?
a. Multi user b. Single user c. Application d. both a & b
15. Which of the following is the single user operating system?
a. Windows b. Ms-DOS c. Linux d. Unix
16. Multiprocessor operating system is also called ______________ processing.
a. Multiuser b. Real time c. Parallel d. Time sharing
17. Which scheduling technique employed by time sharing OS?
a. Spooling b. LIFO c. FIFO d. Round robin
18. The term ‘Time Sharing’ has been replaced by ______.
a. Multi processing b. Distributed c. Multitasking d. Multiuser
19. Time sharing is can be _______
a. Single user b. Multiuser c. Multiprocessing d. Both a & b
20. Which of the following technique used in Time sharing OS?
a. Virtual memory b. Primary memory c. Vector memory d. Flash memory
21. In which OS the processor time is divided among different tasks?
a. Multi user b. Multiprocessor c. Real time d. Time sharing
22. Real time OS are mostly used for
a. Robotics b. Weather
c. Airline Communication d. Bank
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23. Which Operating System provides GUI?
a. Distributed b. Real time c. Interactive d. Multi-User
24. Interactive Operating System is a ______.
a. GUI b. CUI c. UI d. OS
25. Which of the following stored by FAT?
a. File name b. Access mode c. File type d. All of these
26. Which of the following are not stored by FAT?
a. address b. access mode c. NTFS d. file size
27. Linux is a project of ______ .
a. Ken Thomson b. Dennis Ritchie
c. Linus Torvalds d. William Shockley
28. Which OS created by Apple Inc?
a. Android b. Windows c. Uniux d. iOS
29. Which OS developed by Google?
a. Android b. iOS c. Windows d. Unix
30. Which of the following is not a mobile devices?
a. Phone b. Tablet c. MP3 player d. Apple iOS
31. Which OS is the most popular Linux based open source software?
a. Apple iOS b. Google Android c. Windows d. Blackberry
32. Which of the following is not Android OS?
a. Cupcake b. Éclair c. Five Star d. Kitkat
33. Which of the OS not takes their roots from Unix?
a. iOS b. Linux c. Mac OS X d. Windows
34. Which OS is a windows-alternative open source?
a. Android b. iOS c. React OS d. Mac OS X
35. How many techniques are there to optimize the CPU time?
a. 4 b. 2 c. 3 d. 5

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ABBREVIATION :

FAT
NTFS
BOSS
-
-
-
File Allocated Table.
Next Generation File System.
Bharat Operating System Solution.
MS-DOS - Micro Soft Disk Operating System.
GUI - Graphical User Interface.
CUI - Command User Interface.
FIFO - First In First Out.
SJF - Shortest Job First.
NRCFOSS - National Resource Center for Free / Open Source Software.

Answer the following :

1. What are the advantages of memory management?

 Keeping track of which portion of memory are currently being used and who is
using them.
 Determining which processes (or parts of processes) and data to move in and out of
memory.
 Allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks as needed by the program in main
memory. (Garbage Collection)

2. What is the multi-user Operating system?

It is used in computers and laptops that allow same data and applications to be
accessed by multiple users at the same time.
The users can also communicate with each other. Windows, Linux and
UNIX are examples for multi-user Operating System.

4. List out different distributions of Linux Operating System.

Ubuntu, Mint, Fedora, RedHat, Debian, Google's Android, Chrome OS, and
Chromium OS.

5. What are the security management features available in Operating System?

The Operating System provides three levels of securities to the user end. They are
(1) File access level
(2) System level
(3) Network level
6. What is multi-purpose?
This is a one of the features of Operating System. It has two or more processors for a
single running process (job).

7. What are the different Operating Systems used in computer?

The different Operating Systems used in computer:
(i) Single user or Single Task Operating System
(ii) Multi-user Operating System
(iii) Multi Processing Operating System
(iv) Distributing Operating System
(v) Prominent Operating System

8. What are the advantages and Disadvantages of Time -sharing features?

www.Padasalai.Net Time -sharing Operating System

Advantages
Provides the advantage of quick
response.
Disadvantages
Problem of reliability.

Avoids duplication of software. Questions of security and integrity of

uses programs and data.
Reduces CPU idle time. Problem of data communication.

9. Explain and List out examples of mobiles operating system.

A mobile operating system controls a mobile device and its design supports wireless
communication and different types of mobile applications. It operates on smart phones,
Tablets and Digital mobile devices.
Ex: Google Android, Apple iOS, Blackberry, Symbian.

10. What are the differences between Windows and Linux Operating System?
Windows OS Linux OS
It is a commercial licensed OS. It is a open source OS.
Only one distributor. Many distributors.
It uses GUI. It uses Kernal
It boot only from primary partition. It boot either from a primary or from a
logical partition.
Secure. Insecure.

11. Explain the process management algorithms is Operating System.

 This algorithm is based on queuing technique.
 This is the basic logic of the FIFO algorithm.

12. What is Operating System?

An Operating System (OS) is a system software which serves as an interface
between a user and a computer.

13. What is Open source Software?

Open source based software refers to those categories of software/ programs whose
licenses do not impose much condition.

14. What is freeware and shareware?

o Freeware is the software which are available for use at no cost or for an optional fee.
o Shareware is the software which is made available with a right to redistribute copies.

15. What are key features of Operating System?

The key features of Operating Systems are User interface, File management,
Memory management, Fault Tolerance, Process management, Security management.

16. Write the Needs of Operating System.

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17.
interface between the user and hardware.

Write the uses of OS.

The main use of Operating System is
To ensure that a computer can be used to extract what the user wants it do.
Easy interaction between the users and computers.
Starting computer operation automatically when power is turned on (Booting).
Controlling Input and Output Devices
Manage the utilization of main memory.
Providing security to user programs.

18. What do you meant by Single user OS? Give example.

An operating system allows only a single user to perform a task at a time. It is
called as a Single user and single Task operating system. For a user, a task is a function
such as printing a document, writing a file to disk, editing a file or downloading a file etc.
MS-DOS is an example for a single user and single task Operating System.

19. Write about Multi-user OS with Examples.

It is used in computers and laptops that allow same data and applications to be
accessed by multiple users at the same time. The users can also communicate with each
other. Windows, Linux and UNIX are examples for multi-user Operating System

20. What do you meant by Time Sharing OS?

It allows execution of multiple tasks or processes concurrently. For each task a fixed
time is allocated. This division of time is called Time- sharing.

21. Name the types of Digital Network.

o Internet
o Intranet
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22. What is Intranet and Internet?
o Intranet is a network of computers designed for a specific group of users.
o Internet is wide network of computers and is open to all.

23. What is interactive Operating System?

It is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) through which the user can easily navigate
and interact with the system. It is more user friendly OS.

24. Write any two advantages of using Linux.

o It is Open source OS.
o It can be modified and distributed by anyone.
o It is easy to customize.
o There are many distributors.

25. Name the distributors of Linux.

The distributors are BOSS, Ubuntu, Mint, Fedora, Redhat, Debian, Google’s
Android, Chome OS and Chromium OS.

26. Write about note on Android.

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on Linux and
designed primarily for touch screen mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets.

27. Write the applications of Android.

Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars and Android Wear for wrist
watches, each with a specialized user interface.
Variants of Android are also used on game consoles, digital cameras, PCs and other

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28.
electronic gadgets.

Define Robotics.
The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation and
application of robots.

29. Define Network.

A computer network, or data network, is a digital telecommunications network
which allows nodes to share resources.

30. What is meant by Algorithm?

A process or set of rules to be followed in calculation or other problem-solving
operations, especially by a computer.

31. What is file?

A file is an object on a computer that stores data, information, settings, or
commands used with a computer program.

32. Define Data.

Computer data is information processed or stored by a computer.
This information may be in the form of text documents, images, audio clips, software
programs, or other types of data.

33. What is meant by distributed computing?

o Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems.
o A distributed system is a model in which components located on networked
computers communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages.
o The components interact with each other in order to achieve common goal.
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34. Differentiate Internet and Intranet.

Internet Intranet
The Internet is the global system of A local or restricted communications
interconnected computer networks that use network, especially a private created using
the internet protocol suite (TCP/ IP) to link World Wide Web software.
devices worldwide.

35. Write a note on FAT.

Any type of data in a computer is stored in the form of files and directories/ folders
through File Allocation Table (FAT).
The FAT stores general information about files like filename, type(text or binary),
size, starting address and access mode (sequential/ indexed sequential/ direct/ relative).

36. Why we need OS?

37. Why modern OS use a GUI.

Modern operating systems use a Graphical User Interface(GUI). A GUI lets you use
your mouse to click icons, buttons, menus and everything is clearly displayed on the screen

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38.
using a combination of graphics and text elements.

How the Linux OS was created?

The Linux operating system was originated in 1991, as a project of “Linus
Torvalds” from a university student of Finland.
He posted information about his project on a news group for computer students and
programmers. He received support and assistance from a large pool of volunteers who
succeeded in creating a complete and functional Operating System.
Linux is similar to the UNIX operating system.

Answer the following Details:

1. Explain the concept of a Distributed Operating System.
The Distributed Operating System is used to access shared
data and files that reside in any machine around the world. The user can handle the
data from different locations. The users can access as if it is available on their own
computer.
The advantages of distributed Operating System are as follows:
• A user at one location can make use of all the resources available at another
location over the network.
• Many computer resources can be added easily in the network.
• Improves the interaction with the customers and clients.
• Reduces the load on the host computer.

2. Explain the main purpose of the Operating System.

Operating System has become essential to enable the users to design
applications without the knowledge of the computer’s internal structure of hardware.
Operating System manages all the Software and Hardware. Most of the time there
are many different computer programs running at the same time, they all need to
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access the Computers, CPU, Memory and Storage. The need of Operating System is
basically - an interface between the user and hardware.

Operating System works as translator, while it translates the user request into
machine language (Binary language), processes it and then sends
it back to Operating System.
The main use of Operating System is to ensure that a computer can be used to
extract what the user wants it do.
 Easy interaction between the users and computers.
 Starting computer operation automatically when power is turned on (Booting).
 Controlling Input and Output Devices.
 Manage the utilization of main memory.
 Providing security to user programs.

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3. Explain advantages and disadvantages of open source operation system.
Advantages:
 It’s cheaper.
 It is generally free.
 It is high quality.
 Open source operating system is very reliable.
 Help s become more flexible.
 Creativity.

Disadvantages:
 Vulnerable to malicious users.
 It is not always user-friendly.
 Personalized support is rarely available.
 Institutional and organizational procurement process affecting the decision making
process.

4. Explain memory management techniques.

Memory Management
Memory Management is the process of controlling and coordinating computer’s
main memory and assigning memory block (space) to various running programs to optimize
overall computer performance. \
The Memory management involves the allocation of specific memory blocks to
individual programs based on user demands. At the application level, memory management
ensures the availability of adequate memory for each running program at all times.
The objective of Memory management process is to improve both the utilization of
the CPU and the speed of the computer’s response to its users via main memory. For these
reasons the computers must keep several programs in main memory that associates with
many different Memory Management schemes.
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The Operating System is responsible for the following activities in connection with
memory management:
• Keeping track of which portion of memory are currently being used and who is
using them.
• Determining which processes (or parts of processes) and data to move in and out of
memory.
• Allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks as needed by the program in main
memory. (Garbage Collection).

5. Explain the Processing management Algorithms / Techniques in Operating

System.
 Process management is function that includes creating and deleting processes.
 Providing mechanisms for processes to communicate and synchronize with each
other.

The Operating System is responsible for the following activities associated with the
process management:
 Scheduling processes and threads on the CPUs.
 Creating and deleting both user and system processes.
 Providing mechanisms for process synchronization.
 Providing mechanisms for process communication.

The Processing Management Algorithms/ Techniques are:

1. FIFO 2. SJF 3. Round Robin 4. Based on Priority
FIFO (First In First Out) Scheduling:

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 This algorithm is based on queuing technique. Assume that a student is standing in a
queue to get grade sheet from his/her teacher.
 The other student who stands first in the queue gets his/ her grade sheet first and
leaves from the queue. Followed by the next student in the queue gets it collected
and so on. This is the basic logic of the FIFO algorithm.
 Technically, the process that enters the queue first is executed first by the CPU,
followed by the next and so on. The processes are executed in the order of the
queue.
SJF (Shortest Job First) Scheduling:
 This algorithm works based on the size of the job being executed by the CPU.
 Consider two jobs A and B.
 A = 6 kilo bytes
 B = 9 kilo bytes.
 First the job “A” will be assigned and then job “B” gets its turn.
Round Robin Scheduling:
 The Round Robin (RR) scheduling algorithm is designed especially for time
sharing systems.
 Jobs (processes) are assigned and processor time in a circular method. For example
take three jobs A, B, C.
 First the job A is assigned to CPU then job B and job C and then again A, B and C
and so on.
Based On Priority:
 The given job (process) is assigned based on a Priority.
 The job which has higher priority is more important than other jobs.
 Take two jobs A and B.
 Let the priority of A be 5 and priority B be 7.
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 Job B is assigned to the processor before job A.

6. Explain Prominent Operating Systems.

Prominent OS are as follows:
• UNIX
• Microsoft Windows
• Linux
• iOS
• Android

Modern operating systems use a Graphical User Interface(GUI). A GUI lets you use
your mouse to click icons, buttons, menus and everything is clearly displayed on the screen
using a combination of graphics and text elements. OS can be either proprietary with a
commercial license or can be open source. Each Operating System's GUI has a different

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look and feel, so if you switch to a different Operating System, it may seem unfamiliar at
first. However, modern Operating Systems are designed to be ease of use and most of the
basic principles are the same.
Open source Free Licence:
UNIX
UNIX is a family of multitasking, multi-user operating systems that derive originally
from AT&T Bell Labs, where the development began in the 1970s by Ken Thompson and
Dennis Ritchie.

Linux
Linux is a family of open-source operating systems. It can be modified and
distributed by anyone around the world. This is different from proprietary software like
Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns it. The main advantage of
Linux operating system is that it is open source. There are many versions and their updates.
Most of the servers run on Linux because it is easy to customize.
There are a few different distributions of Linux, like Ubuntu, Mint, Fedora, RedHat,
Debian, Google's Android, Chrome OS, and Chromium OS which are popular among users.
The Linux operating system was originated in 1991, as a project of “Linus Torvalds”
from a university student of Finland. He posted information about his project on a news
group for computer students and programmers. He received support and assistance from a
large pool of volunteers who succeeded in creating a complete and functional Operating
System. Linux is similar to the UNIX operating system.
Android
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on Linux and
designed primarily for touch screen mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets.

7. Explain the Types of Software.

Software is set of instructions that perform specific task. It interacts basically with
the hardware to generate the desired output.

Types of Software
Software is classified into two types:
1) Application Software
2) System Software

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Application Software:
Application software is a set of programs to perform specific task. For example
MS-word is application software to create text document and VLC player is familiar
application software to play audio, video files and many more.
System Software:
System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run
the computer’s hardware and application programs. For example Operating System and
Language Processor.

1. From the options given below, choose the operations managed by the operating system.
a. Memory b. Processes
c. Disks and I/O devices d. All of these
2. Which is the default folder for many Windows Application to save your file?
a. My Document b. My Picture
c. Documents and Settings d. My Computer
3. Under which of the following OS the option Shift+Delete – permanently deletes a file or
folder?
a. Windows 7 b. Windows 8 c. Windows 10 d. All of the OS
4. What the meaning of “Hibernate” in Windows XP/ Windows7?
a. Restart the Computer in safe mode
b. Restart the Computer in Hibernate mode
c. Shutdown the Computer terminating all the running applications.
d. Shutdown the Computer without closing the running application.
5. Which of the following OS is not based on Linux?
a. Ubuntu b. BSD c. CentOS d. Redhat
6. Which of the following in Ubuntu OS is used to view the options for the devices installed?
a. Settings b. Files c. Dash d. VBox_Gas_5.2.2
7. Identify the default email client in Ubuntu?
a. Thunderbird b. Firefox c. Internet Explorer d. Chrome
8. Which is the default application for spreadsheets in Ubuntu? This is available in the
software launcher?

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a. LibreOffice Writer b. LibreOffice Calc
c. LibreOffice Impress d. LibreOffice Spreasheet
9. Which is default browser for Ubuntu?
a. Firefox b. Internet Explorer c. Chrome d. Thunderbird
10. Where will you select the option to log out, suspend, restart, or shut down from the desktop
of Ubuntu OS?
a. Session Indicator b. Launcher c. Files d. Search
11. Which OS used on web servers and super computers?
a. Unix b. Windows c. Linux d. iOS
12. Multiple applications execute simultaneous in windows is known as.
a. Multiprocessing b. Multitasking c. Multiprogramming d. None of these
13. Which of the following input devices used in Windows OS?
a. Keyboard, Mouse b. Keyboard, Microphone
c. Mouse, Joystick d. Keyboard, Scanner
14. Which of the following is not an access applications?
a. Word processing b. Games c. Spreadsheets d. C++
15. In which version of windows the mouse was introduced?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 95
16. Which windows version focused on multitasking?
a. 95 b. 98 c. XP d. windows 7
17. In which version of windows, DOS gaming disappear?
a. 95 b. ME c. 98 d. W2K
18. How many versions of Windows 2000 were released?
a. 3 b. 1 c. 4 d. 2
19. Which was the last windows based MS-DOS? (or) Which version removed the option “Boot
in DOS”?
a. Windows 98 b. Windows ME c. W2K d. Windows XP
20. Which of the following is not a version of windows 2000?
a. Data center server b. Professional c. DOS d. Server
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21. Which Windows operating system introduced IE8?
a. XP b. W2K c. Vista d. 7
22. Which version of Windows takes better advantage of multi-core processing?
a. 8 b. 7 c. 10 d. 3
23. Which windows versions introduced multiple desktop?
a. 8 b. 7 c. 10 d. XP
24. How many mouse actions are there while using Windows OS?
a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8
25. The basic working platform of Windows is called ______.
a. OS b. Version c. Icons d. Desktop
26. The opening screen of Windows is called ______.
a. Windows b. Workspace c. taskbar d. Desktop
27. The desktop consists of ______.
a. Icons b. Start Button c. Documents d. All of these
28. Which key display the windows desktop?
a. Winkey + E b. Winkey + D c. Winkey + C d. Winkey + T
29. Which button is used to get the Windows desktop?
a. Aerotop b. Aeroseek c. Aeropeck d. Aerodesk
30. The graphical representation of Windows elements are called _______.
a. Desktop b. Icons c. Task box d. Folders
31. Which plays vital role in GUI?
a. Icons b. Windows c. Desktop d. Task bar
32. How many disk drive options are there in Windows?
a. 4 b. 3 c. 5 d. 6
33. A rectangular area in an application is called _________.
a. Desktop b. Start Menu c. Icons d. Window
34. Window is typical rectangular area in ____.

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a. Application

a. Application
b. Documents

b. Only two
36. Which window display the contents of a document?
b. Document
c. Dialog
35. How many windows active when multiple windows open at a time?
a. Only one c. 3

c. Explorer
d. All of these

d. 0

d. None of these
37. Which is used for formatting the text and graphics?
a. Icons b. Desktop c. Window d. Notepad
38. Which of the following element will display the name of the currently opened document?
a. Title Bar b. Tool Bar c. Workspace d. Menu Bar
39. How many control buttons are there in title bar of the windows?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 1
40. Which key brings the focus on the first menu of the menu bar?
a. Alt + F10 b. Alt + F9 c. Ctrl + F10 d. Ctrl + F9
41. How many direction the document can be scrolled?
a. 3 b. 2 c. 1 d. 4
42. Which of the following window element help to resize the window?
a. Corners b. Borders c. a and b d. scroll bar
43. A directory contains information about the ________.
a. Data b. Records c. Icons d. Files
44. The alternate name of the directory called _____
a. Files b. Folders c. Information d. Data
45. The organized file structure is referred to ________
a. Multilevel directory system b. Hierarchical directory system
c. Multitasking directory system d. a and b
46. The first level in a hierarchical directory system is _____.
a. Root directory b. Sub directory c. Directory d. Folder
47. Which level in the Multi-level directory system is root directory?
a. Fourth b. Third c. Second d. First
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48. Root

A B

C D E

from the above C,D,E are called _______.

a. Files b. Directory c. Sub directory d. Folder
49. Which of the following gives the hierarchy to access a particular directory?
a. File b. path c. folder d. root
50. Which of the following are wild card characters?
a. @, ~ b. /, + c. *, ? d. +, -
51. Which wild card character used as substitute for zero or more characters in a file name?
a. * b. ? c. @ d. +
52. Which wild card character used as substitute for single characters in a file name?
a. * b. ? c. @ d. +
53. What is the name of the bar which appear at the bottom of the screen?
a. Scroll bar b. Title bar c. Task bar d. Menu bar
54. Which icon on the desktop allows to explore and manage the content of the computer drive?
a. My Computer b. Computer c. This PC d. All of these
55. Which of the following windows version display ‘This PC’ icon?
a. Windows 95 b. Windows XP c. Windows 7 d. None of these
56. Which of the following is another way of open a program?
a. Start  Run b. Start  Program c. Start Apps d. Start 

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57. How many ways are there to create a new folder?
a. 4 b. 3
58. The default name of folder created is _____.
a. New b. Folder
59. Which key is used to change the folder name?
c. 2

c. Folder New
d. many

d. New Folder

a. ESC key b. Enter key c. Alt key d. Ctrl + Shift

60. Which command on the start menu used to search the entire computer quickly?
a. Find b. Search c. Locate d. Layout
61. Which of the following not searched by Start  Find command?
a. File b. Folder c. Drive d. None of these
62. The most common way of opening of file or a folder using mouse is ______.
a. Click b. Drag c. Double Click d. Drag and Drop
63. How many ways to rename file and Folders in Windows?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 3
64. Which facility provides you to move or copy the file or folders in Windows?
a. Windows Explorer b. My Computer c. This PC d. Recycle Bin
65. Which command is used to cut file or folder?
a. File  Cut b. Edit  Cut c. Edit  Move d. Format  Cut
66. The shortcut key is used to cut file or folder
a. Ctl + Alt + C b. Clt + C c. Clt + Alt + X d. Clt + X
67. The command to paste the cutted files into new location is ______.
a. Edit  Paste b. File  Paste c. File  Copy d. Format  Paste
68. The shortcut key is used to paste the cutted files or folder is _____
a. Ctl + V b. Clt + P c. Alt + P d. Shift + V
69. Which are the symbols seen while collapsing and expanding the folder list in Windows
Explorer?
a. *, ? b. @, ? c. +, - d. *, -
70. Which menu is used to select the copy option?
a. File b. Edit c. Format d. Tools
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71. The shortcut key is used to copy files or folders
a. Ctl + C b. Clt +X c. Alt+ C d. Shift + C
72. Which key used while drag and drop the files or folders to be copied?
a. Shift b. Alt c. Tab d. Ctrl
73. How many methods are there of transferring files or folder to or from Removable disk?
a. 2 b. 4 c. 3 d. 5
74. Which icon on the desktop is used to recover the deleted files and folders?
a. My Computer b. This PC c. Recycle Bin d. Computer Bin
75. Which menu is delete file or folder in Windows?
a. File b. Edit c. Tools d. Format
76. Which key combination is used to delete the file or folder permanently?
a. Ctrl + Delete b. Shift + Delete c. Alt + Delete d. Ctrl+Alt + Del
77. Which must be created on files and folders and placed on Desktop to help automate your
work?
a. Icons b. Task bar c. Shortcuts d. Program
78. Which program or software is available free of charge?
a. Open source b. Closed source c. Share source d. None of these
79. Which one is popular open source version of UNIX?
a. Windows b. Linux c. Minux d. C++
80. Which OS is designed for computer, smart phones and network servers?
a. Android b. Ubuntu c. iOS7 d. None of these
81. Which of the following linux sever distribution is freeware?
a. Red Hat b. SUSE c. UBUNTU d. All of these
82. Which of the linux sever distribution is shareware?
a. Cent OS b. Red Hat c. SUSE d. All of these
83. Which of the following is located at the top of the screen in Linux OS?
a. Task bar b. Scroll bar c. Tool bar d. Menu bar

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84. Which of the following is not the icon in the Ubuntu OS?
a. Amazon b. FlipKart c. Files
85. How many common indicators are there in Ubuntu OS menubar?
a. 3 b. 4
86. The default Ubuntu 16.04 theme known as _______.
c. 6
d. Trash

d. 5

a. Ambiance b. Trend c. Dzire d. 3D tube

87. Which provides in Ubuntu OS for easy access to applications, mounted devices and Trash?
a. Icons b. Desktop c. Launcher d. My Computer
88. Which Ubuntu OS icon is equivalent to My Computer icon?
a. This PC b. Computer c. Files d. Explorer
89. Which Ubuntu OS icon is used to browse the internet?
a. Internet Explorer b. Google Chrome c. Google Android d. Fire Fox
90. Which icon in Ubuntu OS open an application like MS-Word?
a. Star Office Writer b. Open Office Writer c. Libre Office Writer d. Libre Office Editor
91. Which icon in Ubuntu OS open an application like MS-Excel?
a. Libre Office Calc b. Open Office Calc c. Office Calc d. Star Office Calc
92. Expansion of VBox is ______.
a. Video Box b. Visual Box c. Vector Box d. Virtual Box
93. Trash icon is equivalent to ______ icon in Windows.
a. Spam b. Recycle Bin c. Garbage Bin d. Dustbin
94. Match the following.
(i) Tablet OS - (1) Linux
(ii) Desktop OS - (2) Andriod
(iii) Smart phone OS - (3) iOS
(iv) OS used in Super Computer - (4) Windows 7
a. 1,4,3,2 b. 1,2,4,3 c. 4,3,1,2 d. 3,4,2,1
95. How many different types of icons in Windows?
a. 5 b. 6 c. 4 d. 3
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96. Which of the following statement is true?
(i) Introduction of GUI is in Windows 1.
(ii) Introduction of 32 bit environment in Windows 95.
(iii) Four versions of Windows 2000 were released.
(iv) Windows vista introduced in the year 2006.
(v) Introduction of multiple desktop in Windows 10.
a. Only (i),(iii),(v) b. Only (ii),(iv),(v) c. Only (i),(ii),(v) d. All of these
97. Which of the following statement is true?
(i) The basic working platform of windows is not a desktop.
(ii) The opening screen of windows is called desktop.
(iii) The appearance of the desktop cannot be charged.
(iv) The desktop consists of icons and task bar.
a. Only (i),(iv) b. Only (i),(iii) c. Only (iii) d. Only (ii), (iv)
98. Match the following.
(i) These icons are representing software package is logo.
(ii) These icons point to particular file.
(iii) These icons used to identify application.
(iv) These icons shows the removable storage and permanent storage medium.
(1) Document Icon (2) Application Icon 3) Disk Drive Icon 4) Shortcut Icon
a. 2,4,1,3 b. 4,1,3,2 c. 3,1,2,4 d. 1,2,4,3
99. How many types of windows you can work with?
a. 3 b. 2 c. 1 d. many
100. Which of the following is not a element of application window?
a. Tool bar b. Work area c. Status bar d. Word
101. How the files are displayed in windows OS?
a. Tree Structure b. Data Structure c. File Structure d. All of these
102. Which contains the information about the files?

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a. Icons

a. Root

a. 2
b. Windows

b. Only One
c. Directory
103. Which directory is created automatically at the time of disk formatting?
b. Sub directory c. Bin
104. How many parent directory is allowed for the child directory?
c. More than 2
d. Document

d. Drive Directories

d. Less than 6
105. The sequence of directory names which leads to access a particular file name is called
a. Sub directory b. Root directory c. Tree d. Path

Answer the following:

1. Differentiate Cut and Copy option.

Cut Copy
It is the process of moving a block It is the process of making duplicate
from one place to another. copies of the block of a worksheet.

2. What is the use of a file extension?

File extension is used to know that in which the file is associated with.

3. Differentiate Files and Folders.

Files Folders
File is the collection of records. Folder is a collections of files

4. Differentiate Save and Save As option.

“Save” option save a document with a name “Save As” option save an already saved
the document with a new name and also create a copy of already saved document with new
name obviously.

6. What is the advantage of Open Source?

 The Open software is free to use, distribute and modify.
 It has lower cost in most cases in only the fraction of the cost of their propriety
counter parts.
 It is most secured as the accessible to everyone.

7. Mention the Different server distribution in Linux OS.

The most popular Linux server distributors are:
Free server & most popular:
Ubuntu Linux
CentOS
Distributions associated with price:
Red Hat
Linux Mint
Arch Linux
Deepin
Fedora
Debian

8. How will you log off from Ubuntu OS?

When we has finished working on our computer, we can choose to Log Out through
the Session Indicator on the far right side of the top panel.

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9. Name any four icons in Ubuntu OS desktop
Amazon, Trash, Files, System Settings..

10. What is Ambiance in Ubuntu OS?

The default desktop background, or wallpaper, belonging to the default Ubuntu16.04
theme known as Ambiance.

11. What is Launcher?

 The vertical bar of icons on the left side of the desktop is called the Launcher.
 The launcher provides easy access to applications, mounted devices, and the Trash.

12. Name the icons which is equivalent to MS- office applications.

 Libre Office Writer - MS-Word
 Libre Office Calc - MS-Excel
 Libre Office Impress – MS-Powerpoint

13. What is the use of VBox in Ubuntu OS?

The expansion for VBox is VirtualBox. The reason to use Oracle VirtualBox is
Ubuntu Linux can be run as a guest OS within the Virtual machine.

14. What is Trash in Ubuntu OS?

Trash is the equivalent of Recycle bin. All the deleted Files or Folders are moved
here.

15. What is Multi-Tasking?

Multiple applications which can execute simultaneously in windows is known as “
Multi-Tasking.

17. Write the prominent feature of Windows 98 OS.

 Integration of the Web browser (Internet Explorer) with the Operating System.
 DOS gaming began to disappear as Windows gaming improved.

18. Write the prominent feature of Windows 7 OS.

 Faster boot times, introduced new user interfaces and Internet Explorer 8.
 Most used operating system on the internet and also the most used for PC gaming.

19. What is desktop?

The basic working platform of windows is called desktop or the opening screen of
windows is called desktop.

20. Name the parts of Task bar.

The Task bar is at the bottom of the Desktop and contains the Start button. Windows
Notification Area time and date.
21. What is the use of Aero peek?
Aero Peek is used to get the desktop at any time.
22. What is Shutdown?
Shut down is the team used to describe the process of closing all software programs
in preparation to turn off a computer’s power.

23. What is Log off?

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Referred to as logoff, logout, disconnecting, and sign out, sign off process of
disconnecting from network or what occur

24. What is Recycle Bin?

It is a folder which contains all deleted files and folders have an opportunity to
recover from it.
25. Name the four versions of Windows 2000.
The four versions of Windows 2000 were released:
 Professional (for business desktop and laptop),
 Server (for both Web Server and an Office Server),
 Advanced Server (for line of business application) and
 Data Center Server (for high-traffic computer networks).

26. Name the commonly used icons in the desktop.

Commonly used icons are: My Computer, Documents, Recycle bin, application
icons, Shortcut icons, Document icons and Disk-drive icon.

27. What is meant by Document icon?

Active document window which is a window within an application window is called
as document icon.

28. What is meant by Window?

Window is a typical rectangular area in an application or a document. It is an area on
the screen that displays information for a specific program.

29. What is meant by Application Window?

It is an area on a computer screen with defined boundaries, and within which
information is displayed. Such windows can be resized, maximized, minimized, placed side
by side, overlap.
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30. What is Document Window?
A document window is a section of the screen used to display the contents of
a document.

31. Name the elements of Application Window.

Title bar, Menu bar, Tool bar, Scroll bars, Status bar, Work Space (area) and Control
buttons.

32. Name the elements of Windows.

Title bar, Menu bar, Tool bar, Scroll bars, Status bar, Borders , Work Space (area)
and Corners.

33. Name the Control Buttons.

Minimize, Maximize/ Restore and Close buttons.

34. What is meant by Title Bar? (Or) What will displayed on the Windows title bar?
The title bar will display the name of the application and the name of the document
opened. It will also contain minimize, maximize and close button.

35. What is meant by Work Space in Document Window?

 The workspace is the area in the document window to enter or type the text of
your document.
 It is the point of insertion for typing within the document.

36. What is Scroll Bar?

The scroll bars are used to scroll the workspace horizontally or vertically.

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37. What is the use of Corners and Borders?
The corners and borders of the windows help to drag and resize the windows. The
mouse pointer changes to a double headed arrow when positioned over a border or a corner.
Drag the border or corner in the direction indicated by the double headed arrow to the
desired size. The window can be resized by dragging the corners diagonally across the
screen.

38. Where will the Start menu is available?

In the lower left-hand corner of the windows screen is the Start button. When you
click on the button, the Start menu will appear. Using the start menu, you can start any
application.

39. What the use of Task bar? Or what are all available on Taskbar?
At the bottom of the screen is a horizontal bar called as Taskbar. This bar contains
(from left to right) the Start button, shortcuts to various programs, minimized programs and
in the extreme right corner you can see the system tray which consist of volume control,
network, date and time etc. Next to the Start button is the quick Launch Toolbar which
contains task for frequently used applications.

40. What is root directory?

The first level in a multilevel or hierarchical directory system is root directory,
which is created automatically at the time of disk formatting.

41. What is the use wildcard character (*) Asterisk?

The use of asterisk as a substitute of zero or more characters.

42. What is the use of wild card character (?) Question mark?
The use of question mark as a substitute for a single character in a name.
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43. Observe the following and answer the following.
a) Name of the Root directory.
b) Name of the Sub-directory.
c) Name of the Files.

Y A

Z B C
Ans:
(a) X
(b) Y, A
(c) Z, B, C

44. What is Ubuntu?

 A quality that includes the essential human virtues, comparison and humanity is
called ubuntu.
 Ubuntu is an open source OS for computer.
 It is a Linux distribution based on the debian architecture.

45. What is the different between UNIX and LINUX?

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S.No UNIX LINUX
1 Unix is a proprietary operation system. Linux is a open source Operating system.
2 Unix OS primarily uses a command line Linux OS primarily uses GUI Interface.
Interface.

46. List down the differences in security for Windows7 , Windows8 and Windows10
Operating system.
Windows 7 - Ordinary password security while logging.
Windows 8 - Ordinary password security while logging.
Windows 10 - Windows Hello, one of the security which lets you log-in
using a fingerprint, face or iris scan instead of a password.

47. What is OS (Operating System)?

 An Operating System is a software program that enables the computer hardware to
communicate and operate with the computer software.
 It also acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls
the execution of all kinds of programs.

48. Differentiate Windows 7 and Windows 8.

Windows 7 Windows 8
Faster boot times, introduced new user It was faster than previous versions of
interface and Internet Explorer 8. Windows.
Most used operating system on the Windows 8 takes better advantage of
internet and also the most used for PC multi-core processing, solid state
gaming. drives (SSD), touch screens and other
alternative input methods.

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49. Write a note on Windows Scroll bars.
A scrollbar is an interaction technique in which continuous text, pictures, or any
other content can be scrolled in a predetermined direction ( up, down, left or right) on a
computer display so that all contents can be viewed, even if only fraction of the content
cab be seen on a device's screen at a time.
50. How will you delete files and folders using file menu?
 Select the file or folder you wish to delete.
 Click on the File menu and select Delete.
 The file will be moved to recycle bin.
51. Write a note on Ubuntu OS.
 Ubuntu is a Linux - based operating system. It is designed for computers, smart
phones, and network servers.
 The system is developed by a UK based company called Canonical Ltd.
 All the principles used to develop the Ubuntu software are based on the principles of
Open Source software development.
52. What is the purpose of windows store design?
Windows store is designed to unify all windows platforms across multiple devices,
including Windows Phone and tablets, with universal apps that can be downloaded from
the Windows Store and run on all Windows devices.
53. Analyse: Why the drives are segregated?
The drives are segregated because
 Save space and increase performance.
 To include other Operating systems, isolate programs and keep files tidy.

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 It might help to isolate operating systems or programs from other user.
54. If you are working on multiple files at a time, sometimes the system may hang. What
is the reason behind it? How can you reduce it?
 Due to low capacity of main memory (RAM) the system many hang while working
with multiple files.
 To reduce it increase the size of main memory and other reasons for hanging is
overheating, driver corruption or errors, software errors and computer virus.
55. Are drives such as hard drive and floppy drives represented with drive letters?
Yes, hard drives and floppy drives represented with drive letters.
56. Write the specific use of Cortana.
Use of Cortana
 Gives reminders based on time, places or people.
 Track packages, teams, interests and flights.
 Send emails and texts.
 Find facts, files, places and information.
 Open any application on your system.

57. List out the major differences between Windows and Ubuntu OS.
S.No UBUNTU OS WINDOWS OS
1 Open source (Licensing Closed source (Licensing
Freedom) Restriction)
2 Online peer support Paid - help desk support
3 Full hardware support Partial hardware support
4 Support CUI No CUI Support
5 Flexibility Rigidity

59. Differentiate Thunderbird and Firefox in Ubuntu OS.

Firefox is a browser. Thunderbird is email client which can be used to view emails
received.

60. Differentiate Save, Save As and Save a Copy in Ubuntu OS.

Save : This will save the document without asking for a new name or
locations. It will overwrite the original.
Save As : This will prompt you to save the document using a dialog box. This
allows to change the file name or location.

Detail Question and Answer:

61. Explain the versions Windows Operating System.

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62. Draw and compare the icon equivalence in Windows and Ubuntu.

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63. Complete the following matrix

Navigational method Located on Ideally suited for

Start button Taskbar Quick access common apps and
settings
My Computer Desktop Exploring your disk drives and using
system tools.
Windows Explorer Taskbar Seeing hierarchy of all computer
contents and resources in one window.
Quick Launch Taskbar To open the Programs quickly

64. Observe the figure and mark all the window elements, Identify the versions of the Windows
OS.
Title Bar

Close Button
Restore Button
Maximize Button

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Hard disk Drives

DVD RW Drive

External Drive

Left Panel

Right Panel

Folders icons

65. Write the procedure to create, rename, delete and save a file in Ubuntu OS. Compare
it with Windows OS.
In Ubuntu OS :
Create a file : By right clicking in the desktop and also files be created by using file menu.
Delete a file : By using right click and choosing move to trash or by using menu.
Rename a file : By using right click and choosing rename option.
Save a file : Press Ctrl + X or F2 to exit. You will then be asked if you want to save. (or)
Press Ctrl + O or F3 and Ctrl + X or f2 for save the file and exit.
InWindows OS :
Create a file : Open an application and created by using file menu.
Delete a file : By right click on the file and choose rename option to rename a file.
Save a file : Press Ctrl + S or File Save to save the file.
66. Write the important functions of an operating system?
The important functions of an operating system.
 Memory management
 Processor management
 Device management
 File management
 Security management
 Control over system performance
 Job accounting
 Error accounting
 Coordination between other software and users.

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67. Write the functions of Windows OS.
 The functions of Windows operating system which allows you to do are:
 Access application (programs) on computer (Word processing, games, Spreadsheets,
Calculators and so on).
 Load any were new programs on to the computer.
 Manage hardware such as printers, scanners, mouse, digital cameras etc.
 Manage how files are stores on your computer.
 Change computer settings such as color schemes, screen savers and the resolution of
monitor.

68. Write the actions and reactions of using mouse.

70. Explain the elements of Windows.

Title Bar – The title bar will display the name of the application and the name of the
document opened. It will also contain minimize, maximize and close button.

Menu Bar - The menu bar is seen under the title bar. Menus in the menu bar can be
accessed by pressing Alt key and the letter that appears underlined in the menu title.
Additionally, pressing Alt or F10 brings the focus on the first menu of the menu bar.
In Windows 7, in the absence of the menu bar, click Organize and from the drop
down menu, click the Layout option and select the desired item from that list.

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The Workspace - The workspace is the area in the document window to enter or
type the text of your document. The workspace area in the document window.

Scroll bars - The scroll bars are used to scroll the workspace horizontally or
vertically moving bar.

Corners and borders - The corners and borders of the window helps to drag and
resize the windows. The mouse pointer changes to a double headed arrow when
positioned over a border or a corner. Drag the border or corner in the direction
indicated by the double headed arrow to the desired size . The window can be resized
by dragging the corners diagonally across the screen.

71. Explain different ways of creating a new folder. ( Ans : Book Page No : 90 – 92)
72. Explain how will you find a file or folder in Windows. ( Ans : Book Page No : 93 – 95)
73. Explain the different methods of renaming files and folders in Windows.
( Ans : Book Page No : 95 – 97)
74. Explain the different methods of moving files and folders in Windows.
( Ans : Book Page No : 98)
75. Explain how will you copy files and folders in Windows.
( Ans : Book Page No : 98 - 99)
76. Explain the methods followed while copying files and folders to removable disk in Windows.
( Ans : Book Page No : 99 - 100)
77. Explain the procedure of shutting down or log off computer.(Ans: Book Page No:102 –103 )
78. Write the significant features of Ubuntu OS. (Ans: Book Page No:105)
79. Explain the most common indicators in Ubuntu OS menu bar. (Ans: Book Page No:106)
80. Explain the Element of Ubuntu OS. (Ans: Book Page No:107 - 110 )

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UNIT - II ALGORITHMIC PROBLEM SOLVING
6. SPECIFICATION AND ABSTRACTION
1. Which of the following activities is algorithmic in nature?
a. Assemble a bicycle b. Describe a bicycle
c. Label the parts of a bicycle d. Explain how a bicycle works
2. Which of the following activities is not algorithmic in nature?
a. Multiply two numbers b. Draw a kolam
c. Walk in the park d. Braid the hair
3. Omitting details inessential to the task and representing only the essential features of the
task is known as
a. Specification b. Abstraction c. Composition d. Decomposition
4. Starting the input property and the as : - output relation a problem is known as
a. Specification b. Abstraction c. Algorithm d. Definition
5. Ensuring the input-output relation is
a. the responsibility of the algorithm and the right of the user.
b. the responsibility of the user and the right of the algorithm.
c. the responsibility of the algorithm but not the right of the user.
d. the responsibility of both the user and the algorithm.
6. If i=5 before the assignment i:=i-1 after the assignment, the value of I is
a. 5 b. 4 c. 3 d. 2
7. If i < 0 before the assignment i:=i-1 after the assignment, we can conclude that
a. 0 < i b. 0 ≤ i c. i = 0 d. 0 ≥ i
8. Which of the following are an examples of process?
a. adding two numbers b. Draw a kolam
c. Walk in the park d. All of these

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9.

10.

11.
Instructions are also known as?
a. Programs b. Input c. Statement
Which must be expressed using statement of a programming language?
a. Process b. Instruction
Which is intended to solve a problem?
c. Algorithm
d. Process

d. Specification

a. Program b. Statement c. Process d. Algorithm

12. How many basic building blocks are there to construct algorithms?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 3
13. Which of the following not used to construct algorithm?
a. Data b. Process c. Control flow d. Functions
14. In computers, operations on data performed by
a. Instruction b. Program c. Process d. All of these
15. When operations are done on data, the results are stored in
a. control flow b. functions c. variables d. instructions
16. Which are named boxes for storing data?
a. Data b. process c. functions d. variables
17. The data stored in a variable is also called _____.
a. value b. process c. function d. control flow
18. Computational processes in the real world have
a. Statements b. Procedure c. Behaviour d. State
19. Which changes when a process evolves?
a. Process b. State c. Behaviour d. program
20. How the state of the process represented in an algorithm?
a. Data b. Variables c. Statements d. Programs
21. The order of execution of program statement is known as
a. Variable b. Control flow c. Functions d. Association
22. Which of the following statement is not used to alter the normal flow of control?
a. Sequential control flow b. Alternative control flow
c. Assignment control flow d. Iterative control flow
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23. Which of the following statement is used to alter the normal flow of control?
a. Sequential control flow b. Alternative control flow
c. Iterative control flow d. All of these
24. Each part of an algorithm are known as
a. Variables b. Functions c. Control flow d. data
25. Which of the following is not an algorithm design technique?
a. Specification b. Abstraction c. Control flow d. Composition
26. Which of the following design technique state the relation between the input and the output?
a. Specification b. Abstraction c. Composition d. Decomposition
27. Which of the following design technique used to hide the unnecessary details while solving
the problem?
a. Specification b. Abstraction c. Composition d. Decomposition
28. The input and output are passed between an algorithm and the user through
a. data b. control flow c. variables d. functions
29. The symbol indicates the comment statement while specifying an algorithm is
a. -- b. || c. ~~ d. none of these
30. An Algorithm is composed of the statement
a. assignment b. control flow c. a and b d. arithmetic
31. Which statement are used to notate a program for the human readers?
a. Assignment b. Control flow c. Comments d. Arithmetic
32. How many standard specification formats are there to design the algorithm?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 1
33. Which serves as a contract between the designer and users of the algorithm?
a. Abstraction b. Specification c. Composition d. Decomposition
34. Which defines the rights and responsibilities of the algorithm?
a. Abstraction b. Composition c. Specification d. Decomposition

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35. Which is the most effective tool used for managing program complexity?
a. Specification b. Control flow c. Composition d. none of these
36. Which of the following is a basic and important abstraction?
a. State b. Variable c. Control flow d. Functions
37. The right side of assignment can be?
a. A value b. A variable c. An expression d. Any one of these

Answer the following:

1. Define an Algorithm.
An Algorithm is a step by step sequence statements intended to solve a problem.

2. Distinguish between an algorithm and a process.

An algorithm is a sequence of instructions to accomplish a task or solve a problem.
An instruction describes an action. When the instructions are executed, a process
evolves which accomplishes the intended task or solves the given problem. We can
compare an algorithm to a recipe, and the resulting process to cooking.

3. Initially,
Farmer, goat, grass, wolf = L,L,L,L and the framer crosses the river with goat.
Model the action with an assignment statement.

1. -- farmer, goat, grass, wolf = L, L, L, L

2. farmer, goat := R, R
3. -- farmer , goat , grass , wolf = R, R, L, L
4. farmer := L
5. farmer, goat, grass, wolf = L, R, L, L
6. farmer, grass := R, R
7. -- farmer , goat , grass , wolf = R, R, R, L
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8. farmer, goat := L, L
9. -- farmer, goat, grass, wolf = L, L, R, L
10. farmer, wolf := R, R
11. -- farmer , goat , grass , wolf = R, L, R, R
12. farmer : = L
13. -- farmer , goat , grass , wolf = L, L, R, R
14. farmer , goat : = R, R
15. -- farmer , goat , grass , wolf = R, R, R, R

4. Specify a function to find the minimum of two numbers.

1. Minimum (A,B)
2. -- inputs : A and B are integers or real numbers.
3. – outputs: A minimum, A< B
B minimum, B< A

5. If = 1.414, and the square_root( ) function returns -1.414, does it violate the
following specification?
-- square_root( )
-- inputs : x is a real number, n>0
-- outputs: y is a real number such that y2=x.
Yes, if violate the specification.

6. When do you say that a problem is algorithmic in nature?

We usually say that a problem is algorithmic in nature when its solution involves the
construction of an algorithm. Some types of problems can be immediately recognized as

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7.
algorithmic.

What is the format of the specification of an algorithm?

Let P be the required property of the inputs and Q the property of the desired
outputs. Then the algorithm S is specifed as
1. algorithm_name (inputs)
2. -- inputs : P
3. -- outputs: Q

8. What is abstraction?
A problem can involve a lot of details. Several of these details are unnecessary for solving
the problem. Only a few details are essential. Ignoring or hiding unnecessary details and
modeling an entity only by its essential properties is known as abstraction.

9. How is state represented in algorithm?

The state of process can be represented by set of variables in an algorithm. The state
at any point of execution is simply the values of the variables at the point.

10. What is the form and meaning of assignment statement?

Assignment statement is used to store a value in a variable. It is written with the
variable on the left side of the assignment operator and a value on the right side.
variable := value
When this assignment is executed, the value on the right side is stored in the variable on the
left side.

11. What is the difference between Assignment operator and equality operator?
Assignment operator is used to assign the right hand side value to left hand side
variable.
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Equality operator is used to compare the values of both right hand side variable and
left hand side variable and results in either true or false.

12. How will you construct an algorithm?

 Data
 Variables
 Control Flow
 Functions

13. How do you know whether the state changes in an algorithm?

As the value of the variables are changed, the state changes.

14. What is control flow?

The order in which the statements are executed may differ from the order in which
they are written in the algorithm. This order of execution of statements is known as the
control flow.

15. Name the Control flow statements used in an algorithm.

o Sequential Control flow.
o Alternative Control flow
o Iterative Control flow

16. Name the basic principles and techniques for designing algorithms.

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o Specifications
o Abstractions
o Composition
o Decomposition.

17. Write the goal of the algorithm.

The goal of the Algorithm is to establish the relation between the input and the
desired output.

18. Write the specification of an algorithm to compute the quotient and remainder after
dividing two integers.
1. divide(A, B)
2. -- inputs : A is an integer and B ≠ 0
3. -- outputs : A = q x B + r and 0 < r < B

19. Differentiate initial and final state of an algorithm.

The inputs and outputs are passed between an algorithm and the user through
variables. Te values of the variables when the algorithm starts is known as the initial state,
and the values of the variables when the algorithm finishes is known as the final state.

20. Write a note on the parts of specification of an algorithm.

We can write the specification in a standard three part format:
• The name of the algorithm and the inputs.
• Input: the property of the inputs.
• Output: the desired input-output relation.
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The first part is the name of the algorithm and the inputs. Te second part is the
property of the inputs. It is written as a comment which starts with — inputs:
The third part is the desired input-output relation. It is written as a comment which
starts with — outputs:. The input and output can be written using English and
mathematical notation.

21. Write the specification of an algorithm for computing the square root of a number.
1. Let us name the algorithm square_root.
2. It takes the number as the input. Let us name the input n. n should not be negative.
3. It produces the square root of n as the output. Let us name the output y. Then n should be
the square of y.
Now the specification of the algorithm is
square_root(n)
-- inputs: n is a real number, n ≥ 0.
-- outputs: y is a real number such that y2 = n.

22. Which defines the rights and responsibilities of the designer and user of the algorithm.
Specification of an algorithm serves as a contract between the designer of the
algorithm and the users of the algorithm, because it defines the rights and responsibilities of
the designer and the user.

23. Define the input – output relationship between the designer and user of the algorithm.

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24. What is the use of abstraction?

The abstraction used in a variety of ways while constructing algorithms — in the
specification of problems, representing state by variables, and decomposing an algorithm to
functions.

25. What does the specification abstracts in an algorithm?

Specification abstracts a problem by the properties of the inputs and the desired
input-output relation.

26. Define state of an algorithm.

State is a basic and important abstraction. Computational processes have
state. A computational process starts with an initial state. As actions are performed, its state
changes. It ends with a final state. State of a process is abstracted by a set of
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variables in the algorithm. Te state at any point of execution is simply the values of the
variables at that point.

27. Differentiate State and Functions.

State : In algorithms, the state of a computation is abstracted by a set of variables.
Functions: When an algorithm is very complex, we can decompose it into functions and
abstract each function by its specification.

28. What does specification of an algorithm consists?

The specification of an algorithm consists of the name of the algorithm (together
with its inputs), the input property, and the desired input-output relation.

29. How the assignment statement changes the state of an algorithm?

Assignment statement changes the values of variables, and hence the state.

Detail Question and Answer:

1. Write the specification of an algorithm hypotenuse whose inputs are the lengths of the
two shorter sides of a right angled triangle, and the output is the length of the third
side.
1. Let us name the algorithm Hypotenuse
2. It takes the number as the input. Let us name the input S1, S2. should not be negative.
3. It produces the Hypotenuse of S1,S2 as the output. Let us name the output l. Then S1,S2

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should be the square of l.

Now the specification of the algorithm is

Hypotenuse (S1, S2)
-- inputs : S1 and S2 are real numbers or integers.
-- outputs : l is a real number such that l2 = S12 + S22.

2. Suppose you want to solve the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 by an algorithm.

Quadratic_solve (a, b, c)
-- inputs : ?
-- outputs: ?
You intend to use the formula and you are prepared to handle only real number roots.

Write a suitable specification. x =

1. Let us name the algorithm Quadratic_solve.

2. It takes the number as the input. Let us name the input a, b, c. a should not be zero.
3. It produces the Quadratic_solve of a, b, c as the output. Let us name the output x. Then a,
b, c should be the Quadratic_solve of x.

Now the specification of the algorithm is

Quadratic_solve(a,b,c)
--input : a,b,c are real numbers, a ≠ 0

x1= and x2=

3. Exchange the contents: Given two glasses marked A and B. Glass A is full of apple
drink and glass B is full of grape drink. For exchanging the contents of glasses A and
B, the state by suitable variables, and write the specification of the algorithm.

1. Let us name the algorithm Exchange.

2. It takes the number as the input. Let us name the input a, b. a, b should not be zero.
3. It produces the Exchange of a, b by using third variable t as the output. Let us name the
output. Then a, b, t should be the Exchange of the drinks.

Now the specification of the algorithm is

Exchange(a, b)
-- inputs : a, b are integers. a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0.
-- outputs : a, b are the integers
t: = a;
a: = b;
b: = t;

4. Explain the detail how will you construct an algorithm. (Or) Explain the Building

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Blocks of Algorithms.
We construct algorithms using basic building blocks such as
• Data
• Variables
• Control ﬂow
• Functions
Data
Algorithms take input data, process the data, and produce output data. Computers
provide instructions to perform operations on data. For example, there are instructions for
doing arithmetic operations on numbers, such as add, subtract, multiply and divide. There
are different kinds of data such as numbers and text.
Variables
Variables are named boxes for storing data. When we do operations on data, we
need to store the results in variables. The data stored in a variable is also known as the value
of the variable. We can store a value in a variable or change the value of variable, using an
assignment statement.
Control flow
An algorithm is a sequence of statements. However, after executing a statement, the
next statement executed need not be the next statement in the algorithm. The statement to be
executed next may depend on the state of the process. Thus, the order in which the
statements are executed may differ from the order in which they are written in the
algorithm. This order of execution of statements is known as the control flow.
Functions
Algorithms can become very complex. The variables of an algorithm and
dependencies among the variables may be too many. Then, it is difficult to build algorithms
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correctly. In such situations, we break an algorithm into parts, construct each part
separately, and then integrate the parts to the complete algorithm.
The parts of an algorithm are known as functions. A function is like a sub algorithm.
It takes an input, and produces an output, satisfying a desired input output relation.

5. Explain the types of Control flow statements.

There are three important control flow statements to alter the control flow depending
on the state.
• In sequential control flow, a sequence of statements are executed one after
another in the same order as they are written.
• In alternative control flow, a condition of the state is tested, and if the condition is
true, one statement is executed; if the condition is false, an alternative statement is executed.
• In iterative control flow, a condition of the state is tested, and if the condition is
true, a statement is executed. The two steps of testing the condition and executing the
statement are repeated until the condition becomes false.

6. Explain the Algorithm design Techniques.

There are a few basic principles and techniques for designing algorithms.
Specification:
The first step in problem solving is to state the problem precisely. A problem is
specified in terms of the input given and the output desired. Te specification must also state
the properties of the given input, and the relation between the input and the output.

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Abstraction:
A problem can involve a lot of details. Several of these details are unnecessary for
solving the problem. Only a few details are essential. Ignoring or hiding unnecessary details
and modeling an entity only by its essential properties is known as abstraction.
Composition:
An algorithm is composed of assignment and control
flow statements. A control flow statement tests a condition of the state
and, depending on the value of the condition, decides the next statement
to be executed.
Decomposition:
We divide the main algorithm into functions. We construct each function
independently of the main algorithm and other functions.
Finally, we construct the main algorithm using the functions. When we use the functions, it
is enough to know the specification of the function. It is not necessary to know how the
function is implemented.


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7. COMPOSITION AND DECOMPOSITION

1. Suppose u, v = 10 ,5 before the assignment. What are the values of u and v after the
sequence of assignments?
1 u := v
2 v := u
a. u, v = 5, 5 b. u, v = 5, 10 c. u, v = 10, 5 d. u, v = 10, 10
2. Which of the following properties is true afer the assignment (at line 3?
1 -- i+j = 0
2 i, j := i+1, j-1
3 -- ?
a. i+j >0 b. i+j < 0 c. i+j =0 d. i = j
3. If C1 is false and C2 is true, the compound statement
1 if C1
2 S1
3 else
4 if C2
5 S2
6 else
7 S3 executes
a. S1 b. S2 c. S3 d. none
4. If C is false just before the loop, the control ﬂows through
1 S1
2 while C
3 S2

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4 S3
a. S1;S3 b. S1; S2; S3
c. S1; S2; S2; S3 d. S1; S2; S2; S2; S3
5. If C is true, S1 is executed in both the ﬂow charts, but S2 is executed in

a. (1) only b. (2) only

c. both (1) and (2) d. neither (1) nor (2)

6. How many times the loop is iterated?

i := 0
while i ≠ 5
i := i + 1
a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 0

Answer the following:

1. Distinguish between a condition and a statement.

A condition is phrase that describes a test of the state. A statement is a phrase that
commands the computer to do an action.

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2. Draw a flowchart for conditional statement.

3. Both conditional statement and iterative statement have a condition and statement.
How do they differ?
 Conditional statement is executed only if the condition is true. Otherwise, nothing is
done.
 Iterative statement repeatedly evaluates a condition and executes a statement as long
as the condition is true.

4. What is difference between an algorithm and a program?

An algorithm is a self-contained step-by-step set of operations to be performed to
solve a specific problems. A computer pro-foam is sequence of instructions that comply the
rules of a specific programming language, written to perform a specified task with a
computer.

5. Why is function an abstraction?

A function is an abstraction of a subproblem, and specified by its input property, and
its input-output relation.

7. What are the compound statements?

Compound statements are composed of sequential, alternative and iterative control
flow statements.

8. Write a note on Alternative statement.

Alternative statement selects and executes exactly one of the two
statements, depending on the value of the condition.

9. Define Iterative statement.

Iterative statement repeatedly evaluates a condition and executes a statement as long
as the condition is true.

10. Define Decomposition in defining algorithm.

Decomposition breaks down a problem into smaller sub-problems and combine their
solutions to solve the original problem.

11. What function in defining algorithm?

A function is an abstraction of a subproblem, and specified by its input property, and
its input output relation.

12. Write a note on Pseudo code.

 Pseudo code is a mix of programming language-like constructs and plain English.
This notation is not formal nor exact. It uses the same building blocks as programs,

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such as variables and control ﬂow.
 But, it allows the use of natural English for statements and conditions. An algorithm
expressed as pseudo code is not for computers to execute directly, but for human
readers to understand.
 Therefore, there is no need to follow the rules of the grammar of a programming
language. However, even pseudo code must be rigorous and correct. Pseudo code is
the most widely used notation to represent algorithms.

13. What are the disadvantages of using flowchart?

 Flowcharts are less compact than representation of algorithms in132 programming
language or pseudo code.
 They obscure the basic hierarchical structure of the algorithms.
 Alternative statements and loops are disciplined control flow structures. Flowcharts
do not restrict us to disciplined control flow structures.

14. Name the three control flow statement.

There are three importance control flow statements:
i. Sequential
ii. Alternative
iii. Iterative

15. Define Iteration.

Testing the loop condition and executing the loop body once is called an iteration.

Alternative Control flow Iterative Control flow

17. Describe the types of Control flow statements.

Alternative
1. Test whether C is true or false.
2. If C is true, then do S1; otherwise do S2.
Conditional
1. Test whether C is true or false.
2. If C is true then do S; otherwise do nothing
Iterative

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1. Test whether C is true or false.
2. If C is true, then do S and go back to step 1; otherwise do nothing.

18. Write an algorithm to find the minimum of two numbers.

Algorithm minimum can be defined as
1. minimum(a, b)
2. -- a, b
3. if a < b
4. result : = a
5. else
6. result = b
7. -- result = a ↓ b

19. We want an algorithm that compares two numbers and produces the result as

we can define compare() using a case analysis.

1. compare(a, b)
2. case a < b
3. result := -1
4. case a = b
5. result := 0
6. else -- a > b
7. result : = 1

21. What is case analysis?

Case analysis statement generalizes it to multiple cases. Case analysis splits the
problem into an exhaustive set of disjoint cases.

22. Draw a flowchart foe 3-Case Analysis using Alternative Statements

Entry

True
C1
S1

False

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True
S2

False

C3 True
S3

False

Exit

23. Define a function to double a number in two different ways:

(1) n + n (or) n x n (2) 2 x n (or) n2.
(1) double (n)
-- inputs : n is a real number or a integer, n > 0
-- ouputs : y is a real number or an integer such that
y = n + n (or) n x n.

(2) double (n)

-- inputs : n is a real number or a integer, n > 0
-- outputs : y is a real number or an integer such that
y = 2 x n (or) n2.
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Details Question and Answers:
24. Exchange the contents: Given two glasses marked A and B. Glass A is full of apple and
glass B is full of grape drink. Write the specification for exchanging the contents of
glasses A and B, and write a sequence of assignments to satisfy the specification.
1. Let us name the algorithm Exchange.
2. It takes the number as the input. Let us name the input a, b. a, b should not be zero.
3. It produces the Exchange of a, b by using third variable t as the output. Let us name the
output. Then a, b, t should be the Exchange of the drinks.

Now the specification of the algorithm is

Exchange(a, b)
-- inputs : a, b are integers. a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0.
-- outputs : t is the integer such that
t: = a; a: = b; b: = t;

25. Circulate the contents: Write the specification and construct an algorithm to circulate
the contents of the variables A, B and C as shown below: The arrows indicate that B
gets the value of A, C gets the value of B and A gets the value of C.

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1. Let us name the algorithm Circulate.
2. It takes the number as the input. Let us name the input A, B, C. A, B, C should not be
zero.
3. It produces the Exchange of a, B, C by using third variable t1, t2 as the output. Let us
name the output. Then A, B, C, t1, t2 should be the Circulate of the values.

Now the specification of the algorithm is

Circulate(A, B, C)
-- inputs : A, B, C are integers. A ≠ 0, B≠ 0, C ≠ 0.
-- outputs : t1, t2 are the integers such that
t1: = B; t2: = C; B: = A; C: = t1; A: = t2;

26. Decanting problem. You are given three bottles of capacities 5, 8, and 3 liters. Te 8L
bottle is filled with oil, while the other two are empty. Divide the oil in 8L bottle into
two equal quantities. Represent the state of the process by appropriate variables.
What are the initial and final states of the process? Model the decanting of oil from
one bottle to another by assignment. Write a sequence of assignments to achieve the
final state.
1. A: = 8, b: =0, c: = 0 1. E F T
2. E, F, T: =A, B, C 2. 8 0 0
3. F: = E-3 3. 3 5 0
4. T: = F-3 4. 3 2 3
5. E: = E+T 5. 6(3+3) 2 0
6. T: = F
F: = F-2 6. 6 0 2
7. F: = E-1 7. 1 5 2
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8. F: = F-1 8. 1 4 3
T: = T+1
9. E: = E+T 9. 4 4 0
T: = T-3

27. Trace the step-by-step execution of the algorithm for factorial(4).

factorial(n)
-- inputs : n is an integer , n ≥ 0
-- outputs : f = n!
f, i := 1 ,1
while i ≤ n
f, i := f × i, i+1

factorial(4)
i=1, f=1;
=f=1x1
=f=1x2
=f=2x3
=f=6x4
= f = 24.

28. Explain the Refinement kin detail with example.

 After decomposing a problem into smaller subproblems, the next step is either
to refine the subproblems or to abstract the subproblems.
 Each subproblem can be expanded into more detailed steps. Each step can be further
expanded to still finer steps, and so on. Ties are known as refinement

www.Padasalai.Net
 We can also abstract the subproblems. We specify each subproblem by its input
property and the input-output relation. While solving the main problem, we only
need to know the specification of the subproblems. We do not need to know how the
subproblems are solved.

30. Explain the types of symbols used in flowcharts in detail.

 Flowchart is a diagrammatic notation for representing algorithms. They show the
control flow of algorithms using diagrams in a visual manner. In flow charts,
rectangular boxes represent simple statements, diamond-shaped boxes represent
conditions, and arrows describe how the control flows during the execution of the
algorithm. A flow chart is a collection of boxes containing statements and conditions
which are connected by arrows showing the order in which the boxes are to be
executed.
 A statement is contained in a rectangular box with a single outgoing arrow, which
points to the box to be executed next.

 A condition is contained in a diamond shaped box with two outgoing arrows, labeled

www.Padasalai.Net true and false. The true arrow points to the box to be executed next if the condition
is true, and the false arrow points to the box to be executed next if the condition is
false.

 Parallelogram boxes represent inputs given and outputs produced.

 Special boxes marked Start and the End are used to indicate the start and the end of
an execution:

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31. Write the Disadvantages of Flowcharts.
Flowcharts also have disadvantages.
1) Flowcharts are less compact than representation of algorithms in programming
language or pseudo code.
2) They obscure the basic hierarchical structure of the algorithms.
3) Alternative statements and loops are disciplined control flow structures. Flowcharts
do not restrict us to disciplined control flow structures.
4)
32. Explain the case Analysis in detail with example.
Alternative statement analyses the problem into two cases. Case analysis
statement generalizes it to multiple cases. Case analysis splits the problem into an
exhaustive set of disjoint cases. For each case, the problem is solved independently. If C1,
C2, and C3 are conditions, and S1, S2, S3 and S4 are statements, a 4-case analysis
statement has the form,
1. case C1
2. S1
3. case C2
4. S2
5. case C3
6. S3
7. else
8. S4
The conditions C1, C2, and C3 are evaluated in turn. For the first condition
that evaluates to true, the corresponding statement is executed, and the case analysis
statement ends. If none of the conditions evaluates to true, then the default case S4
is executed.
i. The cases are exhaustive: at least one of the cases is true. If all conditions are false,

www.Padasalai.Net the default case is true.

ii. The cases are disjoint: only one of the cases is true. Though it is possible for more
than one condition to be true, the case analysis always executes only one case, the
first one that is true. If the three conditions are disjoint, then the four cases are (1)
C1, (2) C2, (3) C3, (4) (not C1) and (not C2) and (not C3).

 Read All Examples of Algorithms in this Chapter




to evaluate F(4), how many times F() is applied?

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 9
6. Using this recursive definition

www.Padasalai.Net
7.
how many multiplications are needed to calculate a10?
(a) 11 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 8
Which of the following algorithm design techniques to execute the same action repeatedly?
(a) Assignment (b) Iteration (c) Recursion (d) Both b and c
8. Which statements executed repeatedly as long as the loop condition is true?
(a) Sequential (b) Abstraction (c) Iteration (d) Assignment
9. Which of the following is updated when each time the loop body is executed?
(a) Data (b) Variables (c) Function (d) All of these
10. Which of the following is key to construct iteration algorithms?
(a) Loop invariant (b) Loop updation
(c) Loop variable (d) Loop condition
11. Which of the following is more powerful algorithms design technique closely related to
iteration?
(a) Sequential (b) Iteration (c) Recursion (d) Composition
12. How many cases are there in a recursive solver has?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) many
13. Which of the following is a recursive solver case?
(a) Base case (b) Recursive case (c) loop case (d) Both a and b
14. How many important points the loop variant is true?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
15. How many base case atleast must be in recursion?
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2

2. Define a loop invariant.

An invariant for the loop body is known as a loop invariant.

3. Does testing the loop condition affect the loop invariant? Why?
Yes, it affects.
A loop invariant is true at
• (a) at the start of the loop (just before the loop)
• (b) at the start of each iteration (before loop body)
• (c) at the end of each iteration (after loop body)
• (d) at the end of the loop (just after the loop)

4. What is the relationship between loop invariant, loop condition and the input-output
recursively?
 A loop invariant is a condition that is necessarily true immediately before and
immediately after each iteration of a loop.
 A loop invariant ia some condition that holds for every iteration of the loop.

5. What is recursive problem solving?

Recursion step breaks the problem into sub-problems of smaller size, assumes
solutions for sub-problems are given by recursive calls, and constructs solution to the given

www.Padasalai.Net
problem.
(OR)
Each solver should test the size of the input. If the size is small enough, the solver
should output the solution to the problem directly. If the size is not small enough, the solver
should reduce the size of the input and call a sub-solver to solve the problem with the
reduced input.

6. Define factorial of natural number recursively.

factorial (n)
-- inputs: n is an integer , n ≥ 0
-- outputs : factorial of n

if n = 0 -- base case
1
else
n * factorial (n-1) --recursion step

7. What is the use of repeating the same action again and again?
Even though the action is the same, the state in which the action is executed is not
the same. Each time we execute the action, the state changes. Therefore, the same action is
repeatedly executed, but in diﬀerent states. The state changes in such a way that the process
progresses to achieve the desired input-output relation.

8. How will you solve the problem using recursive?

Recursion is another algorithm design technique, closely related to iteration, but
more powerful. Using recursion, we solve a problem with a given input, by solving the
same problem with a part of the input, and constructing a solution to the original problem
from the solution to the partial input.
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9. How will you construct a loop using a loop variant?

 Establish the loop invariant at the start of the loop.

 The loop body should so update the variables as to progress toward the end, and
maintain the loop invariant, at the same time.
 When the loop ends, the termination condition and the loop invariant should
establish the input-output relation.

Detail Answers:
1. There are 7 tumblers on a table, all standing upside down. You are allowed to turn any
2 tumblers simultaneously in one move. Is it possible to reach a situation when all the
tumblers are right side up? (Hint: Te parity of the number of upside down tumblers is
invariant.)
u is the number of tumblers upside down 3 cases.
1 turn two tumblers right way up ( u:=u+2)
2 turn two tumblers in the wrong way up ( u:=u-2)
3 turn one the right way up and the other wrong way up ( u:=u+1-1)

The invariant of these assignments.

Parity is a Boolean value ( true or false)
True if (0,2,4,6…)
False is (1,3,5,7…)
Notation even u
Invariant of u:=u+2
Invariant of u:=u-2

www.Padasalai.Net
Even u is an invariant of problem.
No matter how many times we turn over pairs of tumbler, the value is even.
So it is not possible to reach the situation when all the tumblers are right side up.

2. A knockout tournament is a series of games. Two players compete in each game; the
loser is knocked out (i.e. does not play any more), the winner carries on. Te winner of
the tournament is the player that is left after all other players have been knocked out.
Suppose there are 1234 players in a tournament. How many games are played before
the tournament winner is decided?
P no.of players
G no.of Games
Initially, P=1234, G=0.
P,G:=P-1, G+1
P+G is invariant
Finally, P=1, G=1233.

3. King Vikramaditya has two magic swords. With one, he can cut off 19 heads of a
dragon, but after that the dragon grows 13 heads. With the other sword, he can cut off
7 heads, but 22 new heads grow. If all heads are cut off, the dragon dies. If the dragon
has originally 1000 heads, can it ever die? (Hint: The number of heads mod 3 is
invariant.)

At first glance this problem is convoluted and intractable.

Once we hit upon the idea of using invariant, however it becomes trivial.
We note (13-19)=(22-7)=0 (mod 3).
The magic swords can never change the number of heads of the dragon mod 3.
Since we start at 1000=1 (mod 3). We can never get to 0. The dragons lives.

i. We start with a normal colored chess board with number of black squares B=32 and
number of white squares W=32.
ii. So, W-B = 0 which is divisible by 4 and W+B = 64 W-B = 0 mod 4.
iii. Whenever we change the colors of a row or column, we change the color of 8
squares.
iv. Let this row (or column) have W white squares + B black squares W+B = 8. If this
operation B increases by 2n, then W decreases by 2n so that W+B = 64. But B-W
will change by 4n and if remain divisible by 4.
v. W-B=0 mod 4.
vi. After every operation “B-W mod 4” can have no other values.
vii. But the required state has 63 white square and 1 black square, so it requires.
viii. W-B = 63-1=62 = 2 mod 4.

5. Power can also be defined recursively as

Construct a recursive algorithm using this definition. How many multiplications are
needed to calculate a10?

www.Padasalai.Net
power (a, n)
-- inputs: n is an integer , n ≥ 0
-- outputs : an
if n = 0 -- base case
1
else
if(n%2!=0)
a × power (a, n-1) --recursion step in case of odd
else
a × power (a, n/2) (or) a × power (a, n%2) --recursion step in case of even.

6. A single-square-covered board is a board of 2n x 2n squares in which one square is

covered with a single square tile. Show that it is possible to cover the board with
triominoes without overlap.
**** (SEE EXAMPLE NO: 8.13 for the answer)

7. How will you solve the problem using recursive? Explain.

 To solve a problem recursively, the solver reduces the problem to subproblems, and
calls another instance of the solver, known as sub-solver, to solve
the sub-problem. The input size to a sub-problem is smaller than the input size to the
original problem. When the solver calls a sub-solver, it is known as recursive call.
 The magic of recursion allows the solver to assume that the sub-solver
(recursive call) outputs the solution to the sub-problem. Then, from the solution to
the sub-problem, the solver constructs the solution to the given problem.
 As the sub-solvers go on reducing the problem into sub-problems of smaller
sizes, eventually the sub-problem becomes small enough to be solved directly,
without recursion.
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Therefore, a recursive solver has two cases:
1. Base case: The problem size is small enough to be solved directly. Output the
solution. There must be at least one base case.
2. Recursion step: The problem size is not small enough. Deconstruct the
problem into a sub-problem, strictly smaller in size than the given problem. Call a
sub-solver to solve the sub-problem. Assume that the sub-solver
outputs the solution to the sub-problem.

7. Write algorithm of the outline of recursive problem solving techniques.

This outline of recursive problem solving technique is shown below.
Solver (input)
if input is small enough
construct solution
else
find sub_problems of reduced input
solutions to sub_problems =
solver for each sub_problem
construct solution to the problem from
solutions to the sub_problems

Whenever we solve a problem using recursion, we have to ensure these two

cases: In the recursion step, the size of the input to the recursive call is strictly
smaller than the size of the given input, and there is at least one base case.

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 Read All Examples of Algorithms in this Chapter







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