Thin-Walled Structures 177 (2022) 109359

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Thin-Walled Structures
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Thermally nonlinear generalized thermoelasticity investigation of a

functionally graded thick hollow cylinder based on the finite difference
method
M. Homayouni a , M. Shariyat b , O. Rahmani a ,∗
a Smart Structures and Advanced Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
b Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: In the present paper, the propagation and reflection of the transient displacement, temperature, and stress
Generalized Lord–Shulman theory waves are numerically explored in a functionally graded thick-walled hollow cylinder, based on the Lord–
Nonlinear energy balance equation Shulman generalized thermoelectricity theory and using the finite difference method. The motion and
Functionally graded cylinder
thermoelastic energy balance equations are first established based on the dimensionless radial displacement and
Thermoelastic wave propagation
temperature fields. It is assumed that the elasticity modulus, Poisson’s ratio, mass density, thermal expansion
Newmark method
Finite difference method
coefficient, thermal conductivity coefficient, and specific heat follow power functions of the dimensionless
radius while the relaxation time is assumed to be constant within the FGM cylinder. Unlike many previous
studies in which the energy balance equation was linearized by assuming small temperature rises, the present
research accounts for the significant temperature variations and employs a nonlinear energy balance equation.
Nondimensional forms of energy balance and motion equations are derived by introducing dimensionless
quantities and discretized via the finite difference method. The Newmark method with constant average
acceleration was employed to solve the highly nonlinear equations found from the finite difference method.
Two different boundary conditions were used to investigate the propagation and reflection of the displacement,
temperature, and stress transient waves in the radial direction of the cylinder. The results revealed the variable
speed of the displacement wave and the significant role of the changes in the properties along the radius of
the cylinder and the boundary conditions in altering the results.

1. Introduction this effect is naturally felt in both deformation and temperature fields.
Therefore, some generalized thermoelastic theories were proposed to
The main reason behind the infinite speed of the temperature modify the heat transfer law. These theories include the Lord–Shulman
wave propagation in the classical thermoelasticity theory is utilizing (LS) [4], Green–Lindsay (GL) [5], and Green–Naghdi (GN) [6] gener-
the classical Fourier’s heat conduction law. In other words, the heat alized theories. The generalized thermoelasticity theories that predict
transfer equation in classical thermoelasticity is of a parabolic nature. finite thermal wave speeds are called the thermoelasticity theories
Therefore, according to this equation, if the elastic medium is subjected
with second sound effects. Lord–Shulman generalized thermoelasticity
to a thermal shock, its effects will be sensed in zero time throughout
theory can eliminate these complications by modifying Fourier’s heat
the body. This outcome is in contradiction with the physical sense
transfer equation by introducing the relaxation time and addition of a
and especially the available experimental results [1]. The infinite-speed
term related to the heat flux rate in Fourier’s heat conduction equation.
paradox of the classical heat conduction theory may be attributed to
neglecting the atomistic structure of the matter [2] and insufficient In Green–Lindsay’s theory, two relaxation times are introduced by
representation of the microstructural changes due to the temperature modifying the Duhamel–Neumann equations and the entropy density.
variations [3]. Besides the paradox of infinite propagation speeds, the Green and Naghdi have formulated three thermoelastic models for
classical dynamic thermoelasticity theory offers either unsatisfactory or homogeneous and isotropic materials [7], called the I, II, and III
poor descriptions of a solid’s response to a fast transient loading (say, models. When these theories are linearized, the model I is reduced
due to short laser pulses) and at low temperatures [1]. Indeed, like to the classical heat conduction theory. The linearized models II and
other diffusion phenomena, heat conduction cannot take place at an III predict the propagation of thermal waves with finite speed. The II
infinite speed. As the motion and energy balance equations are coupled, model excludes thermal energy dissipation [1].

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: omid.rahmani@znu.ac.ir (O. Rahmani).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2022.109359
Received 20 September 2021; Received in revised form 31 March 2022; Accepted 25 April 2022
Available online 6 June 2022
0263-8231/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M. Homayouni, M. Shariyat and O. Rahmani Thin-Walled Structures 177 (2022) 109359

Among the heterogeneous composite materials, functionally graded shocks by using Lord–Shulman’s generalized coupled thermoelasticity.
materials have been widely used due to their gradual changes in Oskouie et al. [30] explored the nonlinear thermal coupled thermo-
the material properties. Many stress analyses have been performed viscoelasticity of a single-layer based on Lord–Shulman theory, using
for functionally graded thick-walled cylinders, especially, on cylinders the GDQ numerical approach. Alibeigloo [31] explored the transient re-
under pure thermal loads. Some of these studies are based on multilayer sponse of sandwich cylindrical panels with functionally graded material
discretization approximations. Several researchers have performed elas- core under thermal shocks by employing the generalized coupled Lord–
todynamic and stress wave analyses on thick-walled cylinders made Shulman thermoelasticity theory. Using Lord–Shulman’s generalized
of special isotropic or anisotropic cylinders under dynamic pressures. thermoelasticity theory, Karimi and Kiani [32] examined the propaga-
Jane and Lee [8] investigated the couple thermoelasticity problem in a tion of heat, displacement, and stress waves in a functionally graded
multilayer cylinder under thermal loads. Based on the multilayer cylin- layer. In that research, the coupled equations of motion and energy
der approximation, Kim and Noda [9] explored the two-dimensional balance were generalized using the differential quadrature method,
axial transient heat transfer in hollow cylinders with infinite length which were then solved by the Newmark time method.
under temperature changes along the radial and axial directions. Ding The foregoing brief literature survey reveals that most of the ar-
and Wang [10] obtained transient thermoelastic solutions for hetero- ticles have used linear energy balance equations, ignoring the spatial
geneous and multilayer hollow cylinders with plane-strain conditions. variations of material properties. In this research, nonlinear energy
Tanigawa et al. [11] considered equations of transient thermoelasticity balance equations are established and solved by the finite-difference
of hollow cylinder and homogeneous isotropic in the coupled quasi- numerical method due to the local high-temperature changes within
static state. Bagri and Eslami [12] solved the governing equations of a the functionally graded cylinder. Effects of the changes in properties
functionally graded thick-walled cylinder with an infinite length whose along the radius of the cylinder on the responses are also investigated.
inner radius was under thermal shock using the Galerkin finite element The Newmark time marching method is employed to solve the resulting
method in the state-space framework. Bagri and Eslami [13] also highly nonlinear coupled time-dependent system of equations. Finally,
presented a new unified formulation for generalized coupled theories the propagation and reflection of the thermal, displacement, and stress
based on Lord–Shulman, Green–Lindsey, and Green–Naghdi models. waves are investigated numerically and graphically and comparisons
Santos et al. [14] conducted a thermal analysis on the functionally are made with the results of the homogeneous materials.
graded cylindrical shells subjected to transient thermal shocks using It is worth reminding that the theory of elasticity that may equally
a semi-analytic axial finite element model. Shariyat et al. [15–17] and identically be employed for both thin and thick cylinders, leads
numerically studied some aspects of the vibration and wave propa- to the exact results in contrast to the thin/membrane shell theories.
gation in functionally graded hollow thick-walled cylinders composed The thin/membrane shell theories are built on many simplifying as-
of temperature-dependent materials under thermomechanical loads. sumptions among them, neglecting the effect of the z/R term (where
Moreover, Shariyat [18] accomplished classical and nonlinear thermoe- z represents the distance from the mid-layer and R is the mid-radius
lasticity analyses for functionally graded cylinders with temperature- of the shell/cylinder) in the establishment of the strain and stress
dependent material properties under various thermomechanical shocks components and consequently, construction of the governing equations;
on their inner and outer surfaces using the Hermitian elements. Kothari an assumption that is called the Love–Timoshenko assumption [33].
and Mukhopadhyay [19] examined the thermo-mechanical interactions Therefore, when the elasticity formulation of a thick cylinder is em-
within a functionally graded hollow disk under various theories of ployed for a thin-walled cylinder, the resulting predictions become
generalized thermoelasticity. Nonlinear transient thermal stress anal- quite exact and the variations of the results may exactly be tracked
ysis in a cylinder with temperature-dependent properties under plate through the thickness in contrast to using results of the thin shell the-
strain conditions by finite element numerical method was the topic ories for thick cylinders that may sometimes lead to erroneous results.
of a study by Zenkour and Abbas [20]. Shen and Wang [21] ana- The pattern of the through-thickness variations of the thermoelastic
lyzed nonlinear bending in an FG cylindrical panel simply supported stress is the main factor that is associated with premature failure under
on an elastic base within a thermal environment. Heydarpour and thermomechanical shocks. Another more important hint is that since
Aghdam [22] used generalized coupled thermoelasticity based on Lord–
at the early extremely short time instances of the shock, some of the
Shulman theory to assess the transient thermoelastic behavior of an FG
layers are not aware of the imposed shock and thus are stress-free,
short-scaled conical shell under thermal shock with different boundary
the common theories of the thin shells cannot be used even for thin-
conditions whose material properties were graded along the radial
walled cylinders. In other words, the wave propagation phenomenon
direction. Kiani and Eslami [23] investigated an isotropic homoge-
cannot be tracked within a thin cylinder unless the formulations of the
neous disk using the Generalized Differential Quadrature numerical
thick cylinders are utilized. For this reason, it is intended in the present
and Newmark method considering the generalized thermoelasticity
research to verify that the proposed formulation and solution algorithm
based on Lord–Shulman theory. Moreover, the analysis of an isotropic
is exact and efficient even for thick cylinders. This hint guarantees that
homogeneous sphere was accomplished by Kiani and Eslami [24],
the outcomes be exact for thin or relatively thin/thick cylinders as well.
using GDQ numerical and Newmark time method in Lord–Shulman
generalized thermoelasticity theory. Kiani and Eslami conducted a
2. Governing equations
thermal analysis on an isotropic homogeneous layer in the framework
of Lord–Shulman’s generalized thermoelasticity theory [25]. In a study
by Bateni and Eslami [26], Fourier’s nonlinear heat transfer in coupled 2.1. Equation of motion
thermoelasticity for an isotropic layer was investigated by the nonlinear
energy equation. Alibeigloo [27] investigated the three-dimensional The axial movements of both ends of the thick-walled infinite-length
transient coupled thermoelastic response of simply-supported sand- cylinder shown in Fig. 1 are confined. Therefore, the cylinder exhibits
( )
wich rectangular plates with functionally graded material core based a plane-strain condition 𝜀𝑧𝑧 = 0 . In harmony with the geometry, the
on Lord–Shulman theory. Nikolarakis and Theotokoglou [28] numeri- cylindrical coordinates (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧) are used to analyze the problem. Due to
cally studied the transient displacement, temperature, and stress fields the symmetry of the body, the displacement field of the cylinder may
in an FG layer under highly uniform heat shock conditions based be described as:
on the Lord–Shulman model using the direct finite element method.
𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑟), 𝑣, 𝑤 = 0 (1)
Alibeigloo [29] also studied the transient response of a simply sup-
ported carbon-nanotube-reinforced composite rectangular plate with 𝑟 represents the radius of the cylinder (𝑎 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏) and (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) are
different patterns of carbon nano-tube distributions, under thermal the radial, circumferential, and axial displacements, respectively. The

2
M. Homayouni, M. Shariyat and O. Rahmani Thin-Walled Structures 177 (2022) 109359

Fig. 1. Geometric parameters of the functionally graded thick-walled cylinder.

radial variations of the thermoelastic properties of the material have 2.2. Energy equation
the following form:
Instead of using Fourier’s heat transfer equation, the Cattaneo–
(𝐸, 𝜈, 𝜌, 𝑘, 𝑐𝜀 , 𝛼) = (𝐸0 , 𝜈0 , 𝜌0 , 𝑘0 , 𝑐𝜀0 , 𝛼0 )r 𝜔0 (2) Vernotte equation that utilizes the relaxation time (𝜏0 ) concept is used
𝐸0 , 𝜈0 , 𝑘0 , 𝑐𝜀0 , 𝜌0 , and 𝛼0 are the modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, as follows [35]:
thermal conductivity, specific heat at constant strain, mass density, and 𝒒 + 𝜏◦ 𝒒̇ = −𝑘𝛁𝑻 (8)
thermal heat expansion coefficient at the reference ambient tempera-
where 𝑞 represents the heat flux. Eq. (8) can be reduced to the classical
ture of 𝑇0 , respectively. The 𝜔0 exponent is different for the different
Fourier heat transfer equation by setting 𝜏0 = 0. Based on the energy
quantities. Magnitudes of some material properties such as modulus of
balance equation in the absence of internal heat generation, the total
elasticity and mass density decrease by increasing temperature while
rate of thermal energy entering the body (rate of the specific heat flux)
properties such as heat expansion coefficient, Poisson’s ratio, thermal
𝑄̇ may be found from [36]:
conductivity, and specific heat grow with temperature rise. Based on
the temperature range of the problem, 𝜔0 is negative for the modu- 𝑄̇ = −𝛁 ⋅ 𝒒 (9)
lus of elasticity and density; a fact that indicates decreases in these Combining Eqs. (8) and (9) leads to:
properties with the temperature rise. For the Poisson’s ratio, specific
heat, thermal conductivity coefficient, and heat expansion coefficient, 𝛁 ⋅ 𝒒 + 𝜏0 𝛁 ⋅ 𝒒̇ = 𝛁 ⋅ (−𝑘𝛁𝑻 ) ⇒ −𝑄̇ − 𝜏0 𝑄̈ = −𝛁 ⋅ (𝑘𝛁𝑻 ) (10)
𝜔0 is a positive exponent that implies increases in these properties with According to the second law of thermodynamics for reversible processes
the temperature rise. 𝜔0 = 0 represents a homogeneous cylinder. The one has:
governing equation of motion of an axisymmetric FGM cylinder in the
plane-strain condition and the absence of body forces is: 𝛿𝑄 = 𝑇 𝑑𝑆 (11)

𝜕𝜎𝑟𝑟 𝜎𝑟𝑟 − 𝜎𝜃𝜃 𝜕2 𝑢 where 𝑆 is the entropy per unit volume has the following relation with
+ =𝜌 (3) the temperature and strain components [35]:
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑡2
( )
For a homogeneous isotropic body, the thermoelastic stress components 𝑇
𝑆 = 𝜌c𝜀 − 1 + 𝛽𝜀𝑖𝑖 (12)
may be related to the strain components as follows [34]: 𝑇0
( ) The rate-form of the second law of thermodynamics can be written as
𝜎𝑟𝑟 = (𝜆 + 2𝜇) 𝜀𝑟𝑟 + 𝜆𝜀𝜃𝜃 − 𝛽 𝑇 − 𝑇◦
( ) follows:
𝜎𝜃𝜃 = 𝜆𝜀𝑟𝑟 + (𝜆 + 2𝜇) 𝜀𝜃𝜃 − 𝛽 𝑇 − 𝑇◦ (4)
( ) ( ) 𝑄̇ = 𝑇 𝑆̇ (13)
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 𝜆 𝜀𝜃𝜃 + 𝜀𝑟𝑟 − 𝛽 𝑇 − 𝑇◦
In Eq. (4), 𝜆 and 𝜇 are Lame’s constants and 𝛽 represents the stress– where the entropy per unit mass Thus,
temperature coupling parameter. 𝑇̇
𝑆̇ = 𝜌c𝜀 + 𝛽 𝜀̇ 𝑖𝑖 (14)
𝐸𝜈 𝐸 𝐸𝛼 𝑇0
𝜆= , 𝜇=𝐺= , 𝛽 = 𝛼 (3𝜆 + 2𝜇) = (5)
(1 + 𝜈) (1 − 2𝜈) 2 (1 + 𝜈) 1 − 2𝜈 Combining Eqs. (3) and (14) leads to
𝐺 and 𝛼 are the shear modulus and the heat expansion coefficient, 𝜌c
𝑄̇ = 𝑇 (𝛽 𝜀̇ 𝑘𝑘 + 𝜀 𝑇̇ ) = 𝑇 𝛽 𝜀̇ 𝑘𝑘 + 𝜌c𝜀 𝑇̇
respectively. 𝑇 and 𝑇0 denote the absolute temperature and initial 𝑇 (15)
temperature corresponding to the initial stress-free condition of the 𝑄̈ = 𝑇̇ 𝛽 𝜀̇ 𝑘𝑘 + 𝑇 𝛽 𝜀̈ 𝑘𝑘 + 𝜌c𝜀 𝑇̈
cylinder. The strain components of the cylinder may be expressed in Substituting Eqs. (13) and (15) in Eq. (10), leads to the following energy
terms of the radial displacement as: balance equation for the functionally graded cylinder:
𝜕𝑢 𝑢 𝑇 𝛽(𝜀̇ 𝑟𝑟 + 𝜀̇ 𝜃𝜃 ) + 𝜌c𝜀 𝑇̇ + 𝜏0 𝑇̇ 𝛽(𝜀̇ 𝑟𝑟 + 𝜀̇ 𝜃𝜃 )
𝜀𝑟𝑟 = , 𝜀𝜃𝜃 = (6)
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 ( )
+ 𝜏0 𝑇 𝛽 𝜀̈ 𝑟𝑟 + 𝜀̈ 𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏0 𝜌𝑐𝜀 𝑇̈ − 𝑘,𝑟 𝑇,𝑟 − 𝑘𝑇,𝑟𝑟 (16)
By substituting Eqs. (4) and (6) into Eq. (3), the equation of motion
𝑘
may be obtained in terms of the radial displacement as: − 𝑇,𝑟 = 0
𝑟
( )
𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝑢 By utilizing Eq. (6), the energy balance equation can be expressed in
(𝜆 + 2𝜇),𝑟 + (𝜆 + 2𝜇)
2
+ 𝜆,𝑟 + 𝜆 −
2
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 terms of the radial displacement as:
( ) 𝜕𝑇 ( ) ( ) ( )
− 𝛽,𝑟 𝑇 − 𝑇0 − 𝛽 (7) 𝑇 𝛽 𝑢̇ ,𝑟 +
𝑢̇
+ 𝜏0 𝛽 𝑢̇ ,𝑟 +
𝑢̇ ̇
𝑇 + 𝜏0 𝑇 𝛽 𝑢̈ ,𝑟 +
𝑢̈
+ 𝜌c𝜀 𝑇̇ + 𝜌c𝜀 𝜏0 𝑇̈ − 𝑘,𝑟 𝑇,𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
(
2𝜇 𝜕𝑢 𝑢 ) (17)
𝑘
+ − = 𝜌𝑢̈ − 𝑘𝑇,𝑟𝑟 − 𝑇,𝑟 = 0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

3
M. Homayouni, M. Shariyat and O. Rahmani Thin-Walled Structures 177 (2022) 109359
[ ] 𝛽
1 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Therefore, the energy balance equation is a nonlinear one. For signif- 𝜎𝜃𝜃 = ( ) (𝜆 + 2𝜇) + 𝜆 − 𝜃
𝜆0 + 2𝜇0 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝛽0
icant temperature variations, Eq. (17) has to be used. Eq. (17) may
[ ] 𝛽
be linearized by first substituting the temperature term 𝑇 with an 𝜆 𝜕𝑢 𝑢
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = ( ) + − 𝜃 (26)
equivalent 𝑇0 + 𝛥𝑇 expression, as follows: 𝜆0 + 2𝜇0 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝛽0
( )
𝛥𝑇 𝛥𝑇̇ 𝛥𝑇̇ 4. Solving of motion and energy balance equations based on the
𝑇0 1 + 𝛽(𝜀̇ 𝑟𝑟 + 𝜀̇ 𝜃𝜃 ) + 𝜌c𝜀 𝑇0 + 𝜏0 𝛽(𝜀̇ 𝑟𝑟 + 𝜀̇ 𝜃𝜃 )
𝑇0 𝑇0 𝑇0 finite difference method
( )
𝛥𝑇 (18)
+ 𝜏0 𝑇 0 1 + 𝛽(𝜀̈ 𝑟𝑟 + 𝜀̈ 𝜃𝜃 )
𝑇0 The first- and second-order spatial derivatives with respect to the
𝑘 dimensionless radial coordinate of Eqs. (23) and (24) can be replaced
+ 𝜏0 𝜌c𝜀 𝑇̈ − 𝑘,𝑟 𝑇,𝑟 − 𝑘𝑇,𝑟𝑟 − 𝑇,𝑟 = 0
𝑟 by central difference expressions [37]. Accordingly, the thickness of the
( ) cylinder must first be discretized into a large number of nodes (𝑛) along
𝛥𝑇
The 1 + 𝑇 term of Eq. (18) represents the deviation of the current
0 the cylinder radius.
temperature of the body from the reference temperature. This term
𝑟 − 𝑟𝑖𝑛
can be ignored for sufficiently small deviations. Therefore, in this case, 𝑟𝑗 = 𝑟𝑖𝑛 + (𝑗 − 1) ℎ, ℎ = 𝑜𝑢𝑡 (27)
𝑛−1
Eq. (18) can be reduced to:
According to the central difference method, the first- and second-order
𝑘 derivatives can be replaced according to the following expressions:
𝑇0 𝛽(𝜀̇ 𝑟𝑟 + 𝜀̇ 𝜃𝜃 ) + 𝜏0 𝑇0 𝛽(𝜀̈ 𝑟𝑟 + 𝜀̈ 𝜃𝜃 ) + 𝜏0 𝜌c𝜀 𝑇̈ − 𝑘,𝑟 𝑇,𝑟 − 𝑘𝑇,𝑟𝑟 − 𝑇,𝑟 = 0 (19)
𝑟 ) )
𝜕2 𝜒 𝜒𝑗+1 − 2𝜒𝑗 + 𝜒𝑗−1 𝜕𝜒 𝜒𝑗+1 − 𝜒𝑗−1
Eq. (19) is a linearized energy balance equation that can only be used = , = (28)
2
𝜕𝑟 𝑟=𝑟𝑗 ℎ 2 𝜕𝑟 2ℎ
in small temperature rises. Derivatives of the material properties that 𝑟=𝑟𝑗

appeared in Eqs. (7), (17), and (19) may be computed based on Eq. (2) For nodes located at the inner and outer boundaries of the cylinder,
as follows: second-order forward and backward finite difference schemes must be
𝜕𝑃 used, respectively, instead:
= 𝛼0 𝑃𝑜 r (𝛼0 −1) (20) ) )
𝜕𝑟 𝜕2 𝜒 −𝜒4 + 4𝜒3 − 5𝜒2 + 2𝜒1 𝜕𝜒 −𝜒3 + 4𝜒2 − 3𝜒1
= , =
𝜕𝑟2 𝑟=𝑟𝑖𝑛 ℎ2 𝜕𝑟 𝑟=𝑟 2ℎ
3. Non-dimensional forms of the equations of motion and energy )
𝑖𝑛
)
balance 𝜕2 𝜒 −𝜒𝑛−3 + 4𝜒𝑛−2 − 5𝜒𝑛−1 + 2𝜒𝑛 𝜕𝜒
= ,
𝜕𝑟2 𝑟=𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡
ℎ2 𝜕𝑟 𝑟=𝑟
𝑜𝑢𝑡

The non-dimensional forms of the equations of motion and energy 𝜒 − 4𝜒𝑛−1 + 3𝜒𝑛
= 𝑛−2 (29)
balance can be derived by introducing the following dimensionless 2ℎ
parameters: The energy balance Eq. (24) may be rewritten into the following
( ) dimensionless form:
𝑟 𝑡𝜗 𝜏 𝜗 𝜆0 + 2𝜇0 𝑢 𝑇 − 𝑇0 )
𝑟̃ = , 𝑡̃ = , 𝜏̃0 = 0 , 𝑢̃ = , 𝜃= , )
𝜕2 𝜃 𝜕𝜃
𝓁 𝓁 𝓁 𝓁𝛽0 𝑇0 𝑇0 𝑀𝑗 + 𝑁𝑗 + 𝑋𝑗 𝜃𝑗 + 𝑄𝑗 𝜃̈𝑗 + 𝐿𝑗 𝜃̇ 𝑗 = 𝑉𝑗𝜃 (2 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑛 − 1) (30)
( ) 2
𝜕𝑟 𝑗 𝜕𝑟 𝑗
( ) 𝜎𝑟𝑟 , 𝜎𝜃𝜃
𝜎̃ 𝑅𝑅 , 𝜎̃ 𝜃𝜃 = (21) Thus, the finite difference form of the non-dimensional energy balance
𝛽0 𝑇0
equation may be obtained using Eqs. (30) and either Eq. (28) or (29):
In Eq. (18), 𝓁 and 𝜗 represent the characteristic length and speed of
( ) ( ) ( )
the thermoelastic wave, respectively. The ‘‘∼’’ symbol indicates the 𝑄𝑗 𝛩̈ 𝑗 + 𝐿𝑗 𝛩̇ 𝑗 + 𝑀𝑗 + 𝑁𝑗 𝛩𝑗+1 − 2𝑀𝑗 − 𝑋𝑗 𝛩𝑗 + 𝑀𝑗 − 𝑁𝑗 𝛩𝑗−1 = 𝑉𝑗𝜃
dimensionless quantities.
√ (31)
𝑘0 𝜆0 + 2𝜇0
𝓁= , 𝜗= (22) 𝛩𝑗 is the non-dimensional nodal temperature. The 𝑄𝑗 , 𝐿𝑗 , 𝑀𝑗 , 𝑁𝑗 , 𝑋𝑗
𝜌0 𝜗𝑐𝜀0 𝜌0 and 𝑉𝑗𝜃 expressions are equal to:
The equations of motion and energy balance may be rewritten using 𝛽𝑗 𝜌0 𝑐𝜀0 ( 𝜕 𝑢̇ 𝑢̇
)
the dimensionless parameters defined in Eq. (21) as follows: 𝑄 𝑗 = 𝜏0 , 𝐿𝑗 = ∈ 𝜏0 + +𝐼
𝛽0 𝜌𝑗 𝑐𝜀𝑗 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑗
{ [ ] ( ) )
1 𝜕2 𝑢 (𝜆 + 2𝜇) 𝜕𝑢 𝑘,𝑟 𝑗
( ) (𝜆 + 2𝜇) 2 + (𝜆 + 2𝜇),𝑟 + 𝐼 1 1
𝜆0 + 2𝜇0 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑀𝑗 = − , 𝑁𝑗 = − +
[ ] } ℎ2 2ℎ 𝑟𝑗 𝑘𝑗
𝜆,𝑟 (𝜆 + 2𝜇) [(
+ − 𝑢 𝛽𝑗 𝜌0 𝑐𝜀0 ) ( )]
𝜕 𝑢̇ 𝑢̇ 𝜕 𝑢̈ 𝑢̈
𝑟 𝑟2 𝑋𝑗 = ∈ + + 𝜏0 +
( ) 𝛽0 𝜌𝑗 𝑐𝜀𝑗 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑗 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑗
𝛽 𝜕𝜃 𝛽,𝑟 [( )]
𝜌
− + 𝜃 = 𝑢̈ (23) 𝛽 𝜌 𝑐 ) (
𝛽0 𝜕𝑟 𝛽 𝜌0 𝑗 0 𝜀0 𝜕 𝑢̇ 𝑢̇ 𝜕 𝑢̈ 𝑢̈
( ) 𝑉𝑗𝜃 = − ∈ + + 𝜏0 + (32)
[( ) ( )] 𝛽0 𝜌𝑗 𝑐𝜀𝑗 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑗 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑗
𝜕2 𝜃 1 𝑘,𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝛽 𝜌0 𝑐𝜀0 𝜕 𝑢̇ 𝑢̇ 𝜕 𝑢̈ 𝑢̈
− − + +∈ (1 + 𝜃) + + 𝜏0 +
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑘 𝜕𝑟 𝛽0 𝜌c𝜀 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 Furthermore, the dimensionless equation of motion (23) may be rewrit-
𝛽 𝜌0 𝑐𝜀0 ( 𝜕 𝑢̇ )
𝑢̇ 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕2 𝜃 ten as:
+ ∈ 𝜏0 + + + 𝜏0 =0 (24) ) )
𝛽0 𝜌c𝜀 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡2 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝐴𝑗 + 𝐵𝑗 + 𝐷𝑗 𝑢𝑗 + 𝑉𝑗𝑢 = 𝑊𝑗 𝑢̈ 𝑗 (2 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑛 − 1) (33)
2
𝜕𝑟 𝑗 𝜕𝑟 𝑗
where the ‘‘∼’’ symbol is dropped out for the sake of brevity. Moreover,
the ∈ symbol that is the thermoelastic coupling coefficient may be So that, the finite difference form of the equation of motion becomes:
defined as: ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑊𝑗 𝑈̈ 𝑗 − 𝐴𝑗 + 𝐵𝑗 𝑈𝑗+1 + 2𝐴𝑗 − 𝐷𝑗 𝑈𝑗 + 𝐵𝑗 − 𝐴𝑗 𝑈𝑗−1 = 𝑉𝑗𝑢
𝑇0 𝛽02 (34)
∈= (25) (2 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑛 − 1)
𝜌0 𝑐𝜀0 (𝜆0 + 2𝜇0 )
𝑈𝑗 is the non-dimensional nodal displacement. Moreover, 𝑊𝑗 , 𝐴𝑗 , 𝐵𝑗 ,
Dimensional expressions of the radial, axial and longitudinal stresses 𝐷𝑗 , and 𝑉𝑗𝑢 expressions of Eq. (34) are:
can be written as: ( ) ( ) )
[ ] 𝛽 𝜌𝑗 𝜆𝑗 + 2𝜇𝑗 𝛽𝑗 ) 𝛽,𝑟 𝑗
1 𝜕𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 𝜕𝜃
𝜎𝑟𝑟 = ( ) (𝜆 + 2𝜇) +𝜆 − 𝜃 𝑊𝑗 = , 𝐴𝑗 = ( ) , 𝑉𝑗 = − + 𝜃 ,
𝜆0 + 2𝜇0 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝛽0 𝜌0 ℎ2 𝜆0 + 2𝜇0 𝛽0 𝜕𝑟 𝑗 𝛽𝑗 𝑗

4
M. Homayouni, M. Shariyat and O. Rahmani Thin-Walled Structures 177 (2022) 109359

( ) ( )
) 𝜆𝑗 +2𝜇𝑗 𝜆,𝑟 )𝑗 𝜆𝑗 +2𝜇𝑗
(𝜆 + 2𝜇),𝑟 𝑗 + −
𝑟𝑗 𝑟𝑗 𝑟2𝑗
𝐵𝑗 = ( ) , 𝐷𝑗 = ( ) (35) ⎧𝛩 = 𝛩 ; j=1
2 𝜆0 + 2𝜇0 ℎ 𝜆0 + 2𝜇0 ⎪ 𝑗 𝑖
⎪ 𝑜𝑟
On the other hand, ⎨ (39)
( ) ( ) ⎪ 𝑘 −𝛩𝑗+2 + 4𝛩𝑗+1 − 3𝛩𝑗 ( )
) 1 − 𝜈𝑗 ) 2𝜈𝑗 2 − 𝜈𝑗 𝐸𝑗 ) ⎪− + ℎ𝑗 𝑇0 𝛩𝑗 − 𝜃∞𝑖 = 0 ; j = 1
(𝜆 + 2𝜇),𝑟 𝑗 = ( )( ) 𝐸,𝑟 𝑗 + [( )( )]2 𝜈,𝑟 𝑗 ⎩ 𝓁 2ℎ
1 + 𝜈𝑗 1 − 2𝜈𝑗 1 + 𝜈𝑗 1 − 2𝜈𝑗 𝑇∞𝑖 −𝑇0
( ) In which 𝜃∞𝑖 = . However, the insulated boundary conditions
𝑇0
) 𝜈𝑗 ) 𝐸𝑗 1 + 2𝜈𝑗2 ) (i.e., 𝜕𝑇 = 0) will be satisfied by setting a value of zero for the heat
𝜆,𝑟 𝑗 = ( )( ) 𝐸,𝑟 𝑗 + [( )( )]2 𝜈,𝑟 𝑗 𝜕𝑟
1 + 𝜈𝑗 1 − 2𝜈𝑗 1 + 𝜈𝑗 1 − 2𝜐𝑗 transfer ℎ = 0 coefficient in Eq. (39). The above boundary conditions
can also be rewritten for the external node.
) 𝛼𝑗 ) 𝐸𝑗 ) 2𝐸𝑗 𝛼𝑗 )
𝛽,𝑟 𝑗 = ( ) 𝐸,𝑟 𝑗 + ( ) 𝛼,𝑟 𝑗 + ( )2 𝜈,𝑟 𝑗 (36)
1 − 2𝜈𝑗 1 − 2𝜈𝑗 1 − 2𝜈𝑗 6. Solution procedure
The coupled system of equations that comprises the motion and energy
The Newmark method [37,38] is a dynamic updating procedure
balance equations of the types appeared in Eqs. (31) and (34), can be
that reduces the time-dependent system of differential equations into
represented by the following compact matrix form:
[ ]{ } [ ] { ( )} an algebraic system of equations. Suppose that the nonlinear finite
𝑀𝑢 𝑈̈ + 𝐾𝑢 {𝑈 } = 𝑅𝑢 𝛩, 𝛩,𝑟 difference equations can be represented by:
[ ]{ } [ ( )] { } [ ( )]
𝑀𝜃 𝛩̈ + 𝐶 𝑈̇ , 𝑈̇ ,𝑟 𝛩̇ + 𝐾𝜃 𝑈̇ , 𝑈̇ ,𝑟 , 𝑈̈ , 𝑈̈ ,𝑟 {𝛩} 𝑴 𝑼̈ + 𝑪 𝑼̇ + 𝑲𝑼 + 𝒇 = 𝟎 (40)
{ ( )}
= 𝑅𝜃 𝑈̇ , 𝑈̇ ,𝑟 , 𝑈̈ , 𝑈̈ ,𝑟 (37) According to Newmark’s method, the vector of unknown values and
According to Eqs. (32) and (35), the coefficients of the finite differ- their time derivatives may be approximated between 𝜏𝛥𝑡 and (𝜏 + 1) 𝛥𝑡
ence system of Eqs. (37) are dependent on the temperature, radial as follows:
displacement, and first and second derivatives of these two quantities. 1
𝑼 𝜏+1 = 𝑼 𝜏 + 𝛥𝑡𝑼̇ 𝜏 + (𝛥𝑡)2 𝑼̇ 𝜏+𝛾
An iterative solution scheme that includes Newmark’s time marching 2
procedure can be applied to solve the resulting nonlinear coupled 𝑼̇ 𝜏+1 = 𝑼̇ 𝜏 + 𝛥𝑡𝑼̈ 𝜏+𝜑
time-dependent system of equations. 𝑼̈ 𝜏+𝜑 = (1 − 𝜑) 𝑼̈ 𝜏 + 𝜑𝑼̈ 𝜏+1 (41)

5. The initial and boundary condition Substituting Eq. (41) into Eq. (40), leads to the following system of
linear algebraic equations:
Eqs. (31) and (34) must be solved in an augmented system of ̃ 𝜏+1 𝑼 𝜏+1 + 𝒇 𝜏,𝜏+1 = 𝟎
𝑲 (42)
equations based on the boundary conditions. The initial conditions are
incorporated in the numerical integration method. Neumann/Dirichlet where
and Robin-type boundary conditions can be added to the system of ̃ 𝜏+1 = 𝑲 𝜏+1 + 𝑎3 𝑴 𝜏+1 + 𝑎6 𝑪 𝜏+1
𝑲
equations in the form of two equations, one for the internal boundary
conditions in the first row and the other for the external boundary 𝒇 𝜏,𝜏+1 = 𝒇 𝜏+1 + 𝑴 𝜏+1 𝑦𝑀 𝐶
𝜏 + 𝑪 𝜏+1 𝑦𝜏
𝑀
conditions in the last row of the governing system of equations, as 𝑦 = 𝑎3 𝑈𝜏 + 𝑎4 𝑈̇ 𝜏 + 𝑎5 𝑈̈ 𝜏
𝜏
described in the following paragraphs: 𝑦𝐶 ̇ ̈
𝜏 = 𝑎6 𝑈 𝜏 + 𝑎7 𝑈 𝜏 + 𝑎8 𝑈 𝜏
(a) Dynamic boundary conditions: When the inner surface of the FGM 𝜑 𝜑
1 1
cylinder is under a dynamic pressure (Neumann-type boundary condi- 𝑎3 = , 𝑎4 = 𝛥𝑡𝑎3 , 𝑎5 = − 1, 𝑎6 = , 𝑎7 = − 1,
𝛾 (𝛥𝑡)2 2𝛾 𝛾 (𝛥𝑡) 𝛾
tion) or the displacement in the inner boundary has a definite value ( )
(Dirichlet-type boundary condition), the dimensionless boundary con- 𝜑
𝑎8 = 𝛥𝑡 −1 (43)
ditions are presented as follows: 2𝛾
{ [ ] 𝛽 } In which 𝑼 𝜏+1 denotes the value of the displacement component at
⎧ ) 1 𝜕𝑢 𝑢
⎪ 𝜎𝑟𝑟 𝑟=𝑎 = −𝑝𝑖 = (𝜆 + 2𝜇) +𝜆 − 𝜃 𝑡𝑘+1 = (𝑘 + 1)𝑑𝑡. At the initial time step, it is necessary to assign the
⎪ 𝜆0 + 2𝜇0 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝛽0 𝑟=𝑎 𝑼̇ 0 , 𝑼 0 and 𝑼̈ 0 values. 𝑼 0 and 𝑼̇ 0 may be determined via the initial
⎨
⎪
𝑜𝑟 physical conditions of the body while 𝑼̈ 0 could be from Eq. (40)
⎪ 𝑢) ( )
⎩ 𝑟=𝑎 = 𝑢0𝑖 𝑼̈ 0 = 𝑴 −1 𝒇 0 − 𝑪 𝑼̇ 0 + 𝑲𝑼 0 (44)
⎧ [ ]
1 ( ) −𝑈𝑗+2 + 4𝑈𝑗+1 − 3𝑈𝑗 𝑈𝑗
⎪−𝑝𝑖 = 𝜆𝑗 + 2𝜇𝑗 +𝜆 In calculating the initial acceleration value, it is necessary to take the
⎪ 𝜆0 + 2𝜇0 2ℎ 𝑎
inverse of the matrix 𝑴. Since the first and last two rows of this matrix
⎪ 𝛽𝑗
⎨ − 𝛽 𝛩𝑗 ; 𝑗 = 1 (38) are zero, the penalty method must be used to solve the problem to
⎪ 0 avoid singularity. Also, at the end of each time step, the values of the
⎪ 𝑜𝑟
⎪𝑈 = 𝑈 ; 𝑗 = 1 second- and first-order derivatives of the node vector may be calculated
⎩ 𝑗 01
as follows:
The same conditions must be applied to the outer boundary of the ( )
𝑼̈ 𝜏+1 = 𝑎3 𝑼 𝜏+1 − 𝑼 𝜏 − 𝑎4 𝑼̇ 𝜏 − 𝑎5 𝑼̈ 𝜏
FGM cylinder, under external pressure or displacement. (45)
𝑼̇ 𝜏+1 = 𝑼̇ 𝜏 + 𝑎2 𝑼̈ 𝜏 + 𝑎1 𝑼̈ 𝜏+1
(b) Thermal boundary conditions: The most common boundary condi-
tion in thermal problems includes defining either a temperature rise at where 𝑎1 = 𝜑𝛥𝑡 and 𝑎2 = (1 − 𝜑) 𝛥𝑡. In the present research, Newmark’s
the body boundaries or a heat transfer at the inner or outer surface; method was considered to solve the problem at a constant average
i.e., a Robin-type boundary condition. acceleration; so that, the values of the coefficients 𝛾, 𝜑 are chosen to
be equal to:
⎧
⎪ 𝜃)𝑟=𝑎 = 𝜃𝑖 1 1
⎪ 𝜑= , 𝛾= (46)
𝑜𝑟 2 4
⎨ )
⎪ 𝑘 𝜕𝜃 ( ) Numerical time-integration methods may have conditional or uncondi-
⎪ − 𝓁 𝜕𝑟 𝑟=𝑎 + ℎ𝑖 𝑇0 𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃∞𝑖 = 0 tional stability. A numerical method has unconditional stability if the
⎩

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M. Homayouni, M. Shariyat and O. Rahmani Thin-Walled Structures 177 (2022) 109359

Fig. 2. Results of temperature, displacement and stresses field propagation in a thick-walled cylinder based on Lord–Shulman generalized thermoelasticity theory in dimensionless
time 𝑡 = 1 under thermal shock at the inner boundary. It is the relaxation time 𝜏0 = 4 and the coupling parameter ∈ = 0.02.

response to any initial condition and at any time step of 𝛥𝑡 does not assumed to be zero while the outer surface of the cylinder is assumed
grow unbounded, especially for large 𝛥𝑡∕𝑇 (T is the period of Structure) to be traction-free. Also, the inner surface is under a temperature field
quantities. The numerical method is conditionally stable if the above that increases exponentially with time, as shown in Fig. 4, while the
condition becomes valid only when the magnitude of the time step is temperature gradient on the other surface is assumed to be constant.
less than or equal to a critical value, usually called the stability limit [ ]
( ) 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖 ∶ 𝑢 = 0, 𝜃𝑖 = 𝜃𝑖𝑛 1 − (1 + 100𝑡) 𝑒−𝜔𝑡
𝛥𝑡𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 . Approximation operators should be identified to evaluate the (48)
𝜕𝜃
stability of the stepwise integration method. In the direct integration, 𝑟 = 𝑟0 ∶ 𝜎𝑟𝑟 = 0, =0
𝜕𝑟
it is assumed that the required answer of the previous time steps
𝑡, 𝑡 − 𝛥𝑡, … , 3𝛥𝑡, 2𝛥𝑡, 𝛥𝑡 are known and that the answer is needed for The finite-difference forms of the boundary conditions expressed in
𝑡+𝛥𝑡 time. In this research, the initial conditions of the non-dimensional Eq. (48) are:
temperature and displacement fields are considered as: ⎧𝑢𝑗 = 0; 𝑗 = 1
⎪ ( ) ( ( ))
𝑼 (𝑟, 0) = 𝑼̇ (𝑟, 0) = 𝜃 (𝑟, 0) = 𝜃̇ (𝑟, 0) = 0 (47) ⎪ 1 − 𝜈𝑗 2 1 − 𝜈𝑗 𝜈𝑗 3 1 − 𝜈𝑗 ( )
⎨ 𝑢𝑗−2 − 𝑢𝑗−1 + + 𝑢𝑗 = 1 − 𝜈𝑗 𝜃𝑗 ;
⎪ 2ℎ ℎ 𝑟 𝑜 2ℎ
7. Results and discussions ⎪ 𝑗=𝑛
⎩

Example 1. The validity of the present formulation and code was ⎧𝜃 = 𝜃 [1 − (1 + 100𝑡) 𝑒−𝜔𝑡 ] ; 𝑗=1
confirmed by comparing the results of temperature field and transient ⎪ 𝑗 𝑖𝑛
⎨ 𝜃𝑗−2 − 4𝜃𝑗−1 + 3𝜃𝑗 (49)
stresses propagation in a thick-walled cylinder under thermal shock ⎪ = 0; 𝑗=𝑛
at the internal boundary with similar results reported by Bagri and ⎩ 2ℎ
Eslami [39]. They presented the distribution of temperature field and It is also assumed that the initial temperature of the cylinder is 𝑇0 =
stress for a sphere and a thick-walled cylinder based on three theories: 300 (K).
Lord–Shulman, Green–Lindsey, and Green–Naghdi. In this research, the ( )
W
governing equations were analytically solved in state-space via Laplace 𝑎 = 1 (m) , 𝑏 = 2 (m) , 𝐸0 = 70.2 (GPa) , 𝜈0 = 0.3, 𝜅0 = 204 ,
mK
transform and numerical inverse Laplace transform was used to present ( )
the results in time domain. Fig. 2 displays the distribution of tempera- 𝛼0 = 23𝑒 − 6 K−1 ,
ture field, radial, and hoop stress in terms of the dimensionless radius ( )
kg
parameter in comparison with the results of Bagri and Eslami [39]. As 𝜌0 = 2707 , 𝑐𝜀0 = 903 (J/kg K)
m3
may be seen, the results are very close to each other with a maximum
difference below 5%. Using FDM, the thickness of the cylinder was divided into 𝑁 = 501
nodes and the non-dimensional time step of the Newmark time match-
ing method was set equal to 𝑑𝑡 = 0.00005. The thermoelastic material
Example 2. As mentioned before, no studies have addressed the effects properties vary with the radius. The modulus of elasticity and the
of the dependence of the material properties on the non-dimensional mass density are reduced by 40% and 15%, but the Poisson ratio, the
radius of the cylinder. The boundary conditions and loading parameters thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity and the specific
are presented in Fig. 3. To include the radial dependence of the material heat coefficient increase by 30%, 65%, 5%, and 10% respectively. The
properties, the displacement of the inner surface of the cylinder is results of the functionally graded cylinder are presented in Figs. 5 and

6
M. Homayouni, M. Shariyat and O. Rahmani Thin-Walled Structures 177 (2022) 109359

the elasticity modulus. However, this fact does not significantly affect
the temperature and stress wavefronts, and their deviations can be
ignored. The heat transfer flux from the outer surface to the environ-
ment changes by the progression of the thermal wave (i.e., it must
increase to prevent the rise of temperature at the outer boundary). For
this reason, the overall temperature has decreased gradually during
the thermal wave propagation. Additionally, the temperature of the
layers adjacent to the warmer boundary is higher at the earlier times
of the sudden heat shock at the inner boundary. Regarding the cylinder
with fixed outer radius, at the beginning of wave propagation, the
radial and circumferential stresses of the inner layers of the cylinder
are compressive. Meanwhile, the thermal energy is concentrated in
a very small volume and the stresses are compressive. On the other
Fig. 3. Boundary conditions and loading parameters at the inner and outer surface of hand, the areas adjacent to the wavefront experience a higher stress
the FGM cylinder. due to the initial inertia. There are two distinct jumps in each stress
distribution curve: one due to the movement of the stress wave and the
other because of the temperature wave propagation. As time passes,
the temperature and the displacement gradient of the points behind
the heat wavefront decrease, and thus, the stress decreases. The reason
for the increased stress and temperature along the radial direction is
the rise in the specific heat coefficient and thermal heat conduction of
the medium. According to Fig. 5, as time passed, the heat wavefront
reached a dimensionless radius of 𝑟 = 1.06, thus its velocity was ap-
proximately 0.8. This value corresponds
√ √ exactly to the analytical value
of the thermal wave velocity 𝜏1 = 1.5625 1
= 0.8. Based on Fig. 5, the
0
displacement wavefront reached 𝑟 = 1.2 after the same time. Therefore,
the displacement wave travels 𝛥𝑟 = 0.2 in 𝑡 = 0.2, which results
in a non-dimensional velocity that equals unity for the displacement
wave. As the velocity of the displacement wave (the first wavefront) is
higher than that of the thermal wave (the second wavefront), the lag
between the two wavefronts increases with time. Since the velocity of
the displacement wave is approximately equal to one, the displacement
wave reaches the outer radius of the cylinder after the time of 𝑡 = 1 and
reflects. Based on the wave propagation diagram of the displacement
field in Fig. 5, the velocity of the displacement wave decreases by its
progression within the medium. This could be also due to the presence
of softer material along the radial direction. Fig. 5 shows the reflection
of the temperature, displacement, and stress waves at 𝑡 = 1.2 and 𝑡 =
Fig. 4. Time history of the temperature rise at the inner surface of the cylinder.
1.4. Noteworthy, the results of generalized thermoelasticity converge to
the classical theory as time passed and waves are mixed.

6. Fig. 5 shows the variations in terms of the dimensionless radius of the

According to Fig. 6, the movement of the inner boundary started
cylinder while Fig. 6 illustrates the variations in terms of dimensionless
from 𝑡 = 0, while the movement of the point locagted at 𝑟 = 1.25 started
time for the temperature wave, displacement, and radial and hoop
at 𝑡 = 0.25. As time passes, the stress wave reaches farther layers and
stresses.
deforms the cylindrical points at farther radii. The temperature wave
As the governing system of Eqs. (37) implies, the main solutions propagates similarly. As suggested in Fig. 6, the displacement of the
are in terms of the temperature rise and displacement. The stresses are points increased due to a reduction in the elasticity modulus of the
themselves computed based on the radial displacement and thus their cylinder along the radial direction. The same can be observed in the
wave natures are dependent on the wave nature of the propagation case of stress. Based on Figs. 5 and 6, the temperature, displacement,
of the radial displacement. However, since the stress terms contain and stress wavefronts did not show a significant change. The position
the radial derivatives of the radial displacement as well, their radial of the wavefront is almost independent of the material type.
distributions are different from the radial distribution of the radial
displacement. In other words, the propagation pattern and not the Now a situation where the heat flux is imposed on the external
propagation speed of the stress waves are somewhat different from that boundary is analyzed as well. In this case, the boundary conditions
of the radial displacement, as may readily be seen in Fig. 5. of the inner and outer layers are interchanged. The distributions of
The aim of this example is investigation of the effect of the ra- the temperature rise, radial displacement, and radial and hoop stresses
dial dependence of the material properties on the propagation and are plotted in Fig. 7, for 𝑡 = 0.4. comparing these results with their
reflection of the temperature wave, displacement, and stress waves. counterparts in Fig. 5 reveals that since the external boundary is now
The magnitude of the thermal shock that was applied in the inner fixed, inward (i.e., negative) radial displacements and larger stresses
radius was set to 𝜃𝑖𝑛 = 3, the non-dimensional relaxation time was have been induced. The increase in the stress components may be
𝜏0 = 1.5625, and the coupling parameter was selected as ∈ = 0.02111. attributed to the larger thermal energy that has passed the outer
Fig. 5 shows the traveling of the temperature and stress wavefronts boundary in comparison to the case where the internal boundary was
along the radial direction. Based on Fig. 5, the displacement and stress exposed to heat flux. Indeed, although the heat flux is retained, the
quantities showed drastic increases in due to the spatial dependence larger heat transfer area of the outer layer was accompanied by a larger
on the material properties. This was expected due to the decrease in heat energy exchange.

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M. Homayouni, M. Shariyat and O. Rahmani Thin-Walled Structures 177 (2022) 109359

Fig. 5. Propagation of (A) temperature, (B) radial displacement, (C) radial stress, and (D) hoop stress waves along the radius of the cylinder under an internal thermal shock of
magnitude 𝜃𝑖𝑛 = 3. Relaxation time is 𝜏0 = 1.5625 and the coupling parameter is equal to ∈ = 0.02111. Solid lines represent the functionally graded and dashed lines represent the
homogeneous isotropic material.

Example 3. In this example, the inner surface of the cylinder is as- Table 1
Thermomechanical properties of magnesium at T = 300 K.
sumed to be free of traction while the outer surface of the cylinder
is free of displacement. The thermal boundary conditions are similar 𝐸0 (Gpa) 𝝂0 𝛼0 (K−1 ) 𝜌0 (kg/m3 ) 𝜅0 (W/m K) 𝒄 𝜺0 (J/kg K)

to the previous example. For a functionally graded cylinder, the tem- 45 0.29 24.8e−6 1740 156 914
perature, displacement, and stress waves can be presented as follows:

( )
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖 ∶ 𝜎𝑟𝑟 = 0, 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑖𝑛 1 − (1 + 100𝑡) 𝑒−𝜔𝑡 are listed in Table 1. The thickness of the cylinder is divided into
𝜕𝜃 (50) 𝑁 = 601 nodes and the non-dimensional time step of the Newmark time
𝑟 = 𝑟0 ∶ 𝑢 = 0, =0
𝜕𝑟 matching method is set equal to 𝑑𝑡 = 0.00025. The radial variations
The above boundary conditions are presented in the form of finite of different properties are such that the modulus of elasticity and
differences as follows: the density are reduced by 50% and 20%, but the Poisson ratio, the
⎧ 1−𝜈 ( ) thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, and the specific
⎪− 𝑗 2 1 − 𝜈𝑗
𝑢𝑗+2 + 𝑢𝑗+1 heat coefficient increase by 30%, 65%, 5%, and 20% respectively.
⎪ 2ℎ ℎ
⎪ ( ( ))
⎨ 𝜈𝑗 3 1 − 𝜈𝑗 ( )
⎪+ 𝑎 − 𝑢𝑗 = 1 − 𝜈𝑗 𝛼𝑗 𝜃𝑗 ; 𝑗 = 1 The results of temperature, displacement, and radial and axial stress
2ℎ
⎪ waves propagation are presented in Fig. 8. This example is aimed to
⎪𝑢𝑗 = 0; 𝑗=𝑛 show the propagation of the temperature, displacement, and transient
⎩
stress waves in a cylinder with thermoelastic properties and mechanical
⎧𝜃 = 𝜃 [1 − (1 + 100𝑡) 𝑒−𝜔𝑡 ] ; 𝑗=1 boundary conditions different from the first example. Unlike the first
⎪ 𝑗 𝑖𝑛
example, the displacement in the outer radius is zero. The magnitude
⎨ 𝜃𝑗−2 − 4𝜃𝑗−1 + 3𝜃𝑗 (51)
⎪ = 0; 𝑗=𝑛 of the thermal shock applied in the inner radius is 𝜃𝑖𝑛 = 2, the
⎩ 2ℎ dimensionless relaxation time is 𝜏0 = 2 while the coupling parameter
The internal and external radii of the cylinder are the same as those is set to ∈ = 0.02258. The radial distributions are presented in four
of the previous example; the mechanical properties of the FG cylinder non-dimensional times 𝑡 = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 𝑡 = 0.8.

8
M. Homayouni, M. Shariyat and O. Rahmani Thin-Walled Structures 177 (2022) 109359

Fig. 6. Propagation of (A) temperature, (B) radial displacement, (C) radial stress, and (D) hoop stress waves along the radius of the cylinder under the internal thermal shock of
magnitude 𝜃𝑖𝑛 = 3. Relaxation time is 𝜏0 = 1.5625 and the coupling parameter is equal to ∈ = 0.02111. Solid lines represent the functionally graded and dashed lines represent the
homogeneous isotropic material.

As shown in Fig. 8, at times 𝑡 = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 the temperature • The majority of the thermoelastic wave propagation analyses
wavefront reaches 𝑟 = 1.14, 1.28, 1.42, 1.56, respectively, implying have employed the finite element or transfinite element tech-
a constant speed of 0.7. The displacement wavefront reached 𝑟 = niques. The finite element technique employs a weighted residual
1.2, 1.38, 1.56, 1.74 after these times, respectively. As expected, the stress integral on the whole length of the element and thus, cannot
wave velocity was not constant due to changes in mechanical properties track the localized changes that occur in regions adjacent to
along the cylinder radius. The displacement wave propagation diagram the wavefront. Our numerical solution method is a second-order
in Fig. 8 shows that the displacement wave velocity decreases with its point-collocation method. For this reason, the localized events
progress in the medium. Since the induced radial displacement is com- may be tracked by our finite difference method more efficiently
pressive and the outer surface of the cylinder is fixed, the compression than that of the finite element method. This is the main reason
wave reflects in the same compression direction. behind using the finite difference method instead of the finite ele-
ment method in all computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computer
codes. Moreover, some previous works have used first-order finite
element formulations; an act that may lead to unreliable results
8. Conclusions due to inducing stress singularities at the nodal points.
• The generalized Lord–Shulman thermoelasticity formulations that
have been used in almost all of the previous articles are valid
As mentioned, no research has considered the nonlinear thermal only for small temperature rises wherein the magnitude of the
analysis of the generalized thermoelasticity for the functionally graded temperature rise may be neglected in comparison with the initial
cylinder as described in this paper. In this paper, a finite-difference temperatures. In addition to the fact that this ratio is not equal
nonlinear generalized thermoelectricity investigation was employed to to zero and this assumption leads to approximative results even
study the propagation and reflection of the temperature, displacement, for small temperature rises, the present formulation may be used
and transient stress waves in a functionally graded thick-walled cylin- even for large temperature rises as no simplifying assumption is
der. Several hints are included in the present research. But the most made regarding the magnitude of the temperature rise.
important ones may be listed as:

9
M. Homayouni, M. Shariyat and O. Rahmani Thin-Walled Structures 177 (2022) 109359

Fig. 7. Propagation of (A) temperature, (B) radial displacement, (C) radial stress, and (D) hoop stress waves along the radius of the functionally graded cylinder under an external
thermal shock of magnitude 𝜽𝒊𝒏 = 3. Relaxation time is 𝝉 0 = 1.5625 and coupling parameter is equal to ∈ = 0.02111.

The present research may be used in many practical engineering • The areas adjacent to the wavefront experience higher stresses
studies. For example, it may be employed for the assessment of the due to the initial inertia.
effects of the thermoelastic shocks on the cold start of the combustion • As time passes, the temperature and the displacement gradient of
chambers of the turbojet airplanes and vehicles engines due to the the points behind the heat wavefront decrease, hence, declining
initial explosions in the cylinders (that may be assumed to be either the stress.
thin or relatively thick cylinders). Deep abrupt immersion of the thin • The velocity of the displacement wave is higher than that of the
cylinders into the metallic coating melt is another application. Some of thermal wave.
the practical conclusions of the results section are: • The results of generalized thermoelasticity converge to the classi-
cal theory as time passed and waves are mixed.
• If the heat flux is imposed on the external boundary, larger
• The wave speed is non-uniform in FG cylinders. stresses are induced. The increase in the stress components may
• The stresses are computed based on the radial displacement and be attributed to the larger thermal energy that has passed the
thus their wave natures are dependent on the wave nature of the outer boundary in comparison to the case where the internal
propagation of the radial displacement. However, since the stress boundary is exposed to heat flux.
terms contain the radial derivatives of the radial displacement as
well, their radial distributions are different from the radial distri-
bution of the radial displacement. In other words, the propagation
pattern and not the propagation speed of the stress waves are CRediT authorship contribution statement
somewhat different from that of the radial displacement.
• The changes in the speeds of the displacement and stress waves
may directly be related to the radial changes of the elastic mod- M. Homayouni: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original
ulus. draft, Validation, Software, Methodology, Formal analysis, Conceptu-
• the overall temperature decreases during the thermal wave prop- alization. M. Shariyat: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original
agation. draft, Supervision, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Formal anal-
• The temperature of the layers adjacent to the warmer boundary ysis, Conceptualization. O. Rahmani: Writing – review & editing, Writ-
is higher at the earlier times of the sudden heat shock at the inner ing – original draft, Supervision, Project administration, Methodology,
boundary. Conceptualization.

10
M. Homayouni, M. Shariyat and O. Rahmani Thin-Walled Structures 177 (2022) 109359

Fig. 8. Propagation of (A) temperature, (B) radial displacement, (C) radial stress and (D) hoop stress, (E) axial stress waves along the radius of the cylinder under the internal
thermal shock of magnitude 𝜃𝑖𝑛 = 2. Relaxation time is 𝜏0 = 2 and the coupling parameter is equal to ∈ = 0.02258.

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