ENGL

PRONOUNS
> word that stands for a noun
● Gary's mom asked him to clean the garage.
● Neither Mary nor she knew why the store was closed.
● After school, you and I must discuss a few things.
● My nephew was crying and needed his diaper changed.
● Did she see us?
● I took the bag from him.
● My brother and I went to the park.
● What did they do about the car?
● What did she say about the work?
● Where will you go from here?
● You and I need to work harder to make our dreams come true.
● He is more handsome than I.
● I and she will be there.
● When I looked over at him, I noticed that he was reading a book.
● My professor is he.

NOMINATIVE PRONOUNS - pronouns used as a subject.

● I like playing games.
● We saw the parade earlier this morning.
● She baked the cake.

OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS - pronouns that receive the action.

● Why didn’t you tell me?
● Are you gonna invite them?
● This is a great threat to us>

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS - pronouns used to indicate possession and ownership.

● This pen is mine.
● That house is theirs.
● This is my mother’s book. It’s hers.
ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE

Voice - form of verb that indicates whether the subject of the verb performs or
receives the action.

ACTIVE VOICE - the subject of the sentence is performing/causing the action.

> it is more direct and concise. It’s like watching someone do an action.
● Anna threw the snowball at Elsa.
● Jon shot the arrow from the base.
● Pen closed the door.

PASSIVE VOICE - the subject is the recipient of the action.

> usually wordier. It’s like watching the action done by someone.
● The snowball was thrown by Anna.
● The arrow was shot by Jon.
● The door was closed by Pen.

When to use passive voice?

> when hiding the subject of the sentence. (ex: The mistake was made by someone.)
> when minimizing the guilt of the subject. (ex: Stealing the book was done by me.)
> emphasizes the main point of the message. (ex: Dogs were harmed by men.)

FORM OF PASSIVE VOICE VERBS

> passive voice requires a “double verb” and will always consist of a form of the verb
“to be” and the past participle (“en / ed / t” form) of another verb.
> “to be” forms : am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
● The bread was baked by her. (was is a form of the verb “be”)
> The forms of "to be" in the examples of the verb "to kick" in various forms of the
passive voice.
Is kicked had been kicked
Was kicked is going to be kicked
Is being kicked will be kicked
Has been kicked can be kicked
Was being kicked should be kicked
REDUNDANCY AND WORDINESS
> the state of being not or no longer needed or useful.
> the use of words or data that could be omitted without loss of meaning or function;
repetition or superfluity of information.
> synonyms: superfluity, unnecessariness, excess
> the inclusion of extra components that are not strictly necessary to functioning, in
case of failure in other components.

Pleonasm - a phrase that repeats itself. (I saw it with my own eyes)

Expletive - fill a “space” w/o adding extra meaning to the sentence. (“like, you know”)
Euphemism - phrase that substitutes for language the speaker or writer feels is too
blunt or somehow offensive. (no longer with us: dead / running behind: late)
Cliche - an expression that was probably, once upon a time, an original and brilliant
way of saying something. (better late than never)

PRUNING THE REDUNDANT

> Avoid saying the same thing twice.
> Many uneducated citizens who have never attended school continue to vote for
better schools.
> A phrase that repeats itself—like "true fact," "twelve noon," "I saw it with my own
eyes"— is sometimes called a pleonasm.
> Redundant phrases are bad habits just waiting to take control of your writing.
Redundant: Simple:
12 midnight 12 noon
3 am in the morning 3 am
Absolutely spectacular spectacular
A person who is honest an honest person
A total of 14 birds 14 birds
Biography of her life biography
Circle around circle
Personally, I think I think
Refer back refer
Repeat again repeat
Sit down sit
AVOIDING WORDY SENTENCES

1. Reducing Clauses to Phrases, Phrases to Single Words - Be alert for clauses or

phrases that can be paired to simpler, shorter constructions. Ex:
a. Citizens who knew what was going on voted him out of office.
b. Knowledgeable citizens voted him out of office.
2. Beware of intensifiers that do not really intensify - Avoid using words such as
really, very, quite, extremely, severely when they are not necessary. Ex:
a. The people from the accident got (severely) hurt.
b. The people from the accident got hurt.
3. Avoiding Expletive Constructions - Expletive constructions begin with there
is/are or it is. Ex:
a. There are twenty-five students who have already expressed a desire to
attend the program next summer. It is they and their parents who stand
to gain the most by the government grant.
b. Twenty-five students have already expressed a desire to attend the
program next summer. They and their parents stand to gain the most
by the government grant.
4. Phrases You Can Omit for important sounding phrases that add nothing to the
meaning of a sentence.

Correct answers from quiz: Red color is wrong. Green is correct

● The rally attendance was estimated at about one thousand.
● Her prom dress was most unique.
● You could never at any time convince me to get on a roller coaster.
● On the occasion when this happens, be prepared.
● I'd like this school year to be over and done with.
● Timmy said the UFO he spotted was oblong in shape.
● I drive carefully; but nevertheless, I crashed.
● The judges picked out five winners.
● Today, Smith's repertoire is so vast that she could speak consecutively for
twelve hours straight without running out of material.
● I think maybe I might possibly (I’ve) have met them all.
 ● She worked for thirty years as a teacher and librarian in the field of education
in Baltimore public schools.
● In my personal opinion, the lines at the Post Office have grown too long.
● According to our mayor, the root cause of west-side crime is poor people in
poverty.
● Becky was late getting home because of a terrible tragedy at work.
● He then wrote an enthusiastic article for Strand Magazine, being the place in
which most of his Sherlock Holmes stories had first appeared, and later wrote
a book on the subject titled The Coming of the Fairies.

PARAPHRASING
> you use your own words to express something that’s written by another person.
> Paraphrased material should keep its original meaning and (approximate) length,
but you can use it to pick out a single point from a longer discussion.

HOW TO PARAPHRASE
1. Read and make notes - Carefully read the text that you want to paraphrase.
Highlight, underline or note down important terms and phrases that you need
to remember.
2. Find different terms - Carefully read the text that you want to paraphrase.
Highlight, underline or note down important terms and phrases that you need
to remember.
3. Put the text into your own words - Rewrite the original text, line by line. Simplify
the grammar and vocabulary, adjust the order of the words and sentences,
and replace "passive" expressions with "active" ones (for example, you could
change "The new supplier was contacted by Nusrat" to "Nusrat contacted the
new supplier"). Remove complex clauses, and break longer sentences into
shorter ones. All of this will make your new version easier to understand.
4. Check your work - Check your work by comparing it to the original. Your
paraphrase should be clear and simple, and written in your own words. It may
be shorter, but it should include all of the necessary detail.
SUMMARIZING
> a brief overview of an entire discussion or argument. You might summarize a whole
research paper or conversation in a single paragraph, for example, or with a series of
bullet points, using your own words and style.
> Summaries leave out details or examples that may distract the reader from the
most important information, and they simplify complex arguments, grammar and
vocabulary.
> Used correctly, summarizing and paraphrasing can save time, increase
understanding, and give authority and credibility to your work. Both tools are useful
when the precise wording of the original communication is less important than its
overall meaning.

HOW TO SUMMARIZE
1. Get a general idea of the original - First, speed read the text that you're
summarizing to get a general impression of its content. Pay particular
attention to the title, introduction, conclusion, and the headings and
subheadings.
2. Check your understanding - Build your comprehension of the text by reading
it again more carefully. Check that your initial interpretation of the content
was correct.
3. Make notes - Take notes on what you're reading or listening to. Use bullet
points, and introduce each bullet with a key word or idea. Write down only one
point or idea for each bullet.
4. Write your summary - Aim to use only your own notes, and refer to original
documents or recordings only if you really need to. This helps to ensure that
you use your own words. Some summaries, such as research paper abstracts,
press releases, and marketing copy, require continuous prose. If this is the
case, write your summary as a paragraph, turning each bullet point into a full
sentence. If you're summarizing a speech, do so as soon as possible after the
event, while it's still fresh in your mind.
5. Check your work - Your summary should be a brief but informative outline of
the original. Check that you've expressed all of the most important points in
your own words, and that you've left out any unnecessary detail.
ANNOUNCEMENT
> one of the short functional texts. In English the verb of announce had the meaning
“make a formal public declaration about a fact, occurrence, or intention.” So
Announcement is an official notification about something, Whether written or spoken,
which is presented to the public.
> social function: To make a formal written notice of certain events which have
happened or are going to happen.

GENERIC STRUCTURE: opening (title), content (time, event), closing (“note”)

CONTENT OF ANNOUNCEMENT
• To whom the announcement is for
• The purpose of announcement itself
• When the event will be held ( day, date , time )
• Where the event will take place
• Who makes the announcement

LANGUAGE FEATURES
• Simple Present Tense
• Simple Future
• No conjunction
• Date, time, place
• Event

TIPS AND TRICKS TO WRITE ANNOUNCEMENT

> Straight forward and ease the readers to get information quickly.
> Keep it short, inviting, and to the point.
> Clear and complete.
> For bad news, make a direct and no- nonsense statement.

KIND OF ANNOUNCEMENT
Business announcements funeral announcements
Graduation announcements birth announcements
wedding/engagement events
MEDIA
We can find announcement by:
● Audio (radio)
● Visual (newspaper, magazine, card, billboard)
● Audio visual (television, phones)

PATTERN OF ANNOUNCEMENT
WRITTEN example:
ENGLISH SPEECH CONTEST
For all students of SMPN 1 SIDOHARJO, we announce the English Speech Contest.
Time : Sunday, 12 April 2012
Place : English Laboratory
Each class should register at least one student with one of these following topics :
1. The Advantage of Learning English
2. The Difficulties of Learning English
3. The Effective Ways of Learning English
For further information, visit the committee of this English Speech Contest in ENGLISH
STUDENT ROOM.

SPOKEN example:
Attention, please! Continental executive bus will be leaving for Bukit Tinggi through
PekanBaru at 14.40. Would passengers now board the bus?
Which bus goes to Bukit Tinggi? Continental Executive Bus
What time is the bus leaving? The bus leaving for Bukit Tinggi at 14.40

CHARACTERISTIC OFF ANNOUNCEMENT

> The characteristics of a good announcement include the information that tells
what, when, where and how. At the end of the announcement, there should be a
strong call to action.

DIFFERENCES OF ANNOUNCEMENT
> Making an announcement text is easier than making an advertisement because
the announcement text just tells what we need to know. It’s different to make an
advertisement, we will be pressed to make the audience interested.
RUN-ONS, COMMA SPLICES, FRAGMENTS

Sentence errors - the majority of errors in sentence writing are in three specific
areas: run ons, fragments, comma splices. Each of these errors is easy to correct.

RUN-ONs - sentences that should be separated, but they are joined anyway without
proper punctuation.
Incorrect: The global food crisis is a threat to Africa many children are dying of
hunger.
corrections:
> The global food crisis is a threat to Africa. Many children are dying of hunger.
> The global food crisis is a threat to Africa; Many children are dying of hunger.
> The global food crisis is a threat to Africa, and many children are dying of hunger.
> As a result of the global food crisis in Africa, many children are dying of hunger.

COMMA SPLICES - sentences that should be separated, but are joined by commas.
Incorrect: College is hard, the expectations are higher than high school.
Corrections:
> college is hard. The expectations are higher than high school. (separate)
> college is hard because the expectations are higher than high school. (change)
> college is hard, for the expectations are higher than the high school

FRAGMENTS - incomplete sentences. They are partial ideas, leaving the reader to
think “what does this mean?”. They may lack a verb, subject, or both.
● Whenever she asks.
● Finding nowhere to run.
Corrections: add a subject or a verb until the sentence makes complete sense as a
stand-alone thought.
● My uncle always gives Janet the car whenever she asks.
● Finding nowhere to run, the young man eventually turned to alcohol.

Notes ig?: how you want to edit your paper is your decision. Over time, you will
develop a writing style. Determine which way best suits the tone and purpose of the
writing. In some cases, short sentences are more powerful and effective. .
DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY
> Descriptive writing creates a picture of a person, place, thing, or event. Description
tells what something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels like.
> elements: Good descriptive writing consists of five elements; Sensory Details,
Figurative Language, dominant impression, precise language, and Careful
Organization.
1. Sensory details - Good descriptive writing includes many vivid sensory
details that paint a picture and appeals to all of the reader's senses of sight,
hearing, touch, smell, and taste when appropriate. Descriptive writing may
also paint a picture of the feelings the person, place or thing invokes the writer.
2. Figurative language - Good descriptive writing often makes use of figurative
language to help paint the picture in the reader's mind. There are many ways
to use figurative language, and it is a talent that should be practiced until
perfected.
a. A simile uses like or as to compare two unlike things. (Her smile was like
sunshine.)
b. A metaphor compares two unlike things without using like or as. (Her
smile was a light that lit up the room.)
c. Personification suggests comparison between a nonliving thing and a
person by giving the nonliving thing human traits.
3. Dominant impression - When you plan a descriptive essay, your focus on
selecting details that help your readers see what you see, feel what you feel,
and experience what you experience. Your goal is to create a single dominant
impression, a central theme or idea to which all the details relate-for example,
the liveliness of a street scene or the quiet of a summer night. This dominant
impression unifies the description and gives readers an overall sense of what
the person, place, object, or scene looks like(and perhaps what it sounds,
smells, tastes, or feels like). Sometimes_but not always_ your details will
support a thesis making a point about the subject you are describing.
4. Precise language - Good descriptive writing uses precise language. Using
specific words and phrases will help the reader “see” what you are describing.
If a word or phrase is specific, it is exact and precise. The opposite of a specific
language is language that is vague, general, or fuzzy.
 5. Careful organization - Good descriptive writing is organized. Some ways to
organize descriptive writing include:
a. Spatial order - space, describing place
b. Order of importance - describing objects and people
c. Chronological order - arrange in time order, describing events.

TRANSITION WORDS AND PHRASES THAT SIGNAL DESCRIPTION

> Transitions used in descriptive writing vary depending on whether you are
describing a person, a place, or a thing. Here are some examples of transitions that
might be used in descriptive contexts.
TO SHOW SPATIAL ORDER OR DIRECTION: above, below, behind, beside, beyond,
around, next to, near by, in front, back of, over, here, on top of, under, to the right/left.
TO SHOW ORDER OF IMPORTANCE: amazingly, but the most important, equally,
increasingly important, even more striking, initially, strikingly, the most, the major, the
main, primarily, best of all, foremost, one reason is that, most significantly.
TO SHOW TIME ORDER: during, finally, next, suddenly, then, when, concurrently, near by,
in front/back, meanwhile, afterwards, shortly, formerly, this morning, afternoon,
evening, tomorrow, roday, from then on, at present.

STRUCTURE OF A DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY

INTRODUCTION - capture your reader’s attention and identify your subject. Provide
background information. State your thesis.
BODY - use a variety of details (sensory, factual, figurative), include feelings, arrange
the details in logical order.
CONCLUSION - reemphasize the dominant impression. Summarize the material you
have discussed.
NARRATIVE WRITING

YOUR STORY BEGINNING

> you need a strong beginning by adding:
Dialogue question
Vivid description interesting fact
Sound effects

PARAGRAPHS - Be sure your story has paragraphs. They tell when you're switching
time, place, topic or speaker, and they help break the page up so it is not just a solid
block of writing.
Write a paragraph when:
● When you start in on a new topic
● When you skip to a new time
● When you skip to a new place
● When a new person begins to speak
● When you want to produce a dramatic effect

CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION

CAPITALIZE - at beginning of sentences. Proper nouns.
PUNCTUATE - end marks (? , . < !). Commas when joining two sentences with a
conjunction, addressing a person, with quotations.

USE RICH WORDS - remember words such as said, went, and put are dead. Use
words that describe the action.
● My dad went to work > my dad raced to work
● Jane said a secret > Jane whispered a secret

WOW WORDS - Show your reader that

you have high-quality, first-class,
superior, excellent, exceptional,
outstanding, brilliant, extraordinary,
incomparable vocabulary by using 5th
grade vocabulary words.
SHOW, DON’T TELL - The Show, Don’t Tell method of writing is when the writer is able
to create a picture in the reader's mind, to get away from the repetition of such
empty words like went, big, or said.
● Susan exercised > sweat poured from susan’s forehead as she did a sit-up.

CONVERSATION - make a new paragraph every time a different person speaks.

Rule 1 - add quotation marks.
Rule 2 - separate sources phrase from quote.
Rule 3 - capitalize the first words of the direct quotation.
Rule 4 - add end marks.
Rule 5 - add needed capitalization and punctuation.
SENTENCES - vary your sentences.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE - use a little figurative language to add interest to your story.
SIMILE - comparison between two unlike things that have something in common
using like or as. (ex: as hungry as a bear. My heart is open like a highway)
METAPHOR - comparison between two unlike things that have something in common
without using like or as. (Patty was a raging tiger when she lost her lunch money.)
ALLITERATION - repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more
neighboring words or syllables. (down in the dumps, pay the price, do or die)
ONOMATOPOEIA - the imitation of natural sounds in word form. These words help us
form mental pictures about the things, people, or places that are described.

PLOT STRUCTURE - a plot includes a setting and characters. climax (plot is solved).
BEGINNING - you should introduce your characters. The reader should also know
about the world your characters live in and something about each of the characters
in your story. The beginning of your story is also the place where your plot is first
introduced.
MIDDLE - Your story needs to build to something exciting, the climax. Write about a
simple conflict, a task that must be completed, a question that must be answered, or
a barrier that must be overcome. Includes action, dialogue, sensory detail, thoughts,
feelings, and suspense.
THE END - This is the big finish. The end should reveal how you overcame your
problem. All conflicts are resolved and everything goes back to normal.