Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 26 views

    Cyber Lab4

    Uploaded by

    Yogita Khoobchandani
    Cyber security lab

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Cyber Lab4

    Uploaded by

    Yogita Khoobchandani
    26 views5 pages
    Cyber security lab

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Cyber security lab

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    26 views5 pages

    Cyber Lab4

    Uploaded by

    Yogita Khoobchandani
    Cyber security lab

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 5

    Cyber security Workshop BCS-453

    Experiment No #4

    Study & analysis of DNS-

    Domain Name System (DNS) in Application Layer


    The Domain Name System (DNS) is like the internet’s phone book. It helps you find websites by
    translating easy-to-remember names (like www.example.com) into the numerical IP addresses
    (like 192.0.2.1) that computers use to locate each other on the internet. Without DNS, you
    would have to remember long strings of numbers to visit your favorite websites.
    Domain Name System (DNS) is a hostname used for IP address translation services. DNS is a
    distributed database implemented in a hierarchy of name servers. It is an application layer
    protocol for message exchange between clients and servers. It is required for the functioning of
    the Internet.
    What is the Need for DNS?
    Every host is identified by the IP address but remembering numbers is very difficult for people
    also the IP addresses are not static therefore a mapping is required to change the domain name
    to the IP address. So DNS is used to convert the domain name of the websites to their
    numerical IP address.
    Types of Domain
    There are various kinds of domains:
     Generic Domains: .com(commercial), .edu(educational), .mil(military), .org(nonprofit
    organization), .net(similar to commercial) all these are generic domains.
     Country Domain: .in (India) .us .uk
     Inverse Domain: if we want to know what is the domain name of the website. IP to domain
    name mapping. So DNS can provide both the mapping for example to find the IP addresses
    of geeksforgeeks.org then we have to type
    nslookup www.geeksforgeeks.org

    Types of DNS
    Organization of Domain
    It is very difficult to find out the IP address associated with a website because there are millions
    of websites and with all those websites we should be able to generate the IP address
    immediately, there should not be a lot of delays for that to happen organization of the
    database is very important.

    Root DNS Server

     DNS Record: Domain name, IP address what is the validity? what is the time to live? and all
    the information related to that domain name. These records are stored in a tree-like
    structure.
     Namespace: Set of possible names, flat or hierarchical. The naming system maintains a
    collection of bindings of names to values – given a name, a resolution mechanism returns
    the corresponding value.
     Name Server: It is an implementation of the resolution mechanism.
    DNS = Name service in Internet – A zone is an administrative unit, and a domain is a subtree.
    Name-to-Address Resolution
    The host requests the DNS name server to resolve the domain name. And the name server
    returns the IP address corresponding to that domain name to the host so that the host can
    future connect to that IP address.

    Name-to-Address Resolution
     Hierarchy of Name Servers Root Name Servers: It is contacted by name servers that can
    not resolve the name. It contacts the authoritative name server if name mapping is not
    known. It then gets the mapping and returns the IP address to the host.
     Top-level Domain (TLD) Server: It is responsible for com, org, edu, etc, and all top-level
    country domains like uk, fr, ca, in, etc. They have info about authoritative domain servers
    and know the names and IP addresses of each authoritative name server for the second-
    level domains.
     Authoritative Name Servers are the organization’s DNS servers, providing authoritative
    hostnames to IP mapping for organization servers. It can be maintained by an organization
    or service provider. In order to reach cse.dtu.in we have to ask the root DNS server, then it
    will point out to the top-level domain server and then to the authoritative domain name
    server which actually contains the IP address. So the authoritative domain server will return
    the associative IP address.
    Domain Name Server
    The client machine sends a request to the local name server, which, if the root does not find the
    address in its database, sends a request to the root name server, which in turn, will route the
    query to a top-level domain (TLD) or authoritative name server. The root name server can also
    contain some hostName to IP address mappings. The Top-level domain (TLD) server always
    knows who the authoritative name server is. So finally the IP address is returned to the local
    name server which in turn returns the IP address to the host.

    Domain Name Server

    How Does DNS Work?


    The working of DNS starts with converting a hostname into an IP Address. A domain name
    serves as a distinctive identification for a website. It is used in place of an IP address to make it
    simpler for consumers to visit websites. Domain Name System works by executing the database
    whose work is to store the name of hosts which are available on the Internet. The top-level
    domain server stores address information for top-level domains such as .com and .net, .org,
    and so on. If the Client sends the request, then the DNS resolver sends a request to DNS Server
    to fetch the IP Address. In case, when it does not contain that particular IP Address with a
    hostname, it forwards the request to another DNS Server. When IP Address has arrived at the
    resolver, it completes the request over Internet Protocol.
    For more, you can refer to Working of DNS Server.

    How Does DNS Work?

    What is DNS Lookup?


    DNS Lookup or DNS Resolution can be simply termed as the process that helps in allowing
    devices and applications that translate readable domain names to the corresponding IP
    Addresses used by the computers for communicating over the web.
    What Are The Steps in a DNS Lookup?
    Often, DNS lookup information is stored temporarily either on your own computer or within the
    DNS system itself. There are usually 8 steps involved in a DNS lookup. If the information is
    already stored (cached), some of these steps can be skipped, making the process faster. Here is
    an example of all 8 steps when nothing is cached:
    1. A user types “example.com” into a web browser.
    2. The request goes to a DNS resolver.
    3. The resolver asks a root server where to find the top-level domain (TLD) server for .com.
    4. The root server tells the resolver to contact the .com TLD server.
    5. The resolver then asks the .com TLD server for the IP address of “example.com.”
    6. The .com TLD server gives the resolver the IP address of the domain’s nameserver.
    7. The resolver then asks the domain’s nameserver for the IP address of “example.com.”
    8. The domain’s nameserver returns the IP address to the resolver.
    Working of DNS

    DNS Servers Involved in Loading a Webpage


    Upon loading the webpage, several DNS Servers are responsible for translating the domain
    name into the corresponding IP Address of the web server hosting the website. Here is the list
    of main DNS servers involved in loading a Webpage.
     Local DNS Resolver
     Root DNS Servers
     Top-Level Domain (TLD) DNS Servers
     Authoritative DNS Servers
     Web Server
    This hierarchical system of DNS servers ensures that when you type a domain name into your
    web browser, it can be translated into the correct IP address, allowing you to access the desired
    webpage on the internet.
    For more information you can refer DNS Look-Up article.
    What is DNS Resolver?
    DNS Resolver is simply called a DNS Client and has the functionality for initiating the process of
    DNS Lookup which is also called DNS Resolution. By using the DNS Resolver, applications can
    easily access different websites and services present on the Internet by using domain names
    that are very much friendly to the user and that also resolves the problem of remembering IP
    Address.
    What Are The Types of DNS Queries?
    There are basically three types of DNS Queries that occur in DNS Lookup. These are stated
    below.
     Recursive Query: In this query, if the resolver is unable to find the record, in that case, DNS
    client wants the DNS Server will respond to the client in any way like with the requested
    source record or an error message.
     Iterative Query: Iterative Query is the query in which DNS Client wants the best answer
    possible from the DNS Server.
     Non-Recursive Query: Non-Recursive Query is the query that occurs when a DNS Resolver
    queries a DNS Server for some record that has access to it because of the record that exists
    in its cache.

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy