Electromagnetic Effects

Basic outline of the unit

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Defining

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electromagnetic
induction
Electromagnetic 1)By moving a wire

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Induction in a magnetic field

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Inducing e.m.f.
or current in a
wire or a coil
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2) By moving a bar
magnet in a coil
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Once a current has been induced in the coil, you need to know :
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1. How to find the direction of the induced current

2. How to increase/decrease the induced current.
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3. Ways of changing the direction of the induced current.

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4. That the Lenz's law is used to find the direction of the induced current
in the coil.
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5. That the 'Right hand thumb rule " is used to find the direction of the
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induced current when a wire is moved in between the poles of a magnet.

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 1. Electromagnetic induction: [2]
When a magnetic field is cut by a conductor(wire /coil or solenoid),
a current ( or an e.m.f.) is induced by it. This is called
as electromagnetic induction
or

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A changing magnetic field in the coil induces a current or an
e.m.f. in it. This is said to be electromagnetic induction.

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2.Understanding the two ways of generating an "induced e.m.f and
current"
• by moving a wire in a magnetic field.
Diagram:

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Steps to induce an e.m. f. and
current.

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Step 1: Take 2 magnets. Then
take a wire and connect it to a

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galvanometer as shown.
Step 2: Move the wire between

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the poles of the magnet.

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Observation:

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• When the wire is moved
up, the galvanometer needle
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points in one direction.
• When the wire is moved down, the galvanometer moves in the
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opposite direction.
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• When the wire is held stationary , the galvanometer points to

zero.
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 Finding the direction of the induced current
When a straight wire is
moved perpendicular to the
magnetic field, the

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direction of the induced
e.m.f. can be found by
using Flemings Right Hand

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Rule.

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Note :

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• The first finger
always points in the north south direction as

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shown.
• The
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thumb points in the direction of the
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current.
• The second finger points in the direction of the
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induced current.
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Different ways of increasing the magnitude of the induced
e.m.f. and current.

1. Move the wire

faster.

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2. Use a stronger
magnet.

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3. Increase the length

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of the wire in the
magnetic field.

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direction of the induced e.m.f .and current.
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1. Move the wire in the opposite direction.
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2. Turn the magnet around so that the poles of the

magnet are reversed.
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Different reasons why the direction of the induced e.m.f.

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and current might not change:

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1. The wire might be stationary

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2. The wire might be moving parallel to the magnetic

field lines.
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2.Understanding the two ways of generating an "induced
e.m.f and current" ( continued)
• by moving a
magnet in a steady

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coil ( solenoid):
Diagram:

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Steps to induce an e.m.
f. and current.

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Step 1: Take a bar
magnet and push it into a

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solenoid connected to a

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galvanometer as shown

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Observation:
• When the bar
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magnet is moved in , the

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galvanometer needle
points in one direction.
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• When the bar

magnet is moved out ,
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the galvanometer moves

in the opposite direction.
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• When the magnet is held stationary , the galvanometer

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points to zero ( shows no deflection)

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Different ways of increasing the magnitude of the induced e.m.f.
and current.

1. Move the magnet faster.

2. Use a stronger magnet.

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3. Increase the number of turns of the coil of the wire in
the magnetic field.

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Ways of changing the direction of the induced e.m.f .and current.

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1. Pull the magnet out of the solenoid if earlier you had pushed
it in.

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2. Push the North pole of the magnet in the solenoid instead of
the South pole

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3. Turn the magnet around so that the poles of the magnet are
reversed.
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Different reasons why the direction of the induced e.m.f. and
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current might not change:

1. The magnet might have been held still
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Finding the direction of the induced current -Lenz's law

Lenz's law states that

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" An induced current always flows in a direction so as to oppose
the change that created it"

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For example: When a magnet

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approaches a coil with its south
pole facing the coil, a current is

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induced in the coil. This induced

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current turns the coil into a

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weak electromagnet with an induced south pole as shown in the
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diagram .
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To find the direction of the current:

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Step 1: Check the polarity induced in the coil: In

our example , it is the South pole.
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Step 2: Write the alphabet S as as shown above

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along with the arrows.

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Step 3: The direction of the arrows shows the

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Hence When the South pole of a magnet approaches a coil , a

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current in the clockwise direction is induced in the coil and that

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part of the coil develops a South pole on it.

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The table on the next page summarises all the possible directions
and polarites that can be induced in the coil

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The following table will help you identify the polarity induced and the direction
of flow of the current in the coil.

Bar magnet What will the Polarity induced Direction of

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coil try to do in the coil current in the
as per Lenz's coil
law

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1 Enters the coil Stop it from North Anticlockwise
with its North entering the

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pole facing the coil by
coil offering it

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repulsion
2 Enters the coil Stop it from South Clockwise

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South pole facing entering the
the coil coil
offering so
by
it
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repulsion
3 Leaves the coil Stop it from South Clockwise
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with its North leaving by

pole facing the attracting it
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coil towards it
4 Leaves the coil Stop it from North Anticlockwise
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with its South leaving by

pole facing the attracting it
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coil towards it
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[ As like poles repel, so as per lenz's law, the direction of

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the induced e.m.f. tried to stop the approaching magnet

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from moving towards it and hence developed a South pole

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on it]

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Type of application based questions asked so far:

MCQ's:
1. Know that e.m.f. and current can only be induced in conductors and not

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in insulators like nylon.

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 2. Know that a current is induced only when the wire is moved
perpendicular to the magnetic field

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3. Know that if an alternating force is applied on the wire in a magnetic
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field , then the current keeps changing about a fixed value
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 Extended theory:

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 ------------------------------------------------------
APPLICATION BASED QUESTION-EXTENDED THEORY
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