1 A manufacturer investigates some reactions that produce hydrogen.

The table shows three possible reversible reactions that he could use. The enthalpy changes
are also shown.

Reaction Equation ǻH in kJ/mol

1 CH4(g) + 2H2O(g) U CO2(g) + 4H2(g) + 165

2 CO(g) + H2O(g) U CO2(g) + H2(g) – 41

3 CH4(g) + H2O(g) U CO(g) + 3H2(g) – 206

(a) (i) For reaction 1, predict whether the pressure should be low or high to give the
greatest yield of products.
(1)

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(ii) Give a reason for your choice.

(1)

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(b) (i) For reaction 1, predict whether the temperature should be low or high to give
the greatest yield of products.
(1)

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(ii) Give a reason for your choice.

(1)

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 (c) For reaction 2, suggest why changing the temperature will have less effect on the
yield of products than in reactions 1 and 3.
(1)
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(d) (i) For reaction 3, predict the effect on the rate of the forward reaction of
increasing the pressure, without changing the temperature.
(1)

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(ii) Explain your prediction in terms of the particle collision theory.

(2)

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(e) The manufacturer makes a batch of ethanoic acid from methanol and carbon monoxide
using this reaction.
CH3OH + CO o CH3COOH
He starts with 64 kg of methanol.
Calculate the maximum mass of ethanoic acid he could obtain.
(3)

maximum mass of ethanoic acid = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg

(Total for Question 1 = 11 marks)

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2 A student burned four liquid fuels in order to compare the amount of energy they released,
in the form of heat.
She used this apparatus. thermometer

copper can

water

spirit burner

liquid fuel

The energy released when each fuel was burned was used to raise the temperature of
100 g of water. For each fuel, the student recorded the mass of fuel burned and the
increase in temperature of the water.
Her results are shown in the table.

Average relative Mass of fuel Amount of fuel Increase in

Fuel
formula mass burned in g burned in mol temperature in qC
diesel 170 4 0.024 15
ethanol 46 3 0.065 10
methanol 32 2 0.063 5
petrol 114 1 0.009 4

The best fuel is the one that releases the most energy.
(a) The student suggested that petrol was the best fuel.
Explain why, using the information in the table.
(1)

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(b) Another student suggested that diesel was the best fuel.
Explain why, using the information in the table.
(1)
 (c) In another experiment, a student burned propanol and then used his results to
calculate the energy released when one mole of propanol was burned.
He then compared his result with a value from a data book.
The values are shown in the table.

Energy released per mole of

propanol burned in kJ
Student’s result 1020
Data book value 2010

Suggest two reasons why the student’s result is lower than the data book value.
(2)

1 ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 (d) The diagram shows the energy profile for burning a fuel.

energy C
reactants

B
products

Which of the energy changes A, B or C represents

t UIF BDUJWBUJPO FOFSHZ GPS UIF SFBDUJPO
t UIF BNPVOU PG FOFSHZ HJWFO PVU EVSJOH UIF SFBDUJPO
(2)

Activation energy = ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Energy released = .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(e) Explain, in terms of bond breaking and bond making, why this reaction gives out energy.
(3)

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(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)

 (c) Balance the equation for the reaction used in this preparation of oxygen.
(1)

........................ H2O2 o ........................ H2 O + ........................ O2

(d) The manganese(IV) oxide acts as a catalyst.

What is meant by the term catalyst?
(2)

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(e) The diagram shows the reaction profile for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
without a catalyst.

hydrogen peroxide
energy

water + oxygen

(i) Label the diagram to show the activation energy (Ea) for this reaction.
(ii) On the diagram, draw a curve to represent the reaction profile for the same (1)
reaction when a catalyst is used.
(1)

(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

 4 The equation for a reaction that occurs in the manufacture of nitric acid is

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) U

4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ǻH = −900 kJ/mol

(a) (i) State the meanings of the symbols U and ǻH.

(2)

U
.................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ǻH ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) What does the negative sign of ǻH indicate about the reaction?
(1)

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(b) Complete the energy level diagram for this reaction.

(2)

Energy

(c) Typical conditions used for this reaction are a temperature of 900 °C and a pressure
of 10 atmospheres.
Deduce the effects of changing the conditions as shown in the table. Choose
from the words increased, decreased or unchanged to complete the table.
(4)
Change Effect on rate of reaction Effect on yield of products

increase in temperature

addition of catalyst
 (d) A manufacturer considers using a pressure of 5 atm instead of 10 atm.
(i) Predict and explain the effect on the rate of reaction of changing the pressure
to 5 atm.
(3)
Effect on rate of reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Explanation ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Predict and explain the effect on the position of equilibrium of changing the
pressure to 5 atm.
(2)

Effect on position of equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................... .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Explanation ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(e) Balance the equation that represents the last stage in the manufacture of nitric acid.

.................... NO2 + . . . . . . . . . ........... O2 + .................... H2O o .................... HNO3

(1)

(Total for Question 4 = 15 marks)

1 A student uses this apparatus to measure the temperature change when lithium iodide
dissolves in water.

100 g of water

He measures the steady temperature of the water before adding the lithium iodide.
He then adds the lithium iodide, stirs the mixture until all the solid dissolves and
records the maximum temperature reached.
The diagram shows the thermometer readings before and after dissolving the lithium iodide.

20

25

15

20

before after

(a) Use the readings to complete the table.

(3)

Temperature in °C after adding lithium iodide

Temperature in °C before adding lithium iodide

Temperature change in °C
(b) In a second experiment, using the same mass of water, the student records a
temperature increase of 4.9 °C.
(i) Use this expression to calculate the heat energy change in this experiment.

heat energy change = mass of water × 4.2 × temperature change

(in joules) (in grams) (in °C)
(2)

heat energy change = ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J

(ii) In this experiment, 6.3 g of lithium iodide were used.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of lithium iodide in 6.3 g.
[Mr of lithium iodide = 134]
(2)

amount of LiI = ..................................... . . . . . . . . mol

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(c) In a third experiment the student obtains these results.

heat energy change in J 2400

amount of lithium iodide in mol 0.048

(i) Calculate the molar enthalpy change, in kJ/mol, in this experiment.

(2)

molar enthalpy change = ............................... . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(ii) The temperature change in this experiment shows that dissolving lithium iodide
in water to form lithium iodide solution is an exothermic process.
Complete the energy level diagram to show the position of the lithium iodide
solution.
Label the diagram to show ǻH, the molar enthalpy change.
(2)

Energy lithium iodide + water

(Total for Question 1 = 11 marks)

2 A student does some experiments to find the heat energy released when natural gas burns.

She uses this apparatus.

200 cm3 of water

gas burning
gas
natural gas
meter

(a) The diagram shows the thermometer readings in one of her experiments.

20 30

15 25

start end
Use these readings to complete the table, entering all values to the nearest 0.1 °C.
(3)

temperature of water at start in °C

temperature of water at end in °C

temperature change in °C

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(b) The student repeats the experiment three times.
The table shows her results.

Volume of gas burned Temperature rise

Experiment
in cm3 of water in °C

1 1450 34.8

2 1875 41.2

3 1620 37.7

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, at room temperature and pressure, of methane
burned in experiment 1.
Assume that natural gas contains only methane.
(The volume of 1 mol of a gas at room temperature and pressure is 24 000 cm3)
(2)

amount = ......................... .. .. .. .. . mol

(ii) The quantity of heat energy released in experiment 1 is 29 200 J.

Calculate the molar enthalpy change, in kJ/mol, for the combustion of methane.
(2)

molar enthalpy change = ................................ .. kJ/mol

(iii) The temperature rise in experiment 2 is 41.2 °C.
Calculate the heat energy change in experiment 2 using the expression
heat energy change = volume of water × 4.2 × temperature change
(in J) (in cm3) (i °C)
(2)

heat energy change = .................. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. J

 (iv) The student uses the results from experiment 3 to calculate the molar enthalpy change,
in kJ/mol, for the combustion of methane.
She compares her value with the value in a data book.

student’s value ¨H = –510 kJ/mol

data book value ¨H = –890 kJ/mol

Which is the best explanation for the large difference between these two values?
(1)
A natural gas contains other gases that release heat energy when burned
B not all of the heat energy is transferred to the water
C some of the water evaporates during the experiment
D the student measures the gas by volume instead of by mass

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(c) The student uses a table of average bond energies to calculate another value for
the molar enthalpy of combustion of methane.

Bond C—H O=O C=O H—O

Average bond energy

412 496 743 463
in kJ/mol

The equation for the combustion can be shown using displayed formulae.
H

H—C—H + 2O=O ĺ O=C=O + 2H—O—H

H
(i) Use values from the table to calculate the energy taken in when the bonds in
the reactants are broken.
(2)

energy taken in = .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ

(ii) Use values from the table to calculate the energy given out when the bonds in
the products are formed.
(2)

energy given out = .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ

(iii) Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to calculate the molar enthalpy change for the
combustion of methane.
(1)
molar enthalpy change = ............................... . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(Total for Question 2 = 15 marks)

3 A student investigates the temperature rise of water in a copper can placed above a spirit
burner containing a flammable liquid. The diagram shows the apparatus he uses.

thermometer

copper can

water

spirit burner

flammable liquid

This is the student’s method.

Ɣ place 200 g of water in the copper can and record the temperature of the water
Ɣ weigh the spirit burner containing the flammable liquid
Ɣ place the spirit burner underneath the copper can and light the burner
Ɣ after two minutes extinguish the flame and record the maximum temperature of
the water
Ɣ reweigh the spirit burner containing the remaining flammable liquid

(a) State whether each of the changes listed in the table would increase, decrease or
have no effect on the value of the maximum temperature of the water.
(3)

Effect on the value of the maximum

Change
temperature of the water

increasing the distance between the

spirit burner and the copper can

using a thermometer with divisions

at 0.2qC instead of 0.5 qC

adding insulation to the side of the

copper can

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(b) In one experiment pentane was used as the flammable liquid. The calculated
heat energy change was 51900 J.
In the experiment the mass of pentane burned was 1.88 g.
The relative molecular mass of pentane is 72
Use this information to calculate the molar enthalpy change of combustion,
in kJ/mol, of pentane.
(3)

molar enthalpy change = ......................................................... . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(Total for Question 3 = 6 marks)

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4 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the temperature change that occurs
when potassium hydroxide is dissolved in water.

polystyrene cup

She uses this method.

v pour 50 cm3 of water into the polystyrene cup and measure the temperature of
the water
v add 3 g of potassium hydroxide and stir
v record the highest temperature of the solution

(a) These diagrams show the thermometer readings before and after the student
added the potassium hydroxide.

°C 20 °C 30

15 25
before after
Use the readings to complete the table.
(3)

temperature in °C after adding potassium hydroxide

temperature in °C before adding potassium hydroxide

temperature change in °C
 (b) The student uses her results to calculate the enthalpy change for dissolving
potassium hydroxide in water.
She compares her value with a data book value.
Student’s value = – 32 kJ/mol.
Data book value = – 55kJ/mol.
There are no errors in the student’s method or in the calculation.
Suggest two reasons why the student’s value differs from the data book value.
(2)

1 . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 5 marks)