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26 views

Presentation 22

Uploaded by

mahmoudmido2862002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Definition of Cancer

 Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably


and spread to other parts of the body.
 Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of
trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and multiply (through a process
called cell division) to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow
old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.
 Sometimes this orderly process breaks down, and abnormal or damaged cells
grow and multiply when they shouldn’t. These cells may form tumors, which
are lumps of tissue. Tumors can be cancerous or not cancerous (benign).

Cancerous tumors spread


Cancerous Many cancers form
into, or invade, nearby
tumors may also solid tumors, but
tissues and can travel to
be called cancers of the blood
distant places in the body to
malignant such as leukemias,
form new tumors (a process
tumors. generally do not.
called metastasis).
Diagnosis of cancer
Imaging tests used in diagnosing cancer may
include:
• A computerized tomography (CT) scan
• bone scan • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• positron emission tomography (PET) scan,
• ultrasound and X-ray,
• among others, Biopsy: your doctor collects a sample of cells for testing in the
laboratory.

Symptoms of cancer
Signs and symptoms caused by cancer will vary depending on what part
of the body is affected. Those examples are
Some general signs and symptoms include: general not specific
• Unexplained bleeding or bruising for cancer
• Fatigue
• Changes in bowel or bladder habits
• Persistent indigestion or discomfort
• Weight changes, including
after eating
unintended loss or gain
• Persistent, unexplained muscle or joint
• Difficulty swallowing pain
Types of cancer
• Cancers are named for the area in which they begin and the type of
cell they are made of, even if they spread to other parts of the body.
There are also several clinical terms used for certain general
types of cancer:
 Carcinoma: is a cancer that starts in the skin or the
tissues that line other organs.
 Sarcoma: is a cancer of connective tissues such as
bones, muscles, cartilage, and blood vessels.
 Leukemia: is a cancer of the bone marrow, which
creates blood cells.
 Lymphoma and myeloma are cancers of the
immune system.
More specific types of cancer according to organs :
• brain cancer • duodenal cancer • oral cancer • testicular cancer
• breast cancer • esophageal cancer • prostate cancer • thyroid cancer
• colorectal cancer • kidney cancer • skin cancer • uterine cancer
• Bone cancer • Lung cancer • stomach cancer
Causes and Risk Factors
The causes of cancer are complex and can be attributed to a
combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

Some risk factors include:


• exposure to carcinogens (substances
that can cause cancer) tobacco use,
unhealthy diets, excessive alcohol
consumption, certain infections, and
genetic predisposition .

 most of those causes are avoidable like


tobacco smoke cessation (19% of people
developing cancer) or not using tanning
beds and obesity (the lead cause of 7.8%
of cancers) etc.
Cancer Development
• Cancer development involves a series of genetic mutations that
lead to the uncontrolled growth of cells
• These mutations can be acquired over time due to exposure to
various factors or can be inherited.
• The progression from normal cells to cancerous ones usually
involves stages like initiation, promotion, and progression and
increasing capacity for proliferation, survival, invasion, and
metastasis in late stages they are divided into 4 stages:
Stage I: The cancer is localized to a small area
and hasn't spread to lymph nodes or other
tissues.
Stage II: The cancer has grown, but it hasn't
spread.
Stage III: The cancer has grown larger and has
possibly spread to lymph nodes or other tissues.
Stage IV: The cancer has spread to other organs or
areas of your body.
Prevention and Awareness
Preventing cancer involves:
 adopting a healthy lifestyle, including maintaining a balanced
diet, exercising regularly, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol
consumption, and protecting oneself from harmful UV rays.

 Regular screenings and early detection are also


crucial in improving outcomes.

Awareness methods:
 Public awareness campaigns play a vital role in educating people
about cancer risks, symptoms, and the importance of early detection.
 This can also be done through social media, public speaking
engagements, or hosting informational events.
 Fundraising and donating to cancer research and treatment
organizations is also important, as it helps provide resources
and support for those affected.
Treatment options
Treatment for cancer depends on factors such as the type
and stage of cancer, as well as the patient's overall health.
Common treatment options include:
 Surgery: is a procedure in which a surgeon removes cancer
from your body.
 Chemotherapy: uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
 Hormone therapy: that slows or stops the growth of breast and
prostate cancers that use hormones to grow.
 Radiation therapy: that uses high doses of radiation to kill
cancer cells and shrink tumors
 Immunotherapy: that helps your immune system fight cancer.
 Targeted therapy: that targets the changes in cancer cells that
help them grow, divide, and spread.
 Hyperthermia: body tissue is heated to as high as 113 °F to help damage and
kill cancer cells with little or no harm to normal tissue.
Often, a combination of these approaches is used to
effectively manage and treat cancer.
When to see a doctor?
 Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any persistent
signs or symptoms that concern you.
 If you don't have any signs or symptoms, but are worried about your
risk of cancer, discuss your concerns with your doctor. Ask about
which cancer screening tests and procedures are appropriate for
you.

• cancer is a complex and multifaceted disease that affects millions of


people worldwide.
• Understanding its causes, risk factors, and treatment options can help
individuals make informed choices about their health and well-being.
By prioritizing prevention and awareness, we can collectively work
towards reducing the impact of cancer on society.
Performed by
Mahmoud Galal Hamed 2015235
Esraa Mohammed Abdelalim 2015034
Ahmed Adel Mohamed shawki 2015011
Eman Mohamed Ragab 2015069
Mostafa Mohamed shabaan 2015254

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