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Research On Dark Patterns

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43 views5 pages

Research On Dark Patterns

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sakshisehrawat1311
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Research on Dark Patterns

A dark pattern is a misleading user experience that manipulates individuals into


doing things they didn't want to by taking advantage of the way they regularly
use websites and apps. They make consumers unintentionally click through to a
website or even add an extra item to a shopping basket.
Because UX designers report to managers who are metrics and growth-oriented,
they often ask that dark patterns be employed. Dark patterns are temporary. It's
done to reach particular goals, such as tripling the amount of user accounts on a
social media site. By employing dark patterns, they can accomplish it fast and
save time developing a user-friendly solution.

The phrase Dark patterns and study on them were first used by Harry Brignull.
There are twelve different kinds of dark patterns that he has recognized. In
terms of deceiving users, these appear to catch almost everything.

1. Bait and switch: When you try one thing, something different and less
desirable happens. Try closing an advertisement and clicking on it
instead. Showing an internet advertisement for a 60% discount on a pricey
item is one example.
2. Confirmshaming: This tactic forces the user to act against their will.
Signup forms with options like "Yes, Sign Me Up" and "No, I Don't Want
to Save Money" are among the many of these you've encountered.
3. Disguised advertisements: Even if you were unsure of its nature, you
probably came across a disguised advertisement on a website or app.
Exactly for that reason! Users are more inclined to click on disguised
adverts since they mimic similar information on a website.
4. Forced continuity: All those free trials that aren’t free fall into this
category. You sign up for a free service with a credit card only to find
months later that you’ve been paying, but never got an invoice or bill.
5. Friend spam: social media platform or other product asks for your email
address or permission to access your social media account in exchange for a
desired outcome like finding your friends or letting you access a service. In
truth, however, the product spams all the contacts it’s been given access to
with messages that look like they came from you.
6. Hidden costs: It’s the oldest trick where unexpected charges are added to an
order and when users are making the payment they sometimes might not
notice it.
7. Misdirection: When the design draws you to look at one thing to distract
you from something else. Whenever a website preselects an upsell item for
you, there’s probably an element of misdirection happening.

8. Price comparison prevention: When sites make it hard to compare prices.


9. Privacy Zuckering: Websites that trick you into giving up more information
about yourself than you would like. much every game you’ve ever played
on Facebook does this. You aren’t just finding out what type of dog is
perfect for your family, you are also sharing all kinds of personal
information with the app developer.
10.Roach motel: This technique makes it easy to sign up for something and
really hard to unsubscribe. This used to be a huge problem with email
newsletters, but changes to many regulations have made it illegal in many
countries not to offer an obvious unsubscribe button. That being said, it still
happens more than you might think.
11.Sneak into the basket: Have you ever noticed an extra item in your
shopping cart? That’s this dark pattern in action
12.Trick questions: When the user interface offers up a question to be
answered, but it is worded in such a way that you almost always pick the
wrong answer. Have you ever clicked a red button to stop only to find that
red actually meant “proceed” and green was “exit”? That’s a dark pattern.

How humans and AI identify Dark Patterns


Finding dark patterns in the wild can be done in a number of ways, such as
through manual research, semi-automated clustering-based methods, and some
simple text-based classification methods. The first step in finding dark patterns
was to look through the data by hand, either by domain experts or regular users.
Once these researchers or regular users find possible dark patterns in some apps,
they will either establish a website, write papers, or share their experience with
a related UI screenshot to help and educate other end users so they don't get
tricked and to raise awareness. Even though the identification is very accurate,
this method has a number of problems. Firstly, it takes a lot of time and requires
a lot of information about dark patterns. Secondly this method of tracking
would miss some changes because apps are always getting updated and new
ones are being made all the time. Mathur et al. suggested semi-automatic ways
to mimic user behaviors and find dark patterns in shopping websites to make up
for the lack of time for manual exploration. They used the clustering method to
make the detection process easier by putting together groups of linked UI
patterns. Then, they looked at each cluster manually. To find dark patterns, you
also need to know UI from a variety of angles, such as how to find UI elements
and figure out what icons mean. Researchers have looked into how to
understand UIs semantically for different jobs and how to analyze the features
of dark patterns, which lets us get more information from UIs. Some of the
things that are taken into account are using contrasting colors to find the most
important visuals, looking at text consistency, and knowing the state of
elements.

A dark pattern can be static or dynamic .A static dark pattern means that the
dark pattern is specific to a single user interface and does not depend on the
context or history of the user’s interactions. They can be identified by analyzing
the current UI, without the need to consider the user’s past actions. This may
involve extracting information about the elements on the UI, such as their
coordinates, types, colors, text content, and icon semantics, as well as the
relationships between these elements. The picture given below is an example of
static dark pattern .
In comparison, dynamic dark patterns are context-dependent and require
additional information beyond the current user interface in order to be
identified. This may include previous UIs, the elements that triggered the
current page or animation effect, and the user’s intent. For example bait and
switch dark patterns and Hidden Costs dark patterns can be detected by
comparing previous UIs to see if the app revealed these costs beforehand.

Existing AI tools for detection of Dark Patterns

1. AidUI is a research tool that employs computer vision and natural language
processing techniques to identify visual and textual indicators in application
screenshots that indicate the existence of ten distinct UI dark patterns. The
AidUI architecture is structured based on four primary phases:

• The Visual Cue Detection Phase utilizes a deep learning-based object


detection model to identify user interface (UI) objects that serve as visual
cues for Dark Patterns (DPs). These visual cues are components of the user
interface that can serve as indicators of the existence of a dark pattern. The
Visual Cue Detection phase takes a user interface (UI) as input and utilizes
the Faster R-CNN model to identify the locations and bounding boxes of the
target icons.

• The UI & Text Content Detection Phase involves extracting UI segments


that include both text and non-text elements. The purpose of this tool is to
identify specific sections of the user interface that provide essential
information for detecting dark patterns.

• The DP Analysis Phase utilizes text pattern matching, color analysis, and
spatial analysis algorithms to examine the retrieved UI segments and
determine a collection of probable DPs.
The DP Resolution Phase utilizes the outcomes of the Visual Cue Detection
and DP Analysis phases to forecast a definitive collection of underlying DPs
in the provided user interface. The DP Resolution phase is a dual-stage
procedure that includes Segment Level Resolution and UI Level Resolution.

Fig: working of AidUI

2. UIGuard is an intelligent system that employs computer vision and natural


language pattern matching to autonomously identify several deceptive design
techniques in mobile user interfaces. It eliminates the requirement of
manually devising rules for every new user interface or application, and it
encompasses a wider range of kinds with exceptional efficiency. UIGuard
comprises two components: Property Extraction and Knowledge-Driven
Dark Pattern Checker. These components collaborate to collect
characteristics of user interface elements and evaluate for deceptive design
patterns using the extracted characteristics. The Property Extraction module
is tasked with retrieving the attributes of the user interface elements. The
Knowledge-Driven Dark Pattern Checker component examines the retrieved
attributes to identify and detect dark patterns. This enables a thorough and
automatic identification of deceptive design trends in mobile user interfaces.

Datsets for Dark Patterns


1. ec-darkpattern/dataset/dataset.tsv at master · yamanalab/ec-darkpattern ·
GitHub
Text based dataset
2. DP_patterns_examples.xlsx (live.com)
Dark patterns are classified with images
3. Dark patterns on Ecommerce platforms (kaggle.com)
Text based dataset , text classified as deceptive and non deceptive
4. RICO dataset (kaggle.com) While it lacks semantic descriptions, Liu et
al. added explicit names to UI elements based on predefined heuristics in
this datset .They identified 25 UI component categories, such as Page
Indicators, CARDs, Checkboxes, and Icons, through an interactive open
coding process.

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