THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CASSAVA WITH RICE BRAN ON THE

GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF LANDRACE SWINE

Aguas, Ivy Nicole S.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(Animal Science)

PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

Magalang, Pampanga

July 2024
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page……………………………………………………………….…

Table of Contents………………………………………………………… ii

Introduction………………………………………………………………iii

Objectives………………………………………………………………. . iv

Review of Related Studies (RRL)………………………………………. v

Methodology…………………………………………………………….vi

Reference…………………………………………………………………vii
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INTRODUCTION

Pig farming is a crucial source of income for rural farmers in Cambodia and

across many other developing countries (Sokha et al., 2008). In the Philippines, for

instance, pig production is widespread, with an estimated 9.86 million heads as of

September 30th, 2023 (Lena, 2024). Notably, smallholder farms contribute a significant

portion (67.5%) to the national swine population (Lena, 2024). This industry not only

provides meat but also generates valuable fertilizer (pig manure) for crop production.

As the global population expands, so does the demand for food, including animal

protein. Meat production from pigs and poultry is increasing faster compared to cows and

sheep due to their shorter breeding cycles and faster growth rates (Sokha et al., 2008).

However, this trend raises concerns about competition for resources. The grains and

soybeans traditionally used in pig feed are also essential food sources for humans.

Therefore, exploring alternative feed sources that don't compete with human consumption

is critical.

Rice bran, cassava, banana stems, and aquatic plants like duckweed are promising

alternatives for swine feed (Sokha et al., 2008). Cassava (Manihot esculenta), a member

of the Euphorbiaceae family, is particularly noteworthy for its exceptional ability to

convert solar energy into carbohydrates. It surpasses other high-yield crops like maize in
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terms of energy yield per hectare. Cassava offers a valuable nutritional profile, containing

approximately 25.8-27.3% crude protein, 7.6-10.5% fat, 5.7-8.8% ash, 4.8-7.9% crude

fiber, and 50.1-51.9% nitrogen-free extract (NFE) on a dry matter basis. Rice bran,

another potential feed component, boasts a different nutritional profile. It contributes

around 14% crude protein, 7-10% crude fiber, and up to 17% oil content, resulting in a

net energy concentration of 10 MJ/kg for pigs and 11.5 MJ/kg for poultry (Phuc et al.,

2000).

Research suggests that rice bran and cassava can effectively meet the nutritional

needs of landrace pigs. A study by Chittagong and Preston (2006) demonstrated that a

combination of cassava root meal and rice bran enhances digestibility in growing pigs,

particularly when supplemented with sweet potato leaves and water spinach. This

approach not only utilizes non-human food sources but also enriches the pigs' nutrient

intake, promoting their growth performance.

The combination of cassava and rice bran offers a promising solution for

sustainable swine nutrition. It provides a balanced and nutritious diet for pigs,

contributing to their overall health, growth, and performance. Importantly, utilizing these

readily available feedstuffs promotes eco-friendly farming practices, reducing reliance on

conventional feed ingredients that compete with human food security.

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Objectives of the study:

The study aims to determine the effect of different treatment levels using cassava
with rice bran on the growth performance of Landrace swine.

Specifically, it aims to determine the following:

1. Average feed consumption from 15-28 days old of a landrace swine.

2. Average weight gain of landrace swine from 15-38 days old.
3. Average utilization of Cassava (50%) and Rice Bran (50%) as feed supplements
on the growth performance of Landrace swine.
4. Achieve that Cassava with Rice Bran is an alternative and affordable product as
feed intake for pigs.
5. Achieve the high progression rate of the Landrace Swine or Pigs in terms of their
growth performance.
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Review of Related Studies

1. Livestock industry in Vietnam are now facing difficulties in terms of raising the

amount of feed costs as well as pig production. It was advisable that people

involved here must find cheaper products yet quality and feed ingredients that

have high nutrients for pigs. In line with this, they also emphasized that rice bran

is also considered essential things since it refers to agricultural waste by products

obtained after processing rice. Hence, it was stated that they have limited benefits

since they are high fiber but have low protein content. (Lemke et al., 2008)

2. The growth performance of pigs can slow the progression rate caused by

utilization of cassava. These can result in a lot of changes especially in the growth

performance if it is used as an amylopectin source in low proteins. Thus, cassava

low protein can rapidly change pigs in various ways. One of these changes is

diarrhea. Basically speaking, cassava (LP) isn’t advisable as a feed intake for

growing pigs. (Zhou et al., 2021b)

3. Pig farming is considered one of the highest productivity systems. Despite the

rapid increase of pig farming, people taking care of these animals, yet their aim

was to reduce the high cost of feed ingredients. Through this, they have been
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using cassava to reduce feeding costs yet without affecting the yields that portray

the livestock practicality. (Kiendrébéogo et al., 2019).

4. Rice servers as an alternative in feed ingredients for growth performance of the

pigs. It is to maintain the efficiency and effectiveness of pig farming as well as to

reduce the rising cost of feed. Moreover, it has been found out that the major

challenge in these post-swine ingredients is a weaning stress that leads to low

food intake and growth. (Cho et al., 2021).

5. The pig industry has been increasing in amount all over the world. Because of its

high pricing rate when selling it to the market, many people have been investing

in growing pigs. In line with this, (Adebiyi et. al., 2018) highlighted that they

have to reduce the feed ingredients yet maintain the high productivity and quality

of growth performance they have in pigs. Hence, this study aimed to formulate

techniques and petentional cheap feed ingredients to continuous the improvement

of pig production. (Kim et al., 2021).

6. Feeding rice bran for the growth performance of the pigs has been an alternative

feed ingredient yet a cheaper one. The utilization of rice bean and cassava has a

positive impact on the pig's appearance. It has been observed that it will have

changes in terms of meat quality, especially its protein and fat percentage. Most
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evidently, it has been proven and tested that this study has effectively impacted

the growth performance of pigs.

7. It has been proven that the utilization of cassava is an effective alternative feed

ingredient. Cassava is known to be sold at lower cost yet holds a significance in

feed intake and growth in the pig industry. In Thailand, it has been recommended

for most people investing pigs to use cassava, specifically its pellets. Since it has

sold in the market at lower costs, many people are hoarding this product because

of its level of effectiveness in growth performance of pigs. (Utilization of

Cassava, Soybean Meal and Soyhulls by Swine, n.d.-c).

8. Cassava plays a significant role in the growth performance of pigs. Without

affecting the crop yield and production, cassava will be taken by the pigs to boost

their development and progression rate. It is aimed that they have to develop the

feed system of pigs and formulate a mixture of cassava pulp and maize for at least

70% of cassava pulp and 30% of maize. (Chau et al., 2019).

9. Pigs must be treated very carefully to increase the production in terms of feed

intake. These treatments include the use of medicines that can possibly help the

pigs to grow faster, tremendously, and healthy. Furthermore, it has been stated

that cassava peels are also a big help as feed ingredients in accordance with the

growth performance of the pigs. (Adesehinwa et al., 2016).

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10. Cassava diets of growing pigs have become popular over the years. Replacing

cassava diets has been a life saver for people investing in pigs since the main feed

ingredients of it are too expensive for them. Hence, it has been found out that it is

an effective way as an alternative to reduce bankruptcies as well as maintain the

great condition of pigs. (P. Nnadi et al., 2010b).

11. It was not recommended to post weaning the pigs since it is brought by negative

impacts that may occur to the overall development of the pigs in terms of their

feed intake and growth. Many studies have stated that extracting rice bran

supplements can improve the animal's growth performance that leads to the

healthiness of the pig system and can always increase the number. (Hossain et al.,

2016).

12. The pig production systems and food systems of people are interrelated with each

other. Sustainable pork must be fresh as well as high quality since it talks about

the food safety and protection of people. In line with this, it must be thoroughly

well-cleaned from the start of pig production through directory selling it in the

market. (Shurson and Urriola 2022).

13. Pigs contain fats that are risky for people to eat. Hence, this study aims to

improve the health status of pigs by implementing diet supplementary. Promoters

of supplementaries have ensured the safety and healthiness of people eating pork.
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In order to efficiently and effectively increase the production of pigs, they must be

healthy at all times with feed ingredients that are appropriate for pigs. (Rodrigues

et al., 2022).

14. Rice bran are the most important rice by-products. These products are good in

feed intake and growth of pigs and are way cheaper than the other products. These

are also considered as an alternative yet an effective product for pigs. (Heuzé and

Tran, 2015).

15. University of Illinois have formulated a study that aims to discover the defatted

rice products in the growth performance of pigs. This is said to be the reason why

the gut health improves in pigs. Moreover, rice bran is added into swine diets

since it aims to produce a product that is less expensive but has the same impact

on the development and growth of pigs. Rice Bran in Weanling Pig Diets Does

Not Reduce Growth Performance, (2023b).

16. Over the years, the production of pigs has rapidly increased in Southeast Asia. It

is stated that grain or maize are the most effective products to let the pigs grow

and produce even more pigs. Since this product is available in every market,

people have considered it cheaper yet can positively impact the growth intake of

pigs. (Veterinaria Digital S.A., 2024).

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17. The roots and leaves of Cassava have an important factor in the growth

performance of the pigs in terms of feed intake. Despite the fact that cassava is

way cheaper than other products, there are minimal challenges that cassava has.

Pests and diseases can widely spread because of their roots and leaves. (Muiruri

and Fathima 2024b).

18. Cassava represents the importance in both human food resources and animal feed

ingredients. Since it contains nutrients and protein, these products are highly

recommended because of its availability and sustainability. Also, it has a higher

level of potential to improve nutritional value. (Beveridge et al., 2014).

19. Cassava is an important energy source that acquires nutrients and proteins.

However, it was advisable that people should not eat it raw since it contains

toxicity that is caused by disease and/or illnesses. It is said that cassava is a

popular product since it does not need fertilizer and can survive in a drought.

(Dresden, 2024).

20. It is utilized as a livestock feed ingredient for fast growth of pigs. As they can

survive in a drought, they are also a carbohydrate-rich crop worldwide. In line

with this, cultivation expands such as human feed into animal feed intake since it

aims to develop the rapid production of animals, specifically pigs.

(Mavromichalis, 2017).
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21. The nutrient digestibility of high quality cassava peel fine mash as a replacement

for maize in growing pigs were highest for all nutrients up to 30% inclusion in

diet (T5). This might have been due to highly digestible carbohydrates in the high

quality cassava peel meal resulting in a digestibility of metabolisable energy of

approximately 90% at the inclusion rate of 30% from the present study. (Fatufe et

al., 2020c).

22. The pigs were negatively affected by the high level (approximately 70%) of

dietary rice bran inclusion, but not significantly affected by the moderate level

(approximately 35%) of the inclusion. The inclusion of 30% rice bran in a corn

and soybean meal-based diet reduced ADFI by approximately 0.27 kg/day in

growing-finishing pigs. (Liao et al., 2020).

23. Diets B and C had maize replaced with 50 and 75% cassava respectively. (Nnadi

et al., 2010)

24. The treatment of feed which provides the best response was the T1 containing

50% commercial feed and 50% rice bran. It was indicated by the results of the

average final weight of 1,248 g/head, total weight gain of 1,082 g/head, and the

DWG of 17.2 g/head/day. (Nnadi et al., 2010).

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25. DA exec cites role of hog industry in ensuring food security. (Lena P, 2024).

26. Intake and digestibility by pigs fed different levels of sweet potato leaves and

water spinach as supplements to a mixture of rice bran and cassava root meal.

(Chittavong and Preston, 2006).

Methodology

Experimental Site

Situated in Purok 03, Maquiapo, Guagua, Pampanga, this swine farm leverages its

flat terrain for optimal agricultural operations. The predominant clay soil offers excellent

water retention, fostering a thriving environment for crops. Grasslands cover the

property, strategically designed to accommodate swine cages and dedicated grazing

areas, ensuring efficient management of the livestock herd. Integration of irrigation

systems and the presence of a fishpond contribute significantly to the farm's water

resource management and overall sustainability. This well-designed layout, coupled with

responsible land use practices, promotes the farm's long-term productivity and

environmental responsibility.

Experimental Materials
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The materials that will be used in the study are the following: sixteen (16)

fattener, commercial feeds, feeding throughs, brooding and rearing pens, light bulb,

weighing scale, measuring cups, cassava,rice bran, pen, and record book.

Experimental Animals

The common breeds in the country are landrace, and large white. A Total of eight

(8) fatteners three (3) months old Land Race breeds will be used as experimental animal

for comparison.

Experimental Treatment and Design

In Completely Randomized Design (CRD), eight swine divided into four

treatments in four replicates. Each replicate will contain 16 swine. By evaluating whether

or not the data gathered was valuable, it lessens biases along with other prejudices.

T1- 30% Rice Bran + 80% Cassava

T2- 70% Rice bran + 60% Rice bran

T3 - 50 % Cassava + 50% Rice bran

T4- Control
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Experimental Layout

T4R2 T1R3 T1R4 T4R4

T3R3 T3R2 T1R2 T1R1

T2R3 T2R4 T4R3 T2R2

T2R1 T3R4 T4R1 T3R1

Number of treatments = 4

Number of replications = 4

Number of swine/treatment = 4

Number of swine/replication = 4

Total number of swine = 16

Space requirements = 0.15 m2/

Experimental Ratio = 4 Landrace in every cage 0.6sqm/treatment

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Data to be Gathered

The following parameters will be gathered:

a. Average Initial Weight - (80-100 kg) of fatteners can be achieved at the age of 7

to 9 months.

b. Average Final Weight- This will be administered on the last research day. daily

average improve .

c. Average Gain in Weight - The weight increase will be calculated by subtracting

the end weight from the starting weight.

Initial Weight – average final Weight = Average Gain in Weight

d. Average Daily Gain in Weight - To calculate the ADG, the weight increase will

be divided by the total number of feeding days.

Gain in Weight

ADG = -------------------------

No. of Feeding Days

e. Average Feed Consumption – the amount of food given to the dogs during the

course of the investigation.

Feed Consumed = Feed Offered - Feed Refused

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f. Average Feed Conversion Ratio

Average Feed Consumption

FCR = -----------------------------------

Total growth

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Experimental Housing

Arrangement in which eight landrace pigs are kept for research. This might

provide information regarding the housing facility's dimensions and design. There should

be an open space of 8.8–12 m2 for exercise and a covered area of 6.25–7.5 m2 in the

swine pen. The pen should be at least three feet high, and the walls should have a

minimum height of 1.5 meters. This is a tall enough height to contain your growing pigs.

Cleaning and access for the pigs and caregivers are made easier by having an easily

accessible front wall, such as one with hinges or a wire latch. Furthermore, regardless of

the particular breed or landrace, maintaining a steady supply of clean water is essential

for the health and wellbeing of the pigs. Similar to other swine, landrace pigs need access

to fresh water to be hydrated and maintain healthy body functioning. In order to properly

care for pigs, it is important to provide clean water.

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Preparation and Cleaning pens

Pig pens become less germ-filled with each cleaning and disinfection procedure.

Because peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone are frequently employed, this is

crucial for avoiding illnesses in pigs. bleaching powder is commonly used in livestock

farming, including for swine disinfection. Its strong chlorine odor and potent sterilizing

and deodorizing properties make it effective for disinfecting various areas associated with

swine farming, such as pig houses, trucks, manure, soil, and sewage. The use of a 10% to

20% bleaching powder solution for disinfection is a standard practice in many swine

facilities. This concentration ensures sufficient effectiveness against a wide range of

pathogens while minimizing the risk of damage to surfaces or harm to animals. Regular

disinfection of these areas is crucial for maintaining a healthy environment for the

animals and preventing the spread of diseases. Strong bactericidal properties make

peracetic acid useful in many applications. Choose a location that has adequate drainage

and is distant from areas that might flood and any possible pollutants. Plan on deep

cleaning the pens on a regular basis. This entails taking out all the pigs and giving the

space a thorough cleaning. In addition, monitor the quality of the water to make sure it

stays pure and unpolluted, and sterilize surfaces using water and the proper cleaning

supplies to get rid of any collected trash or dirt. To avoid contamination or stagnation,

regularly change the water as needed. Finally, you may establish a clean and comfortable
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environment for landrace pigs that will promote their welfare, productivity, and health by

following these cleaning and preparation processes.

Feeds and Feeding

Feeding time is 5:30 in the morning and 4pm in the. T0- 100% commercial feeds,

Treatment 1 100% commercial feeds. Treatment 2 has 80% commercial feeds, 10

cassava and 10 rice bran, treatment 3 has a 15% cassava and 15% rice bran, treatment 4

has 60%, 20 cassava 20 rice bran

Lighting

Good ovulation and oestrus stimulation are facilitated by adequate illumination in

the service pen. Innovative LED system allows producers to reduce electrical usage while

increasing control of lighting schemes in swine facilities. Using LED style lighting

reduces electrical usage by 75-80% compared to incandescent bulbs and 50-60% over

spiral CFLs. It is beneficial for both the farmer and the pigs to have a light level of 200 to

300 lux in a service pen; it is not an extravagant luxury. It is simpler to work in well-lit

environments and to recognize any illness symptoms. This area uses the same lighting

schedule as the farrowing pens, which consists of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of

darkness. A poor lighting schedule or light intensity can negatively impact your

livestock's wellbeing, productivity. Light in pig farming can influence the behaviour,

health, growth and welfare of pigs. For instance, light duration, also known as
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photoperiod, can affect pigs' feeding behaviour and growth. For this reason, before

investing in lights for your livestock house, you should always get guidance.

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