TELANGANA MOVEMENT

1. Analyse the historical background responsible for the unique identity of telangana
Answer
Introduction: Telangana has had a long chequered history since ancient times. But after
1956, Telangana's identity, history and culture were completely neglected by the
Seemandhra governments.
Reasons for Unique Identity
1. Telangana had been having a particular political significance in Pre-Mouryan times.
Of the 16 Mahajanapadas, Assaka/Asmaka Janapada was located in the Telangana
area corresponding with the modern Nizamabad area. Even before the advent of
Satavahanas, Kotilingala coins exhibit the names of political figures like Gobada,
Naraya etc.,
2. The first political dynasty of South India, i.e, the Satavahanas started their political
journey from Koti-Lingala only, which is proved by Coins of SImuka at Kotilingalas. In
post -Satavahana times, Ikshvakus ruled from Sriparvatham or NagarjunaKonda.
Vishnu kundalini had their early political centre at Indrapuram and Keesara in
Telangana.
3. It had been ruled by important dynasties like Vakatakas, Rashtrakutas etc. In pre-
Kakatiya times, many local dynasties like Chalukyas of Vemulavada and Mudigonda
etc.
4. Kakatiyas starting from the Koravi area slowly occupied the entire Telangana.
Ganapathi Deva was successful in bringing all Telugu-speaking areas under one
umbrella. Kakatiyas developed Orugallu or Warangal as the political, administrative,
commercial and cultural centre of the entire Telugu people.
5. After the decline of Kakatiyas, Velama Nayakas ruled over Telangana from Devara
Konda and Rachakonda. Qutubshahis ruled Telangana from the beginning of the 16th
century to the end of the 17th century. They also ruled Non-Telangana Telugu areas
from Golkonda only.
6. The Qutub Shahis respected the local culture and language. Telugu literature was
given a fillip under the Qutub Shahis. Moharram celebrations became an integral part
of Telangana culture.
7. After the decline of Qutub Shahis, there were fluid political conditions under the
Mughal Governors for some time. Taking advantage of such fluid conditions, Sarvai
Papanna emerged as the champion of the masses turning himself into a popular folk
hero.
8. The Ashafjahi rule (1724-1948) is remarkable for striking historical developments.
During the reign of Nizam Ali khan, Coastal areas /districts were given to the British
by 1788. The so-called 'Ceded Districts' were given to the British by 1800. As a result,
the Seemandhra region was cut off from Telangana politically.
9. As a result, the Telangana region developed a unique political, social and cultural
identity which was strikingly different from the Seemandhra region.
Conclusion:
In 1948, Hyderabad state was merged into Indian Union. After 1948 Andhra leaders
popularized the Vishalandhra movement demanding the unification of all Telugu-speaking
areas into one state. But Telangana intellectuals and leaders protested against
Vishalandhra. In spite of this, Andhra leaders with their rapport with the Congress High
 Command and lobbying tactics were successful in merging Telangana with the Seemandhra
region in 1956.
From 1956, Telangana was subjected to severe exploitation leading to agitation for a
separate Telangana state.
After so many trials, tribulations and sacrifices, Telangana state was formed in 2014.

2. The 7th Nizam’s 1919 farman tried to define mulki and solve the existing mulki issues.
Elaborate.
Answer
Introduction- Mulki problem had its genesis in the administrative reforms of Salarjang. The
failure of 6th Nizam’s Gazette of 1888, made 7th Nizam issue 1919 Farman to define mulki
concept and address mulki issues
Concept of Mulki:
The term “mulki” was completely defined by Osman Ali Khan in Farmana 1919 and 1933 in
the following way.
A person will be considered as Mulki if he satisfies one of the following conditions.
● It is applicable to the citizens of Hyderabad.
● The person should be born in Hyderabad.
● If any person completes a permanent residency in Hyderabad for 15 years and
submitted an affidavit through a magistrate that he/she would not leave Hyderabad,
that person will be considered as Mulki.
● A newly-born child of a Mulki parent is considered a Mulki.
● In the case of the death of a Non – Mulki husband of a Mulki woman, she was treated
as Mulki if she migrated to Hyderabad. But her children were not treated as Mulki. If
they satisfy the conditions of Mulkis, they will also be considered as Mulki.
The issue of the Mulki identification certificate is vested with the Collector cadre officer or
the Taluqdars. For this, the candidate had to submit personal details about his/ her
citizenship.
The candidate had to submit an undertaking stating that the information submitted by him/
her was true. If the information was found to be incorrect, the candidate had to apply to
Subedar and Subedar’s decision was final.
Elaborating Farmana – 1919:
Farmana – 1919 was issued during the regime of Seventh Nizam of Osman Ali Khan for the
protection of Mulkis. It was called Mulki rules.
● Only Mulkis should be appointed to Government jobs.
● According to Farmana 1919, the following persons are considered as mulkis.
● Those who were born in Nizam state were treated as mulkis only. They were also eligible
for jobs.
● Those who lived in Hyderabad place continuously for 15 years and were unwilling to
leave the place.
● The children of those who did their jobs for 15 years in Hyderabad State.
● Wife of a Mulki
A person who is to be considered as Mulki had to get a declaration certificate from higher
officer of the collector cadre.
Conclusion
• Based on this Farmana, Non – Mulki jobs were treated as temporary jobs.
• Simultaneously all Government jobs were filled up on the basis of a written examination.
 • Justice was done to Mulkis even in promotions
Despite the Farmans in the subsequent years, the Ghair- Mulki problem persisted due to
the upper hand gained by the Ghair-Mulkis since the days of Salarjung-II. The senior Ghair-
multi officials had shown favouritism by appointing their kith and kin, thereby perpetuating
the problem.

3. Discuss the need and impact of Mulki league/subjects league

Answer
Introduction-
The Mulki/subjects league established in 1935, was the first organised expression of the
Mulkis of Hyderabad state.
With the success of mulki agitation an organization "The Nizam Subjects League" or “Mulki
League” was established in 1935.
It was also known as 'Jamiyatrifamim Nizam' in Urdu and Nizam Prajala Sangham in Telugu.
This organization gave a slogan "Hyderabad for Hyderabadis".
Need/objectives of Mulki league
● To promote friendly relations among various social classes of Hyderabad State.
● To promote the progress of all the communities of Hyderabad State.
● To uphold the interests of the local people and also enlighten them about their
responsibilities.
● To see that a Constitution, giving a responsible government be framed.
● To protect the rights of the monarchy of Hyderabad State.
Impact of Mulki league
● Pressurized by the Nizam subjects league, the government appointed a committee
headed by Aravamudu Iyengar in 1939
● According to the recommendations of the committee, Mulki rules were amended and
provided with more safeguards.
● In 1945 Mulki rules were revised once again.
● From 1945 the system of implementing the mulki rules strictly started
Conclusion
Nizam favoured it in the beginning and gave importance to its aims.
But the reference to 'responsible government' angered the Nizam
Later Some Muslim brothers under the effect of the theory of Muslim sovereignty deserted
the group and joined the leadership of Ittehadul Muslimeen, leading to the weakening of this
league and the birth and rise of Majlis.

4. Evaluate the employment policies during the military regime and Vellodi
administration during the period 1948-52.
Answer
Introduction
After the Police Action of 1948, the Hyderabad State was put under the military rule of J.N.
Choudhury from September 1948 to December 1949. Later the Civil Government was formed
under M.K. Vellodi. It had been in force up to 1952. These two administrations followed
employment policies which were favourable to Gair-Mulkis leading to severe discontent
among the unemployed Mulkis.
Employment policies under the Miltary regime and Vellodi administration
 ● The number of the army of Hyderabad was 17870 till the police action day. Later it was
reduced to 10,415 stating that, for a state, such a large number of army personnel are
not necessary.
● Later, the number of police personnel was also reduced.
● In appointing the required number of officers and staff based on their requirements in
the district, non-muslims also got preference.
● After world war ii, the office of the rehabilitation Director appointed retired army
personnel to some new posts.
● The government established employment exchanges for the recruitment of some lower
and middle cadre jobs.
● Of these employment exchanges, one was located in Hyderabad, the second at Warangal
and the third at Aurangabad.
● These regional employment exchanges conducted recruitments in government
departments and Private companies.
● The government established the 'Bikanur training centre' to provide training to skilled
workers and Technical experts.
○ During this course, Employees from other states and different parts of the country came
to Hyderabad.
○ Mainly hundreds of people from the neighbouring Madras state got employment here.
○ The majority of them belonged to the Andhra region.
● Showing the scarcity of Technical experts, officers at high levels appointed many of their
relatives and nearest ones.
● Some persons got jobs by submitting fake Mulki certificates. Non-locals earned a lot of
properties in Hyderabad and Started their domination over the locals.
○ A newspaper named the star of Hyderabad reported that Mulki rules were violated many
times in Hyderabad.
○ According to a report of this paper, 84 Hyderabad civil services officers who were
appointed between 1919 to 1934 were non-locals.
○ Many non-mulkis entered government positions in the process of rejuvenating the
administration of Hyderabad.
○ Normal employees and technical experts got jobs to assist the higher authorities.
Conclusion
The violation of Mulki rules and the Gair Mulki issue got perpetuated under successive
Governments and became an important factor in the demand for a separate Telangana state.
It became an integral part of the "credo" of the Telangana movement ("water, funds, jobs").

5. Administrative reforms of Salarjung helped in developing a Modern Hyderabad State.

Elaborate.
Answer
Introduction
• The year 1853 signifies the beginning of Salar Jung’s reforms which led to fundamental
changes in the administrative and socio-economic cultural fields in Nizam’s Dominions
• Turab Ali Khan, known as Salarjung-I was appointed as the Prime Minister of Nizam
Nasir-Ud-Daula, the fourth Nizam of the Asaf Jahi dynasty in 1853.
 • He became Prime Minister at the age of 23 years and within a short span of time,
Salarjung understood that the financial condition of the kingdom was deplorable and
the administration was in chaos.
• He understood that the reason for the disorderly condition was a lack of discipline among
the employees and soldiers and he introduced many reforms to restore stability in the
administration.
• He studied the administrative reforms that the British implemented in India and started
• implementing reforms along the same lines in the Hyderabad state.
Administrative reforms towards the modern Hyderabad state
● Salarjung established a Central Treasury for the Government in 1855 and a Customs
Department in 1861.
● He opened offices for stamp papers in 1862 and Zillabandi in 1864.
● This Zillabandi replaced the Subha system of the olden days and each Zilla was divided
into Taluqs for easier administration.
● Revenue Board was formed in 1864 and Diwanis were divided into Taluqs.
● Each Taluq had a Government treasury.
● So, Salarjung appointed Collectors to collect the taxes in the place of the then-working
officers.
● They were called "Taluqdars" Some Policemen (Sepoys) were given to these Taluqdars
and Zilladars to take care of Peace and Security at the District level.
● Salarjung founded a school to train the Revenue Surveyors.
● By 1880, Salarjung started special educational institutions, hospitals and special
schools to train the students and youth in English.
○ The Medical College was started in Hyderabad in 1844,
○ EngineeringCollege, in 1870,
○ City College was established in 1870, and
○ Chadarghat School, in 1872.
● He also started the Departments of Public Works, Postal and Forestry.
● The Railway lines in Telangana and Gulbarga were constructed between 1860 and 1878.
● To help the distressed peasants due to the prevailing feudal system, he had given some
concessions to farmers as he realised that the financial condition of the Government is
directly dependent on the economic conditions of the farmers. They were:
○ The land adjacent to their houses and the lands which were not used for cultivation
were exempted from the tax
○ If the poor farmers did not pay taxes, their household goods, agricultural implements,
and cattle were not taken away.
○ Every farmer was given the right to the land that he cultivated.
Conclusion
All the above-mentioned reforms are undertaken by Salar Jung I have played a crucial role
in the process of modernization and socio-economic transformation.
Hence, as a visionary administrator, Sir Salar Jung was rightly described as “the
architect and modernizer of Hyderabad State”.

6. Throw a light on the various reforms undertaken by the Burgula Ramakrishna rao
government
Answer
Introduction
• In 1952, the first election was conducted to form the Assembly of Hyderabad State.
Congress party won 93 seats out of 175 and the Government of Burgula Ramakrishna
Rao was formed as the single largest party which won the majority on 6th March 1952.
• Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam of Hyderabad was appointed as the Rajpramukh
and he administered the oath of secrecy to Burgula in King Koti.
• Burgula Ramakrishna Rao had previously worked as Revenue minister in the
Government of Vellodi.
• He introduced several reforms in different sectors for the welfare of people.
Reforms of the Burgula Government:
1. Land reforms:
a. Hyderabad Tenancy and agricultural (Amendment) Act - 1954:
i. Based on the recommendations of the planning commission, Burgula's
government, in 1950 made some amendments to the Hyderabad Tenancy and
Agricultural Land act 1950.
ii. According to this act, the land holding of the family should be the basis while
implementing the land reforms.
iii. The tenancy amount would be decided based on the land revenue.
2. Economic reforms:
a. Based on the direction of the Union government, to rejuvenate the economic condition
of the Hyderabad state the state government appointed a committee headed by
A.D.Gorwala in 1950.
b. This committee submitted its report in October 1950.
c. The committee recommended the state government to introduce necessary
administrative and economic reforms to modernize the administration.
d. These recommendations were sincerely implemented by the then revenue minister
Burgula Ramakrishna Rao.
3. Educational reforms:
a. The first state that introduced the mother tongue as the medium of instruction in India
was Hyderabad.
b. The minimum population of a village to establish a school was fixed at 500.
c. The number of schools increased from 4000 to 14000.
d. The tri-language principle was introduced in the education system.
e. Radha Krishna Commission recommended introducing 3 years degree course in
Hyderabad state.
f. Mudaliar commission recommended establishing multipurpose schools in Hyderabad
state.
g. Asafiya state library in Hyderabad city was renamed as the Hyderabad State Central
library.
4. Administrative reforms:
a. Erstwhile Warangal district was bifurcated to form Khammam district on 1 October
1953.
b. Janagam taluk of the erstwhile Nalgonda district was joined in the erstwhile Warangal
district.
c. Ramannapet taluk was formed with some villages in Bhuvangiri taluk of the erstwhile
Nalgonda district.
d. Hyderabad State Anti-corruption department was established on 1 July 1955.
5. Other reforms
a. The foundation for Nagarjuna Sagar Project was laid during Burgula's rule.
Conclusion
These reforms under the popular government highlighted the significance of Democracy to
the people of Hyderabad state.
However, due to the neglection of already existing Mulki issues by the popular government
culminated in the form of the 1952 Mulki agitation.
7. Discuss the background and course of the Mulki agitation in 1952
Answer
Introduction
The Mulki agitation of 1952 was the first popular agitation after the merger of Hyderabad
into the Indian Union. The already existing mulki problem was exaggerated by the military,
civil and Popular governments leading to severe discontent and unrest among Mulkis.
Background
1. Hyderabad People welcomed police action thinking that they will be relieved from the
misrule of Nizam.
2. After the police action, Military Rulewas established in Hyderabad.
3. A large number of non-mulkis (non-residents) were appointed to Government Positions
by
4. importing officers from the neighbouring states of Madras (including the Andhra
Region), Bombay, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
5. The expectations of the Hyderabad people about the improvement of their lives under
the rule of the Indian Union were shattered.
6. The students were agitated that they would not find any Jobs due to the non-mulkis.
7. Under such situations, the constitutionally elected Government came in 1952.
8. People believed that the new government would give jobs only to the locals.
9. Non-mulkis were producing certificates as mulki and joining the jobs which were
causing insecurity among the locals and leading to severe discontent among them.
Course of the movement
Mulki Movement in Warangal:
1. News spread that an officer, the Divisional Inspector of Schools of Warangal district
replaced 180 local teachers with non mulkis in 1952.
2. So some teachers of the school and a political leader complained about the misdeeds of
officer to the higher officials.
3. A joint action committee was formed in 1952 at Warangal with representatives from
schools and colleges.
Student Joint Action Committee:
1. There was another action committee formed in 1951 with a member from all schools
and colleges.
2. This committee came up with a resolution on the same day.
3. Resolution
a. A cabinet sub-committee must be appointed to look into the mulki rules.
b. The resolution was sent to CM.
c. Within a few days, CM reached Warangal and promised a solution to all their demands.
d. CM communicated the acceptance of the demands and also the Issuance of the official
announcement through the District Collector.
e. There was a delay in communication of this message and the strike began.
f. There was a peaceful rally in august 1952.
g. Unfortunately, on 30th August, some students abstained from classes and started
throwing stones at the classes.
h. Police resorted to lathi charges to disperse these students and many students were
injured.
i. With that, there were total hartals in not just Warangal but also other places of
Telangana.
City College Incident:
1. The Police commissioner appealed to the parents to control their wards and advise them
not to resort to violence.
2. He warned that if anybody violates their limits, the police would take suitable action.
3. On 2 September 1952 there was a huge student rally conducted raising slogans.
4. There were so many dharnas from 30th August 1952 to 2nd September 1952.
5. Due to these dharnas law and order in Hyderabad suffered seriously.
6. Police Commissioner promulgated prohibitory orders.
 7. Police would take appropriate actions if anybody violate these orders.
8. The city college principal informed the orders of the commissioner to the students.
9. Even though, the students of City College started protests on 3rd September 1952.
10. Police fired at agitators at City college and Patterghatti on 3rd September 1952 and
some students were injured and some were killed.
11. Students and leaders started the agitation on demanding the dead bodies and the
government replied they would be given at the burial ground.
12. But the students continued their strike at Osmania hospital.
13. The Police, citing the law and order problem fired once again at the Mulki agitators at
Afzalgunj on 4th September 1952in which four persons died
Ramachari-Mulki Agitation:
1. He was from Maratha area and worked in the Laiq Ali cabinet of Nizam's government.
2. He was elected to Assembly in 1952 election.
3. He started "Hyderabad HitaRakshnaSamithi" in August 1952.
4. He started an agitation against non mulkis through the Samithi.
Public Meeting at Fateh Maidan in September 1952:
1. The opposition Leader expressed support saying mulkis should be given preference in
appointments.
2. A socialist leader condemned the police firing and expressed full support to the
agitation.
3. In protest of the police firing on mulki agitators, Burgula'scar was burnt by agitators on
5th September 1952.
Role of Kaloji and Jayashankar Sirin the Movement:
1. On 8th September 1952, a meeting was held at Hanmakonda, Kaloji Narayana Rao also
participated in this.
2. At the meeting held at Warangal, the bus on which Jayashankar sir was travelling to
attend the meeting was stopped at Bhuvanagiri.
3. The government appointed a cabinet sub-committee considering the seriousness of the
agitation
4. The sub-committee was asked
a. To scrutinize the mulki stipulations
b. To meet the students and collect opinions
5. The committee did their duty on time
6. To inquire into the matter of police firings a judicial committee was appointed.
Conclusion
• P. Jaganmohan Reddy wrote his autobiography titled “The Judiciary I served”.
• In this book, he mentioned that the mulki agitation spread throughout Telangana
because of the bad behaviour of Andhra Officers towards Telangana people.
• This movement contributed a crucial component of the credo of the movement of a
separate state of Telangana in future i.e Water, funds and jobs.

8. Examine the report of Justice Jagan Mohan Reddy Committee?

Answer
Introduction
A committee was appointed under the leadership of Justice Pingali Jagan mohan Reddy on
5th September to enquire about the police firings that took place on 3rd and 4th of
September.
Justice Jagan Mohan Reddy accepted the leadership of the committee on two conditions. He
said he would conduct the enquiry openly and also that such an enquiry will take place in
the premises of the Court.
The government accepted the conditions and issued a notification on 9th September 1952.
There was also a letter addressed to Justice Jaganmohan Reddy on 10th September laying
down the modalities of enquiry. The points in the letter are that
 1. The enquiry must be made in the conditions leading to the firing that took place on 3rd
and 4th
2. If required enquiries must be made about the discontent of the students also.
Justice Jaganmohan Reddy's committee submitted its detailed report to the Government on
28th December 1952, taking evidence from nearly 100 people.
Committee report
1. It was understood that when the 1st firing took place in Afjulgunj, there was a lapse in
coordination between leaders, police officers and the police forces. Hence even after
firing, the mobs could not be controlled effectively.
2. Police could not conduct themselves strictly during the right situations. But it was not
right to find fault only with the police for the situation because the public leaders were
the real motivators for the deterioration of conditions.
3. It could be interpreted that the failure of discussions between public representatives,
leaders and the students was the main reason for the agitators going insane.
4. As the Chairman of the committee, he had two questions:
a. ✓ Was there a situation requiring firing?
b. ✓ Were the required forces only deployed or were there any excess?
• In response to the 1st question, the enquiry found, based on the evidence that in such
situations it was imperative that firing is resorted to quell the mobs and there is no better
way as Lathi charge and tear gas could not have much effect on the swelling crowds.
• As an answer to the 2nd question, if the police force is confident about controlling the
agitators, the firing must be controlled. Firing can seize once the agitators dispersed
Conclusion
Justice Jagan mohan reddy committee provided crucial comments about the nature and
methods to control popular agitations and highlighted how popular agitations can be
politically misused by taking unexpected turns, thus increasing the democratic rationale of
both law enforcement agencies and the general public.

9. The State reorganisation commission(SRC) had genuine apprehensions about merging

Telangana with Andhra state to form Vishalandhra. Analyse.
Answer
Introduction
Ever since the Andhra state was formed, the Government thought that for the formation of
new states in South India, the study of local problems was necessary and for that, it
appointed the State Reorganization Commission on 22nd December 1953, Justice Sayyed
Fazal Ali was made as the Chairman whereas Hridaynath Kunzru andKavalam Madhava
Panikkar as the members of the Commission.

This Commission visited various places of India. It visited Hyderabad in June and July of
1954 and heard the views of different organizations, individuals and leaders. They also
received memorandums from them.
Some of the people opined positively for the Visalandhra whereas others opposed it.
Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy, and Dr Marri Chenna Reddy were the representatives of the
people, who strongly opposed the formation of a united Visalandhra and the formation of a
separate Telangana.
After careful consideration of the different aspects of the issue, the commission submitted
its report to the Government on 30th September 1955.
Apprehensions about Vishalandhra
The commission not only emphasized the advantages of the creation of Visalandhra but also
adduced arguments in favour of Telangana and they are as follows:
1. The existing state of Andhra ever since it was created faced financial problems.
Telangana, on the other hand is devoid of such problems. The unification of the two
regions may not benefit the Telangana area.
 2. The per capita income of Andhra is less when compared to that of Telangana because
the revenue rates are more in Telangana, further there is no prohibition in Telangana
and there was a gain of five crores by excise auctions annually. The Telangana region
will lose the opportunity to utilize its additional revenue for development.
3. When plans for future development are taken into consideration, Telangana people
apprehend doubts that their region may not receive due consideration in Visalandhra.
4. There is apprehension that the quota of water for Telangana may not be given to them.
5. The Telangana region is educationally backward whereas the Andhra region made
substantial progress in that direction. Thus, there is a reason for the Telangana people
to apprehend that employment may be swamped by the more advanced people of the
Andhra region.
6. People of Telangana also feared that they will be unequally placed in relation to the
people of Andhra in Visalandhra.
7. Further, they thought that the major partner may convert Telangana as a colony and
derive all the advantages without looking into their material advancement.
Conclusion
As there were genuine fears among the Telangana people, based on its findings, the SRC
recommended the ‘Postponement of the formation of Vishaladhara. It recommended the
immediate formation of a separate Telangana state, with Hyderabad as its capital.

10. ‘Dr.B.R Ambedkar advocated the principle of One State one language’, in this context
throw some light on Ambedkar's views on SRC and Small states.
Answer
Introduction
• Dr B.R. Ambedkar has deeply studied the problem of state reorganisation after 1947. On
the eve of SRC, he expressed these views in the form of a book, ‘Thoughts on linguistic
states’
• Ambedkar while replying to the Linguistic Provinces commission in 1948 first time, apart
from supporting the formation of Linguistic States, opined clearly that if geographical
limits were conducive, people speaking a single language could be placed in one State.
• He also expressed an opinion that if the formation of Linguistic States was necessary,
people speaking the same language could be put in one State, even forcefully.
Views on smaller states and SRC
In normal times smaller provincial units could turn into a problem and burden and they
would be the weak point during the times of emergency
In later times he turned supportive of Smaller States:
The thoughts and opinions of Dr. Ambedkar about Linguistic Provinces were transformed
over a period of time.
1. Though he supported the formation of the Provinces based on the language, his ideas
about the implementation of the policy were changing.
2. Linguistic state refers to:
a. Bringing all those speaking one language into the limits of one State (or)
b. Dividing people speaking a single language into various States and seeing that they
come under the boundaries of those States
3. Ambedkar supported the second point that more than 'One language- One State' it was
important to see that 'One State-One language' is implemented.
4. He had strong reasons for the suggestions.
a. These provinces apart from being difficult administratively could also show an effect on
the Central Government.
b. By dividing large provinces into smaller ones Central Government could see that their
effort would be similar.
c. Weaker minorities can exist more conveniently in smaller provinces than in bigger ones.
5. Opinions of Ambedkar will greatly support the formation of Telangana.
 6. Ambedkar welcomed the suggestions of the State Reorganisation Committee, which
suggested the formation of Hyderabad State including Telangana and a separate
Vidarbha State.
7. Ambedkar suggested Hyderabad be made the second capital of the country since it is
situated centrally between North and South, has pleasant weather because of its
geographical position of height from the main sea level and is very safe from the Defense
point of view.
8. Though the formation of small and linguistic States is necessary, the division must be
done with rational decisions without any consideration for the petty interests of political
parties.
9. Ambedkar opined that weaker minority sections could adjust comfortably in smaller
Provinces than in bigger ones. It is very much suitable to Telangana.
10. By carving out smaller States, he said the interests of minorities will be protected. In
Larger States, the problems of backward and weaker sections will always be neglected
Conclusion
As Ambedkar's views were in tune with the demand for a separate Telangana State,
ideologues like Professor Jayashankar etc., have quoted Ambedkar's view on small States as
part of Telangana movement. In a way, Ambedkar's views on small States served as an
ideological weapon for the Telangana movement.

11. Discuss the discrimination against Telangana in employment in the combined state
of Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
After the formation of A.P., the Seemandhra Government destroyed the old industries set up
by the Nizams depriving thousands of Telangana workers of livelihoods. The new industries
developed in Rangareddy, Hyderabad and Medak districts did not provide proper employment
to the Telangana people.
The Central Government passed a fresh act named "The Public Employment (Requirement
as to Residence) Act- 1957 with the support of the Parliament on 7th December 1957, exactly
after one year of the formation of Andhra Pradesh.
In that backdrop, the Central Government introduced "Andhra Pradesh Public Employment
(Requirement as to Residence) Rules, 1959." on 21st March 1959.
1. According to these rules, the following eligibility criteria should be observed in the
appointments done in the government and local offices which are in the Telangana region
of Andhra Pradesh:
a. The appointee should be a local who has been living in Telangana for 15 years.
b. In the jobs of Secretariat, and other Government Offices in Hyderabad and Secunderabad,
out of 3 vacancies, the second vacancy should be given to the local person who has the
certificate that he has been living there for 15 years.
c. The other two were not meant for Andhras but were in the open category which was based
on merit and could be given to the persons of any region.
d. The "local status" rule is applicable only to the appointments in the non-gazetted category
in the local offices.
2. Though there are clear rules and regulations for the appointments in the Telangana
region, the Andhra rulers appointed Andhras as HoDs and other officials in different
Departments of the Government.
3. Though the rule that one of the three jobs should go to a local person, the rule was
manipulated and Andhra was appointed in the other two vacancies.
4. As part of cutting down expenditures up to ten per cent of the budget during the Indo-
Pak War, many jobs were lost.
5. A large number of engineers in Telangana became unemployed.
 6. The new recruitments in Andhra Pradesh were made with people from Andhra, whereas
temporary posts were given to Telangana people.
7. In the teaching field also many posts were taken by Andhra people though they are
available in Telangana.
8. By the year 1967, the number of Andhra teachers rose to 4000.
9. Large-scale appointments of Andhra people violating Mulki rules caused dissatisfaction
among Telangana people.
10. Injustice was also done with the implementation of "Integrated Services."
When Andhra Pradesh Government started showing its discrimination against the Telangana
employees, the Regional Committee questioned the Government about it. But, as expected,
the government said that the Regional Committee had no power to talk about the Government
appointees.
This irresponsible answer triggered off many intense and passionate discussions and
arguments which in turn laid the foundation for the Telangana Agitation of 1969.

12. Discuss the constitution, composition and working of the Telangana Regional
Committee(TRC)
Answer:
Introduction
On the basis of the Gentlemen’s agreement, in 1958, Telangana Regional
Committee(TRC) was constituted in Andhra Pradesh by an order of the President of
India.
Constitution and composition of TRC
The Constitution of the Regional Committee:
1. When Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy was the Cheif Minister, the executive body of the regional
committee was not constituted
2. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy ignored the Telangana regional committee even it got statutory
status in 1958.
3. The executive body of the Telangana Regional Committee was appointed during the rule
of Damodaram Sanjeevaiah.
4. That’s how the Telangana Regional Committee was born.
5. K.Achyutha Reddy from the Congress party and Ravi Narayana Reddy from the
Communist Party Contested for the post of Chairman of the Telangana Regional
Committee.
6. In this election, Achyutha Reddy secured 63 votes and Ravi Narayana Reddy secured only
22 votes. So Achyutha Reddy became the first Chairman of the Telangana Regional
Committee.
7. Masooma Begum was elected unanimously as the Deputy Chairperson.
Composition of the Telangana Regional Committee:
1. It has the power to discuss and pass every bill that comes before it.
2. In some cases, it appoints sub-committees to discuss bills in detail.
3. There are two types of subcommittees in the Telangana Regional Committee. They were:
a. Standing Committees: Telangana Regional Committee constituted three standing
committees.
• Local administration, Public health subcommittee
• Subcommittee on Education
• Subcommittee on Development
b. Adhoc Committees:
• Adhoc committees were constituted from time to time on some special tasks only.
 • There was no fixed number of committees.
• As soon as the task assigned to them was completed, they came to an end.
• There were 9 members in every sub-committee.
Working of the TRC
1. There will be a special regional committee for the Telangana area. In that, the legislators
of the area will be members
2. The committee would have jurisdictional powers to take up all matters regarding and
allotted to the area of Telangana and decides the same according to the methods.
3. Every non-money bill affecting the Telangana area will be submitted to the Regional
committee during the process of approval in the legislature.
4. The bill submitted to the regional committee, after the approval of the legislature about
the matters relating to the Telangana area must be implemented as it is.
5. This regional committee has the power to discuss and make a resolution on any matter
i.e., a law by the legislature and executive action of the government
6. The changes suggested for the 2nd schedule will be incorporated into the rules of the
Andhra Pradesh legislature also. And according to clause 208 of the constitution would
not be affected by the amendments made by the legislators
7. The changes suggested in the 3rd schedule will be incorporated into the rules of the
Andhra Pradesh state government, but then they will not be affected by the Governor,
because of the Constitutional clause 166 (3).
8. Under the stipulated rules the special responsibility regarding the duties of the regional
committee is handed over to the Governor.
9. The Governor shall submit a report every year or by demand from the President about
the work of the Regional Committee.
10. The state government must submit a half-yearly report to the regional committee detailing
the action taken on the suggestions and orders of the regional committee every six
months.
11. The state government must have to submit reports within the stipulated time before the
regional committee detailing the modus of implementation in the Telangana region of the
decisions of the Central Government for the integration of services regarding SRC1956

13. Briefly highlight the provisions of the Gentleman’s agreement.

Answer:
Introduction:
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru examined the SRC report and decided to clear the fears
and doubts of the Telangana people, providing the implementation of guarantees and
safeguards as a precondition for the merger of Telangana with the state of Andhra. He settled
the issue through an agreement in the 'Guest House Hyderabad' at New Delhi on 20th
February, 1956 and that was called the Gentlemen's Agreement.
In total, eight members, four from each Telangana and Andhra regions attended the meeting
and signed the agreement.
Provisions of Gentleman’s agreement
1. The expenditure on the administration of the state should be borne proportionally by
Telangana and Andhra regions. The balance of income from Telangana should be spent
on the development of the Telangana region only. This should be continued for five years
and it should also be continued for the next five years on the demand of the Assembly
members
2. Prohibition of liquor in Telangana should be implemented in the manner decided upon
by the Assembly members of the Telangana region only.
 3. The existing facilities for higher education in Telangana should be secured for the
students of Telangana.
4. Retrenchment in service should be proportionate from the both regions if it becomes
inevitable due to integration
5. The population of the regions should be taken into consideration for all future
recruitment to service.
6. The position of Urdu in the existing set-up in all the administrative departments may be
continued for five years.
7. The domicile rule i.e., the residence of twelve years should be prescribed in order to assure
the prescribed proportion to the recruitment of services from the Telangana region
8. A regional council should be set up for Telangana to look after its development.
9. The selling of agricultural lands in Telangana should be under the control of the regional
council.
10. The Regional Council will be appointed by the President of India, according to article 371
of the constitution. Hence, this is the legal counsel.
11. The Cabinet minister should be in proportion 60:40 ratio Out of Telangana ministers, one
should be a Muslim.
12. If the Chief Minister is from Andhra, the Deputy Chief Minister should be from Telangana
and vice-versa. Two out of the five portfolios – Home, Finance, Revenue, Planning and
Development and Commerce Industry should be given to the Telangana members
Conclusion:
On the basis of the Gentlemen’s agreement, a note on Telangana safeguards was accepted
by the parliament and Andhra Pradesh was formed on 1st November 1956.

14. Briefly explain the discrimination faced by Telangana in the Irrigation sector post-
1970
Answer:
Introduction:
In the combined state of Andhra Pradesh, the Seemandhra rulers thoroughly neglected
the interest of Telangana in the irrigation sector by providing undue benefit to the
Seemandhra area
Only 15 to 18% per cent of the land in Telangana had irrigation facilities. Manifestations of
all their problems made farmers commit suicide. In 1991, the Telugu Desam Government by
following new economic policies increased the agricultural crisis. In 1991 the canals provided
irrigation to 3,52,382 hectares (8,70,754 acres) and in 1991 it fell to 2,48,091 hectares or
(6,13,042 acres) in Telangana.
1. In the last ten years, the land under irrigation decreased by two and a half lakh of acres
2. In 1956, 4,47,236 Hectares (11,05,119 acres of land under cultivation under tanks and
ponds were reduced to 2,69,492 Hectares (6,49,610 acres) or a decrease of 56.88%.
3. The main reason was that tank beds were not repaired.
4. Further some lakes were neglected deliberately and made uselessly.
5. Because of all these various reasons, the farmers either sold their lands or gave away the
lands to pay off the loans taken from the Andhra people.
6. In Telangana, two big rivers Krishna and Godavari and many of their tributaries flow and
despite these rivers, Telangana agriculture is crippled and collapsed due to lack of
irrigation facilities.
7. The Telangana region has more forest lands than the other regions.
8. In the entire Andhra Pradesh, the forest area is 61,99,725; in Telangana, it is 27,45,793
Hectares which means 67,82,108 acres and 44.28% of Forests are in Telangana.
 9. Discrimination was shown in the agricultural loans also.
a. These loans mostly depended on the assistance of the Government.
b. If agricultural lands in Telangana were 40%, Telangana got only 23.27% financial
assistance.
c. The financial assistance provided by the Scheduled Banks was not uniform as there was
no allocation to Telangana
Conclusion:
Therefore, despite the Krishna and Godavari rivers flowing through Telangana, the
agriculture field faced a huge loss due to a lack of irrigation facilities and because of this,
many farmers committed suicides, leading to severe discontent among Telangana people.

15. Discuss the instances which led to the creation of the Gentleman’s agreement.
Answer:
Introduction:
The Gentlemen's agreement of Andhra Pradesh was signed between Telangana and Andhra
leaders before the formation of the state of Andhra Pradesh of India in 20 February 1956.
The agreement provided safeguards with the purpose of preventing discrimination against
Telangana by the government of Andhra Pradesh.
Instances leading to the Gentleman’s agreement
1. When the Hyderabad State led by the Nizam of Hyderabad was merged by India in
Operation Polo, there was a debate in the theTelugu-speaking districts of the Hyderabad
State (1948– 56) (also known as Telangana), on whether to join the newly formed Andhra
State, carved out of Telugu speaking districts of Madras state.
2. The state reorganization committee visited the various parts of India, as well as
Hyderabad in May and June 1954 to gather people's opinions about the reorganization
of Hyderabad.
3. The reorganization of Hyderabad was supported by the Congress Party, Communist Party
and Socialist Party while only the Muslim section opposed it.
4. There was a complete consensus about the separation of Marathwada and Kannada areas
from Hyderabad State and joining them in Bombay and Mysore States respectively.
5. Even the Kannada and Marathi-speaking people did not ask for security with the joining
of new states whereas, in the case of the formation of Visalandhra, Andhra people were
overwhelmingly supportive of it.
6. But there was widespread panic among the Telangana people. Hence, the Telangana
people and its parties clearly divided on its separation and joined with Andhras for the
formation of Visalandhra.
7. However, the commission clearly attempted to convince the Telangana people and their
representatives by showing the advantages and disadvantages of the formation of
Vishalandhra.
8. Under such circumstances, the commission suggested to the Andhras to come to an
agreement with the Telangana by assuring the security and safety of their development
and submitted its report to the Government of India by postponing the decision on the
issue of the formation of Visalandhra.
9. Then, the Andhra Congress and Communist Party leaders put pressure on Congress high
command at the centre.
Conclusion:
• At last at the suggestion of Congress high command, Andhra leaders came forward and
assured the safety and security of Telangana.
 • As a result of it, the Central Congress leaders convinced the Telangana leaders and
arranged a meeting of both leaders in Delhi.
• As a result of it, Gentlemen Agreement came into existence and paved the way for the
Formation of Andhra Pradesh on November 1st, 1956.

16. 1969 movement for separate Telangana had many underlying causes. Explain
Answer
Introduction
After the formation of Andhra Pradesh, the domination of the Andhra people was seen in
numerous forms in Telangana. People of Telangana never wanted linguistic-based states, but,
purely because of the political consequences of Hyderabad State and Andhra region between
1950 and 1956, the concept of Vishalandhra emerged and led to the formation of Andhra
Pradesh.
So, the people of Telangana started a separate Telangana movement
Underlying Causes of the movement
Failure of Gentlemen's Agreement:
1. The Gentlemen'sAgreement and safeguards to Telangana were suppressed and made
useless due to the domination of the Seemandhra leaders.
2. The demand for a separate Telangana State and the Telangana movement were the
consequences of that suppression.
The problem of Surplus Grants:
1. Three committees - Kumar Lalit Committee, Justice Bhargava Committee, and Wanchoo
committee were appointed by the Government to look into the matter of surplus grants.
2. These committee recommendations clearly mentioned that there was a revenue surplus
and that these grants were not spent on Telangana.
Dissatisfaction amongst Employees:
1. As part of cutting down expenditures by up to ten per cent of the budget during the Indo-
Pak War, many jobs were lost.
2. a Large number of engineers in Telangana became unemployed.
3. The new recruitments in Andhra Pradesh were made with people from Andhra, whereas
temporary posts were given to Telangana people.
4. In the teaching field also many posts were taken by Andhra people though they are
available in Telangana.
5. Large-scale appointments of Andhra people violating Mulki rules caused dissatisfaction
among Telangana people
Large-Scale Migrations of Andhra people:
1. After the formation of Andhra Pradesh, large-scale migrations took place.
2. Migrated Andhra people purchased large tracts of land at Nizamabad, Warangal,
Khammam and Adilabad 60 to 80 per cent of the wetlands of Godavari
Conclusion
Hence, the above factors built a strong feeling of dissatisfaction among the people of
Telangana, then a spark was ignited a the Kothagudem Thermal power plant, which in turn
emerged as the Telangana Movement for a separate state.
17. Both the Kothagudem power plant issue and the Fast unto death by Ravindranath,
paved the way for the Telangana movement in 1969. Elaborate
Answer
Introduction
1969 Telangana Agitation was a political movement for the statehood of Telangana. The major
incidents that led to the origin of the Telangana separate state movement in 1969 are the
Kothagudem protest and the hunger strike of Ravindranath
Kothagudem Protest:
1. AP govt. issued an order in 1968 April that the posts should be kept vacant if there are
no eligible candidates in the Telangana region.
2. It also decided to send the non-Mulkis in three months and those positions will be filled
by the Mulkis.
3. So, the same thing was applied in Kothagudem Power Plant and non-mulkis were
removed.
4. The removed non-mulkis approached the High Court. Justice Kuppuswamy on 3rd
January 1969 gave a verdict that AP Electricity Board is an autonomous body and does
not come under Public Employment Act.
5. So, the govt. of AP approached the division bench of the High Court which supported the
verdict of Justice. Kuppuswamy.
6. The employees protested against it on 5th January 1969.
7. They fought for removing the non-Mulki employees before 10th January.
8. They decided to go on a hunger strike on 10th January.
9. As part of this Krishna, a leader of daily wage employees started a hunger strike on 10th
January.
The hunger strike of Ravindranath:
1. With the encouragement of Kolishetti Ramadasu and Sudhakar Raju, Ravindranath, a
second-year student started a hunger strike.
2. A huge procession was organised through the streets of Khammam on 8th January 1969
from 11 am to 2 p.m.
3. During this procession, Sri A.Ravindranath and Kaviraja Murthy stood in the front row
of a jeep heading the procession.
4. He started his strike on 8th January 1969 at Gandhi e in Khammam Chouk
5. Kavi Rajamurthy, the vice president of Khammam municipality participated in the strike
on the first day.
6. MLAof Wardhannapet, Purushothama Rao also participated in the strike in solidarity with
him.
7. Aharthal in support of his strike was conducted on 8th January in Warangal.
8. On 12th January, MLA Satyanarayana started a three-day strike at his home in Yellandu
in support of Ravindranath and for the implementation of Safeguards given to the
Telangana region
Conclusion
These two Incidents acted as fuel to the 1969 Telangana agitation, which in turn emerged
as the Telangana Movement for a separate state.
18. Violation of employment and service rules by the government of combined Andhra
Pradesh created discontent among Telangana employees leading to the 1969 agitation.
In this context explain the violations in employment and service rules.

Answer
Introduction
At the time of the formation of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana was given assurances through
Gentleman’s agreement and parliament note regarding many aspects which included
employment
The Central Government passed a fresh act named "The Public Employment (Requirement as
to Residence) Act- 1957 with the support of the Parliament on 7th December 1957, exactly
after one year of the formation of Andhra Pradesh.
However, these employment safeguards were thoroughly violated by the government of
combined Andhra Pradesh, leading to severe discontent among Telangana employees
Against that backdrop, the Central Government introduced "Andhra Pradesh Public
Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Rules, 1959." on 21st March 1959.
1. According to these rules, the following eligibility criteria should be observed in the
appointments done in the government and local offices which are in the Telangana region
of Andhra Pradesh:
a. The appointee should be a local who has been living in Telangana for 15 years.
b. In the jobs of Secretariat, and other Government Offices in Hyderabad and Secunderabad,
out of 3 vacancies, the second vacancy should be given to the local person who has the
certificate that he has been living there for 15 years.
c. The other two were not meant for Andhras but were in the open category which was based
on merit and could be given to the persons of any region.
d. The "local status" rule is applicable only to the appointments in the non-gazetted category
in the local offices.
2. Though there are clear rules and regulations for the appointments in the Telangana
region, the Andhra rulers appointed Andhras as HoDs and other officials in different
Departments of the Government.
3. Though the rule that one of the three jobs should go to a local person, the rule was
manipulated and Andhra was appointed in the other two vacancies.
4. As part of cutting down expenditures up to ten per cent of the budget during the Indo-
Pak War, many jobs were lost.
5. A large number of engineers in Telangana became unemployed.
6. The new recruitments in Andhra Pradesh were made with people from Andhra, whereas
temporary posts were given to Telangana people.
7. In the teaching field also many posts were taken by Andhra people though they are
available in Telangana.
8. By the year 1967, the number of Andhra teachers rose to 4000.
9. Large-scale appointments of Andhra people violating Mulki rules caused dissatisfaction
among Telangana people.
10. Injustice was also done with the implementation of "Integrated Services."
Conclusion:
When Andhra Pradesh Government started showing its discrimination against the Telangana
employees, the Regional Committee questioned the Government about it. But, as expected,
the Government said that the Regional Committee had no power to talk about the
Government appointees.
 This irresponsible answer triggered off many intense and passionate discussions and
arguments which in turn laid the foundation to the Telangana Agitation 1969.

19. Briefly enumerate the role of students in the 1969 Telangana Agitation.
Answer
Introduction
Students of Telangana were at the forefront of the movement of 1969. They were the decisive
force in the intensification of the movement. Their activism during the course of the
movement turned it into a popular movement.
Role of students:
1. Students went on a procession in Khammam against the Andhra rulers and for the
implementation of Telangana safeguards.
2. The student's leaders have Telangana Rakshana Samiti and its resolutions are:
a. Non-Mulkis should be sent back and mulkis should be given jobs.
b. Priority should be given to the Pochampadu project, etc.
3. All students organization of all colleges meeting was held on 12th January 1969 which
was presided over by Venkata Rama Reddy, OUStudent Organisation President. Its
resolutions are:
a. Andhra employees should be sent back immediately
b. Violators of Mulki rules should be punished
c. Provisions of Gentleman’sPact should be implemented.
4. The students have declared the demand for separate statehood openly for the first time
through the “Action committee of Telangana students”.
5. The first martyr in the 1969 movement was Shankar, the son of a handloom worker. He
died in Gandhi hospital after a bullet injury when the police fired at the procession.
6. Warangal Students Joint Action Committee :
a. The meeting of executive members of the student association in Warangal was held in
Arts & Science college on 12 March 1969.
b. Students observed Protection of DemocracyDay in front of Government offices on 17th
March 1969
Conclusion
The role of students in the 1969 movement established a strong tradition of student activism
in Telangana, inspiring the future students of Telangana in the later phase of the Telangana
movement.

20. Resolutions of the Reddy Hostel meeting and construction of the Telangana martyrs
statue have provided a new direction to the 1969 Telangana movement. Elaborate.
Answer
Introduction
1969 Telangana Agitation was a political movement for the statehood of Telangana, the
resolutions of the Reddy hostel meeting and the establishment of the Telangana martyrs
statue by students highlighted the will and determination of the Telangana people
Resolutions of Reddy Hostel Meeting:
35 student leaders after completing their district tours had conducted a meeting on
Telangana for two days at Reddy Hostel in Hyderabad on 8, and 9 March 1969
1. No option other than a separate Telangana state will be accepted.
 2. A resolution mooted by Adiraju Venkateshwara Rao for the creation of a Separate
Telangana state before 9th April was also unanimously accepted in the same meeting.
3. Students should go on indefinite strike till Telangana state the created.
4. A pledge for a separate state was administered by the people who attended the meeting.
5. Student leader Sreedhar Reddy started a new slogan -'QuitTelangana'.
6. Student leaders declared that a new organization named Rudra Sena' was started to guide
the Telangana Movement, Telangana map was prepared by EV Padmanabham, Adiraju
Venkateswara Rao and Muni Jamal on 7th March 1969 in the office of Leader newspaper.
7. Telangana map was released in that meeting itself by MLA T. Purushothama Rao.
8. An indefinite strike was started on 11th March as decided in the Reddy hostel meeting.
9. Golden celebrations of Osmania University were held on 15th March 1969.
10. On this occasion, Governor Khnadubhai Desai came to #release the postal stamp in
commemoration of it.
11. Governor was surrounded by the students in this meeting.
TelanganaMartyrs Statue:
1. Students' meeting decided to construct a statue for martyrs of 1969.
2. It was decided to lay the foundation on 23rd February 1970 in Gunrock Park opposite to
Assembly.
3. JNTU Professor Ekka Yadagiri Rao was the sculptor..
4. People pay tribute to the martyrs on 1 November (Treachery Day).
5. The bottom of the statue was made of black stone. Each of the four sides of the statue
has 9 holes.
6. Nine holes are the symbol of the nine districts of Telangana then.
7. The statue is red in colour. Red is chosen as it is a symbol of sacrifice.
8. The Archie of the statue was modelled on the Sanchi stupa.
9. Flowers on the four sides of the statue are tributes to the martyrs.
10. Middle of the statue has nine lines which are seen from any side and are the symbol of
nine districts.
11. Top of it has the Dharmachakra of Ashoka Dharmachakra was adapted to show that
these martyrs have sacrificed their lives for the establishment of Dharma.
12. Top of it has a jasmine flower with nine petals which is the symbol of purity.
13. It shows the bravery of the martyrs.
Conclusion
These two events with their symbolic effect, ignited the spirits of the Telangana people which
further instigated the 1969 movement and at the same time it inspired the future events of
the Later phase Telangana movement.

21. Examine the role of Telangana Praja Samithi(TPS) in the 1969 Telangana movement.
Answer:
Introduction:
"Telangana Praja Samiti (TPS) or "Telangana people’s convention was an Indian Political
Party", which fought for separate statehood for Telangana.
TPS was founded in 1969. The founding President was Ananthula Madan Mohan but later
taken over by Marri Chenna Reddy who spearheaded the Telangana agitation.
Role of TPS in the First phase of 1969 movement.
1. TPS organised a series of strikes and demonstrations throughout the Telangana region
to push their demands for a separate state.
 2. In June 1969General strikes in Hyderabad were organised by the TPS (Telangana Praja
Samiti) led to widespread violence as TPS supporters clashed with supporters of the
unified Andhra State and with police.
3. Telangana Praja Samithi issued a call to observe May Day as "Demand Day" throughout
Telangana.
4. It decided to take out a procession in Hyderabad, one from Charminar to Raj Bhavan
and another from Secunderabad to Raj Bhavan, and to submit a petition to the
Governor.
5. Police gave permission to take out the procession from Public Garden in Nampally and
not from Charminar.
6. Even then the Telangana Praja Samithi gave the call to participate in large numbers
and that the rally would start from Charminar
Role of TPS in the Second phase of the 1969 movement.
1. The Telangana Movement entered into the second phase under the leadership of Dr
Marri Chenna Reddy.
2. On the next day, the Government arrested Sridhar Reddy under the Preventive
Detention Act.
3. On his release, he went underground for a long time and conducted the movement
without being located by the police.
4. Telangana Praja Samithi and the Students Joint Action Committee made an
announcement that the movement would continue. Chenna Reddy and Mallikarjun
signed on to that announcement.
5. Dr.M. Chenna Reddy informed President V.V. Giri who was staying in the Rashtrapati
Nilayam in Bollaram about ongoing agitations. The President promised that soon he
would resolve the Telangana issue.
6. Mallikarjun started an indefinite fast on 10th October 1969 at the Gandhi statue in
Secunderabad to protest the negligence of the Centre in establishing Telangana.
7. Mallikarjun was also elected on 29th December 1969 to the Student Joint Action
Committee.
8. Chenna Reddy on 27th November 1969 announced the postponement of the Telangana
Movement.
Conclusion:
In the movement of 1969, TPS played a crucial and leading role, it was formed at the start
of the movement and strengthened during the course of the movement, giving a political
dimension to the movement and inspiring future leaders of Telangana.

22. Examine the features of Eight Point formula and throw some light on its
implementation.
Answer:
Introduction:
To appease the 1969 Telangana movement, on 11th April 1969 then Prime minister Indira
Gandhi announced Eight Point formula programme with a view to solving the problems of
the Telangana region.
Features of Eight Point Formula:
1. To constitute a committee to bring out the accounts of surplus funds of Telangana
diverted to Andhra region which would submit a report in a month.
2. Arranging funds to Telangana to bridge the loss due to fund diversion.
3. Forming Telangana Development Committee under the chairmanship of the chief
minister to prepare plans for the development of Telangana. This committee will have
 representatives of the Planning Commission, ministers from the Telangana region and
the Telangana Regional Committee chairman as the members.
4. Constituting a committee of officers under the chairmanship of advisor to the Planning
Commission which will have the representatives of Union Home and Finance ministries
and state government.
5. Giving more powers to the Telangana Regional Committee and another mechanism for
the development of Telangana.
6. Providing constitutional safeguards for appointment of local people in Telangana jobs.
7. A committee under UPSC will be given the responsibility to solve the issues related to
the service of the employees of the Telangana region.
8. Conducting the meeting of Telangana Development Committee meeting in the presence
of the prime minister once in six months to focus on the issues of the Telangana region.
Implementation:
1. Andhra Pradesh State Cabinet met on 17th April 1969 and decided to appoint a High-
Level Committee and another committee to see the implementation of Plans for the
development of Telangana.
2. So, it appointed Telangana Development Committee and Plan Implementation
Committee. Functions of the Committee:
a. Separation of the programmes and schemes for Telangana in the plans.
b. Determining the economic and other specific objectives required for the schemes.
c. Supervising and reviewing the implementation of the schemes.
d. Recommending the state government on any other matters.
3. On 19th April 1969, the Central Government appointed a Committee, with a group of
legal experts under the Chairmanship of Wanchu, the former Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court; the Committee was supposed to study the problems of the Telangana
employees and suggest solutions.
4. Another Committee was appointed on 22nd April 1969 under the chairmanship of
Supreme Court Judge, Vashishta Bhargava to assess the surplus funds of Telangana
and the Committee was to submit the report by 31st May 1969
Conclusion: Though so many Committees were appointed by the Prime Minister to
implement her Eight Point Formula, there was no change in the existing situation nor could
a single problem be solved.

Instead of solving the problems of Telangana, these reports intensified the agitation.
Hence, the Eight Point Formula remained the most ineffective and a time pass effort in the
history of Telangana

23. Discuss the Five Point formula and examine its implications
Answer:
Introduction: Telangana Praja Samithi was founded in 1969. The founding president of TPS
was Ananthula Madan Mohan. But later it was taken over by Marri Chenna Reddy who
eventually won 10 Loksabha seats in the 1971 elections. Later the members merged into the
Congress party.
With this, the Telangana people, with whose support he was elected got disappointed.
Indira Gandhi’s Pancha Sutra Scheme or the Five point Formula was designed to suppress
this dissatisfaction among the Telangana people.
Five-Point formula:
1. Mulki rules were applicable to Non-Gazetted appointments to the level of Tahsildar,
Civil Assistant Surgeon, and Assistant engineer, in the region of Telangana.
 2. In combined or mixed offices such as the Secretariat with employees of all regions for
every 3 vacancies, 2nd post shall be allotted to the Telangana locals in direct
appointments for Non-Gazetted posts,
3. With regard to Gazetted posts, the 1st or 2nd level posts in various services were to be
recognized as local posts.
4. Educational facilities were arranged for Andhra people in the twin cities of Hyderabad
and Secunderabad.
5. There were recruitments from both the regions for the police force of Hyderabad and
Secunderabad and a combined police force will be established.
Implications:
1. Gouth Latchanna commented on the five-point formula that it resembled an old saying
'the request to the king granted two more lashes'.
2. A.P.N.G.Opresident Ramakrishna Rao said 'the five-point formula is similar to a nest of
wasps, Instead of resolving the problem, it creates more issues.
3. Chief Minister P.Vannounced that the cabinet agreed to the five-point formula.
4. The M.Ps from Telangana who opposed the five pointformula - G.S.Melkote, Malli
Kharjun, Ramakrishna Reddy and Ganga Reddy
5. On 30th November 1972, the Andhra employees passed a resolution against the Five
Point Programme.
6. At the same time, the employees of Telangana demanded the complete implementation
of the Mulki Rules. Andhra employees started an indefinite strike on 7th December
1972. (Later, it was withdrawn on 25th March 1973 108 days)
7. Jansangh, Swantatra Party and some MLAs of Congress conducted a meeting in
Vijayawada with a demand for Separate Andhra State.
8. Swatantra party leaderGouthu Lachchanna released the flag of Separate Andhra State
in this meeting.
Conclusion: Thus, the Five–Point Formula did not satisfy the Telangana people. It remained
a nominal scheme and it was not even implemented due to the pressure from Andhra
employees with the Jai Andhra movement.

24. Briefly discuss about Keshav Rao Jadhav who played an instrumental role in the 1969
movement.
Answer:
Introduction:
Keshav Rao Jadhav who was born in the year 1933, is one of the most important Telangana
activists, who worked relentlessly for the cause of a Separate Telangana state.

About Keshav Rao Jadhav:

1. His father Shankar Rao Jadhav added "Hyderabadi" at the end of his name because the
identity of locals was removed in every field by the theAndhrites after the formation of
Andhra Pradesh.
2. To claim proudly himself as a Telangana local, Keshav Rao calls himself "Mr Telangana".
3. Jadhav participated in the peasant's fight against feudal lords when he was 14.
4. As a student of Nizam college, he participated in the mulki agitation in 1952.
5. In the 1950's people from Andhra, Madras and Kerala were appointed jobs in the
Telangana region which led to the mulki agitation.
6. When States Reorganization Commission was formed in 1953, Keshav Rao expressed
his views on the creation of a separate Telangana state before the S.R.C.
 7. Keshav Rao Jadhav is one of the few surviving leaders who gave shape to the 1969
movement.
8. Keshav Rao resigned from Telangana Prajasamithi, when Marri Channa Reddy became
the president of T.P.S. on 21 May 1969.
9. Later he founded "Sampoorna Telangana Praja Samithi".
10. He helped the non-political organizations and Telangana activists during the final phase
of the Telangana movement with his valuable suggestions and served as a guiding force
even in his old age.
Conclusion: The relentless activism of Keshav Rao Jadhav towards a separate Telangana
state has inspired many leaders and activists in the later phase of the Telangana movement.

25. Explain the features of All parties accord and the implications of G.O. No.36
Answer:
Introduction:
1. On 18th and 19th January 1969, the then Chief Minister Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
called for an All Party Meeting.
2. 45 members from different parties of both Telangana and Andhra regions attended and
concluded an agreement i.e. All-Party Accord.
All-Party Accord:
1. Employees recruited against Mulki rules should be removed and positions should be
filled with the native people. Andhra people who lose jobs here are to be given
opportunities in the Andhra region.
2. Enquiries should be conducted on those who produced fake Mulki certificates.
3. Mulki rules should be made applicable to autonomous bodies along with the govt.
departments. Measures should be taken to continue the Mulki rules for some more
time.
4. Find out the quantum of the amount of the surplus Telangana region.
5. The decisions of the central government and courts with regard to the seniority of the
employees should be implemented immediately.
6. The surplus funds diverted to the Andhra region should be counted and utilised for the
development of the Telangana region.
7. Education facilities should be improved in Hyderabad
Implications of G.O No.36:
On 21st January 1969, the Government issued G.O. 36 to implement the decisions of All
party Accord
1. MT Raju, the Chief Secretary signed the GO and sent it to all the departments on 21st
January 1969.
2. This GO was openly opposed by the then-prominent leader and former chief minister of
Andhra Pradesh, Mr Damodaram Sanjeevaiah.
3. Speaking on the subject, he commented that moving out the employees is not as simple
as sending out vegetable parcels.
4. The leaders of Andhra had challenged the constitutionality of the Mulki rules and
andG.O. No. 36.
5. For facility of supervision of the implementation of these orders, the two board Members
shall be in charge of the districts mentioned against their names:
a. Shri Naidu - All offices in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad including
Secretariat Departments and local bodies.
b. Sri RVithal Rao - All offices including local bodies located in the Telangana
districts, other than the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. Absorption
in Andhra area of non-domicile relieved personne
 Conclusion: The leaders of agitation commented that it would be like another Gentlemen's
Agreement.
On 25th January 1969, some Andhra employees filed a writ petition in the High Court,
challenging the All-Party Accord.

26. Discuss various court cases and controversies related to mulki rules.
Answer
Introduction
In the erstwhile Hyderabad state Mulki rules were framed and implemented to do justice
for the locals. Later many Acts were passed to implement them under the Military rule, and
the Civil rule of Vellodi and even under the Popular Government of Burgula Rama krishna
Rao.
The Mulki rules have been clearly mentioned in the Gentlemen's Agreement and the
Parliamentary note on Telangana safeguards. After the formation of United Andhra Pradesh
the Government has provided priority for the locals in Recruitments through the
Government Recruitment (Requirement as to residence) Act of 1957.
This act gave life to the Mulki rules but were questioned by Andhra employees leading to
many controversies.
Court cases and controversies
1. The Non-Local employees who were removed from KTPS, moved the High Court against
Mulki rules. On 3", January 1969, the High Court declared that Mulki rules could not
be implemented in Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board (APSEB).
2. In the meanwhile, A.P. Government issued G.O.No.36 on January 21", 196, providing
for repatriation of Non-Local employees, who were appointed in violation of the Mulki
rules.
3. As a result G.O.No.36 was challenged in Courts.
4. On 3rd February, 1969 Justice Chennappa Reddy through his judgment struck off
Mulki rules.
5. As a result the State Government. appealed to the Division Bench. On 20th February,
1969 the division bench upheld Mulki rules.
6. In the meanwhile an Andhra employee filed a Writ Petition in the Supreme Court, which
issued a stay order on G.O.No.36.
7. When the State Government tried to vacate the Stay Order on G.O.No.36, Supreme
Court in its judgment on March 28, 1969 held that Mulki rules were unconstitutional.
8. This judgment against Mulki rules intensified the movement of 1969.
9. In December 1970 when some of the employees of the Public Works Department moved
the High Court, it upheld the Mulki rules as per Article-35(B) of Indian Constitution.
10. Later the High Court full bench after a detailed examination quashed the Mulki rules
in February 1972.
11. Against this background the State Government. (P.V.Narsimha Rao's Government)
appealed to the Supreme Court, which finally upheld the Mulki rules.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court Judgement in favor of the Mulki rules led to the Jai Andhra Movement.
Finally Mulki rules were abolished through the 6-point formula in 1973.

27. Six point formula was announced to address the increasing discontent in Telangana
and Andhra areas. In this context enumerate the Six point formula.
Answer
Introduction
The central government announced a six point formula to pacify the Jai Andhra movement
and increasing discontent among Telangana people by inviting leaders from both the areas
to address issues like regional backwardness, educational facilities, local preferences etc.
 PM Smt. Indira Gandhi and Home Minister K.C.Pant drafted Six Point Formula and it was
declared on 28th September 1973.
Six point formula
1. The immediate development of the backward regions and planned development of the
State capital with definite funds in the targeted time. To make plans for the
development of backward regions, there will be a StatePlanning Board with MLAs of the
region and the specialists as the members of this board, and to have sub-committees
for the backward regions.
2. In giving privileges to the natives (Telangana) the whole state will have the same mode.
In the state capital, the Central Government established the Central University to give
higher education facilities.
3. Locals have to be given priority in recruitments in certain jobs and its grade,
a. NonGazetted jobs (Secretariat, different heads of departmental offices. Other state level
officer's corporations, Hyderabad city police services, other than these jobs to rest of
the jobs the Mulki rules are applicable)
b. Equal to non-gazetted (with regard to portfolio posts) equal to local corporate or
organized jobs, local candidature is applicable
c. Tahsildars, Junior engineers, civil assistant surgeons posts fall under local jobs. Among
these with regard to promotions in different services and to improve opportunities in
different service cadres, the local candidate must be taken into consideration. For
Grade I or II to the utmost possibility local candidates must be applied for the sake of
able administration.
4. With regard to service, seniority, promotion and other issues of complaints-problems;
and to enquire and to tackle all issues, the administrative tribunal was established.
The decisions of the tribunal must be executed by the State Government.
5. To follow the above mentioned rules if there are litigations and unavoidable situations,
the Indian Constitution must be amended, and this aspect must be taken into
consideration.
6. If the above stated conditions or ways are followed, the Mulki rules and Telangana Local
Committee are not necessary
Conclusion
The 32nd Constitutional amendment act was passed to give six point formula, a
constitutional status. However it was never properly implemented, especially the aspects
related to telangana, creating further discontent among telangana people.

28. Examine the background of Jaya Bharath Reddy Committee and its findings.
Answer
Introduction and Background
During 1983-84, Telangana Non-Gazetted employees (TNGOs) and other employees unions
brought to the notice of the State Government about the injustices taking place in the
appointments, postings and allotments of jobs in theTelangana region by giving
representations to the Government and requested the Government to safeguard the
appointments, postings and job allotments in the Telangana region.
The Jaya Bharath Reddy Committee was appointed to see whether the constitutional
amendment, constitutional rule 371 (D) and presidential orders were followed or not for
Government jobs in Telangana and to examine if the recruitments were being done according
to it or not from the time the Presidential Order was issued on 18thOctober 1975 till 1984.
Findings of the committee:
The Jaya Bharath Reddy Committee examined the issue and found that the appointments,
promotions, postings and transfers in Telangana from 1975 to 1984 were against the
constitutional amendment, constitutional rule 372(D) and the Presidential orders.
1. The committee submitted a 36 pages report to theGovernment. • This committee had
given the employee census in it.
2. The details of the employees as on 30th June 1981, also the local and non-local status
of the employees were given.
 3. According to Jaya Bharath Reddy Committee’s report, by 30th June 1981 nearly 59
thousand non-local employees were working in Telangana.
4. The same report was submitted by the Jaya Bharath Reddy committee to
theGovernment.
5. The committee had given the details of how many non-local employees were working in
Telangana after the formation of Andhra Pradesh State in a detailed census.
6. Rules in the Presidential Order(October 1975) which were suitable to the Andhra region
were implemented and the ones suitable to Telangana region were not implemented.
7. As these orders were not implemented, lot of injustice was done to Telangana people
even in the recruitment of lower level positions
Conclusion
The govt. has constituted another committee under the chairmanship of Sundareshan, IAS
in order to hide the injustice done to Telangana region. This committee also submitted its
report within the short span. Based on the recommendations of Jayabharath Reddy and
Sundareshan Committees, Andhra Pradesh govt. has issuedG.O. 610 on 30th December,
1985. The G.O. itself mentions the date of implementation i.e. 31 March, 1986. But in
reality, it was never implemented.

29. The G.O. No.610 (1985) was introduced to pacify the growing discontent among
Telangana employees. In this context highlight the provisions of G.O. No.610 (1985)
Answer
Introduction
Despite the issue of Presidential order 1975, many non-locals continued to be employed in
Telangana, leading to organized agitation by Telangana employees which resulted in the
issue of G.O. No.610 (1985).
Provisions of G.O. No.610
1. All the nonlocal employees, who were recruited in Telangana region against the rules
of district and zonal cadres from the day of implementation of Presidential Order to the
implementation day of G.O. 610, should be sent to their native places before 31 March,
1986.
a. To transfer all such employees to different places, supernumerary posts can be created,
if required.
2. All the nonlocal non-gazetted employees in the Jurala, Srisailam Left canal and Sri Ram
Sagar Project must be transferred to their respective zones.
3. Equal share should be given to all the regions in the recruitment In the state secretariat,
heads of the departments and other state level offices.
4. Measures should be taken against the nonlocal employees who produced fake
certificates to get jobs in the Telangana region.
5. All the appeals of Telangana employees, in connection with illegal recruitment and
promotions, must be solved before 31 st March, 1986
6. Transfers between local areas and cadres must not be at the freewill.
7. All the recruitments and promotions done from the date of implementation of
Presidential order must be reviewed. This should be done before 30th June, 1986 by
the state secretariat.
a. MLAS of Telangana region raised all these issues in the Assembly.
b. Consequently, NT Rama Rao, keeping the elections in view, announced many
programmes for the development of Telangana region. But they were also not
implemented.
Conclusion
However, there were a lot of violations for implementing the pro-Telangana G.O.610, leading
to further discontent among the Telangana employees.
30. The G.O.610 was introduced to safeguard telangana employees but lacked proper
implementation. In this context, Highlight the violations in implementing
G.O.No.610.
Answer
Introduction
G.O No. 610 was introduced to safeguard Telangana employees rights and to pacify the
ongoing telangana employees agitation against violation of Presidential order 1975. It was
issued on 30th December, 1985 and was to be implemented by 31st march, 1986. However
it was thoroughly violated.
Violations of G.O. No.610
1. Converting the open category posts into nonlocal quota.
2. Reducing the quota of local candidates by increasing the pay scale. (It is like violating
the constitution)
3. Filling the reservation vacancies first instead of open category, local candidates lost and
non locals benefitted.
4. One sidedness and illegality in inter-district and inter-zonal transfers
5. Negligence in finding out the nonlocal candidates who produced fake certificates to get
employment.
6. Open violations and illegal recruitments in the department of law.
7. Converting the backlog local posts into open category non local posts.
8. Lack of equal share to all the regions in recruitment of state level offices like secretariat.
9. Implementing the Six Point Formula only in the Dairy Development Board but not in
any other autonomous bodies like Corporations, Boards etc.
10. Neglecting the judgements of administrative tribunal on illegal appointments.
Conclusion
• As there were a lot of violations for implementing pro-Telangana G.O.610, Telangana
employees requested many times and in many ways for the implementation of G.O.610.
• But the Government did not take it seriously. Observing all these, the Government under
Chandrababu Naidu feared that it may lead to separate statehood for Telangana.
• So, one member enquiry committee was constituted under the chairmanship of Jeto
Mangaldas Girglani on 25 th June, 2001 to look into G.O.610 implementation.

31. Naxalite Movement of Andhra Pradesh has roots in the Telangana Peasant Armed
Struggle. In this context explain the spread of the Naxalite movement in Telangana.
Answer
Introduction
After the failure of the 1969 separate Telangana Movement, disappointed Telangana youth
and students had chosen the path of Naxalism. The Naxalite Movement first started in West
Bengal. In Andhra Pradesh, the Naxal movement began in the late 1960s in the north-
eastern parts of the state, especially in Srikakulam and Vijayanagaramdistricts and then
spread over to the rest of the state through the Godavari Valley forest region to the
Nallamalla forest region
The Telangana Peasant armed struggle proved a strong base for the emergence of the
Naxalite movement, the ideology and mobilisation tactics of communists coupled with the
atrocities of the then Nizam government and discrimination of the current combined Andhra
Pradesh government, provided a slope way to the emergence of Naxalite movement in
Telangana.
The Spread of the Naxalite movement in Telangana.
1. When the first phase of the Naxalite Movement spread all over India between 1967-71,
it took a back afterwards.
2. It got revived and showed its impact in Karimnagar and Adilabad Peasant Movements.
They rejuvenated their strategies.
3. Prior to 1977, feudal oppression was more in Karimnagar andAdilabadPeasants.
 4. Bribes, annual donations, vetti plough, vetti people and vetti animals, vetti provisions,
money laundering confiscation of Government lands, atrocities on women and many
more atrocities were committed on peasants.
5. The peasants demanded increases in wages, salaries to bonded labour, abolition of
vetti, and transfer of lands to waste Government Raithu Kuli Sangam from the lands
of landlords, Students, Coal mineworkers, and Artists joined the peasants.
6. Slowly the movement took a political turn.
7. CPI (ML) People's War, Janasakthi, Praja Pandha, and Pratighatana parties provided
leadership to the movement.
8. Though political power is the main aim, the Naxalite movement changed its method
and worked on land issues and the development of peasants
9. Though it started in few villages initially, soon spread to other districts. They gave
Guerilla training to the peasants and developed Geurilla squads. By 1990, globalisation
and other factors precipitated people's movements in Telangana.
10. Warangal is one of those districts in Andhra Pradesh as well as in India affected by the
Naxal Movement and thereby violence ever since the 1970s.
11. The district was a part of the historic Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle.
12. The district is one of the breeding grounds for the Naxal movement in the state.
Conclusion
Hence, the kind of socio-economic conditions most prominently the semi-feudal exploitation
that prevailed in the districts is the main cause and spread of this Naxalite Movement

32. Explain the series of events that took place in 1978, which led to the declaration of
Jagityala and Siricilla as disturbed areas.
Answer
Introduction
In 1978, there were a series of events in which the farmers revolted against the landlords
because of the cruelties faced by the farmers in the regions of Jagityala, Siricilla and North
Telangana. This led to the declaration of Jagityala and Siricilla as disturbed areas.
Series of events
Shakalla Village:
1. The landlords used to gain an annual income of over fifteen thousand from the Grama
Kantham land in Shakalla village of Jagityala Taluk which was taken over by the people
under the leadership of the agricultural labourers union.
2. Unwilling to lose this land, the landlord called the police to arrest the youth.
3. But, the people opposed the police from arresting them.
Jagityal Victory Rally:
1. On 8th September 1978, the whole town of Jagityal was decorated with strings of red
flags.
2. Around 35,000 people (including women) participated in this demonstration of
Agricultural labourers.
3. In this rally they used the slogans– “Land should go to the farmer who ploughs it.
Destruction to feudal and police atrocities” , “Dismantle police camps” , “Strength to
Naxalbari to Srikakulam farmer’s movement” etc.
4. This rally resulted in widespread farmer movements in hundreds of villages across the
two districts
Chinnametpally incident:
1. The farmers of Chinnametpally village had arranged a public meeting on 14 September
1978.
2. Jagan Mohan Rao, a landlord of Chinnametpally village gathered a group of goondas,
got them drunk and let them attack people in the meeting.
3. On 15 September, he opened fire on demonstrating farmers injuring 19 of them.
 4. Although 19 people were injured, the rest of the demonstrators did not scatter but
stood their ground. As an act of revenge, they set fire to the native village of Bornapalli
Suresh, son-in-law of Jagan Mohan Rao.
Korutla Bandh:
1. Taking advantage of the incidents in Chinnametpalli and Bornapalli, the Government
undertook a large-scale deployment of police forces. Radical Students Union, Civil
Rights Society and Peasants society called for a bandh on 18 th September 1978 in
Korutla of Metapalli taluk.
2. Police camps were set up in 15 villages. The police unleashed terror amongst the people
by brutally registering false cases/charges against hundreds of people.
Lothunuru incident:
1. On 26th September 1978, just 10 days after the Chinnametpally firing, Jagga Rao, a
landlord in Lothunuru village, called the villagers together.
2. As per the demand of the union, he promised to return the money he had collected
from them as a fine. • He then made the police open fire on them.
3. A Dalit agricultural labour lost his life in the firing while six others were seriously
wounded
Declaration as Disturbed Areas:
1. After the Jagityal Public Rally and the incidents in Chinnametpally, Bornapalli,
Lothunuru and other places, more than 70 landlords of this region approached Chief
Minister Chenna Reddy and pleaded with him to come to their rescue.
2. Then, on 20 th October 1978, Siricilla and Jagityal taluks were declared as disturbed
areas.
3. This declaration came into force on 4 th November.
4. With this, landlords who had earlier left for the cities returned to their homes after
arranging police camps in their native villages.
Conclusion:
After Siricilla and Jagityala were declared as distributed areas, the police resorted to large
scale brutality and indiscriminate arrests. With this, the revolutionaries expanded their
activities to other regions.

33. Explain the Rise of the Naxalite movement in Telangana

After the failure of the 1969 separate Telangana Movement, disappointed Telangana youth
and students had chosen the path of Naxalism.
The Naxalite Movement first started in West Bengal. In Andhra Pradesh, the Naxal
movement began in the late 1960s in the north-eastern parts of the state, especially in
Srikakulam and Vijayanagaram districts and then spread over to the rest of the state
through the Godavari Valley forest region to the Nallamalla forest region
Rise of Naxalite movement in Telangana
1. The Naxalite Movement of Andhra Pradesh has its roots in Telangana Peasant Armed
Struggle better known as the Telangana Armed Struggle of 1946-1951.
2. It was ruthlessly and swiftly crushed by the Andhra Government.
3. But it was a model taken by the Maoists and was given high priority to establish them
in villages of both Telangana and Andhra.
4. Although the Naxal movement began in the late 1960s, the period between 1978 and
1987 was the rapid expansion phase in the state.
5. This period also witnessed the emergence of mass organizations associated with the
Naxal movement.
6. In the post-emergency period, three groups within the Naxal movement emerged at the
national level. In Andhra Pradesh, there were two prominent groups.
a. One group was CPI (ML) Janashakti in Andhra Pradesh which aimed at
parliamentary participation, people's struggle and armed struggle.
b. The other one CPI (ML) People's War aimed at capturing state power for the masses
through armed struggle and it emerged as a major force in the 1980s.
 7. The PWG faction dominated 20 districts of the State, more visibly in the North
Telangana districts of Adilabad, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Warangal and Khammam
Conclusion
Inadequately addressed socio-economic issues in Telangana led to alienation which
provided the conditions for extremism, leading to the Naxalite movement, thereby posing
problems of law and order and internal security

34. Rytu Cooli Sanghams fought against tribal exploitation. In this context examine the
role of Rytu Cooli Sanghams in fighting for tribal rights and contributing towards the
Telangana movement.
Answer:
Introduction:
Rythu Cooli Sanghams or FarmersAssociations were there even by the time of Jagityal
jaithrayathra but they were confined to the village level only. State-level farmers Association
was created in 1981. Radical Students Union and Radical Youth League played a key role
in creating the farmers association. Radical Students Union was started in Warangal in
February 1978. Radical Youth League was started in May 1978 in Guntur
Role in fighting for tribal rights and contribution towards the Telangana movement
1. The business people, who came to sell jaggery, salt, tobacco and chilly etc, took away
the lands from the innocent tribal people.
2. They made the tribes their slaves not only with high rates but also with the high-
interest rates.
3. The traders used to come exactly during the harvesting time and they used to take the
produce directly and adjust with the loan amount.
4. Nothing remains for the farmer. So, again they used to request the money lender for a
loan by agreeing to so many conditions which lead to financial bankruptcy.
5. There used to be many types of exploitation like less measurement of goods, paying
less to the tribal products, and giving their own land for tenancy with high rates.
6. The tribal people started the revolt against these exploitations with the help of farmers'
associations.
7. In 1979, in Jagityal taluk landlords were blocked from attending the liquor auction and
it was conducted by that village committee by open auction in the presence of the
public.
8. Arule was introduced to make the contractor spend some money on the development
of the village.
9. Rythu Coolie Sangham organized many protests against the distribution of liquor
(Varuni-Vahini) introduced by N.T.R government in the villages.
10. This tribal farmers association gave jal jungle jameen slogan used by Komuram Bheem
in the Nizam period.
11. As part of the agitation for the rights of the tribes, the state-level farmers association
or Rythu Cooli sangham arranged a meeting on 21 st April 1980 in Indravelli
(Adilabad).
12. Initially, the Government gave the permission, but later, it rejected it. • Further, it
implemented section 144
13. The tribal people who are not aware of it tried to attend the meeting.
14. At Pittabongaram village, the police started at Gond farmers in which 13 people were
died according to Government statistics.
15. But, PUCL estimated that it was around 60 people died.
16. Like this, Indravelli meeting became bloodshed.
17. After paying homage to the martyrs, Indravelli meeting was conducted in the Adilabad
district.
Conclusion:
Like this, with the support of Rythu Cooli Sanghams, tribes fought against the occupation
of tribal lands, which was one of the main causes of the Telangana Movement.
35. Adivasis along with their slogan- ‘Jal Jungle Jameen’ showed strong resistance against
their exploitation. In this context explain the alienation of tribal lands and the
Adivasis Resistance.
Answer:
Introduction
• The Adivasis have played a key role in the building of the socio-cultural ethos of
Telangana. According to the 2001 census of the Telangana region,
• Adivasis make up just 9.34% of the population in Telangana. In spite of this, their
history and identity in the state is quite distinctive.
• The main tribes of Adivasis are of the Krishna River. The life of the Adivasis is sustained
in the arms of nature in harmony with the laws of nature. Producing what is essential
for the sustenance of day-to-day life is characteristic of their lifestyle. ‘
• Jal Jungle Jameen’ the popular slogan of Adivasi movements, was first given by
Komaram Bheem. In his movement against Nizams, he argued that complete rights to
all the resources of the forest should be given to Adivasis.
Alienation of Tribal lands and Adivasis Resistance
1. The deep forest areas in Adilabad district had strong sect-based tribes and a little in
Karimnagar district.
2. The head of the village looks after the affairs of the village.
3. Nobody gives hospitality to people from plain areas unless they go to the village head's
house. The business people, who came to sell jaggery, salt, tobacco and chilly etc, took
away the lands from the innocent tribal people.
4. The traders used to come exactly during the harvesting time and they used to take the
produce directly and adjust with the loan amount.
5. Nothing remains for the farmer. So, again they used to request the money lender for a
loan by agreeing to so many conditions which lead to financial bankruptcy.
6. There used to be many types of exploitation like less measurement of goods, paying
less to the tribal products, and giving their own land for tenancy with high rates.
7. Many tribal welfare acts which envisage the protection of the lands of the tribes, and
non-tribes giving loans to the tribes were not implemented.
8. To save the tribes from the clutches of the money lenders, the Government has started
tribal cooperative marketing societies and tribal cooperative banks.
9. But these were not useful to the tribal people.
10. The tribal people started the revolt against these exploitations with the help of farmers'
associations.
11. Rythu Koolie Sangham organized many protests against the distribution of liquor
(Varuni-Vahini) introduced by N.T.R government in the villages.
12. The lands which were taken in the name of the plantation during the emergency period
and before by the forest department were taken back by the Gonds and Kolam farmers
and were cultivated.
13. The police started taking action against them as the tribes reacted against the
Government.
14. Against this, the Gonds started gathering other people by blowing tudum (drum).
15. The farmers association made use of the Gond tradition of blowing horn as a weapon
to gather tribal people
Conclusion:
Hence, this is how Adivasis used ‘Jal Jungle Jameen’ slogan given by Komuram Bheem in
the Nizam period. After the independence, ‘Jal Jungle Jameen’ slogan was given by a trade
union leader, Shanker Guha Niyogi, in Chhattisgarh. This way with the support of Farmer's
Associations, Adivasis showed resistance and fought against the occupation of Tribal lands
36. Explain the rise of regional parties like the Telugu Desam Party and how it changed
the political landscape of Telangana.
Answer
Introduction
The central Government invested more in Hyderabad city after the 1969 movement. It
propagated the need to improve the industries and basic infrastructure in the Telangana
region. After the judgement of the Supreme Court on 3rd October 1972, the capitalists of
Andhra raised Jai Andhra movement and all the safeguards of Telangana were removed.
Rise of Regional parties like the Telugu Desam Party and changing political landscape
of Telangana
1. The top class from Andhra felt that the demand for a separate state was no more.
2. So, the capitalists of Andhra invested in Hyderabad with great enthusiasm and got
profits.
3. Andhra capitalists have gained a surplus from agriculture in their region and profits
from contracts in Telangana.
4. Like this, the Andhra capitalists, Andhra farmers who got profits in agriculture and the
people who were vexed with congress rule tried for alternative political power.
5. During the same time, political unification happened at national and state levels.
6. At the same time, NT Rama Rao asked Indira Gandhi to send him to Rajya Sabha which
was rejected.
7. He settled in Tamilnadu due to his career in the film industry. As there was a close
relationship between politics and the film industry in Tamilnadu and the people like
MGRandKarunanidhi, he wanted to enter politics.
8. Congress party lost the faith in the people due to the split in 1969 and 1978 and the
frequent change of chief ministers in Andhra Pradesh.
9. As part of this, Trade Union leader T. Anjaiah was made chief minister of AP.
10. Anjaiah arranged a grand welcome to Rajiv Gandhi, the general secretary of the
Congress party when he visited Hyderabad.
11. As Rajiv Gandhi did not like these things, he insulted chief minister T. Anjaiah in public,
which was the main headline in many newspapers.
12. It was a golden opportunity for NT Rama Rao who pleaded congress for the Rajya Sabha
MP seat in 1982. He became popular as a leading hero in many socio-fantasy movies in
the Telugu film industry.
13. As an actor, he had the same fan following both in Telangana and Andhra regions.
14. So, he started Telugu Desham Party in March 1982 with the slogan of self-respect of
Andhrites and how it was insulted by the central.
15. The political novice Rama Rao was supported by Nadendla Bhaskara Rao, who aspired
for the Chief Minister post but was disappointed by congress.
16. The ballot was successful as a 'box office hit' due to his popularity and promises about
welfare schemes.
17. It was a record that he won the election with a thumping majority within one year of
the establishment of a party.
18. In 1983, abolished Patel - Patwari system prevailing in Andhra Pradesh as soon as he
came to power
Conclusion
NTR’s leadership made the politicians and politics decline to the level of ‘money after power’
and ‘power after money.’ He indirectly supported contractors, the land mafia, the film
industry and corporate hospitals etc. for becoming stronger. But, the same categories tried
to dethrone NTR in his second term in 1994
37. Examine how the Andhra dominant culture has suppressed the Telangana Culture,
Language and Literature.
Answer:
Introduction:
A dominant culture is a cultural practice that is dominant within a particular political, social
or economic entity, in which multiple cultures co-exist. It may refer to a language,
religion/ritual, social value and/or social custom. These features are often a norm for an
entire society.
During the rule of the Delhi Sultans, Bahamanis, Qutub Shahis and Asaf Jahis, for about
six centuries, Telangana was under the control of the kings belonging to foreign language
but it protected and safeguarded its language, culture, and traditional practices. For
centuries, Telangana safeguarded itself from the influence of foreign language and cultures
and protected it. That reflects on the strength of the people of this region who are highly
self-respecting, accommodative and broadminded
It continued until the Andhras entered the region in the early part of the 1950s.
Andhra dominant culture suppresses the Telangana Culture, Language and Literature.
1. The Andhras came to this region for their own jobs between 1948 & 1956.
2. Afterwards, they had to come here with the merger of the Telangana region and the
Andhra state into one composite state, which made them gain a capital city and a
beautiful and well-established civilized land to live in.
3. Those who settled here neither identified with the local culture nor respected it.
4. They started saying that Telanganites were not civilized, they did not have life skills and
they could not even speak their mother tongue.
5. In 1952, Ayyadevara Kaleshwar Rao, the President of Vishalandhra Maha Sabha, was
the chief guest at a meeting at Hanumakonda Arts College. During his speech, he made
some insulting observations about the people of this region; the students protested and
did not allow the meeting to continue.
6. Mudambai Venkatacharyulu insulted Telangana people by stating "Nizam Rastram
LoAndhra Kavulaa Pujyam" in Golconda Patrika which means "There are no posts in
Telangana or Nizam Andhra."
7. He insulted by stating that there were no educated people, poets or scholars in
Telangana.
8. From that period to the present time,the Andhras have continued their domination and
despise for the language, scholarship and culture of this region.
9. The media such as Andhra cinema did not spare the Telangana dialect either.
10. This language in Andhra movies is used by the Producers, Directors, and Film Screen
Writers to be employed for the low characters such as street rowdies, and rickshaw
pullers, particularly for the goondas who invariably speak in Telangana dialect.
11. The People's poet, Kaloji always reiterated his stance that the language of two and a
half districts of Andhra has been imposed on Telangana. It was made to appear as the
real Telugu language and was depicted as the authentic official language.
12. The television serials make use of this dialect of the two-and-a-half districts, as they
impose it on the Telangana region.
13. The Telangana festivals such as Bathukamma and Bonalu are considered by the
Andhras as uncivilized and signs of backwardness.
14. In the composite state of the AP rule, the Telangana culture, festivals and art forms
were not included in the textbooks as the Andhra culture was depicted as if it was the
local culture of both the regions
Conclusion
There was an irreparable loss done by not allotting funds from the last fifty years for the
preservation of the Telangana historical wealth.
38. Explain how the Telangana Identity was suppressed through the idea of the Telugu
Race.
Answer:
Introduction:
NT Rama Rao started Telugu Desham Party in March 1982 with the slogan of self-respect of
andhrites and how it was insulted by the Central Government. Due to his popularity and
promises about the welfare schemes, the ballot was successful as a ‘box office hit’ and he
won the election with a thumping majority within one year of the establishment of the party.
Suppression of Telangana Identity through the concept of ‘Self-respect of Telugu
people
1. He brought the concept of the "Existence of Telugu people at the cost of the existence of
Telangana.
2. The 'self-respect of Telugu people' concept could stop the Telangana existence for some
time.
3. He tried to convince and be united through the concept of the 'Existence of Telugu
people'. Telangana region was suppressed in reality.
4. As he came to power with the slogan of self-respect of Telugu people, he did not want to
have regionalism (like the Telangana movement) and the culture, and language of the
region brought dumped in Telangana.
5. To bring out the 'Existence of Telugu people' , he started another concept Telugutalli i.e.
the mother of Telugu.
6. Establishing many idols of Telugutalli in the Telangana region had a big conspiracy
behind it.
7. As a first step in the process of Teluguism, Telugu University was established.
8. And the word "Telugu' was added to every govt. programme. o Example: Telugu Ganga,
a drinking water project on Krishna River(Srisailam right canal).
9. Infrastructure was provided to Amaravati, Tirumala, Tirupati etc to make them cultural
capitals and at the same time, Telangana temples were neglected.
10. Due to social and political conditions, the issue of Telangana came again in the 1990s.
11. Due to NTR's success and unopposed leadership in TDP, political leaders in Telangana
have also grown.
12. The existence of Telangana political leaders was dependent on the likes of NTR.
13. Like Indira Gandhi in congress, NTR also tried to be powerful in TDP.
14. There was no leader from Telangana in NTR's cabinet like him.
15. Telangana representatives had no opportunity due to NTR’s style and sudden one-sided
decisions.
16. These things made both politicians and politics disappear.
17. So, Telangana leaders lost the support of the people.
18. At the same time, the land mafia
19. occupied the lands and accumulated wealth in the surroundings of Hyderabad with
political support.
20. Indirectly NTR supported these activities by liberalising sales and permitting private
educational institutions and corporate hospitals.
21. With these, an unholy relationship was created among contractors, the land mafia, the
liquor mafia, the film industry, corporate hospitals and corporate educational
institutions.
22. Media also gave a lot of publicity to them.
23. Telangana politicians used to be satisfied with small contracts, land deals, liquor
licences and land encroachments.
24. This unholy relationship became a strong relationship and there was no alternative
democratic front at all.
25. Dalits distanced themselves from TDP after the Kaaramchedu massacre.
26. Women opposed the NTR govt. as there was permission for the uncontrolled sale of
liquor
 Conclusion
Due to opposition in different classes, TDP faced a strong jolt in the 1989 elections. The
concept of 'Self-respect of Telugu people could not remain for long to keep Telugu people
united.
The existence of Telugu people was cracked and sub-existences (Telangana Movement) came
out due to the above reasons.

39. Examine the expansion of the new economy of the 1980s in Telangana and its impact
on Telangana's Livelihood.
Answer:
Introduction:
Initiated in 1980, the liberalized economic policies in India gained peace by 1991. All the
political power in the country was in favour of economic reforms. Among the Indian States,
Andhra Pradesh was at the forefront of liberalization, winning appreciation measures from
the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and Multi-National Companies.
Expansion of the New economy and impact on Telangana’s Livelihood:
1. The number of regional parties increased and utilized the coalition government to dance
to their tunes; that was a part of the implementation of liberalized economic policies.
2. The regional parties introduced Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG)
using economic decentralization.
3. As a result, a new regional capitalistic society was formed and the Government
resources were privatized.
4. Economic decentralization and political decentralization became part of New Economic
Policies.
5. In Andhra Pradesh, many programmes were taken up to obstruct political
decentralization.
6. The system which till then held Government responsible for economic growth was
completely broken up.
7. In the regime of Telugu Desam, a parallel system favouring the cronies of the
Government was developed without implementing the amendments made in Panchayat
Raj Act.
8. Various programmes were carried out through parallel organizations such as the Water
Consumers Society, Watershed Development Committee, Vana Samrakshana Samithi,
and Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (S.E.R.P.)
9. In the new economic policy the corporation, public sector organizations, and co-operate
societies owned by Government were privatized and handed over to the private market
forces.
10. Comprehensive changes were introduced to turn every department involved in financial
duties into business firms and their services were priced.
11. They were given free hand to sell the services and make agreements with loan-granting
organizations.
12. In a word, it can be said that the State was turned into a market commodity to be sold
in the International Monetary Fund’s Market.
13. The administrative system started sub-serving the World Bank.
14. A system of raising loans and following the conditions of the World Bank began which
made the state a “Parasite”.
15. The dependence of the Government on the World Bank and its policies made it a puppet
Government.
Conclusion:
The New Economic Policies pushed the state into debt day by day and instead of reducing
the burdens of loans on people, they increased it.
Thus, in spite of the heavy loans raised, there was neither change in the standard of life nor
in the earnings of the people of the state
40. Analyse the Real estate condition of Telangana during the new economy of the 1980s.
Answer:
Introduction:
The rulers from coastal Andhra faced problems in getting command over Hyderabad city
after the 1969 Telangana Movement.
So, they encouraged the migration of Andhra people to Hyderabad.
Real estate conditions during the new economy period
1. As part of this, they established the Housing Board and HUDA.
2. House Building Cooperative Society was given 1338 acres by evacuating the tribal and
poor people from that area in 1970s.
3. The 1338 acres of land was given to the society at a very cheaper rate i.e. Rs.100 per
acre.
4. The same land is of crore rupees’ value now.
5. The land encroachments and migration of Andhra people reached peak in NTR's regime.
6. He gave the government-controlled Nizam Surfekhas lands in Hyderabad very cheaply
to film industry people.
7. The film industry people developed studios on some land and the remaining was sold
under real estate.
8. Besides this they created employment for Andhra people in film studios and movies.
9. With this there were many migrations from Andhra to Hyderabad.
10. With these migrations, the real estate boom started to accommodate the basic
infrastructure of the people.
11. The people from film industry and land mafia ventured into real estate around
Hyderabad city.
Conclusion:
The Andhra migrants gained a lot of profits by selling their lands and developed as a very
rich class in Hyderabad city. The real estate made the migrants rich and pauperised the
native Telangana people. This further intensified the discontent among the Telangana
people.

41. Analyse the LPG reforms introduced by the Indian government during 1990's.
Answer
Introduction
The LPG Reforms were a set of economic reforms announced by the Indian government in
1991 in the form of the New Economic Policy, which provided measures for liberalization,
privatization, and globalization.
Need for the reforms
1. Balance of payments crisis - India's outgoing foreign currency was more than the
incoming foreign currency. India owed large amounts of foreign currency, and hence,
its foreign exchange reserves were low.
2. Under-performing PSUs - the Public Sector Undertakings were not performing well and
were becoming a costly liability for the government as very few were making profits.
3. Fiscal deficit - the government was facing a fiscal deficit, and there was a lot of public
debt.
4. High inflation - inflation had drastically increased in the years preceding the LPG
Reforms.
5. License Raj - this was the period after Independence when there were many government
restrictions on business, which led to red-tape procedures to get licenses and
permissions that discouraged business growth.
Measures Under LPG Reforms
Liberalization -
1. Liberalization of exports and imports
2. Opening up to more foreign investment
3. Liberalization of the banking sector and capital markets
4. Reduced dependence on foreign loans
 Privatization -
1. Privatization of PSUs through disinvestment, i.e., through selling PSU shares to private
entities.
2. Opening up industries to the private sector that were so far reserved for the public sector
3. Reducing government monopolies by increasing competition and thereby promoting
efficiency and quality of goods and services.
Globalization -
1. Opening up the economy to foreign direct investment.
2. Relaxing restrictions on international trade and international movement of labor.
3. Connecting to the global financial markets
Benefits of the LPG Reforms
1. The reforms helped India overcome a balance of payments crisis and reduced India's
dependence on foreign loans.
2. They helped the government with its fiscal deficit by privatizing inefficient or loss-
making PSUs, thereby reducing government expenditure and losses.
3. They fostered economic growth by reducing government restrictions, encouraging the
entry of private players into the market, and encouraging competition to counter state
monopolies.
4. They enabled India to participate in global trade markets and take its place as a major
developing country.
Conclusion
The LPG Reforms did face criticism later due to negative impacts on the agriculture sector,
growing income inequality, regional inequalities, difficulties faced by local businesses, and
exposing the developing Indian economy to the ups and downs of global markets and
international competition. However, on the whole, these reforms enabled India to come out
of an economic crisis, reduce its dependence on loans, and become a major developing
economy.

42. Discuss the various aspects of the economy during the 1990's in Telangana.
Answer
Introduction
Telangana region has a rich heritage, culture and glorious history. This civilizational
affluence is reflected in the Telangana language, dialect, customs and culture, lifestyles,
preferences and aspirations. The knowledge and wisdom, social, political and economic
values, arts and cultural forms are greatly developed and attained distinctive character in
Telangana. Division of funds, the capture of employment in public services by non-locals,
irregular migrations, and breaking of promises were the reasons for agitations and struggles
in Telangana.
1. Many States did not accept the Liberalization System which was introduced by the
Central Government. In such States not much change took place.
2. Some States introduced policies of Liberalization.
3. The State of Andhra Pradesh is one such State.
4. After Chandra Babu became the Chief Minister the liberalization policy was
implemented in Andhra Pradesh.
5. In 1998, by the Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Programme (APERP), the
Government of Andhra Pradesh took a loan of 2200 crores from the World Bank and
the reforms took place speedily based on the suggestions given by the World Bank.
6. The Government agreed that its role was important in the economic field but it’s also
made it clear as part of the reforms that it will have no direction.
7. It was informed that attracting private forces and obtaining investments is the primary
function of the Government.
8. The Government provided facilities required for private investment and the machinery
required for maintaining the same.
9. In many fields particularly in the welfare sector such as education, medicine, health,
agriculture and irrigation the Government reduced expenditures.
 10. With the spreading of the Private sector, there were no equal opportunities for people of
the regions.
11. Among the expedient policies during the reign of Chandra Babu Naidu were the
improvement of the High Tech City and the expansion of basic facilities was limited to
the capital city only.
12. There was an allotment of land for the expansion of the Industries.
13. The real estate business gained strength in no time because of all these activities.
14. Despite the improvement, there was no creation of employment opportunities.
15. The existing number of Government jobs was also reduced. Therefore, there was
improvement without employment creation.
16. There was a crisis in the Telangana region as agriculture and handicrafts declined due
to non-investment.
17. The Mulki rules were also violated as the Andhra entered the education field with false
documents.
18. The surplus funds were diverted to the Andhra region.
Conclusion
The domination of the Andhra people in economic aspects continued even in the 1990s ever
since the time of the formation of the united State as Andhra Pradesh.
With many agreements and conditions, the State was formed, but afterwards many
violations of the understandings and conditions took place and Telangana remained
underdeveloped.
In this way, the inequalities spread to all the fields and started damaging and hurting the
Telangana culture, language and self-respect.

43. Highlight the impact of LPG reforms on the irrigation sector of Telangana.
Answer
Introduction
Only 15% to 18% of the land in Telangana had irrigation facilities.
In 1991, the Telugu Desam Government by following new economic policies increased the
agricultural crisis. In 1991 the canals provided irrigation to 3, 52, 382 hectares (8,70,754
acres) and in 1991 it fell to 2,48,091 hectares or (6,13,042 acres) in Telangana.
1. In the last ten years, the land under irrigation decreased by two and half lakh of acres
2. In 1956, 4,47,236 Hectares (11,05,119 acres of land under cultivation under tanks and
ponds were reduced to 2,69,492 Hectares (6,49,610 acres) or a decrease of 56.88%.
3. The main reason was that tank beds were not repaired.
4. Further some lakes were neglected deliberately and made useless.
5. Because of all these various reasons, the farmers either sold their lands or gave away
the lands to pay off the loans taken from the Andhra people.
6. In Telangana, two big rivers Krishna and Godavari and many of their tributaries flow
and despite these rivers, Telangana agriculture has crippled and collapsed due to a lack
of irrigation facilities.
7. The Telangana region has more forest lands than the other regions.
8. In the entire Andhra Pradesh, if the forest area is 61,99,725; in the Telangana, it is
27,45,793 Hectares which means 67,82,108 acres and 44.28% of Forests are in
Telangana.
9. Discrimination was shown in the agricultural loans also.
10. These loans mostly depended on the assistance of the Government.
11. If the Agricultural lands in Telangana were 40%, Telangana got only 23.27% financial
assistance.
12. The financial assistance provided by the Scheduled Banks was not uniform as there
was no allocation to Telangana.
Conclusion:
Therefore, despite the Krishna and Godavari rivers flowing through Telangana, the
agriculture field faced a huge loss due to a lack of irrigation facilities
44. Enumerate the reasons which led to farmer suicides in Telangana, post-1991 reforms.
Answer
Introduction
The LPG reforms in both India and Andhra Pradesh were majorly focused on the service
sector by neglecting the agricultural sector which culminated in many farmer suicides
Reasons for farmer suicides in Telangana
1. As Telangana was already a drought-prone region, the combined Andhra Pradesh
government heavily neglected the irrigation sector in Telangana.
a. Only 15% to 18% of the land in Telangana had irrigation facilities.
b. In the last ten years, the land under irrigation decreased by two and half lakh of
acres
c. The main reason was that tank beds were not repaired.
d. Further some lakes were neglected deliberately and made useless.
e. Because of all these various reasons, the farmers either sold their lands or gave
away the lands to pay off the loans taken from the Andhra people.
2. There were no reasonable prices for the crops sold. No sufficient supply of electricity for
the bore wells.
3. No projects were executed even after a long time.
4. No seeds of high quality were supplied.
5. There was also a shortage of Urea.
6. They had more private loans and their interest rates are high.
7. The banking facilities were also not sufficient.
8. TherDepended mostly on the groundwater and rainfall.
9. e was no alternative employment within reach.
10. The shortage of marketing and storage facilities.
11. Shortages of agricultural officials.
12. Growing of the cotton BT crop more which is depended more on rainfall.
13. The income of the farmers was very less.
Conclusion
All these factors culminated in many farmer suicides in Telangana, which further increased
the discontent among Telangana people towards the discriminatory policies of Andhra rulers
and irrigation became an integral part of the credo of the Telangana movement.

45. Based on world bank recommendations, the Andhra Pradesh government prepared
strategy papers to implement the LPG reforms. In this context, examine the proposals
and implementations based on those proposals.
Answer:
Introduction:
Initiated in 1980, the liberalized economic policies in India gained peace by 1991. All the
political power in the country was in favour of economic reforms. Among the Indian states,
Andhra Pradesh was at the forefront of liberalization as the World Bank and other
international Organizations pressurized the Andhra Pradesh State to speed up the
implementation of reforms by raising more loans. TheState Government prepared strategy
papers on the methods of implementing the proposed reforms, expressing its faith in the
World Bank.
Strategy papers and implementation of proposals
Hiten Bhayya’s white paper on the Electricity sector
1. It suggested o To privatize APSEB
a. The sectors of power generation and transmission should be separated
b. All the sections in the electric sector should run on business principles.
2. The Government implemented the suggestions of the committee and the conditions
prescribed by the World Bank.
 3. For privatizing the Electricity sector, Andhra Pradesh Electricity Reforms Act 1998 was
introduced in the assembly on 28 April 1998.
4. The Andhra Pradesh Electric Regulatory Commission came into existence in March
1999.
5. The A.P.S.E.B was divided into A.P.Genco and A.P.Transco
6. In April 2000, the power supply was handed over to four companies (DISCOMS).
Gangopadhyaya Committee on State Administration and salaries:
1. suggested some measures to the Government to cut down its expenditure short.
a. It identified that there was a surplus of Government employees and suggested the
Government reduce 0.9% of employees every year from 1996-97.
2. The Government has passed an act banning new recruitment.
3. Prior to 1996-97, there was an increase of 3.4% in theGovernment jobs. But during the
reform period of 1996-97, there were less than 1% new recruitments.
4. Reduction in government recruitment was done stringently.
5. New recruitments continued only in police, the primary education and the medical
departments
Koneru Rama Krishna Rao’s White Paper on Higher Education: It labelled Education as
a market commodity, which can be managed by private institutions, and the Government
need not take the trouble of managing the colleges offering courses in the Higher education
sector
Subramanyam Committee’s White Paper on Public Enterprises:
1. It started in June 1995 that the Government need not get involved in commercial
activities
2. All the commercial activities should be assigned to the private sector.
3. Later many public enterprises in Andhra and Telangana regions were either closed down
or privatized.
4. The A.P. Economic Reconstruction Programme (APERP), which began with loans from
the World Bank took up the programme of reforming public enterprises.
5. A report revealed that about 50,000 employees had lost jobs due to V.R.S
Conclusion
Thus, due to the policies of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and Multi-National
Companies, the market principles influenced the Government of Andhra Pradesh. Regional
capitalists and contractors ganged up in 1980 and started influencing all the activities of
the state.
Because of these reforms, Telangana faced so much of destruction and the reports related
to public enterprise reforms programmes were wiped off.
However, the records were destroyed and the whole information was lost but the danger of
privatization and the influence of the World Bank still lurks in the vicinity and the
destruction they had caused to the Telangana region is difficult to be averted completely.

46. Explore the search for Telangana identity through intellectual efforts, discussions, and
political and ideological efforts.
Answer:
Introduction:
The six-point formula removed Telangana safeguards, Telangana identity was suppressed
through the promotion of Distinctive Telugu identity, Telangana regional board was
abolished to erase Telangana identity. At this juncture, many Telangana intellectuals,
scholars and artists tried to explore and preserve Telangana identity
1. After the Second phase of the Telangana Agitation began in 1996, many organizations
and parties started discussing the questions, "For Whom this Telangana?" and "Why this
Telangana."
2. From 1997, until the TRS Party was formed in 2001 continuous political ideological
discussions took place on how the Telangana State should be under the aegis of this
organization.
 3. In 2000-2001, the Telangana Intellectuals had protracted discussions with Honorable
KCR at the time of the formation of the TRS Party about the problem of the Telangana
State.
4. There were different opinions the institutions and parties as to the way in which
Telangana State could be achieved.
5. The People's War group and its affiliated organizations AIPRF and Telangana Jana Sabha
argued and propagated that only through struggle Telangana state was possible
6. Maroju Veeranna of Telangana Maha Sabha argued that Telangana State would be
formed only through restoring the struggle for self-respect for Dalits and Bahujans.
7. There were differences of opinion even among the leaders of United Forum. • Professor
Keshav Rao Jadhav and some others argued that political leaders should not be involved
in the agitation
8. But, it should be fought by student unions, employee unions and the people in the other
fields of Telangana should carry on the struggle.
9. Professor Keshav Rao Jadhav opined that if the political leaders enter the Agitation as
in the 1969 Agitation, it would be inevitable forthe Telangana people getting deceived.
10. But Dr Jayashankar seems to have understood the process better and clearly on the
Telangana Road Map.
11. Dr Jayashankar explained the Road Map to Telangana and opined that by starting a
political party and by sending representatives to the Parliament and with the
participation in the Central Government, the Telangana Bill can bemade to be
introduced in the Parliament. The attempt to form Telangana State should begin now
Conclusion
KCR understood the subtle strategy to be followed through the opinion of Dr Jayashankar.
KCR prepared to launch a political party, which became Telangana Rashtra Samithi. With
the formation of the TRS, the ideological discussions going on for Telangana came to a stage.
But, the Dalit Bahujan Associations which contained mostly the backward caste
Associations connected with the Naxalites and made attempts to popularize their arguments
said that it was only through the fighting with the Government that the state would be
formed.

47. Explain how regional imbalances led to the growth of popular unrest in Telangana.
Answer

Introduction
When compared to the Andhra region, Telangana was pushed into backwardness; thus the
seeds of the second phase of the Telangana Agitation of 1997 could be found in the
realization that the Telangana region was left backward in all the fields. Actually, Telangana
could not be a backward region with many resources and with the rivers Godavari and
Krishna flowing through Telangana. In the integrated AP State, the Seemandhra rulers
intentionally subjected the region to continuous discrimination, diverted all the Funds of
Telangana to the Andhra region, and improved that. As a result, the imbalances between the
Andhra and Telangana regions increased
1. The 1969 Telangana Agitation remains as the one of the longest civil movements of the
world.
2. Indira Gandhi and the Congress High Command categorically stated many times that
the State of Andhra Pradesh would not be divided under any circumstances.
3. The Telangana leadership became disheartened and suspended the Agitation for a
separate state.
4. From 1952 to this day, continuously the Telangana aspirations were made hard by
prominent Telanganites such as Pandit Narayan Reddy and Professor Keshav Rao
Jadhav.
5. During 1985 and 1990, many leaders informed the people of Telangana about the
injustices taking place as and when they took place.
 6. After 1956,the governments by Seemandhras fully neglected the Telangana Irrigation
Water Programme and due to this reason, the farmers of this region had to completely
depend on the ground water resources and manage cultivation.
7. By 1970-1980,the lakes and tanks got silted and with the wells getting dried up, the
Telangana farmers had to take loans to install bore wells.
8. During 1996-97, these bores also got dried in lakhs of numbers all over Telangana; on
the other hand, there were series of famines continuously year after year, with no
capacity to repay the loans taken on interest and for these reasons, the thousands of
Telangana farmers committed suicides.
9. Rivers Godavari and Krishna flow through Telangana for thousands of kilometres before
joining the sea through Andhra region.
10. But they never wet the Telangana as the Seemandhra politicians diverted the waters of
those rivers to the coastal and Rayalaseema regions.
11. Some of them did not have employment and many did not have the hope that they will
get employment despite being highly educated and turned to Naxalism, while the youth
of the neighbouring Andhra region settled as software engineers in the Silicon Valley
12. The sons of Telangana went into forest exile in the Dandakaranyam, in the Nallamalai
forests and they were killed as "naxalites" in false encounters.
13. On the one hand were famines and parched agricultural lands as agricultural activities
were stopped; and, on the other side, the Telangana people were involved in false cases.
14. The opportunities to live in peacewere reduced and consequently, lakhs of people went
to Hyderabad, Mumbai, Dubai and other far off regions as migrants.
Conclusion:
Along with the bad conditions, the Government of Chandrababu Naidu implemented
measures for reforms to please the World Bank; that became another reason for the
deteriorating conditions of Telangana. These conditions had led to the growth of popular
unrest in Telangana.

48. The regional disparities and imbalances in political power, administration, education,
and employment in Telangana have created a situation of regional unrest. Examine
the causes for those regional disparities and imbalances in Telangana.
Answer:
Introduction:
Though economic reforms started in 1980s, they were implemented in 1990s. Regional
imbalances have grown very much after the economic reforms. The problems of rural people
went high as rural development and social sectors are neglected during the reforms period.
Government investments play a key role in providing social and infrastructure facilities.
Telangana region went backward and saw imbalances in the fields of Politics, administration,
Education, Employment etc. during the reforms period as there was decline in Government
investments.
Political and Administrative Imbalances:
1. The political imbalances started during NTR's regime and reached peak later.
2. NTR formed Government in 1983 with thumping majority.
3. His style, one sided and sudden decisions made Telangana leaders to lose importance.
No leader from Telangana in NTR's Government could speak like NTR.
4. These things made the politicians and politics disappeared.
5. At the same time, the land mafia occupied the lands and accumulated wealth in the
surroundings of Hyderabad with political support.
6. This made the land mafia more powerful and rich.
7. These capitalists became the contractors and formed a new class. These contractors
became arrack contractors as the Government liberalised the liquor policy.
8. They got the contract of Telugu ganga project which was started at the same time
Imbalances in Education:
1. After merger with Andhra State, Education sector in Telangana region was completely
neglected.
 2. The laxity in education sector for decades, and the lack of education caused
backwardness of Telangana in all the sectors.
3. At the time of formation of Andhra Pradesh, it was accorded to overcome any imbalance
in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana regions within five to ten years of time.
4. Contrary to this, the imbalance grew more and more."
5. Telangana region lagged behind in education sector.
6. Telangana region was allotted only 30-31% of funds and the remaining 68-70% funds
were allotted to Seemandhra region. But the fact is, the population of these two regions
was almost equal.
7. When compared to other regions, Telangana region was allotted very less funds in the
United A.P state.
Employment:
1. Industries were very active in Telangana region before 1956.
2. Hyderabad was one of the developed states in industries by that time.
3. Large coal reserves and water facilities in north Telangana led to establishment of many
industries.
4. Hyderabad Allwyn, Warangal Azam Zahi, AntargamSpinning mill, Sipur Sirsilk etc used
to provide employment to many people.
5. Many industries were closed instead of opening new industries after the formation of
united state which led to unemployment.
6. 15000 families lost jobs with the closure of Allwyn Company alone.
7. On one side they closed the industries in Telangana and on the other side lakhs of acres
of land in Medak, Rangareddy, Hyderabad and Nalgonda districts were given to the
migrated Andhra industrialists.
8. It reached high level after 1980 i.e. during TDP regime.
Conclusion:
Hence, these disparities and discrimination faced by the Telangana people in almost every
field in united Andhra Pradesh paved the way for the Separate Telangana state movement.

49. Telangana Information Trust, played an important role in the quest for Telangana
identity. In this context, write a short note on Telangana Information Trust
Introduction
A Conference on the formation of separate Telangana took place in 1987 at Basant Talkies,
Kachiguda, Hyderabad which was attended byKaloji, JayaShankar, Telangana Prabhakar,
Keshav Rao Jadav, Harinath, Thota Anand Rao, Padmanabham, Vinayak, Laxman,
Madhusudhan Reddy, Tippa Reddy, KodandaRam, Sidda Reddy, Pasham Yadagiri,
Sangrama Reddy, and Justice Konda Madhava Reddy, which led to the formation of
Telangana Information under the leadership of theTelangana Prabhakar.
1. They spoke on losses, injustices, violations and other atrocities taking place in
Telangana
2. The injustices, losses, violations in education, employment, agriculture and other fields
taking place under the rule of united A.P was informed to the public.
3. The trust also published several government documents, SRC Reports, Gentlemen
Agreement, the 1969 all party agreement, G.O.No.36 and the other documents.
4. Several research books and papers on Budget, Surpluses and Government
discriminatory policies towards Telangana region were published by the Telangana
Information Trust.
5. The members, of the trust travelled many Telangana districts and conducted meetings
on Telangana problems.
6. To inform more clearly on the problems in Telangana, the trust founder started the
monthly magazine Maa Telangana. These magazines were released by Kaloji Narayan
Rao
Conclusion
Hence, Telangana Information trust played a key role in safeguarding the Telangana identity
through their intellectual and objective representation.
50. Write a short note on Osmania University Forum for Telangana.
Answer:
Introduction:
A group meeting for the understanding of the losses taking place in different fields in the
Telangana region took place under the leadership of Prof. G. Laxman on 7th September 1987
at Arts College, Osmania University in room No. 57. In this meeting the O.U. Forum for
Telangana was formed with Prof. G. Laxman as president
1. The aims of this organization –
a. To make efforts for attaining separate Telangana State.
b. To conduct conferences and meetings for the understanding of different problems in
Telangana.
c. To make efforts for the improvement of Telangana.
2. With the above aims, the Forum conducted many meetings, conferences, and group
discussions at different places of Telangana including Universities and colleges so that
the Telangana problems were understood.
3. From the time of its formation, this Forum celebrated every year the 17th September as
the Telangana Liberation Day at Osmania University.
4. Dasarathi participated in all the meetings of the Forum.
5. This Forum also observed the Telangana betrayal Day on 15 November every year. • In
this protest program Kaloji Narayan Rao, other intellectuals, and the students
participated.
6. On the occasion of the New Year, this Forum distributed Telangana greetings with
Telangana map in different places of Telangana. In 1988 the Forum released a Calendar
with Telangana map
Conclusion:
Hence, Osmania University Forum for Telangana, trust played a key role in safeguarding the
Telangana identity through their intellectual and objective representation.

51. Mention some important aspects made in Basatin-us-Salatin book regarding the
administrative affairs of Qutub Shahis.
Introduction:
Write briefly about administration of Qutub-Shahis.
Body:
Mention Some important aspects made in Basatinus-Salatin book
Conclusion:
Some suggestions of Basatin-us-Salatin were followed by Qutub Shahi Sultans with true
spirit. This made them very popular.
Content:
Administration of Qutub Shahis:
1. The administrative system introduced by Qutub Shahi Sultans is unique in its nature
and structure
2. They provided sound and popular administration to their people.
3. Mirza-Ibrahim-Zubari's work Basatin-usSalatin is providing very useful, authentic
information about the Qutub Shahi polity, its nature and structure.
4. Mirza-Ibrahim-Zubari was a contemporor of Abdullah-Qutub shah (1626-1672).
5. This book was written on the model of Siasat Nama written by Nizam-ul-Mulk-Tusi.
6. Siasat Nama discussed the duties and objectives of a Sultan.
7. The Qutub Shahi Sultans followed the guidelines laid in Siasat Nama.
8. But they also considered, the local people’s desires and local laws in running the
administration.
Some important aspects mentioned in Basatin-us-Salatin:
 1. In the first part of book, the author Basatin advised the king to protect the law and
follow it without any fear or favour.
a. He said such spirit will not only bring good name to ruler but also prosperity to the
kingdom.
b. If the ruler treats all his people with love and takes care of all the needy people, he
will become very popular.
c. He advised the Sultan to appoint, Quzis, Muftis, Judges and pay their salaries in
cash.
d. He also supported the donation of some villages to these officials.
e. In the second section, the author advised the Sultan to appoint his ministers on the
basis of their loyalty, experience and dedication.
f. He also suggested the Sultan to grant Jagirs to ministers for the period of three years
and advised to maintain strict discipline with ministers.
g. He ordered Sultan to behave in high dignity in the council meetings.
In Basatin-us-Salatin, the author advised the Sultan to do the following works for
the welfare of public: They are:
1. Construction of trunk roads keeping the feeder roads clean
2. Making all the arrangements for the public during festival days to purchase their
required articles etc.,
3. Planting of shady trees on the both sides of roads. Construction of Sarais,
arrangement of water and free feeding facility at Sarais with Government's money.

52. Trace the progress of Telugu literature under Qutub Shahis.

Introduction:
Write briefly about Qutub Shahis regime.
Body:
Mention the progress of Telugu literature under Qutub Shahis
Conclusion:
• Telugu literature under Qutub Shahis continue to enjoy the royal support as in
Vijayanagara age.
• Qutub Shahi Sultans and their officials did great service to Telugu language.
Content:
1. Progress of Telugu Literature under Qutub Shahis:
2. The Qutub Shahi Sultans and their officials were great patrons of Telugu language
3. Many Telugu Scholars and Poets were honoured by Qutub Shahi Sultans.
4. Especially, during the age of Ibrahim-QuliQutub Shah Telugu language became
famous for literary activity.
5. Famous Telugu Poet Addanki Gangadhara was patronized by Ibrahim-Quli-Qutub
Shah.
6. The poet dedicated one of his work to the Sultan.
7. Ibrahim-Quli-Qutub Shah was praised by hiscourt poets as “Malikiba Rama”.
8. Kandukuri Rudrakavi, the author of Telugu literature was honoured by Quli Qutub
Shah.
9. The Sultan, was impressed and granted him 'Chintapalem' village as gift.
10. Aminkhan, the in-charge office of Patancheru (under Ibrahim-Quli-Qutub Shah)
patronized
11. Ponneganti Telaganarya another famous Telugu Poet.
12. The poet dedicated his work Yayati Charitam to Amin-Khan.
13. This was the first Telugu work written in “Achha-Telugu”.
 14. Many Telugu Scholars and Poets wrote many Chatu-Verses praising the great
qualities of Ibrahim-Quli-Qutub Shah.
15. During the period of Muhammad-Quli-QutubShah, the successor of Ibrahim-Quli-
Qutub
16. Shah Telugu Scholars and Poets received liberal patronization from the new Sultan.
17. Ganesha Pandita was the Court poet of Muhammad-Quli-Qutub Shah.
18. Saranga Thammayya was another great Telugu Poet of Muhammad-Quli-Qutub
Shah's Court.
19. He was originally the in-charge Revenue Officer (Karanam) of Golconda.
20. He wrote a popular Telugu work named Vaijayanthi Vilasam, Kshetrayya the famous
Telugu 'Padakartha' was a contemporary of Abdullah-Qutub Shah.
21. He visited, the Court of Abdullah Qutub Shah and sung more than one thousand
Padakeerthanas praising the Sultan.
22. Kshetrayya a native of 'Movva' village in Krishna District.
23. His Padakeerthanas became very popular in the entire Qutub Shahi Kingdom.
24. Kancharla Gopanna (Bhakta Ramadas) the Revenue Officer (Tahsildar) of Khammam
under Abul Hassan-Tanashah(last ruler of sultans), had constructed a temple to Lord
Sri Rama at Bhadrachalam.
25. Later on he was imprisoned for using public money for constructing a temple.
26. Kancharla Gopanna sung many Keerthanas on Lord Sri Rama, which became popular
in the entire Andhradesa.
27. He became popularly known as Bhakta Ramadas.
28. His work Dasarathi Satakam was a classical work and enjoyed great appreciation
from Scholars.
29. According Scholars, Prajakavi Yogivemana also belongs to this age.

53. Explain the Salarjung’s the salient features of financial reforms.

Introduction:
Write briefly about Salarjung’s rule.
Body:
Mention the financial reforms of Salarjung.
Conclusion:
• Salarjung I played crucial role in the history of Hyderabad state.
• His reforms in various aspects of administration gave Hyderabad state a
sound financial strength and consolidated the entire administrative setup.

Content:
a. Salarjung-1 family claims from Madina in Arabia, who have migrated from Madina to
Bijapur.
b. After the fall Bijapur, the later members of family took service under Mughals.
c. Later on they transferred their loyalty to the family of Nizam's of Hyderabad and
served them.
d. This family acquired so much importance that five members of it served as the prime
minister of Hyderabad.
e. They were the leading nobles and played key role in state administration.
f. The first salar Jung, Mir Turabali Khan, was a great administrator and architect of
modern Hyderabad.
g. Salarjung-I originally known as Turab Ali Khan, was one of the most remarkable
statesmen of Hyderabad state.
 h. He receives lone appreciation for his role played in shaping the contours of the history
of Hyderabad during an important transitional period.
i. His public life began in 1847, at age of 19 he was appointed as Awal Talukdar
(Collector) of Khammam District, here he mastered the details of office.
j. He was just 24 years old and took charge as diwan just after treaty of 1853, under
which a large territory of Nizams was transferred to British resulting in loss of revenue
of Rs. 40 lakh per annum.
k. Deposed Jagirdars created problems to the administration.
l. The loss of Berar and the districts of Osmanabad and Raichur created serious
economic crisis in Hyderabad state.
m. The administrative setup of the state was worsening therefore he initially studied the
problem and took steps to make state financially strongFinancial Reforms of
Salarjung:
n. Salarjung-I initiated certain measures for giving sound financial base to state
administration.
o. He abolished the tax farming system, under this system tax farmer like daftardars
and
contractors benefited immensely.
p. They paid only a fixed amount to the state and collected heavily from poor peasants
by pressurising them.
q. This resulted in heavy loss to both state and poor peasants.
r. He appointed regular Talukdars who were paid from state exchequer.
s. They collected revenue from peasant directly and this measure brought peasants
directly in touch with administration.
t. It also relieved them from exploitation of tax farmers like daftardars.
u. This enabled salarjung to make exact assessment of taxes from land.
v. Salarjung took steps for standardisation and stabilisation of currency system.
w. He monopolised minting of coins to remove large counterfeit coins that were in
circulation.
x. Central mint was established at Hyderabad and issued Halisikka and made it as
standard coin for all financial transactions.
y. Thus, his financial reforms made states economy surplus and it further encouraged
to undertaking many developmental activities.

54. Mention the relation of Nizam with the British.

Introduction:
Write briefly formation of Hyderabad state.
Body:
Mention the relation of Nizam with the British.
Conclusion:
• Revolt against English failed due to pro-British attitude of Nizam, Afzal Ud Dowla and
his diwan Salarjung.
• Nizam's feudal setup to support English through their loyalty.
• British also recognised the importance of the Hyderabad state and their friendship
with Nizam.
Content:
1. With the demise of Aurangazeb in 1707, the strength of Mughals empire began to
decline.
2. There are many reasons behind its decline.
3. The Golconda kingdom once ruled by Qutub shahis was occupied by Aurangazeb and
since then this region remained as one of the Province of Mighty Mughal Empire,
between 1687 and 1724.
4. During early decades of eighteenth century provincial governors asserted
independence by taking advantage of incapable emperors.
5. One of them was Mir Qamruddin Khan Chin Qlich Khan, the then provincial governor
of Hyderabad Subha.
6. He is popularly known with his titles Nizam-ulmulk and AsafJah that were bestowed
on him by Mughal emperor Muhammad shah.
7. He was the founder of Hyderabad state in 1724.
8. Hyderabad state with its distinct culture and identity, emerged as one of the
important princely state under colonial domination.
Nizam-British Relations:
9. During the tenure of Salabat Jung as deccan subedar, French influence increased in
Hyderabad state.
10. Salabat jung imprisoned Nizam Ali Khan and Basalat Jung who disliked the French
domination in Hyderabad state.
11. With the increasing pressure from Maratha, salabat jung came to an understanding
with his brother Nizam Ali Khan in 1757 and made him as subedar of Berar.
12. In Bengal, British on other side defeated allied forces (Mughal emperor, Awad Nawab
and Bengal Subedar) in the battle of buxar (1764) and concluded Allahabad treaty in
1765 with Mughal emperor.
13. According to this treaty, Mughal emperor accepted to hand over Northern Sarkars to
British East India company.
14. But Nizam Ali Khan at Hyderabad was reluctant to accept this treaty and was not in
favour to hand over northern sarkar to Britsh.
15. British East India company made many attempts for favour of Nizam Ali Khan to get
northern sarkar.
16. In 1766, British made an agreement with Nizam Ali Khan and General smith
represented the British.
According to this agreement, Nizam accepted to hand over the British:
Rajamundry, Eluru, Mustafanagar for Rupees four lakhs and Murtajanagar (Guntur),
Chicacole for Rupees two lakhs.
17. Above this British has to pay Rupees Nine lakhs as annual rent to Nizam Ali Khan.
18. Basically, Nizam Ali Khan was not interested to hand over northern sarkar to British
but financial restraints compeled him to do.
19. Nizam Ali Khan even made secret alliance with Carnatic nawab.
20. English East India company in retaliation came to an agreement with Arcot nawab
and recognised him as nawab of carnatic and got diwani rights over Balaghat region
and in return agreed to pay rupees seven lakhs to Nizam.
21. Through this treaties Nizam has to forego his rights over carnatic and northern sarkar
forever.
22. The later treaties of 1788 and 1800, the company acquired the Guntur and the ceded
districts respectively.
23. Thus gradually, English East India Company gained full control over Nizam's of
Hyderabad.
55. Discuss the state of roadways and railways during Nizam period in Telangana.
Introduction:
Write briefly about the Nizam rule in Telangana.
Body:
Mention the state of roadways and railways during Nizam period in Telangana.
Conclusion:
• The British government developed modern means of transport and communication
for economic exploitation, administrative convenience and military defense.
• A large network of roads was laid across vast areas of the Deccan.
• Besides encouraging trade and commerce in Telangana, it also made it easier for
political activists to travel across the country.
• The development of the modern postal system and the introduction of telegraph also
helped to unify the country to a great extent.
• Both these effectively revolutionised the process of information transmission and
communication and helped Indians come in greater contact with one another.
Content:
From 1724 to 1948, Hyderabad underwent immense growth, both culturally and
economically. The Nizams were great patrons of literature, art, architecture and food;
and were counted amongst the wealthiest people in the world. During their period,
Railways and Roadways were also developed.
Railways:
a. Nizam established 'Nizam State Railway' in 1869.
b. First operational rail line began between Wadi and Secundrabad in 1874.
c. During this period trade between British India and Hyderabad state was between 40
to 50 lakhs.
d. British suggested a plan to Nizams for connecting Waranal (singareni coal mines) with
that of Madras presidency with the intention to exploit coal reserves of Hyderabad
state.
e. Nizam government came forward to give guarantee of 5% interest on the investment
made by the british railway company.
f. This scheme is known as nizam guarantee scheme.
g. In 1899, Manmade-Hyderabad rail line was laid.
h. Nampally railway station came into existence and first passenger train made its way
in 1921.
i. By 1916 Kachiguda railway station was constructed and by the time Hyderabad
joined Indian union this station was headquarters to Nizam guarantee railway
scheme.
j. This scheme began during tenure of sixth Nizam and continued till reign of seventh
Nizam.
k. Till 1930 construction of railway lines were under taken by private companies till
establishment of Nizam's railway board.
l. The other rail routes constructed during the rule of last Nizam.
m. Though Nizams railway system initially experienced loses but later got into Profits.
Road ways:
There were no proper routes for British army to pass Nizams dominion in early days
n. The roads in Hyderabad city was narrow.
o. Need for broad roadways was felt.
p. Nizam's administration from 1867 began to look after maintainance of road in the
state officially.
q. By 1891, around 1000 miles of roads were constructed by Nizam's administration.
 r. The same was extended in 1901, 1930 and 1940 respectively.
s. In 1932 state Road department was merged with Nizam's state Railway system.
t. From then both road and railway departments developed simultaneously.
u. In 1932, state road transport system began to function.

56. Mention the agrarian condition during Asaf Jahi period?

Introduction:
Write briefly about Asaf Jah period
Body:
Mention the agrarian condition during Asaf Jah period
Conclusion:
• Overall, there was a miserable life in agrarian community during Asaf Jah period, but
during era of last two Nizam's, tremendous measuresand reforms were undertaken
for growthagricultural production.
• Along with agriculture, poultry and dairy industry too got administrative support
during last Nizam's.
• Those reforms and measures could contribute towards improving the life of agrarian
society in Telangana.
Content:
1. Agrarian conditions during Asaf Jahi period
a. Occupation of majority of the people of Hyderabad state relied based on agriculture.
b. As Hyderabad state located on Deccan plateau, semi-arid climate prevailed
c. Peasant community though large in number but produced less due to following
reasons:
2. Less availability of irrigation facilities
3. less fertilisers
4. local seed
5. Attack of blights and other pests
a. Peasant community mostly led their life in poverty.
b. Due to less irrigational facility dry cultivation was mostly in practise.
c. In Diwani areas, peasants directly use to pay taxes
d. In Jagirdari and Zamindari areas rent and taxwas paid to their respective Jagirdars
and Zamindars.
e. Some part of land used under Nizams directly for his personal maintenance and such
land was known as Sarf-i-Khas.
f. Agrarian Production depended on amount of rain fall.
g. In case of less rainfall, Famine like conditions existed which made life of common
man more miserable.
h. Hyderabad state located on Deccan plateau also known as land of tanks.
i. Like their predecessors, Asaf Jahis too constructed many new tanks and repaired the
old.
j. Both food and commercial crops were grown. Of them Jowar, rice, millets, groundnut
were grown mostly in the state.
k. Commercial crops like cotton, sugarcane were grown.
l. Two crops, one in rabi and other in kharif were cultivated.
m. Ox animal was used to carry cart loads.
n. Large number of peasants controlled small part of land and landlords less in number
had vast lands under their control.
o. Statistics of Warangal district in 1929-30 says:
1.7% of people owned 35% of dry land and 2.5% of people held 50% of wet land.
 p. This vast disparity in land holding led to undergrowth of agrarian system in
Hyderabad state.
q. Agrarian ecosystem in state gave death like conditions to peasants due to following
reasons:
6. Low productivity in agriculture
7. Rural indebtedness
8. High rate of interests drought.
a. During era of last two Nizam's, tremendous measures were undertaken for growth of
diary and agricultural production.
b. In 1913 Mir Osman Ali Khan established department of Agriculture, called as Zirayat
and kept it under supervision of John Henry.
c. This zirayat made attempts to introduce following reforms for enhancing the
agriculture production such as:
9. High yielding local varity and Hybrid crops
10. Improved irrigation facilities
11. Seeds withstanding arid climate.
a. Along with agriculture, poultry and dairy industry too got administrative support
during last Nizam's and took care to introduce the modern technology which is
available in Europe.
b. During last Nizam, there was considerable growth of agriculture and its related
industries due to introduction of:
12. High yielding variety seeds
13. Modern implements
14. Irrigation facilities
15. Poultry and dairy development
16. Use of pesticides and chemicals
17. Technology awareness programmes for peasants in rural areas and
18. Establishment of agro based industries (sugar, textiles, silk, jute industries etc.,)

57. Write on the role of at least four Political Parties in Third phase of Telangana
movement.
Introduction:
Mention the various political parties which played a major role in the 3rd phase of Telangana
Movement.
Body:
Explain the role of political parties in the 3rd phase of Telangana Movement.
Conclusion:
• On 30th July 2013 congress working committee issued a notification that Telangana
will be formed with ten districts.
• On February 13, 2014 UPA Government introduced the state Reorganization Bill in
Lok Sabha.
• On 18th February 2011 Lok Sabha accepted this bill.
• Later, the bill was introduced on 20th February 2014 in Rajya Sabha and got approval
on the same day.
• June 2nd 2014 was declared as the formation day.
Content:
Various political parties have played a constructive role in the formation of Telangana State
namely Indian National Congress, Telangana Rashtra Samithi, Bharatiya Janatha Party
(BJP), Majlis-e-Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen (MIM), Communist Party of India (CPI), Communist
 Party of India (Marxist) [CPI(M)] and other Regional and National parties. K. Chandra
Sekhar Rao (KCR) founded Telangana Rasthra Samithi (TRS) party on 27th April 2001, with
a minimum program to attain Telangana as separate State. He strongly believed that to
achieve separate Telangana state all political parties should be united.
Role of congress party:
• Indian National Congress played an important role in the formation of Telangana State.
• In 1956 the Congress Party played a major role in forming Andhra Pradesh by including
Telangana in it.
• Later in 1969 it was the Congress party which suppressed the movement resulted in the
death of more than 360 young students.
• In 2004 elections, the congress party in its manifesto said that they are bound by the First
SRC proposals, and got into electoral alliance with TRS and come to the power at the central
and state.
• Unprecedented developments took place in Andhra Pradesh politics with the accidental
death of the then Chief Minister Dr. Y.S. Rajashekhar Reddy on September 2nd 2009 at
Nallamala, Roshaiah became chief minister.
• However, during his time, the court gave judgement declaring Hyderabad a free Zone.
• In these conditions the then central Home minister Chidambaram gave a declaration on
separate state of Telangana on 9th December 2009.
• Later, they declared that the congress party decision was withheld but to the pressure from
Andhra Leaders, Congress party called for all party meeting and constituted Sri Krishna
Committee.
• This committee submitted its report in December 2010.
Role of Bharatiya Janatha Party (BJP):
• Since the beginning of the movement, BJP played a positive role towards Telangana.
• Vajpayee declared that their party is for Telangana in the 1997 Election Campaign.
• After coming to power though they announced the formation of new states of Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, Uttaranchal, Telangana issue was not taken up.
• Discontented with the decision of BJP, Ale Narendra left the party and formed Telangana
Sadhana Samithi.
• Later he merged his party with TRS on 11th August 2002.
Role of Telugu Desam Party (TDP):
• Telugu Desam Party was always against separate Telangana movement.
• However, in changing circumstances, TDP declared its support to the bifurcation of state
in October 2008.
• TDP wrote a letter to Pranab Mukherjee committee stating that they are for formation of
separate state.
• However, within the party the Andhra leaders supported Samaikyandra and TDP Telangana
leaders led Telangana movement
• Chandrababu Naidu resorted to protest at Delhi against centre’s policy on bifurcation while
Telangana TDP MPs supported the Bill, Andhra MPs opposed it in Lok Sabha.
Role of Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS):
• The formation of TRS on 27th April 2001 is a milestone in the Telangana movement.
• People welcomed this party and it was formed with the single aim-of attaining separate
state for Telangana.
• Initially the party focused on spreading the regional ideology and the sentiment for a
separate state.
• The party got the support of Telangana leaders such as Kaloji Narayana Rao, K.
Jayashankar and Konda Laxman Bapuji
• This movement spread to all sections of Telangana.
• The conditions at the centre were made in favor of the formation of separate Telangana with
the unanimity of all the parties.
• As a political party, the TRS implemented programs which were not possible for the people's
organizations.
Role of Communist Parties:
• CPI earlier supported Samaikyandhra.
• But soon changed its stand in the second phase of movement.
• New Democracy party actively participated in Telangana movement. They led militant
movements.
• It demanded equal distribution of resources to give fruits of development in the new state
to all Telangana people and took up several protest programs in solidarity with the
movement.
Role of MIM Party:
• MIM opposed formation of separate Telangana state.
• Hyderabad State opposed the Vishalandhra movement in 1954-55.
• MIM reorganized after 1957. Form the beginning, MIM Party opposed the formation of
Telangana state.
• MIM gave the memorandum to Srikrishna Committee in the favor of Rayala Telangana.

58. Describe in brief about the role of caste associations which indirectly helped them
in Political Participation.
Introduction:
Write about emergence of Caste associations.
Body:
Explain the role of Caste associations in Telangana movement.
Conclusion:
The period produced two trends, Caste or community related displacements and professional
dislocations in typical class-dimensional perspective of feudal vs. capitalist related
oppressions and exploitations. Real cause of the Telangana movement was social and
political exclusion of the 89 per cent of the weaker sections.
Content:
Traditionally, every caste is associated with some occupation. The mobilization of the people by
the caste associations has indirectly helped them in political participation with the
enhancement of the political consciousness of the people. The emergence of caste
associations shows a great impact on political mobilizations in India as well as in the state
of Telangana. These caste associations were formed and registered with the Government as
legitimate groups to accord legitimacy and continue to raise the concerns and demands of
respective social groups and to work for their interests.
Different caste organizations together fought for Telangana.
Nangara Bheri:
• Telangana and Andhra remained distinct regions, carrying on their regional specificities.
• The policies of Andhra rulers adversely affected the artisans, service castes and adivasis.
• The tribal/caste organizations like Lambadi Nangara bheri were inspired by the Dandora
Movement.
• The Nangara Bheri (which means the sound of the conch in Lambada language) movement
has come to the forefront in early 1998.
• This movement was started for realizing the rights of Lambadis, who are a scheduled tribal
group in Andhra Pradesh.

Madiga Dandora and Mala Mahanadu:

• Mala and Madiga are two important scheduled castes in A.P.
• In early 1990, the Madiga Reservation Protection Samithi (MRPS) was formed with a
demand to aportionate the SC quota between the two castes and their sub castes on the
basis of the respective population.
• Mala Mahanadu was formed to oppose the demands of MRPS.
• However, both the organizations to ensure their political participation in Telangana
supported the separate Telangana movement independently.
• Madiga Dandora was the front organisation of MRPS.
Dolu Debba:
• In 1997, the Golla Kurumas organized themselves under the name Dolu debba under the
leadership of Belli Krishna, Belli Lalitha and Gunda Ravi.
• They conceived the movement to align with other caste identity movements and
subsequently build their own caste movement and articulated their specific demands.
• The impact of this movement is seen more in the Telangana, where they have united all
members of the caste and established caste societies and unions at different levels.
Chakirevu Debba:
• Chakirevu Debba is the movement led by Washermen.
• The Chakalis (Washer men) traditionally known as Rajakas, render services of washing
clothes to people.
• They wash clothes of people of all castes except the Malas and Madigas communities.
• Their livelihood is linked with the village as they are paid either in cash or in kind.
• Due to the collapse of the agriculture based village economy and urbanization; traditional
occupational groups were also affected adversely.
Moku Debba:
• Moku Debba is the Caste Association of Goudas (Gouds, Toddy-Tappers) Gouda in
Telangana from one more major backward Caste.
• As Gouda's donot have their own lands, they were dependent on the toddy of the trees on
others lands for their livelyhood.
• Their main livelihood is to draw toddy and sell it.
• With the new economic policies and modernization of agriculture, Gouds are losing their
identity and occupation in the era of globalization'.
• They demand that their occupation should be protected and modernized, cooperative
societies and plantation to be developed they also asked for development and preservation
of toddy technology.
Other Associations:
• The caste based organization of smaller castes or sub castes like Madiga, Mala, tribal,
Yadava, Chakali and Gouds etc., were facing similar problems in Telangana state.
• They mainly joined the local Joint Action Committees (JAC) to express their solidarity.
• Attempts were made to combine caste groups and religious Minorities by forming
Democratic Forum for Dalits and Minorities (DAFDAM) in 1994.
59. Discuss the various aspects the Antony Committee appointed by Union Government
focused on.
Introduction:
Who appointed the Antony Committee?
What is the main objective of Antony Committee?
Body:
Explain the recommendations of Antony Committee.
Conclusion:
It also formed Group of Ministers Committee in 2013 paving the way for the formation of
Telangana State. This committee drafted A.P. Reorganization Act-2014. Various issues
related to bifurcation of state were included in this Act. The union Government finally
announced the Telangana state on 2nd june 2014 after completing the process in the
Parliament.
Content:
Sonia Gandhi appointed a four-member committee with Veerappa Moilee, Digvijay Singh and
Ahmed Patel with AK Antony as its chairperson to deliberate the pros and cons of Telangana
state and the consequences that might arise after the merger. Many a time, Antony made
it very clear to Seemandhra leaders that the Congress would not go back on Telangana
from its stand. All the Seemandhra Ministers, MPs and MLAs and Telangana leaders met
the Antony committee.
• Antony committee submitted the report to the ministerial sub-committee on 20th August
2013, considering the apprehensions, complexes and fears of Seemandhra settlers of
Hyderabad.
• The committee had recommended Hyderabad to be made common capital for both states
for a period of 10 years.
• Committee suggested that the distribution of income, resources, river water and
educational institutions are to be included in the AP Reorganization Bill.
• On the settlement of issues like ecology, environment and rehabilitation, there should be a
clear-cut policy and Polavaram may be elevated as a National level project and be completed
at the earliest.
• All the political parties in alliance with UPA Government had decided for the formation of
Telangana state on 30 July 2013.
• On the same evening, Congress Working Committee (CWC), the highest policy making body
of Congress Party, had decided that Telangana state should be formed.
• On 5th August 2013, Mr. Chidambaram, the then, Finance Minister announced in Lok
Sabha that the process of Telangana formation had started.
• Central Cabinet approved the note on Telangana draft by Home ministry on 3rd October
2013.
• On August 5th, 2013, Mr. Chidambaram announced in the parliament that the process of
Telangana separate state has started.
• On 2013 October 14th, the meeting of the Congress coordinating committee, the state
congress affairs in-charge Digvijay Singh handed over the Antony Committee
recommendations to Kiran Kumar Reddy, D. Rajanarasimha, B. Satyanarayana and
Chiranjeevi.
The following recommendations were included:
• Sharing of water and mineral resources.
• Hyderabad common capital.
• Distribution of Revenue, assets and liabilities.
• Distribution of Andhra Pradesh state cadre officers and non-Gazetted officers.
• Security of Seemandhra people in Hyderabad, their livelihood, lands and properties.
• Antony committee considered the three options for boundaries of the capital:
o Hyderabad Revenue District.
o Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation.
o Hyderabad Metropolitan Development authority.
• The Antony committee recommended Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)
as the common capital.
• The Seemandhra people were in great concern and nervousness, provisions should be made
in the draft bill to introduce rules and regulations to boost up confidence in them.
• In all educational institutions equal opportunities were to be given to Seemandhra
candidates as recommended.
• The report of the Antony committee was submitted to the Group of Ministers.

60. Discuss briefly about the main points in State Re-Organisation Act, 2014.
Introduction:
Write a brief introduction about A.P State Reorganisation Act, 2014.
Body:
List out the important points mentioned in the A.P State Reorganisation Act, 2014.
Content:
Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 is an Act of the Indian Parliament that bifurcated the
state of Andhra Pradesh into Telangana and the residuary Andhra Pradesh state. The bill
was introduced on 5 December 2013, the first day of the winter session in the Legislative
Assembly of Andhra Pradesh. The official formation of the 2 separate states was on 2 nd
June 2014. The new state of Telangana was formed with ten districts.
A.P. Reorganisation Act, 2014 consists of 12 parts, 108 sections and 13 schedules.
Important points in the A.P State Reorganisation Act, 2014:
• Hyderabad to be the common capital for the States of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for
such period not exceeding ten years.
• After the expiry of the period, Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and
there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh.
• The Central Government shall constitute an expert committee to study various alternatives
regarding the new capital for the successor State of Andhra Pradesh and make appropriate
recommendations in a period not exceeding six months from the date of enactment of the
Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014.
• On and from the appointed day, the Governor of the existing State of Andhra Pradesh shall
be the Governor for both the successor States of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for such
period as may be determined by the President.
• The provisions of the Act made amendments to the First and Fourth Schedule of the
Constitution.
• The number of seats in the Legislative Assemblies of the States of Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana, on and from the appointed day, shall be 175 and 119, respectively.
• There shall be constituted a Legislative Council for each of the successor States, consisting
of not more than [58 members in the Legislative Council of Andhra Pradesh] and 40
members in the Legislative Council of Telangana in accordance with the provisions
contained in article 169 of the Constitution.
• The existing Legislative Council of the State of Andhra Pradesh shall, on and from the
appointed day, be deemed to have been constituted as two Legislative Councils of the
 successor States and the existing members shall be allotted to the Councils as specified in
the Fourth Schedule.
• On and from the appointed day, the High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad shall be
the common High Court for the State of
Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh till a separate High Court for the State of
Andhra Pradesh is constituted under article 214 of the Constitution.
• The principal seat of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh shall be at such place as the
President may, by notified order, appoint.
○