Mekelle University

College of Dry land Agriculture and Natural resource

Department of Rural Development and Agricultural
Extension(RDAE)
Course : Rural Development and Livelihood for 3rd year SRWM
student semester-II

By instructor
Lemi.C
March,2017
Mekelle, Ethiopia
 Chapter one: Introduction to development(RD)
What is development?
• The term development does not refer to one single
phenomenon or activity nor does it mean a general
process of social change. All societies, rural and
urban, are changing all the time.
• Development is a complex process which is affected
by both economic and noneconomic factors.
• Development generally means the improvement of
people’s lifestyles through improved education,
income, skill development and employment.
 Conti….development

• Development may mean different things to different

people. It implies a change that is desirable.

What is desirable at a particular time, place and in a

particular culture may not be desirable at other
places, or other times or culture.
 Change, Growth and Development
• Development is both 'a cause and a consequence of
change. There is a two-way relationship between
them, i.e., development influences, and is influenced
by a change.
• A change may imply a physical, technological, social,
cultural, attitudinal, organizational, or political.
• a change may be either for the better (development),
or the worse (retrogression). A change may occur
naturally or autonomously, or may be induced.
• While economic growth is an essential component of
development, it is not the only one, as development is not a
purely economic phenomenon. In the ultimate sense, it must
encompass more than the material and financial sides of
people's lives.
 Core Values and Objectives of Development

• There are at least three basic components or core

values that used as a conceptual basis and practical
guideline for understanding the inner meaning of
development.
• These core values are sustenance, self-esteem, and
freedom that represent common goals sought by all
individuals and societies.
• Sustenance: The Ability to Meet Basic Needs
• All people have certain basic needs without which life
would be impossible. These life sustaining basic
human needs include food, shelter, health, and
protection.
 Self-esteem: To Be a Person
• A second universal component of the good life is self-
esteem-a sense of worth and self respect, of not being
used as a tool by others for their own ends.
• All peoples and societies seek some basic form of
self esteem, although they may call it authenticity,
identity, dignity, respect, honor, or recognition.
 Freedom from Servitude: To Be Able to Choose

• A third and final universal value that we suggest

should constitute the meaning of development is the
concept of human freedom.
• Freedom here is to be understood in the sense of
emancipation from alienating material conditions of life
and from social servitude to nature, ignorance, other
people, misery, institutions, and dogmatic beliefs.
• The concept of human freedom should also
encompass various components of political freedom
including, but not limited to, personal security, the rule of
law, freedom of expression,political participation, and
equality of opportunity.
 Conti…..

• Much has been written about the process of

development, and the approaches which developing
nations should adopt in order to develop.
• Reviewing this literature it can be concluded that a
process of development should contain three main
elements. These are: Economic, Social, Human.
 Cont…
• · Economic: The development of the economic or
productive base of any society, which will produce the
goods and materials required for life.
• · Social: The provision of a range of social amenities
and services (i.e., health, education, welfare) which
care for the non-productive needs of a society.
• · Human: The development of the people themselves,
both individually and communally, to realize their full
potential, to use their skills and talents, and to play a
constructive part in shaping their own society.
 Conti…..
• In the 1950s and 1960s development was often
regarded as economic growth. Three major
assumptions under primed this view of development.
1. Growth would gradually filter down from rich to poor.
The trickle-down’ theory.
2. Should the growth fail to trickle down government
would intervene in the interest of the poor.
3. Policy should concentrate on building up capital and
productive capacity, even if this disadvantaged the
poor in the short term, as it would be to everyone’s
benefit in the long term.
 Conti…..
• Today development is considered as
multidimensional process including: improvement
in material welfare, specially for persons with lowest
incomes; eradication of mass poverty with its
correlates of illiteracy, disease, and early death;
changes in the composition of inputs and outputs have
generally included shift in the production structure.
 Reasons for Growing Interest in Development
Studies

Why people are interested to study development

studies?
• Academic Interest; Many scholars so concerned with the
economics of development and world poverty, the nature of
which has been brought to the attention of the world so
dramatically in recent decades.
 2, The New International Economic Order
This New International Economic Order Call for:
• improved terms of trade for the export of poor countries;
• greater access to the market of developing countries for manufactured
goods;
• reform of IMF and greater say in international bodies concerned with trade
and development issues;
• an international food program and greater technical cooperation; and
• greater financial assistance and alleviation of the past debt

3. Mutual Interdependence of the World

• Increased interest among developed nations that their
economics are dependent on the economies of poor nations
just as the economies of poor nations depends on the
economies of the developed nations.
RURAL AREA
LIFE OF RURAL PEOPLE
 Rural Development: Concept and Meaning

• The concept of Rural Development has attracted the

attention of government and international agencies
because national development depends on the
development of rural areas.
• Rural Development is one of the most vital issues of
the day.
• The term has two words- rural and development.
• As we all know that rural is a sparsely populated area
in which people depend on agricultural land and other
natural resources. In rural area, population is spatially
dispersed.
 Cont…..
• Rural development means the utilization, protection,
and enhancement of the natural, physical, and human
resources needed to make long-term improvements in
rural living conditions.
• It has to provide jobs and income opportunities, and
enrich cultural life while maintaining and protecting the
environment of rural areas.
• The term Rural Development implies overall
development of rural areas with a view to improve the
quality of life of rural people. Rural Development is a
process in which typically a large number of
stakeholders in different sectors of society are
involved.
1.2.Perspective of rural development

In short, rural development is a process that aims at

improving the standard of living of the people living in the rural
areas. We will see the perspective one by one in detail.
Globalization and rural development

Globalization is the process by which the experience of

everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and
ideas, is becoming standardized around the world.
Globalization makes the world more accessible to all
people.
Characteristics
•Connectivity
•Borderless Globe
•Free trade
•Cultural Diversity
•Mobility
•Information Technology changes
What is Globalisation?
• Globalisation is the growing interdependence between
nation as a result of the free movement of labour, goods
and services and capital. There is world wide economic
activities because there is a borderless world or global
village.
 Implementing Technology tools to promote
Globalization
Facebook- The ability to communicate with people all over the world.
•Skype (video chatting)- The ability to have a live visual meeting with
people all over the world.
•Twitter- The ability to communicate and share information with people all
over the world.
•WikiSpaces- The ability to share ideas, thoughts and images with people
all over the world.
•Phones- The ability to verbally and/or visually communicate with people
all over the world.
•Microsoft Office- The ability to verbally and visually communicate with
people through a office setting through email, live chat and instant
messaging.
•WebQuest- Teachers can create a WebQuest for students to participate
in an educational journey on various topics while using the world wide
web.
•Podcast- Teachers can create a podcast for students to listen to using
media. Teachers can use this for creating assignments and students
can listen to the podcast as many times as they want.
Key players of globalization
They are-
• Multinational firms which carry out business
across the national borders.
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) through
which international trade agreements are
negotiated& enforced
• The World Bank & International Monetary Fund
(IMF) are means to assist Govt in achieving
development aims through the provision of
loans, technical assistance.
Types of Globalisation

1. Economic
Countries that trade with many others and have
few trade barriers are economically globalised.
2. Social
A measure of how easily information and ideas
pass between people in their own country and
between different countries (includes access to
internet and social media networks).
3.Political
The amount of political co-operation there is
between countries.
Causes of Globalisation:
1. Improved Communications

• The development of communication

technologies such as internet, email and
mobile phones have been vital to the
growth of globalisation because they help
to operate throughout the world.
• The development of satellite TV channels
such as Sky and CNN have also provided
worldwide marketing avenues for the
concept and products of globalisation.
Causes of Globalisation
2. Improved Transport
• The development of refrigerated and
container transport, bulk shipping and
improved air transport has allowed the
easy mass movement of goods
throughout the world. This assists
globalisation.
Causes of Globalisation:
3. Free Trade Agreements
• rich capitalist countries have always
promoted global free trade as a way of
increasing their own wealth and influence.
• International organisations such as the
World Trade Organisation and the IMF
also promote free trade.
Causes of Globalisation:
4. Global Banking
• Modern communication technologies allow vast
amounts of capital to flow freely and instantly
throughout the world.
• The equivalent of up to $US1.3 trillion is traded
each day through international stock exchanges
in cities such as New York, London and Tokyo.
Causes of Globalisation:
5. The Growth of MNCs
• The rapid growth of big MNCs such as Microsoft,
McDonalds and Nike is a cause as well as a
consequence of globalisation.
• The investment of MNCs in farms, mines and factories
across the world is a major part of globalisation.
• Globalisation allows MNCs to produce goods and
services and to sell products on a massive scale
throughout the world.
The Effects of Globalisation:
1. Changed Food Supply
• Food supply is no longer tied to the
seasons. We can buy food anywhere in
the world at any time of the year.
The Effects of Globalisation:
2. Division of Labour
• Because MNCs search for the cheapest
locations to manufacture and assemble
components, production processes may
be moved from developed to developing
countries where costs are lower.
The Effects of Globalisation:
4. Damage to the Environment

• More trade means more

transport which uses more
fossil fuels and causes
pollution.
• Climate change is a serious
threat to our future.
The Effects of Globalisation:
3. Less Job Security
• In the global economy jobs are becoming more
temporary and insecure.
• A survey of American workers showed that
people now hold 7 to 10 jobs over their working
life.
The Effects of Globalisation:
5. Cultural Impact
• Websites such as YouTube connect
people across the planet. As the world
becomes more unified, diverse cultures
are being ignored. MNCs can create a
monoculture as they remove local
competition and thereby force local firms
to close.

Replacin
g
The Effects of Globalisation
6. Increase in anti-Globalisation Protests
• There is a growing awareness of the
negative impacts of globalisation. People
have begun to realise that globalisation
can be challenged by communities
supporting each other in business and
society and through public protest and
political lobbying.
Decreased Employment
Widening Disparity in Incomes
Impact and response of Globalisation
and Development

• Industry and commerce- industries are not longer limited to

suppliers in the country in which they operate. They now have
access to other resources from all parts of the world.
Sometimes even in the remote parts of the world where raw
materials and stock can be sourced at a better quality and at an
affordable price as well. This would lower the cost of production
for many firms. Therefore they could expand their operations
and benefit from economies of scale. This would increase the
economic growth in the country. Customers would benefit in that
they would be getting a range goods and services of a good
quality at an affordable price. Thus this would improve their
standard of living and their quality of life.
• Distribution sector(Supermarkets, department stores)- with
globalisation there is free trade. It facilitates multinational
companies in the country. If these companies are located in the
country they would reduce the cost of distribution of the goods
and services in the country since the goods would be carried in
a shorter distribution channel. The shorter the distribution
channel the lower the cost incurred to the business. Therefore
this reduces the cost of production for the firm. As a result this
low cost is passed onto the consumers, they would now be able
to purchase goods and services at a reasonable price.
• Labour- with globalisation businesses have less difficulties in sourcing
labour. Since they are no longer limited to the labour in the country in
which they operate. They are able to source labour from all parts of the
world. Migration have been much easier and common because of
globalisation. Immigrants are also willing to do work that locals would
refuse to do and sometimes at a cheap rate. This therefore lower the
cost of production for the business. They could increase output thus
increasing the economic growth of the country. Trade both create and
destroys jobs. If exports are increased, then it is likely that this is based
on jobs in the country that produces the exports. However, when there
are increases in imports this usually means that those items which
could have been made locally are not. Jobs, then, are lost when a
society imports more and more of its needs and wants. Other countries
with more competitive advantage will food the markets of developing
countries with cheap goods( for example China today is able to flood
both the developed and developing world with mass- produced goods).
The result of these processes is a balance of payments problem and a
loss of jobs in the importing countries.
• Technology- globalisation has allowed business to get better
technology for the business. Since there is free trade they can
import freely. They would be able to improve their productivity
and efficiency. This would lead to and increase in economic
growth of the country. They would now be able to compete on a
global market. Technology have also changed the way in which
we purchase good. With the use of the internet consumers can
buy goods online. Ecommerce has allowed the to have a large
share of the market . Therefore increasing the profitability of the
business. Not only do they enable businesses to communicate
with suppliers and customers in a timely what but computer
technology have now become an indispensible part of the actual
production. Whether it is in the bottling of soft drinks, the
manufacturing of furniture or retailing, key areas of operation
are computerized.
• Ideology- An ideology is a set if ideas, doctrines or beliefs that
forms the basis about how someone or a group thinks of the
political, economic, religious or some other system. People have
strong views about globalisation, even when they do not
understand it. They may feel that it is inevitable and bring about
modernisation and development. If they commit to such views,
even in the face of evidence to the contrary, then this is an
example of casting globalization as an ideology.
Modernization :-industrialization
and urbanization
 Modernization

‘‘Modernization refers to process in

which society goes through
industrialization, urbanization and
other social changes that completely
transform the lives of individuals’’.

03/17/17
 Characteristics of
MODERNIZATION

03/17/17
MEANS / CAUSES OF MODERNIZATION

• Industrialization

• Urbanization

• Secularization

• Rise of new social classes

• Social change

• Westernization

• Democratization
Instrumental factors of modernization

• Universalization of education

• Democratization of education
• Urbanization

• Industrialization

• Scientific and technological

advancement
 • Social Change.
Mobilizing people for change.

Media Media
change

03/17/17
 Cultural Change
Inventions produce new
objects, ideas, and social
patterns. Invention of ideas,
objects and social patterns
bring social change.

Discovery Increase in life

expectancy is change in
society

Diffusion is the
transference of cultural
traits from place and/or
group to another.
03/17/17
 Obstacles in the way of modernization in
Ethiopia
• Lack of oneness of nation
• Communal type of the social organization
• Narrow religious beliefs which inhibit the growth
of nationality
• Closed system of hierarchical satisfaction
• Diffused system of expectations and rewards
• The drag of the cultural tradition
• The ascription versus achievement dilemma
• The gap between the ideals and the actuality
 Content:
• Introduction.
• What is green revolution?
• History of green revolution.
• Methods used in green revolution.
• Causes of green revolution.
• Effects of green revolution.
• Result / Evaluation of green revolution.
• Advantages of green revolution.
• Limitation of green revolution.
• Conclusion
 Agriculture before Green Revolution
• Agriculture before the green revolution was pretty much limited to
areas with a significant amount of rainfall or close to a body of water,
has a high enough day length, and in fertile land. Beforehand,
farmers could not harvest a high yield of crops enough to feed even
the local population.
• Food problems have haunted mankind since time immemorial. With
few technological breakthroughs to increase yields, the food needs of
growing populations were historically met by expanding the
cultivated area. As the most fertile land became scarce, further
expansion meant bringing poorer and lower yielding land into
cultivation. By the 19th century, there was growing pessimism about
the possibility of feeding ever-growing populations, as exemplified in
the writings of Thomas Malthus . Green Revolution is also known as
Seed-Water-Fertilizers-Pesticides-Technology.
 What is Green Revolution??
• The Green Revolution was a period when the
productivity of global agriculture increased
drastically as a result of new advances.
• During this time period, new chemical
fertilizers and pesticides were created.
• The chemical fertilizers made it possible to
supply crops with extra nutrients and,
therefore, increase yield.
• The newly developed pesticides controlled
weeds, deterred or kill insects, and prevented
diseases, which also resulted in higher
What is GREEN
REVOLUTION?
GREEN REVOLUTION
A large incérasse in Food
production in Developed and
Developing countries
achieved by using modern
agricultural techniques.
www.greenrevolutionoxforddictionaries.com
History of green revolution:

• The beginnings of the Green Revolution are

often attributed to Norman Borlaug, an
American scientist interested in agriculture.
In the 1940s, he began conducting
research in Mexico and developed new
disease resistance high-yield varieties of
wheat.

• Due to the success of the Green

Revolution in Mexico, its technologies
spread worldwide in the 1950s and 1960s.
Methods used in green revolution:
• Double/ Multiple Cropping system
• Seeds with superior genetics
• Proper irrigation system
• High Yielding Variety (HYV) of seeds
• Use of pesticides and fertilizers
• Use of modern machinery (Tractor, Harvester,
Thrasher)
• Expansion of farming areas
. Plant
Breeding
 Choose the
appropriate
seeds
 Get high grain
output
 Increased the
food production
by 90% in 1960
. Liberal use of Fertilizers
 plant growth ( nutrients )
 fertilizer provides greener
 Get high greater grain yield
Bacteria blight stem borer gall
midge

rugged stunt brown leaf hopper wilted

stunt
 Pesticides
Insecticides

Fungicides
Herbicides
 Plowing

Sowing
Harvesting
 Increasing the
farmer’s
productivity
 Having a
shorter growing
season
 Making double or
treble cropping
. Extensive of . Improved
Irrigation Transport
Facilities: Network:
 Government built dams  Government built more
to provide enough water roads, highways and
supply… railways…
Government
provides :
 Subsidies
 Commercial banks
 Finance houses
Effects of green revolution:

• Increase in Production
• Capitalistic Farming
• Effect on Rural Employment
• Reduction in Imports of food grains
• Development of Industries
• Effect on Prices
• Base for Economic Growth
• Effect on consumers
• Effect on Planning
• Increase in Trade
• Change in Thinking of Farmers
Advantages of green revolution:

• Yields increased three times.

• Multiple cropping.
• Other crops grown which varied the diet.
Surplus to sell in cities creating a profit
improving the standard of living.
• Allows purchase of fertilizers, machinery etc.
• Ethiopia becomes self sufficient in food grains.
.Poor famers are unable to benefit
from the benefit of Green Revolution.
. Many small farmers are forced to give
up farming indirectly.
. The rich famers become more
wealthy.
. Green Revolution has brought more
environmental crisis and health risks.
. GR have greatly depleted the world’s
fossil fuel.
Issues regarding Green Revolution

 Pollution and erosion of soil

Pollution of water
Unemployment among
uneducated farmers
Deadly disease
Harmful for farmers
Consumption may be adverse
Failures of green revolution
 Conclusion
Green Revolution has done a lot of positive
things, saving the lives of millions peoples
and exponentially increasing the yield of food
crops. But environmental degradation makes
the Green Revolution an overall inefficient,
short-term solution to the problem of food
insecurity.
So, more sustainable and environmental
friendly system of cultivation needs to be
practiced.
The world needs green Revolution 2, which
promises to feed a growing world population
sustainably –without compromising the needs
of future generations
Thank you!