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Introduction to Bernoulli's Equation

 Hook (Activity)
o hold two pieces of paper vertically and blow air between them.
 Observation: Papers come together.
 Discussion: Explain that blowing air increases the velocity between the
papers, decreasing pressure according to Bernoulli's principle, causing the
papers to move together. Briefly review basic fluid dynamics concepts
(pressure, velocity, elevation)
 Blast from the past (Brief History)
o Introduce Daniel Bernoulli
 Highlight: contributions to fluid dynamics and the broader field of
mathematics.
 Context: Explain how Bernoulli was part of a family of mathematicians
and how his work built on principles from Isaac Newton and others.
 Bernoulli's Experiment: Describe his famous experiment with fluid flow in
tubes, leading to his formulation of the principle we study today.

Good day! Today, we’re going to discuss and demonstrate Bernoulli's principle, specifically,
Bernoulli’s Equation with no friction losses. Before we start, let me present the objectives of our
report
 Understand the principles behind Bernoulli's equation.
 Derive and explain Bernoulli’s Equation
 Recognize the assumptions and limitations of Bernoulli's equation in ideal scenarios.
 Apply and solve problems using Bernoulli's equation to various fluid mechanics
problems.
Without further ado, let’s start the discussion. What we can see here is a tube, reading the text
underneath it, it says that: When a tube narrows, the same volume occupies a greater length. For
the same volume to pass points 1 and 2 in a given time, the speed must be greater at point 2. The
process is exactly reversible. If the fluid flows in the opposite direction, its speed decreases when
the tube widens. (Note that the relative volumes of the two cylinders and the corresponding
velocity vector arrows are not drawn to scale.)
Hence, when a fluid flows into a narrower channel, its speed increases. That means its kinetic
energy also increases. The increased kinetic energy comes from the net work done on the fluid to
push it into the channel. Also, if the fluid changes vertical position, work is done on the fluid by
the gravitational force. A pressure difference occurs when the channel narrows. This pressure
difference results in a net force on the fluid because the pressure times the area equals the force,
and this net force does work.
Bernoulli's principle can be stated as follows:
1. As the speed of a fluid increases the pressure decreases; and
2. Conversely, as the speed of the fluid decreases the pressure increases.
Here, we have a diagram of a pipeline with a fluid flowing through it. This could either be a
liquid or gas and we are going to assume that that the rate of flow is constant through this
system. If we assume the rate of flow is constant, then that means where the cross-sectional area
is smaller it has to move faster to get through so we've got a low velocity region then a high
velocity region, then going back to a low velocity region.
Bernoulli's principle tells us that when we go from a low velocity high pressure to a higher
velocity that the pressure will drop to a low pressure and then one would go back to a lower
velocity, again the pressure will increase.
Bernoulli's principle states that for an incompressible, frictionless fluid, the total mechanical
energy of the fluid remains constant along a streamline. This total mechanical energy is the sum
of pressure energy, kinetic energy (due to velocity), and potential energy (due to elevation).
Now, we have here the basic fluid dynamics concept, pressure, velocity, and elevation. I believe,
this will be further discussed in the following slides so here’s a brief introduction:
1. Pressure: The force exerted per unit area by a fluid. In fluid dynamics, pressure can vary
along the flow of the fluid and plays a crucial role in determining the behavior of the
fluid.
2. Velocity: The speed and direction at which the fluid particles are moving. In a flowing
fluid, velocity can change from one point to another.
3. Elevation: The height above a reference point, often considered the potential energy per
unit volume due to gravity in a fluid system. Higher elevation means higher potential
energy.
To demonstrate Bernoulli’s principle with no friction loss, we have here two pieces of paper.
Now, what Mr. Servito will do is to hold the papers vertically and blow air between them. We
notice that the two papers come together. Hence, by blowing some high velocity air between the
two pieces of paper, that will reduce the pressure in between, and the atmospheric pressure will
then tend to push them together.
Blowing Air Between Two Papers
Explanation
When you blow air between two sheets of paper, you are increasing the velocity of the air
between them. According to Bernoulli's principle, an increase in the velocity of the fluid (air, in
this case) results in a decrease in the pressure.
Step-by-Step Process
1. Initial State: The two papers are held vertically and close together. The air pressure on
both sides of each paper is approximately equal, so the papers remain apart due to their
stiffness.
2. Blowing Air: When you blow air between the two papers, the velocity of the air between
the papers increases.
3. Pressure Decrease: According to Bernoulli's principle, as the velocity of the air
increases, the pressure between the papers decreases.
4. Pressure Difference: The pressure on the outer sides of the papers remains relatively
higher compared to the lower pressure between the papers.
5. Resultant Force: The higher pressure on the outer sides of the papers pushes them
towards each other.
6. Papers Move Together: The papers move closer together as a result of the pressure
difference created by the increased velocity of the air between them.
Summary
Blowing air between the papers increases the air velocity, decreasing the pressure between them
due to Bernoulli's principle. The higher pressure on the outside of the papers pushes them
together, demonstrating the inverse relationship between fluid velocity and pressure.
Brief History
Daniel Bernoulli (born February 8 [January 29, Old Style], 1700, in Groningen, Netherlands—
died March 17, 1782, in Basel, Switzerland) was a prominent member of the second generation
of the illustrious Bernoulli family of Swiss mathematicians. His contributions spanned a variety
of disciplines, including mathematics, medicine, biology, physiology, mechanics, physics,
astronomy, and oceanography. He is best known for Bernoulli’s theorem, which bears his name.
Daniel Bernoulli was Johann Bernoulli’s second son, and it was Johann who initially introduced
him to mathematics. After pursuing studies in philosophy, logic, and medicine at the universities
of Heidelberg, Strasbourg, and Basel, Daniel earned his M.D. in 1721. Between 1723 and 1724,
he authored "Exercitationes quaedam Mathematicae," which dealt with differential equations
and the physics of fluid flow. This work led to his appointment at the prestigious Academy of
Sciences in St. Petersburg, Russia. There, he lectured on medicine, mechanics, and physics until
1732, conducting research on the properties of vibrating and rotating bodies and contributing to
the field of probability theory. In 1732, he returned to the University of Basel to take up a
position in anatomy and botany. By this time, he had earned the respect of scholars and was
admired by the public across Europe.
Daniel Bernoulli gained prominence in 1738 with his work "Hydrodynamica," where he
examined crucial properties of fluid flow, such as pressure, density, and velocity, and described
their fundamental relationship. In this work, he introduced Bernoulli's principle, which states that
fluid pressure decreases as velocity increases. Additionally, he laid the groundwork for the
kinetic theory of gases and heat by showing that the pressure on a surface is due to molecular
impacts and that pressure and motion increase with temperature under the assumption of
constant, random molecular motion. Around the same time, his father Johann published
"Hydraulica" in an attempt to claim priority over his son's findings, highlighting his ongoing
antagonism toward Daniel.
From 1725 to 1749, Daniel won ten prizes from the Paris Academy of Sciences for his work on
astronomy, gravity, tides, magnetism, ocean currents, and the behavior of ships at sea. He also
made significant contributions to probability theory. In 1735, he shared a prize with his father for
work on planetary orbits, an event that reportedly led to Johann expelling him from the house out
of jealousy. Daniel's award-winning papers showcased his ability to tackle cutting-edge scientific
problems and effectively communicate them to the public. In 1732, he accepted a position in
botany and anatomy at Basel, followed by a post in physiology in 1743, and later a position in
physics in 1750.