Heat Transfer LAB MANUAL

HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY
ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY

MANUAL (SUB CODE : 17/18MEL67)
For B.E. Mechanical VI Semester Students

Prepared By:
Prof. LAVAKUMAR K S. B.E., M.Tech.,
Asst. Professor Grade - 111
Mr. Ashwatha K. R. N.A.C., (D.M.E.)

Asst. Instructor
__________________________________________________________________
Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road,
CopyrightAcharya
© 2013 @Dept. of Post office,
Mechanical Engg, BANGALORE
Acharya Institute – 560107 Page - 0
of Tech., Bangalore - 107
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Topic Page No.
1 Syllabus 2
2 List of Equipments 3
3 Introduction 4
Part – A
3 Determination of Thermal Conductivity of a Metal Rod. 6
Determination of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of a

4 10
Composite wall.
5 Determination of Efficiency & Effectiveness of a Pin fin. 13
Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient in a free Convection

6 17
on a vertical, inclined & horizontal tube
Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Forced
7 21
Convention Flow through a Pipe.
8 Determination of Emissivity of a Surface. 24
Analysis of steady and transient heat conduction, temperature
9 distribution of plane wall and cylinder using Numerical approach
(ANSYS/CFD package).
Part – B
10 Determination of Steffan Boltzmann Constant 27
Determination of LMDT and Effectiveness in a Parallel Flow and

11 30
Counter Flow Heat Exchangers
Determination of heat transfer coefficient in Condensation of
12 35
Vapour
13 Performance Test on a Vapour Compression Refrigeration 39
14 Performance Test on a Vapour Compression Air - Conditioner 42

Determination of temperature distribution along a rectangular and
15 circular fin subjected to heat loss through convection using
Numerical approach (ANSYS/CFD package)
Copyright © 2013 @Dept. of Mechanical Engg, Acharya Institute of Tech., Bangalore - 107 Page - 1
SYLLABUS
Subject Code : 17/18MEL67 IA Marks : 40
No. of Practical Hrs./ Week : 03 Exam Hours : 03
Total No. of Practical Hrs. : - Exam Marks : 100

PART – A
1. Determination of Thermal Conductivity of a Metal Rod.
2. Determination of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Composite wall.
3. Determination of Effectiveness on a Metallic fin.
4. Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient in a free Convection on a
5. Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Forced Convention Flow through a Pipe.
6. Determination of Emissivity of a Surface.
7. Analysis of steady and transient heat conduction, temperature distribution of plane wall and
cylinder using Numerical approach (ANSYS/CFD package).
PART – B
1. Determination of Stefan Boltzmann Constant.
2. Determination of LMTD and Effectiveness in a Parallel Flow and
Counter Flow Heat Exchangers.
3. Experiments on Boiling of Liquid and Condensation of Vapour.
4. Performance Test on a Vapour Compression Refrigeration.
5. Performance Test on a Vapour Compression Air – Conditioner.
6. Experiment on Transient Conduction Heat Transfer.
7. Determination of temperature distribution along a rectangular and circular fin subjected to heat
loss through convection using Numerical approach (ANSYS/CFD package)
Scheme for Examination:

One Question from Part A - 30Marks (20 Write up +10)
One Question from Part B - 50Marks (30 Write up +20)
Viva-Voce - 20 Marks
-----------
Total 100 Marks
List of Equipments
Sl. No. Equipments
1 Thermal Conductivity of Metal Rod Apparatus
2 Composite Wall Apparatus
3 Pin Fin Apparatus
4 Natural convection Apparatus
5 Forced convection Apparatus
6 Emissivity Apparatus
7 Stefan Boltzmann Constant Apparatus
8 Parallel Flow and Counter Flow Heat Exchangers Apparatus
9 Condensation of Vapour Apparatus
10 Vapour Compression Refrigeration Apparatus
11 Air – Conditioning Apparatus
Introduction:
Heat transfer laboratory has got two types of experiments – conducted individually and in groups. All
experiments are focus on the three modes of heat transfer namely conduction, convection & radiation The
experiments like Thermal conductivity of metal rod, composite wall to name a few comes under
conduction The experiments like natural convection, forced convection, pin fin, heat exchanger to name a
few comes under Convection and The experiments like emmissivity, stefan boltzmann comes under
Radiation in addition to these experiments the refrigeration and Air conditioning experiment are also
carried out. Various types of performance factors are discussed. It is essential that the students study from
different text books and internet for more information. New feasible ideas from students for the
improvement of the laboratory are welcome.
This manual carries a copy of the latest syllabus and the scheme of examination. The experiments are
described in sufficient detail. This manual is by no means a source of exhaustive information on the topic.
Care has been taken to provide as much background information as possible in the accompanying
appendices.
Important:
1. Please wear uniform and safety shoes while conducting experiments.

2. Submit record books in the next practical class.
3. Avoid long hair and nails.
4. Be gentle and careful with instruments.
5. Sketch diagrams and graphs using pencil only.
6. Diagrams and graphs must have proper labels.
7. In any tabular column, units for a particular quantity must be written only in the column head.
8. Specimen calculations must be shown and only for any one particular value.
9. Inferences from the graph must be relevant conceptually.
All quantitative results must be accompanied by proper units
Course Outcomes
1 Understand the fundamentals of conduction heat transfer process
2 Understand the fundamentals of convective heat transfer process
3 Understand the fundamentals of radiation heat transfer process
Analyze heat exchanger performance by using the method of log mean temperature
4
Difference & effectiveness.
5 Analyze Refrigeration and Air conditioning performance
List of Reference books / URLs

1 Heat & Mass transfer, Tirumaleshwar, Pearson education 2006.
2 Heat transfer-A basic approach, Ozisik, Tata McGraw Hilll 2002.
3 Heat transfer, P. K. Nag, Tata Mc Graw Hill 2002.
4 Heat transfer, a practical approach, Yunus a- Cengel Tata Mc Graw Hill.
5 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, C. P. Arora, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2000
6 www.gobookee.org/heat-and-mass-transfer-vtu-notes
7 nptel.iitm.ac.in/.../Heat%20and%20Mass%20Transfer/New_index1.html
8 nptel.iitm.ac.in/downloads/112101002
9 www.gobookee.org/heat-and-mass-transfer-notes-nptel
10 web.iitd.ac.in/~prabal/MEL242/(1-2)%20Introduction.pdf
EXPERIMENT-1
THERMAL CONDUCIVITY OF METAL ROD
OBJECTIVE: Thermal conductivity defines the heat carrying capacity or ability of the material, based on
which the materials can be classified into conductors and insulators
AIM: To determine the thermal conductivity of the given metal rod.
DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of the aluminum rod of 50mm test section. Heat is provided by
means of band heater at one end and released through water jacket arrangement. Thermocouples are
provided at the suitable points to measure the surface temperature and water temperature. Proper insulation
is provided to minimize the heat loss. The temperature is displayed on the digital temperature indicator on
the control panel, which also consists of heater regulator and other accessories.
THEORY: Thermal conductivity is the physical property of material which represents, the flow or
transmission of thermal energy by molecular motion can take place.
Thermal conductivity of a material is found, to depend on the chemical composition, physical properties,
phase and it’s crystalline structure if it is a solid. Also it depends on the temperature & pressure to which
solid, liquid or gas is subjected and whether it is homogeneous material or not.
Thermal conductivity of a material is due to the migration of the free electrons in the lattice and vibrations
of the lattice. Thermal conductivity of fluids and gases are less compared to that of a solid as the free
electron movement is negligible in fluids and gases. It is highest in pure metals and reduces with increase
in temperature. Aluminum and uranium are an exception. Copper has high thermal conductivity of 320
W/mK.
The heat flow through solid material is governed by Fourier’s law given by
dT
Q   kA Watts
dx
In the above equation,
k = Thermal conductivity of the material,
A = Area of heat flow normal to the surface, in m2.
dT
 Temperatur e gradient in the direction of heat flow
dx
Using the above equation the thermal conductivity of the material is calculated as follows.
dT Q
Q   kA Watts -> k   W / mK
dx dT
A
dx
The negative sign indicates that the temperature decreases as the distance increase. Negative sign also
indicates that the slope of the curve is in the reverse direction.
In the above equation heat is supplied by the hot water which circulates around the test metal rod. Using
the energy balance i.e., heat lost by hot water is equated to heat gained by the metal rod and hence we can
determine the thermal conductivity of the given test specimen.
SPECIFICATION:
Metal rod – Aluminium
Diameter of the rod, d=50mm
Length of the rod, L=160mm
PROCEDURE:
1. Give necessary electrical and water connections to the instrument.

2. Switch on the MCB and console ON to activate the control panel.
3. Give input to the heater by slowly rotating the heater regulator.
4. Start the cooling water supply through the water jacket (make sure
5. not to exceed 3 lpm).
6. Record the temperature of all the thermocouples which are fixed at
7. different points, when steady state is reached.
8. Repeat the experiment for different heater input.
9. After the experiment is over, switch off the electrical connections,
10. allow the water to flow for some time in the water jacket and then
11. stop it.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Water flow Water temperature, Surface Temperature of Metal Rod,

SL C
rate, C
No.
R lpm T5 T6 T1 T4
T2 T3
1
2
FORMULAS:
1 Cross Sectional Area of the Rod:

πd2
A m2
4
Where
d  Diameter of the Rod  0.05m
2 Mass flow rate of cooling water

R
mw  kg/s
60
Where
R  Rotameter reading in LPM
3 Heat Transfer rate

Heat conducted by the rod  Heat carried away by water
Qw  mwCpW T6  T5 
Where
CpW  Specific heat of wat er  4.18 KJ/kg  k
mw  Mass flow rate of wa ter in kg/ sec
4 Thermal Conductivity of the rod

dT
k AL  Qw A
dx
Where
A  Cross Sect ional area of the ro d in m 2
dT
 Slope from the graph in oC/m 2
dx
RESULT:
Thermal Conductivity of the metal rod =___________W/m-K
EXPERIMENT – 2
HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
OBJECTIVE: Thermal conductivity defines the heat carrying capacity of the material, based on which
the materials can be classified into conductors and insulators
AIM: To determine overall heat transfer coefficient of composite wall
DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of three slabs of CI, Bakelite and Aluminum materials of
thickness 25, 20 & 12mm respectively clamped in the center using screw rod. At the center of the
composite wall a heater is fitted. End losses from the composite wall are minimized by providing thick
insulation all round to ensure unidirectional heat flow.
Front transparent acrylic enclosure to minimize the disturbances of the surrounding and also for safety of
the tube when not in use.
Control panel instrumentation consists of:
 Digital Temperature Indicator with channel selector.

 Digital Voltmeter & Ammeter for power measurement.
 Heater regulator to regulate the input power.
THEORY: In many situations, heat transfer takes place continuously through many layers. Heat Transfer
through composite walls is one of them. Here the transport of energy between two or more bodies of
different thermal conductivity is arranged in series or parallel. Since the wall is considered to be made of
different layer, the thermal conductivity that is obtained after experimentation, will be overall thermal
conductivity of the composite wall.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Composite Wall : Aluminium, Graphite, Cast Iron
Diameter of the rod, d=50mm
Length of rod, L=180mm

Length of aluminium rod, L1=100mm
Length of graphite rod, L2=20mm
Length of cast iron rod, L3=60mm
PROCEDURE:
1. Symmetrically arrange the plates and ensure perfect contact between the plates.
2. Switch ON mains and the CONSOLE.
3. Set the heater regulator to the known value.
4. Wait for sufficient time to allow temperature to reach steady values.
5. Note down the Temperatures 1 to 8 using the channel selector and digital temperature indicator.
6. Note down the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
7. Calculate the overall conductance using the procedure given below.
8. Repeat the experiment for different heat input.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Heater
Sl. Temperatures C Input
No.
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 V I
FORMULAS:
1 Heat Flux
VI
q
2
V  Voltmeter reading in volts
I  Ammeter reading in A mps
2 Average températures:
T T T T T5  T6 T7  T8
TA  1 2 TB  3 4 TC  TD 
2 2 2 2
3 Overall heat transfer coefficient of Composite Wall:
a) By Practical Approach
q
Up  W/m2-K
TA  TD
b) By Theoretical Approach
1
Ut  W/m 2 -K
1  L1 L2 L3 
   
A  K1 K 2 K 3 
Where
L1  Thickness of the Al  0.1 mts
L2  Thickness of the GR  0.020 mts
L3  Thickness of the CI  0.06 mts
K1  Thermal conducivity of Al
K 2  Thermal conducivity of GR
K 3  Thermal conducivity of CI
RESULTS:
Overall heat transfer coefficient of Composite Wall
a) By Practical Approach = _________________W/m2-K

b) By Theoretical Approach =_________________W/m2-K
EXPERIMENT- 3
HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH PIN-FIN
OBJECTIVE: to examine the nature of convective heat transfer from fins. When a heated fin is placed in
a stagnation fluid, the density gradient created by the presence of the hot fin surface, gives rise to
buoyancy driven flow along the fin. This self-induced flow is the principle means by which the fin is
cooled
AIM: To determine the temperature distribution along the given fin for constant base temperature and also
to determine Efficiency and effectiveness of the fin under natural convection and forced convection
conditions.
DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of Pin type fin of diameter 12mm and 150 mm long made of
copper with suitable temperature points. Heater of 250watts capacity. Heater regulator to supply the
regulated power input to the heater. Digital Voltmeter and Ammeter to measure power input to the heater.
Thermocouples at suitable position to measure the surface temperatures of the fin. Digital Temperature
Indicator with channel selector to measure the temperatures. Blower unit to blow air through the duct with
orifice meter and acrylic manometer to measure the air flow rate from the blower. A control valve is
provided to regulate the air flow. Control panel to house all the instrumentation.
THEORY: A spine or pin-fin is an extended surface of cylindrical, rectangular, triangular or conical

shape used for increasing the heat transfer rates from the surfaces, whenever it is not possible to increase
the rate of heat transfer either by increasing heat transfer co-efficient or by increasing the temperature
difference between the surface and surrounding fluids. The fins are commonly used on engine heads of
scooter, motorcycles, as well as small capacity compressors. The pin type fins are also used on the
condenser of a domestic refrigerator.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the MCB and then console on switch to activate the control panel.
2. Switch on the heater and regulate the power input using the heater regulator.
3. Switch on the blower unit and adjust the flow of air using gate valve of blower to a
4. desired difference in manometer (for forced flow only otherwise skip to step 4).
5. Wait for reasonable time to allow temperatures to reach steady state.
6. Measure the voltage, current and temperatures from T1 to T6 at known time interval.
7. Calculate the effectiveness & efficiency of the fin using the procedure given.
8. Repeat the experiment for different values of power input to the heater and blower air flow rates.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Diameter of Pin fin, df =20mm
Length of Pin fin, Lf =120mm
TABULAR COLUMN: Forced Convection
Anemometer HEAT INPUT Air temperature,

SL Reading, V I C Surface Temperature, C
No.
V m/sec Volts Amps T6 T1
T2 T3 T4 T5
1.
2.
3.
4.
FORMULAS:
Forced Convection
T2  T3  T4
1. Average temperature, T Avg  and Ta  T1
3
Tavg  Ta
2. Film temperature, T f 
2
3. Properties of air from Data Hand Book at T f  ____ O C
Density ρ  _____kg/m 3
Kinematic Vis cos ity ν  _____m 2 / sec
Pr andtl Numb er Pr  ____
Thermal Co ndicivity  ______W/m  K
VD
4. Reynolds Number, Re 
v
5. Nusselts number, N u  0.023Re0.8 Pr0.4
NuK a
6. The heat transfer coefficient, h 
D
7. Permeter, P  DL
D 2
8. Cross sectional area of Pin Fin, A 
4
hP
9. The value m 
Kf A
QwithFin KfP
10. Effectiveness,    tanh( mL )
QwithoutFi n hA
Q tanh(mL)
11. Efficiency,   act 
Qmax mL
12. Temperature Distribution along Pin Fin Length
T x  T1 CoshmL  x 

T1  T6 CoshmL 
TABULAR COLUMN: Free or Natural Convection
HEAT INPUT
SL Air temperature, C
V I Surface Temperature, C
No.
Volts Amps T6 T1
T2 T3 T4 T5
1.
2.
3.
4.
Free Convection
T2  T3  T4
1. Average temperature, T Avg  and Ta  T1
3
Tavg  Ta
2
gL3 T
4. Grashoff Number, Gr 
V2
Nusselts number, N u  0.059Gr Pr 
0.5
5.
NuK a
6. The heat transfer coefficient, h 
D
7. Permeter, P  DL
D 2
8. Cross sectional area of Pin Fin, A 
4
hP
9. The value m 
Kf A
QwithFin KfP
10. Effectiveness,    tanh( mL )
QwithoutFi n hA
Q tanh(mL)
11. Efficiency,   act 
Qmax mL
12. Temperature Distribution along Pin Fin Length
T x  T1 CoshmL  x 

T1  T6 CoshmL 
RESULT:
Efficiency & Effectiveness of Pin fin =___________ & __________
Graph: Temperature V/S Length of Fin
EXPERIMENT – 4
HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH NATURAL CONVECTION
OBJECTIVE: Heat transfer by natural convection occurs in many situations, and so it is important to
understand it and be able to successfully model it. Studying natural convection for various positions is the
subject of this experiment.
AIM: To determine the natural heat transfer coefficient ‘h’ from the surface of the tube in vertical,
inclined and horizontal position.
DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of a Chromium plated Copper tube of diameter (d) 38mm and
length (L) 500mm with a Special electrical heater along the axis of the tube for uniform heating. Four
thermocouples are fixed on the tube surface with a phase angle of 90. An arrangement to change the
position of the tube to vertical or horizontal position is provided. Front transparent acrylic enclosure to
minimize the disturbances of the surrounding and also for safety of the tube when not in use.
Control panel instrumentation consists of:
a. Digital Temperature Indicator with channel selector.
b. Digital Voltmeter & Ammeter for power measurement.
c. Heater regulator to regulate the input power.
Along With these accessories, the setup is mounted on an frame considering all safety factors.
THEORY: There are certain situations in which the fluid motion is produced due to change in density
resulting from temperature gradients. The mechanism of heat transfer in these situations is called free or
natural convection.
The movement of fluid in free convection is due to the fact that the fluid particles in the immediate vicinity
of the hot object become warmer than the surrounding fluid resulting in a local change of density. The
colder fluid creating convection currents would replace the warmer fluid. These currents originate when a
body force (gravitational, centrifugal, electrostatic etc) acts on a fluid in which there are density gradients.
The force, which induces these convection currents, is called a buoyancy force that is due to the presence
of a density gradient with in the fluid and a body force. The phenomenon of convection is governed by
Newton’s law Q  h A Tw  T 
Grashoffs number a dimensionless quantity plays a very important role in natural convection process. A
correlation consisting of Nusselt’s number, Prandtl number and Grashoff’s number is used to determine
the heat transfer coefficient , ‘h’, and hence rate of heat transfer is determined. The general correlation of
non-dimensional number will be of the form: N u  C Pr m Gr n
The coefficients C, m and n are determined from the Heat Transfer table, which depends on the product of
Pr and Gr.
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the tube in the vertical position.

2. Switch on MCB and then CONSOLE ON switch.
3. Switch on the heater and set the voltage (say 40V) using heater regulator and the digital voltmeter.
6. Note down the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
7. Calculate the convection heat transfer co-efficient using the procedure given below.
8. Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs and also for horizontal position with different heat
inputs.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Diameter of the tube, D = 38mm
Length of the tube, L = 500mm
TABULAR COLUMN:
Heater
Sl. Temperatures C
Position Input, KW
No. T1 T2 T3 T4 Q
FORMULAS:
Practical Approach:
T1  T2  T3  T4
1. Average surface Temperature of test specimen, Tave 
4
2. Surface area of the tube A  DL m2
Where, D  Diameter of the tube in m
L  Length of the tube in m
Q
3. Convective heat transfer coefficient, hP  W/m2  K
A Tave  Ta 
Ta = Ambient air temperature
Theoretical Approach:
T1  T2  T3  T4
1. Average surface Temperature of test specimen, Tave 
4
Tavg  Ta
2
1
4. Coefficient of thermal expansion,   1/K
T f  273
5. Grashoff Number,
a) Test Specimen in Vertical position
 gL3 Tave  Ta 
Gr 
V2
b) Test Specimen in Horizontal position

 gD 3 Tave  Ta 
Gr 
V2
c) Test Specimen in Inclined position

g L sin   Tave  Ta 
3
Gr 
V2
6. Nusselt Number, N u  0.1Gr Pr 

0.33
7. Heat transfer coefficient

a) Test Specimen in Vertical position

N K
ht  u W/m 2  K
L
b) Test Specimen in Horizontal position

N K
ht  u W/m 2  K
D
c) Test Specimen in Inclined position

N K
ht  u W/m 2  K
L sin
RESULT:
Convective heat transfer coefficient

By Practical Approach = ___________W/m2-K
By Theoretical Approach = ___________W/m2-K
EXPERIMENT - 5
FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
OBJECTIVE: Heat transfer by forced convection is a common problem, and so it is important to be able
to successfully model it. Modeling forced convection for a rod transferring heat to air is the subject of this
experiment
AIM: To determine heat transfer coefficient and rate of heat transfer in the case of forced convection.
DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of :Heat exchanger tube made of copper which is thermally
insulated outside to prevent heat transfer losses to the atmosphere. Band heaters of 500 watts capacity.
Heater regulator to regulate power input to the heater. Digital Voltmeter and Ammeter to measure power
input to the heater. Thermocouples at suitable position to measure the temperatures of body and the air.
Digital Temperature Indicator with channel selector to measure the temperatures. Blower unit to circulate
air at high velocity. Orifice meter and manometer to measure the air flow rate from the blower. A control
valve is provided to regulate the air flow. Control panel to house all the instrumentation.
THEORY: Convection is a mode of heat transfer in which energy transfer takes place between the high
temperature region to low temperature region due to molecular motion and macroscopic motion of fluid.
If the motion of fluid is induced by some external means such as a pump or blower, then the
heat transfer process is known as “Forced Convection”.
The Newton’s law of cooling in convective heat transfer is given by,
Q  hAT 
Where Q  Heat teans fer rate in Watts
A  Surface area of heat flow in m 2
h  Heat teans fer coefficient in W/m 2  K

T  Overall temperature difference between th e wall and fluid in o C
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the MCB and then console on switch to activate the control panel.
2. Switch on the blower unit first and adjust the flow of air using wheel valve of blower to a desired
difference in manometer.
3. Switch on the heater and set the voltage (say 80V) using the heater regulator and digital voltmeter.
4. Wait for reasonable time to allow temperatures to reach steady state.
5. Measure the voltage, current and temperatures from T1 to T6 at known time interval.
6. Calculate the convective heat transfer co-efficient using the procedure given.
7. Repeat the experiment for different values of power input to the heater and blower air flow rates.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Diameter of orifice, do=25mm
Coefficient of discharge, Cd =0.62
TABULAR COLUMN:
Manometer
Reading, m of HEAT INPUT Air
water Surface
SL temperature, C
No. Temperature, C
H1 H2 V I
T1 T5
T2 T3 T4
1.
2.
3.
4.
FORMULAS:
Practical Approach
T2  T3  T4
1. Average surface Temperature of test specimen, Ts 
3
2. Surface area of the tube A  DL m2
Where, D  Diameter of the tube in m
L  Length of the tube in m
Q
3. Convective heat transfer coefficient, hP  W/m2  K
A Tave  Ta 
Ta = Ambient air temperature
Theoretical Approach:
T2  T3  T4
1. Average surface Temperature of test4specimen, Ts 
3
T1  T5
2. Mean temperature of water, Tm 
2
T T
3. Bulk mean temperature, Tb  s m
2
4. Properties of air from Data Hand Book at Tb  ____O C
hw  w
5. Head of causing flow, ha  m of air
a
6. Volume flow rate of air, Va  Cd ao 2 gha m3 / s
Va
7. Velocity of air, V  m/s
A
VD
8. Reynolds Number, Re 

9. Nusselt Number, N u  0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.4
Nu K
10. Heat transfer coefficient, ht  W/m 2  K
D
RESULT:
Convective heat transfer coefficient
By Practical Approach = ___________W/m2-K
By Theoretical Approach = ___________W/m2-K
EXPERIMENT - 6
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE EMISSIVITY
OBJECTIVE: Conduction and convection are heat transfer mechanisms involving a material medium
through which energy travels. However, energy can also be transferred through a region in which a perfect
vacuum exists. This mechanism or mode of energy transfer is commonly called electromagnetic
radiation. All radiation is propagated at the speed of light in a vacuum in this experiment an attempt is
made to measure the emmissivity of a gray body
AIM: The experiment is conducted to determine the emmissivity of the non – black surface and compare
with the black body.
DESCRIPTION: The setup consists of: 200mm diameter two copper plates one surface blackened to get
the effect of the black body and other is plated to give the effect of the gray body. Both the plates with
mica heaters are mounted on the ceramic base covered with chalk powder for maximum heat transfer. Two
Thermocouples are mounted on their surfaces to measure the temperatures of the surface and one more to
measure the enclosure/ambient temperature. This complete arrangement is fixed in an acrylic chamber for
visualization. Temperatures are indicated on the digital temperature indicator with channel selector to
select the temperature at the required point. Regulators are provided to the heater to control and monitor
the heat input to the system with voltmeter and ammeter for direct measurement of the heat inputs. The
heater controller is made of complete aluminum body having fuse. With this, the setup is mounted on a
frame with control panel to monitor all the processes. The control panel consists of mains on indicator,
Aluminum body heater controllers, change over switches, digital temperature indicator with channel
selector, digital voltmeter and ammeter for measurement of power and other necessary instrumentation.
The whole arrangement is mounted on the single bench considering all safety.
THEORY: Radiation is one of the modes of heat transfer, which does not require any material medium
for its propagation. All bodies can emit radiation & have also the capacity to absorb all or a part of the
radiation coming from the surrounding towards it. The mechanism is assumed to be electromagnetic in
nature and is a result of temperature difference. Thermodynamic considerations show that an ideal radiator
or black body will emit energy at a rate proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the
body. Other types of surfaces such as glossy painted surface or a polished metal plate do not radiate as
much energy as the black body , however the total radiation emitted by these bodies still generally follow
the fourth power proportionality. To take account of the gray nature of such surfaces, the factor called
emmissivity   , which relates the radiation of the gray surface to that of an ideal black surface, is used.
The emissivity of the surface is the ratio of the emissive power of the surface to the emissive power of the
black surface at the same temperature. Emissivity is the property of the surface and depends upon the
nature of the surface and temperature.
PROCEDURE:
1. Give necessary electrical connections and switch on the MCB and switch on the console on to
activate the control panel.
2. Switch On the heater of the black body and set the voltage (say 30V) using the heater regulator and
digital voltmeter.
3. Switch On the heater of the Gray body and set the voltage (say 30V) using the heater regulator and
digital voltmeter.
4. Observe temperatures of the black body and test surface in close time intervals and adjust power
input to the test plate heater such that both black body and test surface temperatures are same.
5. Wait until steady state is attained.
6. Note down the temperatures at different points and also the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
7. Tabulate the readings and calculate the surface emmissivity of the non–black surface.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Diameter of black body, Db = 173mm
Diameter of gray body, Dg = 173mm
TABULAR COLUMN:
Heater input Temperature, C Ambient

Temperature of
Sl. Black Gray
Black body Gray body Enclosure oC
No. body body
Voltage, Current Voltage Current
‘v’ ‘I’ ‘v’ ‘I’ T1 T2 T3
volts Amps volts amps
1
FORMULAS:
1. Heat input to the black body, Q B  V B  I B Watts

2. Heat Input To The Gray Body, QG  V G  I G Watts
πd 2
3. Area of the test specimen, A  m2
4
QB  QG 
4. Emissivity of gray body  G  1 

  A  T1  T24
4

RESULT
The emmissivity of the gray body is  G = ________.
EXPERIMENT - 7
STEFAN BOLTZMAN’S APPARATUS
OBJECTIVE: Conduction and convection are heat transfer mechanisms involving a material medium
through which energy travels. However, energy can also be transferred through a region in which a perfect
vacuum exists. This mechanism or mode of energy transfer is commonly called electromagnetic
radiation. All radiation is propagated at the speed of light in a vacuum in this experiment an attempt is
made to measure the emmissivity of a gray body
AIM : To Determine Stefan Boltsman Constant.
DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of Copper hemispherical enclosure with insulation. Stainless
Steel jacket to hold the hot water. Over head water heater with quick release mechanism and the
thermostat to generate required amount of heat and to dump the hot water. Heater regulator to supply the
regulated power input to the heater. Thermocouples at suitable position to measure the surface
temperatures of the absorber body. Digital Temperature Indicator with channel selector to measure the
temperatures. Control panel to house all the instrumentation.
THEORY: The most commonly used relationship in radiation heat transfer is the Stefan Boltzman’s law
which relates the heat transfer rate to the temperatures of hot and cold surfaces.

Q   A TH4  TC4 
Where,
Q = rate of heat transfer, watts
 = Stefan Boltzman’s constant = 5.669 108 W / m2 K 4
A = Surface area, m²
T H = Temperature of the hot body, K
TC = Temperature of the cold body, K
The above equation is applicable only to black bodies (for example a piece of metal covered with carbon
black approximates this behavior) and is valid only for thermal radiation. Other types of bodies (like a
glossy painted surface or a polished metal plate) do not radiate as much energy as the black body but still
the total radiation emitted generally follow temperature proportionality.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill water slowly into the overhead water heater.

2. Switch on the supply mains and console.
3. Switch on the heater and regulate the power input using the heater regulator. (say 60 – 85 C)
4. After water attains the maximum temperature, open the valve of the heater and dump
5. to the enclosure jacket.
6. Wait for about few seconds to allow hemispherical enclosure to attain uniform
7. temperature – the chamber will soon reach the equilibrium. Note the enclosure temperature.
8. Insert the Test specimen with the sleeve into its position and record the temperature at
9. different instants of time using the stop watch.
10. Plot the variation of specimen temperature with time and get the slope of temperature
11. versus time variation at the time t = 0 sec
12. Calculate the Stefan Boltzman’s constant using the equations provided.
13. Repeat the experiment 3 to 4 times and calculate the average value to obtain the better results.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Mass of disc, m = 4gms =0.004kg
Diameter of disc, d =15mm
Specific heat of the specimen, Cp = 410 J/Kg C
TABULAR COLUMN:
Enclosure Temperature, Te =
Initial Temperature of the specimen, Ts =
Time, t Time, t
Specimen Temperature, Ts Specimen Temperature, Ts
Sec Sec
5 40
10 45
15 50
20 55
25 60
30
FORMULAS:
dT
1. Slope calculated from graph.  _______ K / s
dt
d 2
2. Surface area of the test specimen, AD  m2
4
 dT 
m Cp 
3. Stefen Boltman’s constant,    dt  W/m 2  K 4

AD Te4  Ts4 
Where,
Te = Enclosure temperature, K
Ts= Initial temperature of the specimen, K
RESULT:
Stefan Boltzman’s constant is _______________ W/m 2  K 4
EXPERIMENT - 8
PARALLEL AND COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
OBJECTIVE: A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat from one fluid to another. There are
many different types of heat exchangers including shell-and-tube, cross flow, and double pipe. The
analysis of a double pipe heat exchanger is the subject of this experiment
AIM: To determine LMTD & Effectiveness of the heat exchanger under parallel and counter Flow
arrangement.
DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of concentric tubes. The inner tube is made of copper while the
outer tube is made of Stainless Steel. Insulation is provided with mica sheet and asbestos rope for effective
heat transfer. Provision has been made for hot air generation by means of three heaters (switched on
suitably for the convenience). Change - Over Mechanism is provided to change the direction of flow of
cold water in a single operation. ACRYLIC Rota meter of specific range is used for direct measurement of
cold water flow rate. ACRYLIC Manometer with orifice assembly is provided for the measurement of air
flow rate. Thermocouples are placed at appropriate positions which carry the signals to the temperature
indicator. A Digital Temperature indicator with channel selector is provided to measure the temperature.
The whole arrangement is mounted on an self sustained sturdy frame made of MS tubes with board control
panel. The control panel houses all the indicators, accessories and necessary instrumentations.
THEORY: Heat exchangers are devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another. The fluids
may be in direct contact with each other or separated by a solid wall. Heat Exchangers can be classified
based on its principle of operation and the direction of flow. The temperatures of the fluids change in the
direction of flow and consequently there occurs a change in the thermal head causing the flow of heat.
The temperatures profiles of the two fluids in parallel and counter flow show the trend of logarithmic
variations. Such kind of curve referred to as Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference curve (LMTD).
LMTD is less then the arithmetic mean temperature difference. So, it is always safer for the designer to use
LMTD so as to provide larger heating surface for a certain amount of heat transfer.
Ti  To
The general LMTD equation is given by
T
ln i
To
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON mains and the CONSOLE to activate the control panel.

2. Close the control valve of the blower and switch it on.
3. Slowly, open the control valve and set the flowrate of air.
4. Switch on the heaters*.
5. Start the cold water flow through the outer pipe.
6. Set the flow rate of the cold water (say 2 to 8 Lpm) using the rotameter of the cold water.
7. Set the exchanger for parallel or counter flow using the change over mechanism.
10. Note down the Manometer reading.
11. Note down the flow rate of the water.
12. Now, change the direction of flow for the same flow rates and repeat the steps 8 to 11.
13. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates of air and water.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Diameter of the orifice, do = 25mm
Coefficient of discharge, Cd = 0.62
TABULAR COLUMN:
Temperatures C Manometer Cold

reading in m Water,
Sl. Flow
No Direction ‘C’
T1 T2 T3 T4 H=
h1 h2 LPM
h1±h2
NOTE:
T1 = Hot water inlet temperature.
T2 = Hot water outlet temerature.
T3 = Cold water inlet temperature (in case of parallel flow)
Cold water outlet temperature (in case of counter flow)
T4 = Cold water outlet temperature (in case of parallel flow)
Cold water inlet temperature (in case of counter flow)
FORMULAS:
PARALLEL FLOW
2. Mass flow rate of air, ma   aVa kg / s
3. heat transfer rate from hot air, Qh  ma C pa(T1  T2 ) Watts
4. heat transfer rate to water, Qw  mwC pw(T3  T4 ) Watts
Qh  Qc
5. Heat transfer rate, Q  Watts
2
ρ h
6. Air head causing flow, ha  w w m of air
ρa
TI  TO
7. Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference , LMTD  o
C
 TI 
Ln  
 T O 
Q
8. Over all heat transfer coefficient, U o  W/m 2 K
AxLMTD 
9. Effectiveness of heat exchanger
Experimental Approach
Based on Cold fluid is if Cw  Ca
T T 
 exp   co ci  if C w  Ca
 Thi  Tci 
Based on Hot fluid is if Ca  Cw
T T 
εexp   hi ho  if C a  C w
 Thi  Tci 
Theoretical Approach
1  e  NTU (1 R )
 th 
1 R
Uo A
Number of transfer units, NTU 
Cmin
Cmin
R
Cmax
Cmin = minimum of Cw or Ca and Cmax = maximum of Cw or Ca
  
10. Percentage Error in Effectiveness, % Error in    th exp   100
  th 
COUNTER FLOW

2. Mass flow rate of air, ma   aVa kg / s
3. heat transfer rate from hot air, Qh  ma C pa(T1  T2 ) Watts
4. heat transfer rate to water, Qw  mwC pw(T3  T4 ) Watts
Qh  Qc
5. Heat transfer rate, Q  Watts
2
ρ h
6. Air head causing flow, ha  w w m of air
ρa
TI  TO
7. Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference , LMTD  o
C
 TI 
Ln  
 T O 
Q
8. Over all heat transfer coefficient, U o  W/m 2 K
AxLMTD 
9. Effectiveness of heat exchanger
Experimental Approach
Based on Cold fluid is if Cw  Ca
T T 
 exp   co ci  if C w  Ca
 Thi  Tci 
Based on Hot fluid is if Ca  Cw
T T 
εexp   hi ho  if C a  C w
 Thi  Tci 
Theoretical Approach
1  e  NTU (1 R )
 th 
1  Re  NTU (1 R )
Uo A
Number of transfer units, NTU 
Cmin
Cmin
R
Cmax
Cmin = minimum of Cw or Ca and Cmax = maximum of Cw or Ca
  
10. Percentage Error in Effectiveness, % Error in    th exp   100
  th 
RESULT:
The overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of Parallel flow heat exchanger is _____________
W/m0K and _____________ respectively.
The overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness Counter flow heat exchanger is _____________
W/m0K and _____________ respectively
EXPERIMENT - 9
CONDENSATION APPARATUS
AIM: To determine overall heat transfer coefficient (UO),steam side film coefficient (hS), cold fluid heat
transfer coefficient (hI). To draw Wilson’s plot and hence calculate the value of Hi, theoretical from
graph. (Optional).
DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consists of: Heat exchanger tube made of copper which is placed inside
the GLASS CHAMBER of dimension 100 x 200mm. Steam Generator with necessary fittings and
accessories to generate and supply the steam. Rota meter to directly measure the flow rate of the water into
the condensate tube. Centrifugal, Mono block Pump, with control valves and by-pass to regulate the flow
of water through the condenser tube. Thermocouples at suitable position to measure the temperatures of
body and the air. Digital Temperature Indicator with channel selector to measure the temperatures. Control
panel to house all the instrumentation. With this the whole arrangement is mounted on an self-sustained
MS powder coated frame with a separate control panel.
THEORY: Condensation is the process of change of state from vapour to liquid. Condensation occurs on
a surface when the vapour saturation temperature is higher than the temperature of surface. The
temperature of the condensate so formed will be less than the saturation temperature of the vapour and
becomes sub-cooled. More vapour starts condensing on the exposed surface or on the previous condensate,
since the temperature of the previous condensate is lower.
The phenomenon of condensation heat transfer is more complex, which involves change of phase and
additional characteristics / variables that control the condensation process.
There are two basic types of condensation - Film Condensation and Dropwise Condensation.
Film Condensation : When the condensate tends to “wet” the surface, then it is called “film
condensation”. In this process, the liquid condensate distributes itself as a continuous thin film on the
cooled surface. This happens when the surface tension between the liquid and the solid material is
sufficiently small for example, condensation of steam on a clean metallic surface, when the surface is
clean and grease / oil free.
In film condensation, heat transfer from the vapour to the cooling surface takes place through the
condensate film formed on the surface. As the new condensate formed joins the film existing on the
surface, the film thickness increases. The heat is transferred from the vapour to the condensate by
convection and further from condensate to the surface by conduction. This combined mode of heat transfer
by conduction and convection reduce the rate of heat transfer in film condensation process. Hence, the rate
of heat transfer is lower in film condensation (as compared to dropwise condensation).
Dropwise Condensation :When the condensate does not wet the surface, it forms the droplets on the
surface, it is known as “dropwise condensation”. When the surface tension is large, the condensate
coalesces into a multitude of droplets of different sizes. With time, each droplet grows as more vapour
condenses on its exposed surface. The formation of each droplet is initiated at a point of surface
imperfection (pit, scratch, etc.) and such sites are called “nucleation sites”. At some time, the tangential
pull of gravity, or sheer force exerted by the vapour stream, dislodges the droplet and carries it
downstream. The moving droplet devours the smaller droplets in its path, thereby creating a clean trail
ready for the generation of new droplets of smaller sizes. This surface renewal process occurs periodically
as the droplets accumulate and grow in size. Since the condensation rate is the highest in the absence of
condensate on the surface, the periodic cleaning performed by the large drops renews finite size regions of
the surface for the restart of the condensation. This surface renewal process is the main reason why
dropwise condensation is a highly effective heat transfer mechanism. The heat transfer coefficient is
roughly ten times greater than the corresponding condensation in the form of thin film.
In the design of condensers, whose function is to cool a vapour stream and to convert it into liquid, there is
a great advantage to promote the breakup of the condensate into droplets. This can be achieved by :
 Coating the solid surface with an organic substance like wax, oil, oleic acid, etc.
 Injecting non-wetting chemicals into the vapour, which get deposited on the surface of the
condenser.
 Coating the surface with a polymer of low surface energy like teflon, silicone, etc. or with a noble
metal like gold,silver, etc.
The mechanism of dropwise condensation is complex because of its intermittent time dependent character,
effect of surface tension (due to drop size and shape) and the uncertainty associated with the location of
nucleation sites and the time when the largest droplet will start its downstream movement. Hence, a
unifying theory of dropwise condensation has not been developed.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill water slowly into the water tank and steam generator.
2. Switch on the supply mains and console.
3. Switch on the heater of steam generator to generate the steam.
4. Once the steam is generated follow the steps below.
5. Open the inlet valve and allow the cold fluid to flow through the condenser.
6. Adjust the flow rate of cold fluid to minimum.
7. Open the steam inlet valve and keep steam pressure constant (say 0 .2kg/cm²) throughout the
experiment.
8. After cold fluid temperature becomes steady state, note down the inlet temperature, out let
temperature and flowrate of cold fluid and also note down the volume of condensate collected at the
given time interval(say 1min).
9. Keeping steam pressure constant take 4 – 5 readings for different cold fluid flow rate from minimum
to maximum.
10. Repeat the experiment at another constant steam pressure Say, (0.3kg/cm²).
SPECIFICATIONS:
Inner diameter of the tube, di = 30mm
Outer diameter of the tube, do = 40mm
TABULAR COLUMN:
Cold fluid
Steam temperature Flow rate of cold
Sl. Condensation
No.
pressure. C wall temp (Ts)
fluid‘V’
‘P’ kg/cm² Twi Two Lpm
FORMULAS:
Film wise Condensation

ρwV  10 3
1. Mass flow rate of water, mw  kg /s
60
2. Heat transfer, Q  mwC pw Two  Twi  Watts
TA  TB
3. Log mean temperature difference, LMTD  o
C
 T 
ln A 
 TB 
Where TA  Ts  Twi  & TB  Ts  Two 
πd 2
4. Flow area, A 
4
Q
5. Heat transfer coefficient U  W/m 2 K
A  LMTD 
Drop wise Condensation
ρwV  10 3
1. Mass flow rate of water, mw  kg /s
60
2. Heat transfer, Q  mwC pw Two  Twi  Watts
TA  TB
3. Log mean temperature difference, LMTD  o
C
 T 
ln A 
 TB 
Where TA  Ts  Twi  & TB  Ts  Two 
πd 2
4. Flow area, A 
4
Q
5. Heat transfer coefficient U  W/m 2 K
A  LMTD 
RESULT: Overall heat transfer coefficient for filmwise and dropwise condensations is ____________
and _____________ respectively
EXPERIMENT - 10
VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION TEST RIG
AIM: To demonstrate the working of vapour compression refrigeration system and calculate its capacity
and performance.
DESCRIPTION: The Refrigeration system consists of: REFRIGERANTR-134 A is used as a medium to

undergo vapour compression cycle COMPRESSOR Reciprocating type, capacity1/3 HP, Kirloskar make,
used to compress refrigerant vapour at low pressure from the evaporator to a higher pressure at the
condenser inlet CONDENSER Is a heat exchanger equipment to condense refrigerant vapor at higher
temperature to a liquid COOLING FAN Provided to blow atmospheric air on the condenser to assist
cooling of refrigerant in the condenser THROTTLE VALVE Provided to facilitate expansion of high
pressure liquid refrigerant to a low pressure liquid-vapor mixture at constant enthalpy CAPILLARY
TUBE Performs the same function as the throttle valve. It is a fixed length small bore transparent tubing
installed between condenser and evaporator – used to demonstrate the working of the throttle valve.
During the refrigeration experiment, either the throttle valve or the capillary tube will be used. Switching
can be realized by suitable connecting / valve system. EVAPORATOR Is a chamber where cooling takes
place because of evaporation of evaporation of liquid – vapor refrigerant at low temperature and pressure.
It consists of a metallic bowl having grooves below the surface through which the refrigerant flows while
evaporation DIGITAL PRESSURE INDICATORS Provided to measure of the refrigerant at compressor
inlet and compressor outlet
THEORY: Refrigeration is a process by which the temperature of a given space is reduced below that of
the atmosphere or surroundings. Refrigeration can be realized by several methods, for example, Ice
refrigeration, dry ice Refrigeration, evaporative refrigeration, air Refrigeration, vapour compression
Refrigeration etc. the modern Refrigeration used the vapour compression method. In this method, a closed
system the (refrigerant) experiences a thermodynamic cycle; by virtue of doing network on the system in
such a cycle, it is possible to extract heat from a low temperature source (the Refrigeration space) and to
reject heat to a higher temperature sink (the atmosphere or cooling water)
Fig. (1) shows the schematic of the vapour compression machine. The thermodynamic cycle in
temperature- entropy (T-S) and enthalpy entropy (H-S) diagrams are shown in fig.(2). The cycle consists
of the following processes
The “co-efficient of performance” (COP) is defined as the ratio of the refrigeration obtained to the net
work done on the system in the cycle:
W
COP 
Q1
The actual co-efficient of performance must take into account the effect of irreversibility in the individual
processes as well as heat losses to or heat gain from the surroundings through the walls of interconnecting
piping.
The capacity of the refrigerator is the rate at which heat can be extracted from the cold body, or in other
words, is the rate at which refrigeration is produced. It is expressed in “tons of refrigeration”. A ton of
refrigeration is defined as 80,000 K.Cal in 24 hour period. This is the rate of refrigeration obtained when a
ton of ordinary ice is melted in 24 hour period, assuming that the latent heat of fusion is 80 K.Cal/kg. in
actual practice, one ton of refrigeration is taken as equivalent to 50 K.Cal/min or 3000 K.Cal/hr. the horse
power input –per ton of refrigeration in terms of refrigeration in terms of co-efficient of performance of the
4.715
refrigerator is given by. HP / TON 
COP
TABULAR COLUMN:
TEMPERATURE, C POWER, Pressure, Bar

Sl. No ‘P’ Watts
P1 P2
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T5
(low) (high)
Note:
h1 is obtained for Temperature T1 and Pressure P1
h3 is obtained for Pressure P2

h4 = h3
FORMULAS:
h -h 
1. Coefficient of Performance, COP   1 3 
 h 2 - h1 
Where,
h1 = Enthalpy of the refrigerant at exit of the evaporator.
h2 = Enthalpy of the refrigerant at exit of the compressor.
h3 = Enthalpy of the refrigerant at exit of the condenser.
h4 = Enthalpy of the refrigerant at exit of the throttle valve/capillary tube.
The values of enthalpies of the refrigerant at different states are obtained from pressure-enthalpy chart
provided
RESULT
The Co-efficient of Performance of given refrigeration is ____________.
EXPERIMENT – 11
AIR CONDITIONING TEST RIG
AIM: To demonstrate the working of air conditioning system and To demonstrate cooling, heating and
humidification processes.
DESCRIPTION: Fig (1) shows the schematic of the set – up. Consists of a cooling coil which is a part of
the vapour compression refrigeration system working on Freon – 22. in the upstream and downstream of
the cooling coil, heaters are provided to heat air either at the upstream or the downstream of the cooling
coil. A steam generator is provided to increase humidity of air. The system is provided to increase
humidity of air. The system is provided with fans, air duct and valve system to circulate air over the
cooling coil and heater and to operate the system in both closed and open cycle . the system is
instrumented with thermometers, digital humidity indicators, pressure indictors and wind velocity
indicators to determine the state of air – moisture mixture during the operation of the air conditioning
system. Following are the important components:
Cooling coil of the vapour compression refrigeration system consisting of Compressor condenser, throttle /
capillary tube, pressure and temperature Indicators with selector switch and power meter. The system
works on Freon-22 Air Heaters - 2 set (3 Nos. of 500 W each) Steam generator which consists of
immersion type heating coil Suction fan (2 Nos) Valve system to change the system to perform in both
closed and open Duct system with a window (close / open) Wind Anemometer to measure air velocity in
the duct Wet Bulb & Dry Bulb Temperatures (2 Nos) placed before and after evaporator / cooling coil.
Temperature indicator with selector switch to measure air temperature upstream of cooling coil and
downstream of post heater.Energy meters (2 Nos) for compressor and downstream of compressor Pressure
gauges – at both upstream and downstream of compressor Pressure switches to limit pressures upstream
and downstream of compressor Thermostat to limit negative temperatures in the cooling coil
THEORY: The science of air conditioning deals with maintaining a desirable internal air conditions
irrespective of external atmospheric conditions. The factors involved in any air conditioning installation
are :
Temperature
Humidity
Air movement and circulation
Air filtering, cleaning and purification
The simultaneous control of these factors within the required limits is essential for human comfort or for
any industrial application of the air conditioning system.
In any air conditioning system, temperature and humidity are controlled by thermodynamic processes.
Depending on the session, the air conditioning processes. Involve cooling, heating, humidification and
dehumidification of air. Other aspects such as air movements, circulations, purification, etc. are obtained
by installing suitable fans, blowers, ducting and filters.
This equipment is designed to demonstrate different air conditioning processes such as cooling, heating,
humidification, etc. required for different season of the year.
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS :
Dry Air Mechanical mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.
Moist Air Mixture of dry air and water vapour.
Saturated Air Is such a mixture of dry air and water vapour when the air has diffused the maximum
amount of water vapour into it.
Degree of Saturation Is the ratio of actual mass of water vapour in a unit mass of dry air to the mass of
water vapour in the same mass of Dry air when it is saturated at the same temperature and Pressure.
Humidity Is the mass of water vapour present in 1 Kg of dry air expressed in gm per Kg of dry air
Absolute humidity Is the mass of water vapour present in 1 m³ of dry air, gm per cubic meter of dry air
Relative Humidity Is the ratio of actual mass of water vapour in volume of moist air to the mass of water
vapour in the same volume of saturated air at the same temperature and pressure.
Dry bulb temperature Is the temperature of air recorded by a thermometer when it is not affected by the
moisture present in the air.
Wet Bulb Temperature Is the temperature of the air recorded by a thermometer when its bulb is
surrounded by a wet cloth exposed to the Air
Psychrometer Is an instrument containing dry bulb thermometer and wet bulb thermometer. The
difference in the readings of these two thermometers gives the relative humidity of the air surrounding the
Psychrometer.
PROCEDURE:
The following are the operational procedures for different cycles:
OPEN CYLCE – COOLING

Switch –ON the mains and the console
Open the window and set the valve to work the Air Conditioning system in the open cycle operation
Switch –ON the thermostat, keep at maximum
Switch –ON all switches
Switch –ON the compressor of the refrigeration unit. The cooling coil temperature begins to fall.
Switch –ON the suction fans
Switch –ON pre-heater
Observe temperatures (T5 and T6) at the inlet and out let of the Air Conditioning unit till fairly steady
state is reached
Note the following:
T1 = Temperature of refrigeration after Evaporator or inlet to compressor (ºC)

T2 = Temperature of refrigeration after Compressor (ºC)
T3 = Temperature of refrigeration after Condensation (ºC)
T4 = Temperature of refrigeration after throttle / Capillary tube (ºC)
T5 = Air inlet Temperature, before cooling coil (ºC)
T6 = Air outlet Temperature, after cooling coil and post heater (ºC)
HP = Pressure, high power side PSI

LP = Pressure, low pressure side PSI
V = Air velocity from wind Anemometer
Pc = Power input to the compressor
Ph = Power input to the heater
Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures before and after cooling coil and find relative humidity from chart
i = Relative humidity of air at inlet (%)
o = relative humidity of air at outlet (%)
CLOSED CYCLE – COOLING

Repeat the above procedure (as mentioned in A) with the following changes:
Window closed.
Valve in Close cycle position to facilitate circulation of air inside the Duct system
Additional fan Switched –OFF.
Note all parameters as mentioned in A (9)
HUMIDIFICATION – OPEN CYCLE OPERATION

Repeat the above procedure (as mentioned in A) with the following:
Open the window, position the valve accordingly.
Switch- ON both fans
Switch – ON both pre –heater and post heater.
Switch –ON steam Note generator
SIMULATION OF WINTER AIR CONDITIONING – OPEN CYCLE OPERATION

Repeat the above procedure (as mentioned in A)with the following:
Open the Window, position the valve accordingly.
Switch –ON both fans
Switch –ON post heater only (switch – OFF Pre-heater and steam generator)
TABULAR COLUMN:
Time for Energy Pressure, Bar

Sl. TEMPERATURE, C meter reading for 5
No revolution
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Compressor Heater P1 (low) P2 (high)
1
2
Note:
T1 to T4 indicates Refrigeration Cycle
T5 & T6 indicate Air conditioner
Note;
h3 is obtained for Pressure P2
h4 = h3
FORMULAS:
h -h 
1. Coefficient of Performance, COP   1 3 
 h 2 - h1 
3600 t n
2. Power input to compressor COP = Pc 
kT
Where,
n = No. of revolutions of energy meter (Say 5)
K = Energy meter constant = 750 revs/kW - hr
T = time for 5 rev. of energy meter in seconds
 t = efficiency of belt transmission = 80%
3600n
3. Power input to compressor COP = Ph 
k hT
Where,
n = No. of revolutions of energy meter (Say 5)
K h = Energy meter constant = 750 revs/kW - hr
T = time for 5 rev. of energy meter in seconds
RESULT
The Co-efficient of Performance ____________.

Heat Transfer LAB MANUAL

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HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY

For B.E. Mechanical VI Semester Students

Mr. Ashwatha K. R. N.A.C., (D.M.E.)

Sl. No. Topic Page No.

3 Determination of Thermal Conductivity of a Metal Rod. 6

Determination of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of a

Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient in a free Convection

10 Determination of Steffan Boltzmann Constant 27

Determination of LMDT and Effectiveness in a Parallel Flow and

13 Performance Test on a Vapour Compression Refrigeration 39

14 Performance Test on a Vapour Compression Air - Conditioner 42

No. of Practical Hrs./ Week : 03 Exam Hours : 03

Total No. of Practical Hrs. : - Exam Marks : 100

Scheme for Examination:

Sl. No. Equipments

1 Thermal Conductivity of Metal Rod Apparatus

2 Composite Wall Apparatus

3 Pin Fin Apparatus

4 Natural convection Apparatus

5 Forced convection Apparatus

7 Stefan Boltzmann Constant Apparatus

8 Parallel Flow and Counter Flow Heat Exchangers Apparatus

9 Condensation of Vapour Apparatus

10 Vapour Compression Refrigeration Apparatus

11 Air – Conditioning Apparatus

1. Please wear uniform and safety shoes while conducting experiments.

All quantitative results must be accompanied by proper units

1 Understand the fundamentals of conduction heat transfer process

2 Understand the fundamentals of convective heat transfer process

3 Understand the fundamentals of radiation heat transfer process

5 Analyze Refrigeration and Air conditioning performance

List of Reference books / URLs

THERMAL CONDUCIVITY OF METAL ROD

AIM: To determine the thermal conductivity of the given metal rod.

In the above equation,

k = Thermal conductivity of the material,

A = Area of heat flow normal to the surface, in m2.

1. Give necessary electrical and water connections to the instrument.

Water flow Water temperature, Surface Temperature of Metal Rod,

1 Cross Sectional Area of the Rod:

2 Mass flow rate of cooling water

3 Heat Transfer rate

4 Thermal Conductivity of the rod

Thermal Conductivity of the metal rod =___________W/m-K

HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL

AIM: To determine overall heat transfer coefficient of composite wall

Control panel instrumentation consists of:

 Digital Temperature Indicator with channel selector.

Length of rod, L=180mm

3 Overall heat transfer coefficient of Composite Wall:

Overall heat transfer coefficient of Composite Wall

a) By Practical Approach = _________________W/m2-K

HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH PIN-FIN

THEORY: A spine or pin-fin is an extended surface of cylindrical, rectangular, triangular or conical

TABULAR COLUMN: Forced Convection

Anemometer HEAT INPUT Air temperature,