CMU SAMPLE REVIEWER

ENGLISH
Formal Types of Communication Skills
This types of communication is also referred to as "official communication"
and covers the gamut of verbal expressions that address a formal need.
Informal Communication
Informal communication is surprisingly popular, and also referred to as "the
(unofficial) grapevine". This is often by word-of-mouth information. In fact, it
is this type of communication that opens you up to unofficial yet provocative
information.
Oral Communication (Face-to-face)
Face-to-face oral communication is the most recognized type of
communication.
Here, what you express comes directly from what you speak. Again, this
can be formal or informal: with your friends and family, in a formal meeting
or seminar, at work with your colleagues and boss, within your community,
during professional presentations, etc.
Oral Communication (Distance)
Distance (oral) communication has made the world a smaller and more
accessible place. Mobile phones, VOIP, video-conferencing, 2-way
webinars, etc. are all modern expansions of distance communication,
taking its expression to the next subtle level. And in this type of
communication, your tone of voice and pace of delivery take priority over
other expressions.

Non-verbal Types of Communication

This type of communication is more subtle, yet far more powerful. It
includes the entire gamut of physical postures and gestures, tone and pace
of voice, and the attitude with which you communicate.
Written Communication
A few decades ago, written communication depended on the trusty old
mailman as we wrote to people who were far away. On rare occasions, this
also included the formal note or legal notice from the bank, landlord,
business client, etc. What a surprise then that this type of communication
has now taken over every aspect of our world!
Kinesics or kinesic communication is all about communication through
body movements, such as gestures and facial expressions. It is all about
non-verbal behavior using any part of the body. It also includes
communicating using the body as a whole. In popular culture, we call this
'body language'.
Proxemics is the study of space and how we use it, and how it makes us
feel more or less comfortable. How close you stand next to someone, for
example, depends on the relationship you have with that person.... Intimate
space: very close, usually within one foot and sometimes touching.
Haptic communication is a branch of nonverbal communication that
refers to the ways in which people and animals communicate and interact
via the sense of touch. Touch is the most
sophisticated and intimate of the five senses.
We learned earlier that paralanguage refers to the vocalized but nonverbal
parts of a message. Vocalics is the study of paralanguage, which includes
the vocal qualities that go along with verbal messages, such as pitch,
volume, rate, vocal quality, and verbal fillers (Andersen, 1999).
Chronemics is the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication.
Time perceptions include punctuality, willingness to wait, and interactions.
The use of time can affect lifestyles daily agendas, speed of speech,
movements and how long people are willing to listen.
Agyu - Epic hero of Bukidnon
Setting: Where and when is the story set? Setting represents both the
physical location but also the time (i.e. past, present, future) and the social
and cultural conditions in which the characters exist.
Social journalism is a media model consisting of a hybrid of professional
journalism. contributor and reader content. The format relies on community
involvement, audience engagement, social newsgathering and verification,
data and analytics, and relationship- building.
Citizen journalism, also known as collaborative media, participatory
joumalism, democratic journalism, guerrilla journalism or street journalism,
is based upon public citizens "playing an active role in the process of
collecting, reporting, analyzing, and disseminating news andinformation.
Yellow journalism and the yellow press are American terms for journalism
and associated newspapers that present little or no legitimate, well-
researched news while instead using eye- catching headlines for increased
sales. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-
mongering, or sensationalism.
Adversarial journalism, or gotcha journalism, is a form of journalism that
seeks to uncover wrongdoings of public officials. Gotcha journalism can
include various methods such as, moving away from the agreed upon
interview topic, or switching to an embarrassing subject that was agreed to
be out-of-bounds.
Manipulatives Media are tools that are used to aid in hands-on learning.
They can be physical objects or computer programs which leamers can
manipulate in order to grasp an idea, and gain understanding or mastery of
given concepts. Examples are Abacus, Jigsaw Puzzles, Lego, Rubik's
Cube.
Interactive media, also called interactive multimedia, any computer-
delivered electronic system that allows the user to control, combine, and
manipulate different types of media, such as text, sound, video, computer
graphics, and animation. Examples of interactive media include web sites,
user-generated content, interactive television, gaming, interactive
advertising, blogs and mobile telephony.
Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700's)
In this age, People had leamed or discovered fire, developed paper from
plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron.
Industrial Age (1700s-1930s)
This is were people discovered the used of power steam, developed
machine tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing of
various products (including books through the printing press)
Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)
In this age, People invented the transistor ushered in the electronic age.
People hamessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio,
electronic circuits, and the early computers In this age, long distance
communication became more efficient.
Information Age (1900s-2000s)
This is were the Internet paved the way for faster communication and the
creation of the social network. People advanced the use of microelectronics
with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable
technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We
are now living in the information age.
Character: A person or animal or really anything personified. There can be one
main character or many, and often there are secondary characters, but not always.
Plot: The plot consists of the events that happen in the story. In a plot you
typically find an introduction, rising action, a climax, the falling action, and a
resolution. Plot is often represented as an arc.
Conflict: Every story must have a conflict, i.e. a challenge or problem around
which the plot is based. Without conflict, the story will have no purpose or
trajectory.
Theme: Idea, belief, moral, lesson or insight. It's the central argument that the
author is trying to make the reader understand. The theme is the "why" of the story.
 Point-of-view: "Who" is telling the story? First person ("1") or third person
("he/she/it"). Limited (one character's perspective), multiple (many characters'
perspectives) or omniscient (all knowing narrator). Second person ("you") is not
often used for writing stories.
Tone: The overall emotional "tone" or meaning of the story. Is it happy, funny,
sad, depressed? Tone can be portrayed in multiple ways, through word and
grammar choices, choice of theme, imagery and description, symbolism, and the
sounds of the words in combination (ie. rhyme, rhythm, musicality).
Style: This is how things are said. Word choices, sentence structure, dialogue,
metaphor, simile. hyperbole. Style contributes significantly to tone.
Confucianism is an ancient Chinese belief system, which focuses on the
importance of personal ethics and morality. Whether it is only or a philosophy or
also a religion is debated. Mencius (or Meng Ke who lived from 372 to 289
B.C.E.) is the best- known Confucian philosopher after Confucius himself
Buddhism is a faith that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama ("the Buddha")
more than 2,500 years ago in India. With about 470 million followers, scholars
consider Buddhism one of the major world religions.
Indios were defined as the native indigenous peoples in all the Spanish America
and Asia possessions. During the Spanish colonial period in the Mariana Islands
(17th through 19th centuries) the Chamorros people were classified as indios. In
the Spanish racial hierarchy, Indios were the lowest-ranked group
Evolution involves the gradual changes from simple to more complex forms.
Humans are believed to have developed from simpler forms. Evolution is
hypothesized to have begun in the oceans billions of years ago. Darwin gave the
theory of evolution. In his book-The Origin of Species, Darwin has stated that
evolution has come through a series of natural selection. The theory emphasized
the following points:
 Natural Selection
 Variation
 Struggle To Exist
 Survival of the Fittest
Evolution is the outcome of the interaction amongst the following five processes:
Mutation
 Genetic Recombination
 Chromosomal Abnormalities
 Reproductive isolation
 Natural Selection

Dryopithecus
These are deemed to be the ancestors of both man and apes. They lived in
China, Africa, Europe and India. The genus Dryopithecus refers to the oak
wood apes. When Dryopithecus was alive, the tropical lowlands which it
inhabited were densely forested, so the members could have
predominantly been herbivores.

Ramapithecus
Their first remains were discovered from the Shivalik range in Punjab and
later in Africa and Saudi Arabia. They lived in open grasslands. Two pieces
of evidence confirm their Hominid status:
1. Thickened tooth enamel, robust jaws and shorter canines.
2. Usage of hands for food and defence and extrapolations of upright
posture.
Australopithecus
The fossil of this genus was first discovered in 1924 in South Africa. They
lived on the ground, used stones as weapons and walked erect. They were
4 feet tall and weighed 60-80 pounds.
Homo Erectus
The first fossil of Homo Erectus was found in Java in 1891. These were
named as Pithecanthropus Erectus. These were considered as the missing
link between the man and apes. Another discovery made in China was the
Peking man. This specimen had large cranial capacities and is believed to
have lived in communities. Homo erectus used tools comprising quartz.
Tools made of bones and wood were also discovered. There is evidence of
collective huntings. There is also evidence of the use of fire. The Homo
Erectus is believed to dwell in caves.
Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis
The Homo Erectus evolved into Homo Sapiens. During evolution, two sub-
species of Homo Sapiens were identified- Homo sapien Neanderthal and
Homo sapiens sapiens. The cranial capacity of Neanderthal grew from
1200 to 1600 cc. Some small hand axes had also been discovered. This
species of hominids could hunt big names such as mammoths
Homo Sapiens
The remains of Homo Sapiens were first discovered in Europe and were
named Cro-Magnon. In these, the jaws are quite reduced, the modern
man's chin appeared, and the skull was rounded. Their cranial capacity
was about 1350 cc. They gathered food through hunting. Art first appeared
during this time.
Media literacy, put simply, is the ability to identify different types of media
and the messages they are sending. When we speak of media, it
encompasses print media, such as newspapers, magazines and posters,
and theatrical presentations, tweets, radio broadcasts, etc.
Information literacy is the ability to find, evaluate, organize, use, and
communicate information in all its various formats, most notably in
situations requiring decision making, problem solving, or the acquisition of
knowledge.
Technology literacy is the ability of an individual, working independently
and with others, to responsibly, appropriately and effectively use
technology tools to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and
communicate information.
Sender: The sender or the communicator is the person who initiates the
conversation and has conceptualized the idea that he intends to convey it
to others.
Encoding: The sender begins with the encoding process wherein he uses
certain words or non verbal methods such as symbols symbols, signs, body
gestures, tures, etc. to translate the information into a message. The
sender's knowledge, skills, perception, background, competencies, etc. has
a great impact on the success of the message.\
Message: Once the encoding is finished, the sender gets the message that
he intends to convey. The message can be written, oral, symbolic or non-
verbal such as body gestures, silence, sighs, sounds, etc. or any other
signal that triggers the response of a receiver.
Communication Channel: The Sender chooses the medium through
which he wants to convey his message to the recipient. It must be selected
carefully in order to make the message effective and and correctly
interpreted by the recipient. The choice of medium depends on the
interpersonal relationships between the sender and the receiver and also
on the urgency of the message being sent. Oral, virtual, written, sound,
gesture, etc. are some of the commonly used communication mediums.
Receiver: The receiver is the person for whom the message is intended or
targeted. He tries to comprehend it in the best possible manner such that
the communication objective is attained. The degree to which the receiver
decodes the message depends on his knowledge of the subject matter,
experience, trust and relationship with the sender.
Decoding: Here, the receiver interprets the sender's message and tries to
understand it in the best possible manner. An effective communication
occurs only if the receiver understands the message in exactly the same
way as it was intended by the sender.
Feedback: The Feedback is the final step of the process that ensures the
receiver has received the message and interpreted it correctly as it was
intended by the the sender. It increases increases the effectiveness
ectiveness sender to verbal know the efficacy of of the his message. The
response communication as a it permits the it permits the of the receiver
can be verbal or rion- verbal.
Note: The Noise shows the barriers in communications. There are chances
when the message sent by the sender is not received by the recipient.

MATH
In propositional logic, modus ponens (moudas pounenz/; MP), also known as modus ponendo
ponens (Latin for "mode that by affirming affirms") or implication elimination nor or af
affirming the antecedent, is a deductive argument form and rule of inference. An example of an
argument that fits the form modus ponens: If today is Tuesday, then John will go to work.
Today is Tuesday. Therefore, John will go to work.

Modus tollens is a valid argument form in propositional calculus in which and are propositions.
It implies, and is false, then. is false. Also known as an indirect proof or a proof by
contrapositive. For example, if being the king implies having a crown, not having a crown
implies not being the king.

In mathematics and logic, a direct proof is a way of showing the truth or falsehood of a given
statement by a straightforward combination of established facts, usually axioms, existing lemmas
and theorems, without making any further assumptions..

An indirect proof relies on a contradiction to prove a giv a given conjecture by assuming the
conjecture is not true, and then running into a contradiction proving that the conjecture must be
true.

A normal distribution, sometimes called the bell curve, is a distribution that occurs naturally in
many situations. For example, the bell curve is seen in tests like the SAT and GRE.
The inverse is usually shown by putting a little "-1" a after the function name, like this: f(y) We
say "inverse of y So, the inverse of f(x) = 2x+3 is written: f(y) (y-3)/2.

Square 4x side

Rectangle 2 (length+width)

Parallelogram 2x (side1 + side2)

Triangle sidetside2 sidel

Regular n-polygonn side

Trapezoid height (base1 base2)(2

Trapezoid base1+ base2+ height (csc(theta) csc(theta2

Square side 2

Rectangle length width

Parallelogram base height

Triangle base helont/2

Regular n-polygon (1/4)nside2 cot(pi/n)

Trapezoid height (basebase2) /2

Cube side 3

Rectangular Prism sidetside2 side3

Mathematicians normally use a two-valued logic: Every statement is either True or False. This is
called the Law of the Excluded Middle.

A statement in sentential logic is built from simple statements using the logical connectives, and
The truth or falsity of a statement built with these connective depends on the truth or falsity of its
components.

For example, the compound statement (QV) is built using the logical connectives and or
falsity of P, Q, and R. The truth or falsity of P(-) depends on the truth
A truth table shows how the truth or falsity of a compound statement depends on the truth or
falsity of the simple statements from which it's constructed. So we'll start by looking at truth
tables for the five logical connectives.

Here's the table for negation:

This table is easy to understand. If P is true, its negation is false. If -P is false. then is true.

P^Q should be true when both P and Q are true, and false otherwise:

PvQ is true if either P is true or Q is true (or both remember that we're using "or" in the inclusive
sense). It's only false if both P and Q are false,

Here's the table for logical implication:

To understand why this table is the way it is, consider the following example:

"If you get an A, then I'll give you a dollar."

The statement will be true if 1 keep my promise and false if I don't.

Suppose it's true that you get an A and it's true that I give you a dollar. Since I kept my promise,
the implication is true. This corresponds to the first line in the table.
Suppose it's true that you get an A but it's false that I give you a dollar. Since I didn't keep my
promise, the implication is false. This corresponds to the second line in the table.

What if it's false that you get an A? Whether or not I give you a dollar, I haven't broken my
promise. Thus, the implication cant be false, so (since this is a two-valued logic) it must be true.
This explains the last two lines of the table.

P-Q means that P and Q are equivalent. So the double implication is true if P and Qare both true
or if P and Q are both false, otherwise, the double implication is false.

A Bond is a connact between two companies.

Companies or governments issue bonds because they need to borrow large amounts of money.
They issue bonds and investars buy them (thereby giving the people who issued the bond
money).

Bonds have a maturity date. This means that at some point, the bond issuer has to pay back the
money to the investors. They also have to pay the investors a little bit more than they paid for the
band.

Amortization is the process of spreading out a loan into a series of fixed payments. The kron is
paid off at the end of the payment schedule. Some of each payment goes towards interest costs
and some goes toward your loan balance. Over time, you pay less in interest and more toward
your balance.

An annulty is a long-term agreement (contract) between you and an insurance company that
allows you accumulate funds on a tax-deferred basis for later payout in the form of a guaranteed
Income that you cannot outive.... When considering the purchase of an annuity, don't be
distracted away from its simplicity.

Shares are units of equity ownership interest in a corporation that exist as a financial asset
providing for an equal distribution in any residual profits, If any are declared, in the form of
dividends Shareholders may also enjoy capital gains if the value of the company rises.

A stock is a general term used to describe the ownership certificates of any company. A share,
on the other hand, refers to the stock certificate of a particular company. Holding a particular
company's share makes you a shareholder. Description: Stocks are of two types-common and
preferred.
Ho. The null hypothesis: It is a statement about the population that either is believed to be true or
is used to put forth an argument unless it can be shown to be incorrect beyond a reasonable doutt

Ha. The alternative hypothesis: It is a claim about the population that is contradictory to Ho. and
what we conclude when we reject Ho

Since the null and alternative hypotheses are contradictory, you must examine evidence to decide
if you have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis or not. The evidence is in the form of
sample data.

After you have determined which hypothesis the sample supports, you make adecision. There are
two options for a decision. They are "reject Ho if the sample information favors the alternative
hypothesis or "do not reject. Ho" or "decline to reject Ho if the sample information is Insufficient
to reject the null hypothesis.
Mathematical Symbols Used in Ha, and Ho.
An oblique or slant asymptote is on asymptote along a line y=mx+0, where mf0. Oblique
asymptotes occur when the degree of the denominator of a rational function is one less than the
degree of the numerator.

For example, the function f(x) x+1x has an oblique asymptote about the line yex and a vertical
asymptote at the line =0.

A probability distribution is a statistical function that describes all the possible values and
likelihoods that a random variable can take a given range.
Standard deviation is a number used to tell how measurements for a group are spread out from
the average (mean or expected value). A low standard deviation means that most of the numbers
are dose to the average, while a high standard deviation means that the number are more spread
out.

Confidence Intervals. For a given statistic calculated for a sample of observations (e.g. the
mean), the confiderice interval is a range of values around that statistic that are believed to
contain, with a certain probability (eg. 95%), the true value of that statistic (Le the population
population value). Strictly speaking a 95% confidence interval means that if we were to take 100
different samples and compute a 95% confidence interval for each sample, then approximately
95 of the 100 confidence intervals will contain the true mean value (u).

An interest rate is a percentage charged on the total amount you borrow or save. Even a small
change in interest rates can have a big impact.

SCIENCE