ECHELON REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER

DTI PERMIT Business Name No. 2

Social Deviance Drill 10

1. This theory asserts the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a
deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state. It is also likened to a butterfly
effect
a. Chaos Theory
b. Linear perspective
c. Social Change
d. Conflict theory
2. He attempted to explain juvenile delinquency based on examining body type and physique and particular
pattern of mental and behavioural characteristics and temperaments;
a. Matza
b. John Dewey
c. Norton
d. Rebort Merton
e. William Sheldon
3. He discussed the implications of what he called “the looking-glass self,” which refers to reflexivity— seeing
oneself as others see one
a. Robert Merton
c. Karl Marx
b. Charles Horton Cooley
d. Michel Foucaul
4. Primary proponent of the labeling theory of mental illness.
a. Thomass Sheff
b. Edwin Lemert
c. Walter Gove
d. David Matza
5. Jose was a product of a broken home. His mother tried very hard to support his school needs. Before going
home, he usually does his assignment at school, usually in a spare classroom. One afternoon, a security guard
was interrogating him about a lost cellular phone which was unintentionally left in the very room that he is
occupying. Jose denied the accusation. He cannot afford to mar their family name. He thought, he was able
to clear his name already. But the following day, the polite silence among his classmates became unbearable.
And it was just the start. In the whole campus, the day thereafter, he can feel the unspoken labeling even
among his acquaintances. Jose was entertaining the idea of really doing it the next time around. It seems that
Jose is prone to do:

A. Primary deviance
B. Secondary deviance
C. Career deviance
D. Cultural deviance
6. Which do you think is least inapplicable in strengths perspective?
I. Every individual, group, family and community has its strength.
II. Trauma and abuse, illness and struggle may be injurious but they may also be sources of challenge and
opportunity.
II. Assume that you do not know the upper limits of the capacity to grow and change and take individual,
group, and community aspirations seriously.
IV. We best serve clients by collaborating with them.
I. Every environment is full of resources.

a. I b. II c. III d. IV e. all of the above

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7. The theory holds that individuals respond not directly to the actions of others, but to their subjective interpretations
of these actions. In this theory, human interaction is mediated by the use of symbols, which are used to communicate
commonly understood meanings within a society. The famous proponent of this is Irving Goffman.
a. Self-Efficacy
b. Synergy
c. Development
d. Symbolic Interactionism
e. Equifinality

8. He theorized that society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals (such as the American
dream), though they lack the means. This leads to strain which may lead individuals to commit crimes, like selling
drugs or becoming involved in prostitution as a means to gain financial security.
a. Imee Foxtrot in her Neutralization Theory
b. Robert Sutherland in his Stringent theory
c. Robert Mestrung in his Differential Association Theory
d. Robert Merton in his Strain Theory
e. Edwin Sutherland in his Chaos Theory

9. This theory developed by _________________ proposes that through interaction with others, individuals learn the
values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.
a. Imee Foxtrot in her Neutralization Theory
b. Robert Sutherland in his Stringent theory
c. Robert Mestrung in his Differential Association Theory
d. Robert Merton in his Strain Theory
e. Edwin Sutherland in his Differential Associated Theory
10.He further develops neutralization theory by incorporating it into the concept of drift, which is the idea that
adolescents become delinquent because the weakening of controls allows them to drift between delinquent and
conventional behaviors. ... Predicting deviant behavior by neutralization:
a. Matza
b. John Dewey
c. Norton
d. Merton
e. Jean Piaget
11.Formulated the deterrence theory as both an explanation of crime and a method for reducing it. This theory argues
that crime was not only an attack on an individual but on society as well. That extended the issue of punishment
beyond retribution and restitution to aggrieved individuals. In relation to criminal offending is the idea or theory that
the threat of punishment will deter people from committing crime and reduce the probability and/or level of offending
in society.
a. Matza
b. John Dewey
c. Cesar Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham
d. Robert Merton in his Strain Theory
e. Edwin Sutherland in his Differential Associated Theory

12. It views individuals, families, and small groups as having transitional problems and needs as they move from
one life stage to another, e.g., individual undergoing developmental changes, crisis through maturation
process while families have life cycle. It focuses on maladaptive interpersonal problems and needs in families
and groups, i.e., interpersonal conflicts power struggles, distortions in communication and discrimination.
A. Ecological Model
B. Interactional level transaction
C. Sociocultural level transaction
D. None of the above.
13. According to WHO, it is” the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and countries. It is
generally understood to include two inter-related elements: the opening of international borders to increasingly
fast flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies at national
and international levels that facilitate or promote such flows.”
a. Social protection
b. Linear development
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 c. Social Change
d. Nonlinear development
e. Globalization
14. When studying moral development, Lawrence Kohlberg used moral dilemmas such as the Heinz dilemma, in
which a husband must decide whether to steal a drug to prolong his wife’s life because they cannot afford the
drug. A child who is in the conventional level of Kohlberg’s theory will use which reasoning when faced with
the Heinz dilemma?
a. It is against the law to steal, so the husband should not steal the drug.
b. It is up to the husband to decide what he wants to do. If it is worth risking his life, he will steal the drug.
The principle of “ I do if I get something.
c. The husband should not steal the drug because then he will have to be punished.
d. The husband should steal the drug because the value of human life outweighs the economic cost of the drug.
e. The husband should steal the drug to avoid the social contract of society.

15. Refer to no. 14 case, if a child who is in the post-conventional level of Kohlberg’s theory which reasoning will
he use when faced with the Heinz dilemma?
a. It is against the law to steal, so the husband should not steal the drug.
b. It is up to the husband to decide what he wants to do. If it is worth risking his life, he will steal the drug.
c. The husband should not steal the drug because then he will have to go to jail.
d. The husband should steal the drug because the value of human life outweighs the economic cost of the drug.
e. The husband should steal the drug to avoid feeling bad and his friends would tell him as irresponsible,

16. Result of expertise, special skill, or knowledge. As jobs become more specialized, we become dependent on
experts to achieve goals.
a. Reward power
b. Personal power
c. Legitimate power
d. Expert power
e. Referent power
17. Power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization.
a. Reward power
b. Personal power
c. Legitimate power
d. Informal power
e. Referent power
18. A theory in criminology developed by Edwin Sutherland, proposing that through interaction with others,
individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.
a. Deterrence Theory
b. Learning Theory
c. Control Theory
d. Differential Association
e. Social Contract Theory
19. Violations of social norms that offend a large number of people or people in a position to influence social
judgment.
a. Anomie
b. Entropy
c. Deviance
d. Lawlessness
e. Crime
20. Behavior and appearances that follow and maintain the standards of a group.
a. Informal Social Control
b. Differential Association
c. Social Differentiation
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 d. Conformity
e. Group Bond
21. Which of the following is not true about Differential Association?
I. Crime is learned
II. Criminal Behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication.
III. The principal part of learning criminal behavior occurs in within intimate personal groups.
IV. Impersonal communication such as television, magazines and the like play a primary role in the learning
of crime.
V. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes techniques of crime, which are sometimes
complicated, simple, the motives and drives.
a. I & II
b. III only
c. IV only
d. III & V
e. None of the above
22. Simply defined as a state where norms (expectations on behavior) are confused, unclear or not present.
a. Anomie
b. Entropy
c. Commensalism
d. Fatalism
e. Alienation
23. A breakdown in the cultural structure, occurring particularly when there is an acute disjunction between cultural
norms and goals and the society’s structural capacities of members of the groups to act in accord with them.
a. Anomie
b. Entropy
c. Commensalism
d. Fatalism
e. Alienation
24. He is a French sociologist who wrote his major works during a time when the study of deviant behavior was
dominated by those who viewed deviants as the product of defective biology. He argued that a society without
deviance is impossible. Thus, it is impossible to have a collection of humans so inflexible in their behavior that
none will diverge to some degree from the ideal. He further claims that deviance is not only inevitable but also
necessary for the health and progress of society.
a. Thomas Jefferson
b. Emile Durkheim
c. Norton
d. Merton
e. Jean Piaget
25. Merton’s theory involves the interaction of 2 social components. One of it is the Culture Goals which are:
a. The aspirations and aims that define success in the society
b. The socially acceptable methods and ways available for achieving goals
c. The values and norms in the society, including the tradition and folkways
d. The integration of the members into the culture
26. The other component is the institutionalized means, which are:
a. The aspirations and aims that define success in the society
b. The socially acceptable methods and ways available for achieving goals
c. The values and norms in the society, including the tradition and folkways
e. The integration of the members into the culture
27. His important contribution is the provision of the alternative behaviors that may result from the disjunction
between goals and means.
a. Thomas Jefferson
b. Emile Durkheim
c. Norton
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 d. Merton
e. Jean Piaget
28. The following are adaptations apart from conformity that can be defined as deviant, except?
a. Innovation
b. Ritualism
c. Retreatism
d. Reformation
e. Rebellion
29. Involves not only a rejection of the goals and means, but the intention of replacing those goals and means by
altering the social structure.
a. Innovation
b. Ritualism
c. Retreatism
d. Reformation
e. Rebellion
30. Is the category containing the mentally disordered, drug addicts, alcoholics and any other group that has
apparently withdrawn from the competitive struggle. Thus, persons do not strive for the goals that society
encourages, nor they do obey rules of how to act. They seek their own private rewards and live by rules peculiar
to the style of living.
a. Innovation
b. Ritualism
c. Retreatism
d. Reformation
e. Rebellion
31. This is a behavioral alternative in which great aspirations are abandoned in favor of careful adherence to the
available means. Early morning classes often considered one of it. Attendance is not a means for them t attain
success; they are simply because they should be.
a. Innovation
b. Ritualism
c. Retreatism
d. Reformation
e. Rebellion
32. Is the adaptation in which most property crimes would be found. It occurs when persons accept without
qualification the importance of attaining the goals and wil use any means regardless of their prosperity, morality,
legality to achieve those goals.
a. Innovation
b. Ritualism
c. Retreatism
d. Reformation
e. Rebellion
33. What is equifinality?
a. "Is the configuration of communities, organizations, and groups that are products of social, economic, and
political forces and social institutions. It studies how these systems affect people."
b. "Is a number of people who have something in common that connects them in some way and that
distinguishes them from others"
c. “Is a system theory used to describe and analyze people and other living systems and their transactions."
d. Its more than one way of solving a problem. There are many ways to get the same ending.
34. This component means one’s sake in conformity:
a. Attachment
b. Commitment
c. Assignment
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 d. Involvement
e. Belief
35. This component means contribution in conventional behavior:
a. Attachment
b. Commitment
c. Assignment
d. Involvement
e. Belief
36. This component means trust in the law:
a. Attachment
b. Commitment
c. Assignment
d. Involvement
e. Belief
37. This pertains to the concept of Control Theory, except…
a. The social environment does not push one toward deviant behavior; rather, it fails to restrain one from so
behaving
b. Deviance is not caused by the present values, beliefs or other motivating factors, but by the absence of
values and beliefs normally forbid delinquency.
c. Most of us do not engage in deviant or criminal acts because of strong bonds with or ties to conventional,
mainstream social institutions. If these bonds are weak or broken, we will be released from society’s rules
and will be free to deviate.
d. Society or neighborhood is able to invest its citizens or residents with a stake worth protecting, it will lower
rates of crime vs. society were strong bond is not present or relatively low.
e. None of the above
38. The re-commission of crime after an individual has been caught and punished.
a. Recidivism
b. Experimental effect
c. Principle of Deterrence
d. General Deterrence
e. Specific Deterrence
39. This theory points society as the one which created deviance by identifying particular members as deviant.
a. Differential Association Theory
b. Labeling Theory
c. Social Contract Theory
d. Deterrence Perspective
e. Social Process Theory

40. Ageism is
I. Systematic stereotyping of people because they are old
II. They are regarded as old
They are old fashioned in morality and skills
III. They are rigid in thought and manner
a. I & II
b. I, II & III
c. III & IV
d. I, II, III & IV

41. The family as the basic institution which performs functions such as:
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 I. Reproduction, biological maintenance & socialization
II. Status placement, social control & reproduction
III. Economic, recreational and educational
IV. Support
a. I
b. II
c. III.
d. I, II, III and IV
42. Extra judicial killing, life imprisonment, death penalty for a crime committed are examples of what?
a. Deterrence theory
b. Differential association theory
c. Control theory
d. Deviancy theory

43. Which do you think is least applicable in the statements given below.
I. Deviance is universal but there is no universal from of deviance
II. Deviance is not social definition. It is the quality of the act : it is not how we define it.
III. Deviance is contextual
IV. Social groups make rules and enforce them.
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV
e. All of the choices
44. Potential for recovery, repair, and growth in facing challenges. Mostly described as the ability to bounce back.
a. Resilience
b. Restitution
c. Recidivism
d. Rectification
e. Ritualism
45. Is an anomie/disjunction which was considered to stem from a state of normlessness or deregulation in society.
Such suicidal occurs because society allows its members to have unlimited aspirations, and there is no discipline
imposed on notions of what maybe realistically achieved.
a. Role transition
b. Crisis situation
c. Anomic Suicide
d. Shifts
46. It asserts that if society or neighborhood is able to invest its citizens or residents with a stake worth protecting,
it will have lower rates of crime vs. society where strong bond is not present or relatively low.
a. Control theory
b. Labeling theory
c. Anomie
d. Strain theory
47. He developed an economic interpretation of societies. He claimed that all social phenomenon-legal codes,
political institutions, religion, ethics, the arts, the family are products of society’s economy in the form of its
means of production.
a. Karl Marx
b. Lao Tzu
c. William Sheldon
d. Sigmund Freud

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 48. This is the category containing the mentally disordered, drug addicts, alcoholics and any other groups that have
apparently withdrawn from the competitive struggle. Thus, persons do not strive for the goals that society
encourages, nor do they obey rules of how to act. They seek their own private rewards and live by rules peculiar
to their style of living.
a. Ritualist
b. Conformist
c. Retreats
d. Regularist
49. According to this theory, the social environment does not push one toward deviant behavior; rather, it fails to
restrain one from so behaving.
a. Control theory
b. Labeling theory
c. Anomie
d. Strain theory
50. What mode of adaptation when one accepts the cultural goals, but they reject the traditional or legal means to
obtain them?
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Ritualism
d. Retreatism
e. Rebellion

51. Deron is a family man with a wife and four kids at home. He also is a hard worker and is at the middle-
management level at his local marketing firm. Deron is not preoccupied with wealth the same way his co-
workers are. He knows that it is unlikely that he will ever become rich, and that's okay. He believes that money
isn't everything and that his fortune is his family. Nonetheless, Deron continues to work hard and climb the
corporate ladder.
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Ritualism
d. Retreatism
e. Rebellion
52. Evan is a senior in college studying psychology. He hopes to help mentally unstable people someday. On his
way to class, he notices that a crowd has gathered in the quad. As he gets closer to the group, he can hear
Preacher Bob talking about some conspiracy theory. Evan can't help but chuckle. Preacher Bob is one of the
well-known homeless guys who hangs around campus. A lot of people think he is annoying, and some students
claim that he is on drugs. Evan thinks he is intriguing. He met him one night while waiting for the bus. Turns
out Preacher Bob wanted to be a lawyer at one point, before he realized he didn't want to be part of 'the system,'
as he says.
He dropped out of school and disassociated himself from his family soon after that. He now lives on
the streets, actively denouncing the American Dream and lecturing on the dangers of chasing it to anyone who
will listen.
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Ritualism
d. Retreatism
e. Rebellion
53. Chris grew up in a poor, crime-ridden neighborhood. He strived to do well in elementary school, motivated by
his dream to live in a wealthy neighborhood with a big house and fancy car. After academic struggles and
personal hardship throughout elementary school, Chris slowly gave up the idea that he would ever do well in

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 school and be wealthy. Because of frustration, he joins anti-government movement expressing his new goal to
change the status quo. This example of Chris highlights the epitome of ______ from a sociological standpoint.
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Ritualism
d. Retreatism
e. Rebellion
54. An entrepreneur wants to buy a nice house and have a lot of money, but utilizes illegal methods to obtain that
money.
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Ritualism
d. Retreatism
e. Rebellion
55. Which do you think is not applicable about the challenging social workers’ driven demand of being generalist?
I. Social workers help community members realize their membership potential in many different ways.
II. They have many roles of advocate, counselor, teacher, researcher, administrator, policy analyst, and
mediator.
III. They help individuals, groups, communities, organizations, social movements, and possess multiple
skills for micro, mezzo and macro level practice.
IV. As an approach it appreciates the multidimensionality of human experience, and we try to respond to
each client as a whole with physical, psychological, social, economic and spiritual concerns.
a. I
b. II and III
c. II and IV
d. I, III and IV
e. None and all of the statement is correct
56. It is deviance is not the quality of the act the person commits but rather a consequence of the application by
other rules and sanction to an “offender”.
a. Control theory
b. Shaming theory
c. Labeling theory
d. Anomie
57. Expression of social disapproval designed to invoke remorse in the wrongdoers.
a. Labelling Theory
b. Retreatism
c. Control Theory
d. Shaming Theory
58. Stigmatizes and excludes the person who is shamed from society. It sets them apart as ‘not one of us’ or labels
him or her criminal person.
a. Social Theory
b. Reintegrative Shaming
c. Disintegrative Shaming
d. Restorative Justice
59. Hating the sin but loving the sinner.
a. Control theory
b. Disintegrative Shaming
c. Somatology
d. Reintegrative Shaming

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 60. Punished to be stigmatized, rejected or ostracized to banish in the society.
a. Disintegrative Shaming
b. Relevance
c. Rebellion
d. Economic cost
61. Shows that the community disagrees with the behavior but then allows the person to come back into the
community of law-abiding or respectable citizens through words or gestures of forgiveness.
a. Reintegrative Shaming
b. Shaming Theory
c. Disintegrative Shaming
d. Labelling Theory
62. A process of expressing disapproval which have the intention or effect of invoking remorse in the person being
shamed and or condemnation by others who become aware or shaming.
a. Control Theory
b. Criminology Theory
c. Shaming Theory
d. Reintegrative Shaming
63. Focuses on rehabilitating the offender within a supportive community environment and assisting the offender
in their efforts to change.
a. Disintegrative Shaming
b. Shaming Theory
c. Reintegrative Shaming
d. Labelling Theory
64. It is God or nature-or some other certain absolute, eternal agent-who or that is responsible for determining
what’s deviant, not humans.
a. Absolutist
b. An Act Criminal Status
c. Statistical
d. Positive Deviance
65. The evil of deviance is part and parcel of the thing itself. If something is deviant, it is wrong now and forever,
here and there.
a. Absolutist
b. An Act Criminal Status
c. Statistical
d. Positive Deviance

66. According to fundamentalist Christians, homosexuality is an abomination in the eyes of God; it must be
condemned at every appropriate occasion. Tolerating it would represent making a pact with evil. Right and
wrong exist prior to and independent of these artificial, socially and humanly created rules.
a. Normative
b. Reactive
c. Statistical
d. Positive Deviance
67. It is likely that a correlation exists between rarity and deviance-that extremely rare actions are more likely to be
deviant than common ones-but we cannot base our judgment of deviance in rarity.
a. Absolutist
b. An Act Criminal Status
c. Statistical
d. Positive Deviance
68. Prescribes that a widow marries the brother or nearest kin of the deceased husband.
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 a. Endogamy
b. Exogamy
c. Levirate
d. Sororate

69. Prescribes that a widower marries the sister or nearest kin of the deceased wife.
a. Endogamy
b. Exogamy
c. Levirate
d. Sororate

70. Deviance is not caused by the present values, beliefs or other motivating factors, but by the absence of values
and beliefs that normally forbid delinquency. What theory is this?
a. Control theory
b. Labeling theory
c. Anomie
d. Strain theory

71. Is simply defined as a state where norms (expectations on behavior) are confused, unclear or not present. Simply
referred as the state of normlessness.
a. Deranged
b. Labeling theory
c. Anomie
d. Strain theory

72. It is God or nature-or some other certain absolute, eternal agent-who or that is responsible for determining
what’s deviant, not humans.
a. Absolutist
b. An Act Criminal Status
c. Statistical
d. Positive Deviance

73. The evil of deviance is part and parcel of the thing itself. If something is deviant, it is wrong now and forever,
here and there.
a. Absolutist
b. An Act Criminal Status
c. Statistical
d. Positive Deviance
74. According to fundamentalist Christians, homosexuality is an abomination in the eyes of God; it must be
condemned at every appropriate occasion. Tolerating it would represent making a pact with evil. Right and
wrong exist prior to and independent of these artificial, socially and humanly created rules
a. Normative
b. Reactive
c. Statistical
d. Positive Deviance
75. Deviance is not a matter of what the members of a society think or how they feel, this school believed, since the
consciousness of the ordinary citizen has been dominated by the powers to their advantage.
a. Normative
b. Reactive
c. Statistical
d. Positive Deviance
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 76. It provides the explanation of crime that they lay not in biology but in the social world and that crime is
transmitted through intimate personal groups.
a. Control theory
b. Labeling theory
c. Strain theory
d. Differential Association theory

77. It is made up of efforts to bring about conformity to the law by agents of the criminal justice system: the police,
the courts, and jails and prisons.
a. Internal Social Control
b. External Social Control
c. Formal Social Control
d. Informal Social Control

78. Which do you think is least applicable in the said concept of vicarious conditioning?
I. It is being said that via observation of experiences of others is not likely to produce conditioned response
of the same intensity as it would be personally experiencing associations between neutral stimuli or
unconditioned stimulus.
II. You are watching television and learn from a horror movie wherein there were ghosts. The photos
are vivid and accompanied sounds of weeping relatives. The next hour you want to use the toilet.
III. You are in line for a flu shot and are not particularly anxious. But it appears that the nurse
is clu1nsy, ai1d several times patients in front of you give a loud yelp of pain \¥hen injected.
Now it is your turn
IV. Via observation of the others would definitely produce conditioned response of the same intensity as it
would be personally experienced.
a. I
b. II and I
c. III.
d. I and III
e. IV
79. Generally, one where core members are distributed in two or more nation states but continue to share strong
bonds of collective welfare and unity. It is also a strategic response to the changing social, economic and
political conditions of a globalizing world.
a. Single parenting family
b. Transnational family
c. Family
d. Cohabiting
e. Live in couple
80. Theory of secondary deviation.
a. Thomass Sheff
b. Walter Gove
c. Edwin Lemert
d. David Matza

81. Which do you think is the least effective in hereunder statement that talks about labelling theory?
I. This theory holds that behaviors are deviant only when society ascribes them as deviant. As such,
conforming members of society, who interpret certain behaviors as deviant and then attach this name
to individuals, determine the distinction between deviance and non‐deviance. It questions who applies
to whom, why they do this, and what happens.

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 II. Powerful individuals within society—politicians, judges, police officers, medical doctors, and so
forth—typically impose the most significant labels. Labeled persons may include drug addicts,
alcoholics, criminals, delinquents, prostitutes, sex offenders, retarded people, and psychiatric patients,
to mention a few.

III. Social research indicates that those who have negative labels usually don’t have lower self‐images, are
more likely not to reject themselves, and may even act less deviantly as a result of the label.
IV. Unfortunately, people who accept the labeling of others—be it correct or incorrect—have a difficult
time changing their opinions of the labeled person, even in light of evidence to the contrary.
V. Two groups of Surigaonon Catholic and the Maranao (Muslim), male, high‐school students were both
frequently involved in delinquent acts of theft, vandalism, drinking, and truancy. The police never
arrested the members of one group, which is labeled as “Saints,” but the police did have frequent run‐
ins with members of the other group, which he labeled the “TOKHANGUNON.” The boys in the Saints
came from respectable families, had good reputations and grades in school, and were careful not to get
caught when breaking the law. By being polite, cordial, and apologetic whenever confronted by the
police, the Saints escaped labeling themselves as “deviants.” In contrast, the “TOKHANGUNON”
came from families of lower socioeconomic status, had poor reputations and grades in school, and were
not careful about being caught when breaking the law. By being hostile and insolent whenever
confronted by the police, the “TOKHANGUNON were easily labeled by others and themselves as
“deviants.” In other words, while both groups committed crimes, the Saints were perceived to be “good”
because of their polite behavior (which was attributed to their upper‐class backgrounds) and the
“TOKHANGUNON” were seen as “bad” because of their insolent behavior (which was attributed to
their lower‐class backgrounds). As a result, the police always took action against the
‘TOKHANGUNON, but never against the Saints.
a. III
b. IV
c. II and III
d. I and IV
e. All of the abovementioned statement

82. Differential Association theory addresses the issue of how people learn deviance. Which of the statement below
does not hold true to what this theory wants to explain?
I. It is coined by Edwin Sutherland
II. According to this theory, the environment plays a major role in deciding which norms people learn to
violate. Specifically, people within a particular reference group provide norms of conformity and
deviance, and thus heavily influence the way other people look at the world, including how they react.
People also learn their norms from various socializing agents—parents, teachers, ministers, family,
friends, co‐workers, and the media. In short, people learn criminal behavior, like other behaviors, from
their interactions with others, especially in intimate groups.

III. That this theory applies to many types of deviant behavior. For example, juvenile gangs provide an
environment in which young people learn to become criminals. These gangs define themselves as
countercultural and glorify violence, retaliation, and crime as means to achieving social status. Gang
members learn to be deviant as they embrace and conform to their gang's norms.
IV. People learn deviance from the people with whom they associate.
V. That impersonal communication plays a vital and primary role in the behavior contagion.
a. III
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 b. V
c. II and III
d. I and IV
e. All of the abovementioned statement

83. It refers to holding beliefs that are unconventional and non-normative, which, in some social circles, causes
their believers to be shunned, isolated, marginalized, rendered powerless, criticized, condemned, or punished.
a. Cognitive Deviance
b. B and C
c. Cognitive Minorities
d. Only D

84. Is the examination of various ways in which people are oppressed, based on the relational web of dominating
factors of race, sex, class, nation and sexual orientation. It "describes the simultaneous, multiple, overlapping,
and contradictory systems of power that shape our lives and political options". While this theory can be applied
to all people, and more particularly all women.
a. Queer Theory's
b. Feminist Theory
c. LGBTQI Theory
d. LGBTQIA+ Theory
e. Intersectionality

85. According to his theory, when people cannot attain the "legitimate goal" of economic success through what
society defines as the "legitimate means"—dedication and hard work—they may turn to other illegitimate means
of attaining that goal. For Merton, this explained why people with less money and items that demonstrated
material success would steal. The cultural value on economic success is so great that the social force of it pushes
some to attain it or the appearance of it through any means necessary.
a. Control Theory
b. Strain Theory
c. Systemic Theory
d. Innovation Theory
e. Deterrence theory

86. May be defined approximately as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the
course of his occupation as defined by Sutherland.
a. OSEC/CSEX
b. White Collar Crime
c. Cooperative Crime
d. None of the Above
87. It means preventing or controlling actions or behavior through fear of punishment or retribution.
a. Deterrence theory
b. Punishment theory
c. retribution theory
d. Control theory
e. Rectification theory

88. These norms of culture are strict. They determine what is considered moral and ethical behavior; they structure
the difference between right and wrong. Violating them typically results in disapproval or ostracizing. As such,
they extract a greater coercive force in shaping our values, beliefs, behavior, and interactions. Religious
doctrines are an example of mores that govern social behavior. For example, many religions have prohibitions

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 on cohabitating with a romantic partner before marriage. If a young adult from a strict religious family moves
in with her boyfriend, her family, friends, and congregation are likely to view her behavior as immoral. They
might punish her behavior by scolding her, threatening judgment in the afterlife, or shunning her from their
homes and the church. These actions are meant to indicate that her behavior is immoral and unacceptable, and
are designed to make her change her behavior to align with the violated more. The belief that forms of
discrimination and oppression, like racism and sexism, are unethical is another example of this.
a. Laws
b. Norm
c. Culture
d. Folkways
e. Mores
89. Composed of those actions and conditions that are widely recognized, in advance and in general, to be deviant.
a. Societal Deviance
b. Situational Deviance
c. Deviance
d. Only C

90. This explains that labeling a person as a deviant does not only involve in pertaining to one’s act or behavior,
rather, it also gives a possibility that they will continue their misbehavior.
a. Effect of labeling on behavior
b. The production of deviance
c. Primary deviance
d. Secondary deviance
e. None of the above

91. This refers to an individual or group of people who are affluent, high social statuses and seems to be respectable
that committed crimes and are usually less likely to be arrested.
a. White collar crime
b. Police corruption
c. Employee theft
d. Commercial espionage
e. Advance fee swindles

92. Which among the following is not included in the risk factors of suicide?
a. Hopelessness, access to lethal means, and stigma
b. Substance use disorder, social loss, and exposure of suicide content through media
c. History of trauma or abuse, financial loss, and barriers to access in health care
d. Mental disorder, local clusters of suicide, cultural or religious beliefs
e. None of the above

93. This theory can also be utilized to understand that an individual had only been able to become a deviant due to
the environment which he/she lives. That is, he/she is also a victim of his own environment particularly linked
in economy.
a. Labeling theory
b. Conflict theory
c. Feminist theory
d. Symbolic interaction theory
e. None of the above

94. This proponent stated that Moral development theoy of Kholberg were developed mainly for man which was a
problem. She pointed out the quality differences women and men moral judgment.
A. Carol Gilligan
B. Eliot Turiel

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 C. Carlo Gennegan
D. Eliot Steward

95. Proposed two models of moral judgement the “Ethics of Care and the Ethics of Justice “
A. Carol Gilligan
B. Eliot Turiel
C. Carlo Gennegan
D. Eliot Steward

96. Social Domain Theorists stated through social interactions, individual obtain a lot of information and moral
thinking were also based on social interactions.
A. Carol Gilligan
B. Eliot Turiel
C. Carlo Gennegan
D. Eliot Steward

97. In this theory, “social convention” domain represents the rules that children think they are mandatory and
these rules provide order for various social settings and they consist of series rules as a form of guide which
are responsible for social interactions (Smetana, 1993, 2011; Vasta, Miller, & Ellis, 2004).
A. Carol Gilligan
B. Eliot Turiel
C. Carlo Gennegan
D. Eliot Steward

98. In control theory, this means that the goals are either positive or negative and the means are either positive or
negative.
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Rebellion
d. Retreatism
e. Advocacy
99. In control theory, this means that the goals are positive and the means are negative.
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Rebellion
d. Retreatism
e. Advocacy

100. Hard, muscular body overly mature appearance, rectangular shaped , thick skin , upright posture .

a. Mesomorphic
b. Endomorphic
c. Ectomorphic
d. Somatology

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