International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

"Soil Stabilization by using Waste Material - Brick Dust"

Prof. Pooja Pardakhe1, Prof. Preeti Ban2
1Assistant Professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Jagadambha College of Engineering and Technology
Yavatmal Maharastra India
2Assistant Professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Jagadambha College of Engineering and Technology

Yavatmal Maharastra India

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Abstract - As we know that India is a farmer’s country. It Expansive nature of this soil negatively affects its
indirectly says that the quality of soil present in most of bearing capacity. When dry, black cotton soil is so hard
regions is very good for farming. But with the rapid growth that the clods cannot be easily pulverized for treatment for
of population fast urbanization and big construction of its use in road construction. This leads to serious problems
building and other important structure has taken as to use related to consequent performance of the road. If black
good quality available land .Due to fast urbanization and cotton soil stabilization is not applied, the damage will be
other all things, there is no choice for people to use soft and apparent usually several years after construction.
weak soils around for construction activities such soil offers replacement of expansive soil with a no expansive material
poor shear strength and high swelling and shrinkage. To is a common method of reducing shrinks well risk. In the
make this type of soil workable it has to be improved by case when expansive soil or stratum is thin, then the entire
employing stabilization techniques. The construction on layer can be removed. However, often the soil or stratum
black cotton soil is the major issue in India. There are many extends too deep and in that case this method is not
material can be used to stabilize the black cotton soil, like economically efficient.
cement, lime, rise husk ash, fly ash etc. But in this report we
are using the brick dust as a stabilizing material. The results This problem can be by overcome by using Brick
of various test were observed weather it improves the black Dust in infrastructure projects such as highways, railways,
cotton soil or not. By using various laboratory test. water reservoirs. SinceBrick Dust is freely available for the
project in the vicinity of brick manufacturing plants, it can
KEYWORDS: Black cotton soil, Brick dust powder, be used for stabilization of soft fine grained soil.
stabilizationr.
1.2 Soil Stabilization
1. INTRODUCTION
“Soil stabilization is a technique aimed at increasing or
1.1 General maintaining the stability of soil mass and chemical
alteration of soil to enhance their engineering properties.”
Black cotton soils are very fertile soils, they are
not good as road or construction foundation. Black cotton Stabilization allows for the establishment of
soils are expansive clays with high potential for shrinking design criteria as well as the determination of the proper
or swelling as a result of changing moisture content. Due to chemical additive and admixture rate to be used in order
intensive shrinks well processes, surface crack resulting in to achieve the desired engineering properties. Benefits of
openings during dry seasons. the stabilization process can include higher resistance
values, reduction in plasticity, lower permeability,
These openings are usually more than 50mm wide reduction of pavement thickness, elimination of excavation
and several millimeters deep. Cracks disappear during wet material hauling or handling. Stabilization of expansive
season but an uneven soil surface stays as a result of soils with admixtures controls the potential of soils for a
irregular swelling and heaving. The black cotton soils have change in volume, and improves the strength of soils.
low strength and are susceptible to excessive volume
changes, making their use for construction purposes very Soil stabilization is done by various methods by
difficult. Instability of these soils cause more damage to adding fly ash, rise husk ash, chemicals, fibers, adding lime,
structures, than any other natural hazard, including by different geo materials like geo synthetic, geo grid and
earthquakes and floods, unless proper black cotton soil geo form. Soil stabilization allows engineers to distribute a
stabilization performed. larger load with less material over a longer life cycle.

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

1.2.1 Need for Soil Stabilization:- 2. The backfill material must be able to withstand the
wheel load without rutting.
 Effective utilization of locally available soils and other 3. The compaction of the backfill material should be in
suitable stabilizing agents. accordance with the Standard Specifications.
 Encouraging the use of Industrial Wastages in building
low cost construction. Based on the experience, usually 12 to 24 in. (300 to
 This method is suitable for low volume roads i.e. 600mm) of granular material should be adequate for sub-
Village roads in low rainfall areas. grade modification or stabilization. However, deeper
 This method involves the correctly proportioning of undercut and replacement may be required in certain
aggregates and soil, adequately compacted to get areas.
mechanically stable layer.
 The Basic Principles of Mechanical Stabilization are The undercut and backfill option is widely used for
Correct Proportioning and Effective Compaction. construction traffic mobility and a working platform. This
option could be used either on the entire project or as a
1.2.2 Advantages of Soil Stabilization spot treatment. The equipment needed for construction is
normally available on highway construction projects.
 Stabilized soil functions as a working platform for the
project. B. Additive method or chemical method of
 Stabilization waterproofs the soil. stabilization
 Stabilization improves soil strength.
 Stabilization helps reduce soil volume change due to The transformation of soil index properties by adding
temperature or moisture. chemicals such as cement, fly ash, lime, or a combination of
 Stabilization improves soil workability. these, often alters the physical and chemical properties of
 Stabilization reduces dust in work environment. the soil including the cementation of the soil particles.
 Stabilization upgrades marginal materials There are the two primary mechanisms by which
 Stabilization improves durability. chemicals alter the soil into a stable sub-grade.
 Stabilization dries wet soils.
1. Increase in particle size by cementation, internal
1.2.3 There are two different methods of soil friction among the agglomerates, greater shear
stabilization strength, reduction in the plasticity index, and reduced
shrink/swell potential.
A. Mechanical 2. Absorption and chemical binding of moisture that will
B. Additive facilitate compaction.

A. Mechanical method of Stabilization 1.2.4. Objectives

This is the process of altering soil properties by  To utilize the easily available material (Brick Dust)
changing the gradation through mixing with other soils, rather than other conventional materials such as
densifying the soils using compaction efforts, or cement, Murom etc.
undercutting the existing soils and replacing them with
granular material.  To reduce the cost of construction as using waste
material.
A common remedial procedure for wet and soft
sub-grade is to cover it with granular material or to  To provide a working platform on site by making soil
partially remove and replace the wet sub-grade with a waterproof.
granular material to a pre-determined depth below the
grade lines. The compacted granular layer distributes the  To improve physical properties of soil like stability as
wheel loads over a wider area and serves as a working well as durability.
platform. To provide a firm-working platform with
 To reduce drastic change in volume of Black Cotton Soil
granular material, the following conditions shall be met.
by using Brick Dust.
1. The thickness of the granular material must be
sufficient to develop acceptable pressure distribution
over the wet soils.

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

3.3.1 Materials Used Table -2 Chemical Composition of Brick Dust

3.3.1.1 Black Cotton Soil:- Sr. Chemical Values

No. Constituent
For the experimental investigation the soil was 1 Alumina 20 % to 30 %
collected from Farm of Mr. Avinash Hiwarkar At.Mauza S2 Silica 50 % to 60 %
Menghapur, Tq.Ralegoan, Dist. Yavatmal. The laboratory 3 Lime 5%
tests were conducted to determine various engineering 4 Oxide of Iron 5 % to 6 %
and physical properties of the soil. According to IS:1498- 5 Magnesia 2 % to 3%
1970 classification system of the soil was clayey soil.

Table -1. Engg. Properties of Black Cotton Soil

Sr. Properties Values

No.
1 Moisture Content 9.91 %
2 Liquid Limit (L.L.) 68.15%
3 Plastic Limit (P.L.) 29.92%
4 Plasticity Index 38.23%
5 Standard Proctor Test
Maximum Dry Density m./mm3
Optimum Moisture 18%
Content
Fig.No .2. Brick Dusts
6 Unconfined 0.919 KN
Compressive Strength / cm2 3. RESULT & DISCUSION

Sr. Sample Name Sample Contents

No.
1 Sample - A Black Cotton Soil + 0
% Brick Dust
2 Sample – B Black Cotton Soil + 10
% Brick Dust
3 Sample – C Black Cotton Soil + 20
% Brick Dust
4 Sample - D Black Cotton Soil + 30
% Brick Dust
Fig.No.1. Black Cotton Soil.
3.1. Moisture Content Test
3.3.1.2. Brick Dust:-
Table -3 Moisture Content Test Result
Brick dust with its component burnt brick powder is
Sr. Sample Name Moisture Content
a waste powder generated from the burning of bricks with
the soil covered by surroundings. Due to burning of soil No.
bricks it hardened and at the time of removal the set-up we 1 Sample - A 9.91
get the powder form of brick. It has red color and fine in 2 Sample – B 8.24
nature. It has great ability to reduce the swelling potential
3 Sample – C 7.66
of black cotton soil. Brick due to burning of soil bricks it
hardened and at the time of removal the set-up we get the 4 Sample - D 6.21
powder form of brick. It has red color and fine in nature. It
has great ability to reduce the swelling potential of black
cotton soil.

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

2. From the above graph it is clear that the, If we

FINIAL RESULTS OF MOISTURE increasing the % of brick dust in black cotton soil it
MOISURE CONTENTS (%)

CONTENT reduces the plasticity of that soil.

20 9.91 8.24 Plastic Limit Test:-
7.65 6.21
0 Table -5 Plastic Limit Test Result
SAMPLE ASAMPLE BSAMPLE CSAMPLE D
Sr. No. Sample Name Plastic Limit
SAMPLE
1 Sample - A 29.92
SAMPLE A SAMPLE B
2 Sample – B 27.47
SAMPLE C SAMPLE D
3 Sample – C 23.40
4 Sample - D 20.39
Chart 1:- Results of Moisture Content Test

Result :- When we added the brick dust in black cotton soil

the initial moisture content present in the sample is FINIAL RESULTS OF PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

MOISURE CONTENTS
decreases.
50 29.92 27.47 23.4 20.39
5.2Liquid Limit Test:-
(%) 0
Table -4 Liquid Limit TestResult SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C SAMPLE D
Sr. No. Sample Name Liquid Limit SAMPLE
1 Sample - A 68.16
2 Sample – B 66.63 SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C SAMPLE D
3 Sample – C 67.94
4 Sample - D 61.04 Chart 3:- Results of Plastic Limit Test

Result
FINIAL RESULTS OF LIQUID LIMIT TEST
1. On the basis of experimental test results, it is
MOISURE CONTENTS (%)

100 observed that the value of the plane black cotton

68.15 66.63 soil i.e. Sample-A is greater value as that of the
57.94 51.04
50 Sample B,C&D.
2. From the above graph it is clear that the, If we
0 increasing the % of brick dust in black cotton soil
SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C SAMPLE D it reduces the Plasticity of that soil.
SAMPLE 5.4 Plasticity Index
SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C SAMPLE D It is the boundary between liquid limit and plastic
limit.

Chart 2:- Results of Liquid Limit Test Table -6 Plasticity Index of Given Soil Sample Result

Result Sr. Samp Liquid Plastic Plasticity Index

No. le Limit Limit (PI)
1. On the basis of experimental test results, it is observed Name (LL) (PL) PI=LL - PL
that the value of theLiquid Limit of plane black cotton 1 A 68.16 29.92 38.23
soil i.e. Sample-A is greater value as that of the Sample 2 B 66.63 27.47 39.16
B,C&D 3 C 67.94 23.40 34.64
4 D 61.04 20.39 30.66

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
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Result
ATTERBERGE LIMIT
1. On the basis of experimental test results, it is
80
observed that the swelling of the plane black
70 68.1566.63 cotton soil i.e. Sample-A is greater value as
swelling of the Sample B, C&D.
60 57.94 2. From the above graph it is clear that the, If we
MOITURE CONTENT

51.04 increasing the % of brick dust it minimize the

50 PLASTICITY main swelling problem of that black cotton soil.
38.2339.16 INDEX
40 34.54 5.6 Standard Proctor Test
30.65 PLASTIC
30 27.47 Table -8 Max. Dry Density of Standard Proctor Test
29.92 23.4 LIMIT
20.39 Result
20 LIQUID
10
LIMIT Sr. No. Sample No. Max. Dry
Density(Gm./Mm³)
0 1 Sample A 1.72
2 Sample B 1.74
3 Sample C 1.789
4 Sample D 1.818

Chart 4:- Results of All Limit Test

MAX. DRY DENSITY (Gm/mm³)
Result: - The orange line shows the boundary of the soil
between the solid states to liquid state. 1.85 1.818
1.789
1.8
Free Swelling Index 1.74
1.75 1.72
Table -7 Free Swelling Index Result 1.7
1.65
Sr. No. Sample Name Free Swelling Index Sample A Sample B Sample C Sample D
(%)
1 Sample - A 47.91 MAX. DRY DENSITY (Gm/m³)
2 Sample – B 37.49
3 Sample – C 26
4 Sample - D 14.68 Chart 6:- Results of Dry Density of Standard Proctor
Test

Result
FINIAL RESULTS OF FREE SWELLING
1. On the basis of experimental test results, it is
INDEX observed that the value dry density of the plane
60 47.91 black cotton soil i.e. Sample-A is less value as that
37.49
SWELLING (%)

40 25 of the Sample B, C&D.

14.58 2. From the above graph it is clear that the, If we
20
increasing the % of brick dust in black cotton soil
0 its increasing density of that soil and gives the
SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C SAMPLE D denser medium of hard surface
SAMPLE

SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C SAMPLE D

Chart 5:- Results of Free Swelling Index

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Table -9 Optimum Moisture Contentof Standard Proctor

Test Result FINIAL RESULTS OF UNCONFINED
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE
Sr. No. Sample No. Optimum
1.5 1.331
Moisture 1.051
1.181
Contents (%) 0.919

STRENGTH (%)
1
1 Sample A 18
2 Sample B 16.94 0.5
3 Sample C 16.67
0
4 Sample D 14.36
SAMPLE ASAMPLE BSAMPLE C SAMPLE
D
SAMPLE
OPTIMUM MOISTURE
CONTENTS(%) SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C SAMPLE D
18 15.94 15.57 14.35
20
Chart 8:- Results of unconfined compressive strength
0
SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C SAMPLE D Result

OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENTS(%) 1. On the basis of experimental test results, it is

observed that the value unconfined compressive
strength of the plane black cotton soil i.e. Sample-
Chart 7:- Results of Moisture Contents of Standard A is less value as that of the Sample B, C&D.
Proctor 2. From the above graph it is clear that the, If we
increasing the % of brick dust in black cotton soil
Result
its increase in unconfined compressive strength of
1. On the basis of experimental test results, it is that soil and gives the denser medium of hard
observed that the value optimum moisture surface .
content of the plane black cotton soil i.e. Sample-A
CONCLUSIONS
is greater value as that of the Sample B, C & D.
2. From the above graph it is clear that the, If we From this experimental study we calculated that the,
increasing the % of brick dust in black cotton soil
it reduces the moisture content of that soil. Its  Moisture content decreases by 16.85%, 22.80% &
means the its absorb less water and gives the hard 37.33% for the sample of 10%, 20% & 30% BD
surface. respectively in Black Cotton Soil.
 Liquid limit of the soil will be decrease if we increase
5.7 Unconfined Compression Test brick dust in Black Cotton Soil if we add 10% BD, 20%
BD and 30% BD. It reduced limit 2.30%, 14.98% and
Table -10 Unconfined Compressive Strength Result
25.10% respectively, from original soil liquid limits.
Sr. Sample Name Unconfined Compressive  Plastic limit of the soil sample will be decreases when
No. Strength (KN/m2) we add 10%, 20% & 30% of Brick Dust separately in
1 Sample - A 0.919 soil and the result we get are 8.18%, 21.79% &
31.85% respectively.
2 Sample – B 1.051
 From Standard Proctor Test we concluded that,
3 Sample – C 1.181  The maximum dry density increased by 1.16%, 4.01%
4 Sample - D 1.331 & 5.69% for the sample of 10%, 20% & 30% BD
respectively in Black Cotton Soil.
 Optimum moisture content decreases by 11.44%,
13.50% & 20.28% for the sample of 10%, 20% & 30%
BD respectively in Black Cotton Soil.

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 The unconfined compressive strength increased by

14.36%, 28.50%& 44.83% for the sample of 10%,
20% & 30% BD respectively in Black Cotton Soil.

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