In the previous lectures, we learned basic information about
the three levels of BMS (Building Management System) and
we also learned the contents of each level and their exact placement.
In this lecture, we will discuss some details about the first
level in the system and learn about its most important components. Firstly: Where is it located? On the equipment you want to monitor or control.
Air conditioning duct.
Smoke detector installed on it.
What are their types?
Let's simplify things, and say that the site's devices consist of only two sections, which are:
[1] Devices to read values and monitor status.
[2] Devices to operate and disconnect equipment.
The devices I will use to read the status, and these can be referred
to as:
Sensors What's the difference? Switches To understand the difference, let's first explain two important terms,,, But before explaining, you should keep in mind that these terms can be helpful with:
Inputs Outputs they each have two states only, no more 0 , 1 Something is either working or not working, open all the way or completely closed, and so on.
This type is typically found in switches, so when you see a
device labeled "Switch", you immediately know that it deals with digital signals.
Ex: DPS "Differnetial Pressure Switch"
This is a pressure switch. It is set to a specific pressure difference between two points, and when it reads that pressure value, it triggers a change in the control points. This is how the controller understands that this switch has the desired pressure difference. So, we're talking about signals that don't have a specific value, but their output is related to the relationship between voltage and time. This type is typically found in sensors, so when you come across a device described as a sensor, you immediately know that its signal is analog.
Ex: Temperature Sensor
A sensor's purpose is to monitor the temperature in a
specific location, and for each temperature value, it sends an electrical signal with an equivalent value.
A physical value An electrical signal
like temperature with an equivalent or humidity, for value to the physical example quantity. So, we understand that my input is confined between two terms:
before we explore examples, let me categorize sensors and
switches commonly used for categories like:
Types of temperature measurement in
interior spaces of buildings such as rooms
Types of liquid temperature measurement
Types of temperature measurement in
HVAC ducts
Types of temperature measurement outdoors
Types of air pressure measurement
Types of water pressure measurement
Types of differential pressure measurement
We'll find the same concept in it
Outside buildings In indoor spaces.
Inside ducts There are other types , for example: -Motion sensor: It provides a signal when there is motion inside the area it covers, like when someone passes in front of it.
-Occupancy Sensor: It's one of the crucial sensors for energy
conservation, and its concept is that it detects the presence or absence of people in the area it is installed in.
Most of the types we mentioned can come in either sensor
or switches, and the key difference between them is illustrated in this example...
A switch, on the other hand, A sensor continuously reads the
only changes its state when pressure, and for each pressure the pressure reaches a value, it generates an electrical specific value. signal equivalent to it. We've identified the types, and everything seems clear now. Let's move on and take a look at real-world examples to see how we can benefit from the data provided in their datasheets.
Ex(1): What we're discussing now is an increase in your knowledge, and it's essential to always be certain that there is no information without purpose.
The example: A sensor from Siemens with the code QAE21.
The cable control (gland) entry point. ( Customized sizes )
The part that is installed
This part is the (sensor head), in the item to measure its temperature (probe). and it contains the electrical connections.
Water temperature sensor.
Immersion Temperature
Sensors The signal is
analog
Or, to be more precise, it will be an Analog Input AI.
Passive sensors for acquiring the water temperature in pipes and tanks.
I wrote to you in the description that the sensor is sold
exactly as we explained.
To understand this, let's first agree on a fundamental
concept: Temperature sensors work by establishing a relationship between the temperature they measure and an equivalent resistance in ohms. This relationship can be either linear or inverse and depends on the materials used in the sensor.
NTC : negative temperature Coffient.
The types made of materials whose resistance decreases as the temperature rises are referred to as having an (inverse relationship) PTC :Positive temperature Coffient
The types made of materials whose resistance increases as
the temperature rises are referred to as having a linear relationship. This includes sensors like PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) sensors, which can measure cold water up to 400°C and hot water up to 130°C.
For each temperature value within this range, there will be a
resistance in the elements that make up the sensor, and this resistance will be the reason for generating an equivalent electrical signal from the sensor.
is the This nd seco e typ You'll also find installation guidelines in the datasheet
Pay attention to the flow direction.
You'll also find a description of the control cable that you'll
connect to the sensor's terminal and later use to connect it to the control unit, which is usually located nearby in most cases 1.5 * 2 Finally, you'll find information about the wiring, whether there will be any issues if the connections on the sensor terminal are reversed or not.
Adaptable for point
swapping. Let's look at another DPS example, but this time... Differential pressure switch EX (2) : support Entering the control cable. For mounting on equipment bodies.
An adjuster to set the pressure differential value.
The location for installing the pipes through which the
pressure difference is to be measured at the two points
Differential Pressure Switch QBM81-...
for air and nonaggressive gases
For use in gases
It will provide a digital signal (1,0), which occurs
when the pressure difference reaches the value we've set on the indicator, causing the internal DI points of the switch to change Phase Switch position 1-2: lower pressure Switch position 1-3: higher pressure
Don't worry, the topic is very simple.
Look, sir, the switch has a point we call a "pivot point."
One of them is a common point shared with the other two
points, labeled as "com"
The second point is normally closed (NC), meaning it's
connected when the switch reads pressure difference. The third point is normally open (NO), meaning it's disconnected when the switch reads pressure difference.
After reaching the Before reaching the
pressure difference. pressure difference. The control cable can be 2x1.5 if you only want to use the NO point and receive a signal when it closes. However, for certain applications that require the NC as well, you may need a 3x1.5 control cable in that case.
Other examples ,,,
outside humidity temperature Sensor
space humidity+ Co2 +
Water temperature sensor Flow Switch
Ceiling mounted Differential Pressure Occupancy Switch For Liquids Sensor Devices used to turn equipment on and off, and the most commonly used ones include:
Let's explain what this means:
The muscles of the BMS (Building Management System),
through which it can control the activation and deactivation of equipment, especially in a central HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system.
Its types include...
The division is based on the type of movement you'll need to
provide This means that ,,, we have two types based on the type of movement: Rotary actuators
A type that, when given a signal, produces
rotational movement. It is commonly used in applications like ,,,
Rotary actuators
Rectangular Damper
A damper is a mechanism used to control the airflow
within HVAC ducts, (AHUs), and (VAV) boxes.
Let me explain them further
There are also types that can be installed on valves where the opening and closing are achieved by rotating them.
The valve's shape before
installation Well... is the choice random? of course not. The choice is made based on a few factors like... 24 VDC 1. The operating voltage 24 VAC 230 VAC
Spring Type: The actuator returns to its default position
automatically when the power is disconnected. 2. Is it
Non-Spring Type: When the power is disconnected, the
actuator remains in its last set position.
Position Control-2: A signal that instructs
it to stay in the current position or move to the other position. 3. The control signal Multi-position control: It allows you to set the opening to specific positions, such as fully open, halfway open, or a quarter open, providing more precise control over the valve or damper's position. The second type based on the type of movement will be...
The movement here is up and down, and this type
is commonly used with valves, (controlling the opening and closing of the valve.)
This part is called
"Stroke", and it can be either short, like 4mm, or long.
The installation method is called a
The installation method is called a
We've defined actuators based on their types of movement, but there are other methods used for controlling operations like..
When you request the panel from the panel builders, you must clearly specify that the following circuit breakers will be monitored using the BMS. This will ensure that the circuit breakers come with additional points used for monitoring. These points are called : 1. Auxillary Contacts 2.Free Contacts
L N aux Contact
A link with a control wire coming
Power from the BMS panel to monitor the status of the circuit breaker, whether it is functioning properly or not.
Com
to Loads But... If you want to control the circuit breaker, not just monitor it, you can request a unit called "Shunt Trip" to be installed with it. Here's an example of what it looks like:
To control remote disconnection.
There are high-voltage
versions, as you can see, so choose the one that suits your needs A solenoid-operated circuit breaker can be controlled for both opening and closing through its coil
Low current High current
Control
Power Now you have the ability to control the operation and disconnection of the load by using a small control current to control a larger current
Help points...
The contactor typically comes with auxiliary contacts
used for monitoring rather than control. These auxiliary contacts have two types: normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC). After turning Before turning on the on the contactor contactor
After turning Before turning
on the on the contactor contactor
The auxiliary contacts can come as a part of the contactor
itself, or they can be a separate component that is installed next to it or on its front panel.
Help points Look with me at this example:
These parts are found in the
standard distribution panel or the Motor Control Center (MCC) panels
ca b le for rol ppin g Cont s to rt ing and inked to sta ct or, l a the c on t ac t or coil ont the c
e l e to th ab o t h e r c w h e n it an o e n n ec t n t a c t, s t h a t th w i ll c o i a r y c o ll k n o w m o to r I i l i e aux ,Iw d th N O n i t i a lly s e d , a n es i c lo ed c lo s t o r h a s s ta r t ta c ha s con In summary, what we've discussed is.. The first level in BMS is called Field Devices, and it includes devices responsible for two things : 1. Monitoring the equipment status. 2. Controlling the equipment's on and off.
The devices that are monitored using input signals are
the ones from which the controller receives data, and the devices controlled by it are substituted by the controller's output signals
Sensor / Switch
reads the controls it
status" The inputs and outputs have another division based on the type of signal present, and the types are as follows:
A signal A signal that has no specific
coming in the meaningful value and where form of 0 , 1 the value depends on what the sensor is reading
OFF ON
This has no specific
meaningful value, and the indicator can provide you with various values from the many available on the indicator We're not saying anything The controller with this different from what was type can send a command explained earlier, except to such-and-such sensor that this will be a and tell it to open to half command from the or to a quarter, for controller to either turn example. (You can control something on (1) or off (0) the amount he wants)
If things still aren't making sense in this part,
understand it to the best of your ability, and with more examples, it should become clear
