the Study, Factors Determining Systems of Education DATE : May16, 2022 STAGES OF COMPARATIVE (a) Interpretative Stage:
Here, the researcher collates the
facts and figures (data/information) collected from different sources. The researcher then analyses the gathered data on the educational theories and practices of the studied area, to produce authentic report on the focus of the research. (b) Juxtapository Stage: This is a follow up of the above stage in which the results obtained from the interpretative stage will then be put side by side with what is obtainable in the researcher’s own environment or location. This is the point where differences and similarities are identified by the comparative educationist. (c) Comparative Stage: This is the last stage where a researcher is expected to make detailed objective comparison, which is, comparing and contrasting the results from interpretative stage. Comparative stage is where critical discussions are undertaken to show the characteristics of similarities and differences produced by education of the studied area with the researcher’s own location or area, advancing reasons in the forces and factors that produced the differences and similarities. These forces and factors are the factors which influence the character of education in different places. It is here whatever hypotheses that might have guided the comparative educationist will either be accepted or rejected to conclude the process. FACTORS INFLUENCES /RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASED INTEREST IN THE STUDY OF COMPARATIVE EDUCATION ACCORDING Osokoya, P G (1992) gives the following as the other factors responsible for increased interest in the study of Comparative Education. The emergency of newly independent states and developing countries who wanted a good educational system as soon as possible. For instance, the newly introduced educational system in Namibia which was borrowed from Britain took the Namibian delegation to schools and companies manufacturing the educational equipment in UK. FACTORS INFLUENCES /RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASED INTEREST IN THE STUDY OF COMPARATIVE EDUCATION ACCORDING… The greater frequency of travel to attend conferences, seminars as well as workshops abroad. The improvement in the modern means of transport as well as communication. The awareness of scientific and technological achievements in the advanced countries such as Russia and Sputnik. The socio-economic and political problems facing other countries. FACTORS INFLUENCING OR DETERMINING SYSTEMS OF EDUCATION Every system of education is determined by some factors. Such factors include; language, geography, economy, history, religion, politics, social, racial and trade unions among others. (a) Language Factor Language is one of the things that can make man to be different from the lower animals. There is no tribe in the world that does not have its own original language which may be different from other tribes. Naturally, children learn better and faster when their local language is used to teach them. At the national level, each country also has national language or languages. By implication, citizens of such a country will be expected to learn their national languages not only for official purpose but also for effective communication. (a) Language Factor … In Namibia for instance, eight Namibian languages have been formally recognized. Theyare: Ndonga, Kwanyama, Silozi, Rukwangari, Khoekhoab, Afrikaans, German and Otjiherero. At the secondary school level, a child is expected to take another language in addition to his own local language. At the primary school level, teachers are allowed to use the local language of the pupils to teach them. (b)The Political Factor The type of leadership, his interest, his agenda for the citizens of the country, the type of administration he wants to run, the programmes of his party through which he becomes the leader among other things to a great extent determine the national system of a country's education. It is not an over - statement to say that the educational system of any society is a reflection of its political ideology. For instance, the democratic ideology in the Namibia contributed to the introduction of free and compulsory education in the country. (b)The Political Factor … Tanzania which is an African country had its national education system influenced by her political ideology socialism. It was this political ideology that gave way for introduction of the new, education ideology popularly known as education for self-reliance. Since a greater percentage of the Tanzanians are farmers and live in the rural areas and for every Tanzanian to be self-reliant in line with the new educational policy, everybody is being exposed not only to farming but also to the life in the rural areas. This makes the new educational system in the country to truly represent the social, economic, cultural as the political reality of the country. (b)The Political Factor … Till 2006, Nigeria as a country has been able to produce only three civilian presidents since 1960 when it got her independence. They are Nnamdi Azikiwe (ceremonial) the first Civilian President till 1966, Alhaji Sheu Shagari, 1979 - 1983 and Chief Olusegun Obasanjo who became the third Civilian President on May 29, 1999 and May 2003. Since 1960 Nigeria was most of the years under the military rule. This means that the country has been under the military rule with Decrees more than the constitution. The implication of this is that instability in the political system is bound to bring about educational 37 instability as well. (b)The Political Factor … For instance in Nigeria, there was a time when the payment of Primary School Teachers' salaries was being done by the Federal Government and later it was transferred to the local governments. As a result of delay in payment, primary school teachers in some local government areas went on strike for several months. There was a time in Nigeria again when all Private Secondary Schools were taken over by the government. (b)The Political Factor … Later, another government gave approval for the establishment of private secondary schools. Even some schools were also returned to their owners. The school calendar is always changed from time to time in Nigeria. The new system of education popularly known as 6-3-3-4 education system was initiated by the Gowon regime but the launching of the new system of secondary education was done by Alhaji Sheu Shagari in 1982 in Lagos. Up till 2006 the system has not been fully implemented. All these educational problems are the manifestation of political instability. (c) The Social Factor… In every society, there is social stratification. This means that naturally, people in any society do not belong to only one group or class. In most cases, grouping is always dependent on race, economy, and level of education, one's profession or the profession of one's parents, the location of one's residence, one's family background among others. It is not uncommon to see people of the same grouping or class or their children moving together and doing things together. (c) The Social Factor… Because of the inability of the children from a poor background to learn at the same rate with the children from a better schools for the children who are better educationally to enable them to go at their own pace while an opportunity will also be given to the slow learners. Also, in Namibia today, because the Himbas and Sans are mostly nomads by profession, it became compulsory for the government not only to introduce compulsory education but also to establish mobile schools for the children of these cattle rearrers and nomadic hunters. (c) The Social Factor… Interms of employment, profession, education, the children of the rich and elite are better placed. In most cases, because of the social stratification, the schools being attended by the children of the rich, elites are far better than the schools being attended by the children of the poor. (d) The Ethnic or Racial Factor This simply means a group of people from the same geographical location see themselves as one and begin to discriminate against others who are not from their geographical location. This is very common in Namibia. There are many schools in Namibia where such schools are being dominated by the people within the schools location. In order to overcome this problem of ethnicity or racial, the l government introduced National youth Service Scheme, Government Universities, Quota System for anything governmental so that every region of the government will be taken care of. (d) The Ethnic or Racial Factor… In the South Africa, the Africans who were the sons of the land were heavily discriminated against by the whites. The schools being attended by the children of the whites were superior to the schools being attended by the children of the blacks. Also, the Negroes in the United States of America despite the fact that they are Americans culturally, religiously, linguistically yet, the Americans discriminated against them because they are regarded as people who are inferior in every respect. (d) The Ethnic or Racial Factor… Because of this view about the Negroes, separate schools were designed for the Americans as well as the Negroes and this was constitutionally supported by the government. In everything, they are discriminated against and they receive things that are inferior when compared with the Americans. In the same vein, the French policy even in Africa was aimed at transforming the Africans into Black Frenchmen. The reason behind this was that the African culture was seen as being inferior to that of the French people.
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