MySQL

Basic To Advance
A Practical
Programming Guide
Sanket Mishrikotkar
 MySQL
Basic To Advance
A Practical Programming Guide
HELLO,
I HAVE COMPILED
THE DATA FROM
VARIOUS RESOURCES
AND WRITTEN THE
MYSQL E-BOOK IN
VERY SIMPLE &
UNDERSTANDING
LANGUAGE FOR THE
BEGINNER.

Sanket Mishrikotkar

CONTACT:
sanketmishrikotkar

SanketMishrikotkar

msanket17

mishrikotkarsanket@gmail.com
Note: Links are attached to logo & text. Click on that & you will get my profile.
Sr. No Title Page No.

1 MySQL - Home 1
2 MySQL - Introduction 2
3 MySQL - Installation 4
4 MySQL - Administration 6
5 MySQL - PHP Syntax 7
6 MySQL - Connection 8
7 MySQL - Create Database 10
8 MySQL - Drop Database 11
9 MySQL - Select Database 12
10 MySQL - Data Types 13
11 MySQL - Create Tables 16
12 MySQL - Drop Tables 17
13 MySQL - Insert Query 18
14 MySQL - Select Query 19
15 MySQL - Where Clause 20
16 MySQL - Update Query 21
17 MySQL - Delete Query 22
18 MySQL - Like Clause 23
19 MySQL - Sorting Results 24
20 MySQL - Using Join 25
21 MySQL - NULL Values 31
22 MySQL - Regexps 32
23 MySQL - Transactions 33
24 MySQL - Alter Command 35
25 MySQL - Indexes 38
26 MySQL - Temporary Tables 40
27 MySQL - Clone Tables 42
28 MySQL - Database Info 43
29 MySQL - Using Sequences 44
30 MySQL - Handling Duplicates 46
31 MySQL - SQL Injection 47
32 MySQL - Database Export 48
33 MySQL - Database Import 49
34 MySQL - Useful Functions 50
35 MySQL - interview question and answer 55
1. MySQL - Home:

SQL is a most popular proper and standard language used for storing, manipulating
and retrieving data in databases. MySQL is the open source relational SQL database
management system which is very popular and user friendly. MySQL RDBMS is used
for developing various applications on web-based.

Database:

A database is an application where the well designed and well organised collection of
records, data are stored. We can perform many operations on the database like
creating, accessing, managing, searching, and replication of the data the database
stores with the distinct API.

1
2. MySQL - Introduction:

MYSQL is an open source database software and it is supported by Oracle Company.

MYSQL is a database management system which supports the relational database
management system. It is very fast, smooth, reliable, scalable, and very simple & easy
to use. MySQL was developed by Michael Widenius and David Axmark in 1994. It is
developed by MySQL AB and MySQL is written in C, C++ programming languages.
MySQL supports many operating systems like Windows, Linux, MacOS, etc. MySQL is
available in English Language.

A MySQL is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) software provides

facility of:
 It gives the platform to implement the database operation on tables, rows,
columns, index, etc.
 This maintains the relationship of database in the form of tables, are known as
relations.
 Table is collection of rows and columns.
 This confirms and shows the Referential Integrity between rows and tables.
 This interprets many SQL queries and combines meaningful information from
many tables.
 It provides the facility to update the table.
 SQL stands for Structure Query Language.

Terms related to the RDBMS:

 Database − A database is a collection of records, tables, other data and
metadata
 Table − A table is a collection of rows and columns which is represented in
matrix form.
 Column − A columns is a vertical dataset in table.
 Row – A row is a horizontal dataset in table. It can be called tuple or entry or
record.
 Redundancy – A redundancy is storing the same data at two different places.
 Primary Key – A primary is a unique property where the key value cannot be
entered in a table twice.
 Foreign Key − A foreign key links the pin between two tables.
 Compound Key − A compound key (composite key) is a key that have multiple
columns, because one column is not sufficiently unique.
 Index − An index is a copy of selected columns of data from a table
 Referential Integrity – It refers to the accuracy and consistency of data within
a relationship.

2
Advantages of MySQL:
 It is an open source.
 It is standard form of well-organized and known SQL.
 It works on multiple operating system.
 It is very friendly with PHP.
 It is having large storage capacity.
 It is custumizable as per the user.

3
3. MySQL - Installation

Steps to install MySQL:

Step 1: download MySQL

Download MySQL from dev.mysql.com/downloads/.

Step 2: extract the files

Download and extract the folder. Then rename the folder as “mysql”. Install MySQL
to C drive. You can install anywhere in any drive but prefer C drive for installation.

Step 3: move the data folder (optional)

I recommend placing the data folder on another drive or partition to make backups
and re-installation easier. For the purposes of this example, we will create a folder
called D:MySQLdata and move the contents of C:mysqldata into it.
You should now have two folders, D:MySQLdatamysql and D:MySQLdatatest. The
original C:mysqldata folder can be removed.

Step 4: create a configuration file

MySQL provides several configuration methods but, in general, it is easiest to to
create a my.ini file in the mysql folder. There are hundreds of options to tweak
MySQL to your exact requirements, but the simplest my.ini file is:

[mysqld]
# installation directory
basedir="C:/mysql/"

# data directory
datadir="D:/MySQLdata/"
(Remember to change these folder locations if you have installed MySQL or the data
folder elsewhere.)

Step 5: test your installation

Open a command box (Start > Run > cmd) and enter the following commands:

cd mysqlbin
mysqld
This will start the MySQL server which listens for requests on localhost port 3306.
You can now start the MySQL command line tool and connect to the database. Open
another command box and enter:

cd mysqlbin
mysql -u root

4
This will show a welcome message and the mysql> prompt. Enter “show databases;”
to view a list of the pre-defined databases.

Step 6: change the root password

The MySQL root user is an all-powerful account that can create and destroy
databases. If you are on a shared network, it is advisable to change the default
(blank) password. From the mysql> prompt, enter:

UPDATE mysql.user SET password=PASSWORD("my-new-password") WHERE

User='root';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
You will be prompted for the password the next time you start the MySQL command
line.
Enter “exit” at the mysql> prompt to stop the command line client. You should now
shut down

MySQL with the following command:

mysqladmin.exe -u root shutdown

Step 7: Install MySQL as a Windows service

The easiest way to start MySQL is to add it as a Windows service. From a command
prompt, enter:

cd mysqlbin
mysqld –install

Open the Control Panel, Administrative Tools, then Services and double-click MySQL.
Set the Startup type to “Automatic” to ensure MySQL starts every time you boot
your PC.

Alternatively, set the Startup type to “Manual” and launch MySQL whenever you
choose using the command “net start mysql”.

5
4. MySQL - Administration

Administration of MySQL consists the total management part of database and tables.
Admin of the database can access to each and every table.

Administrative MySQL Command:

 USE Databasename –This command will give give order to use the current
database for work.
 SHOW DATABASES – This command will show the list of databases.
 SHOW TABLES – This command shows the tables in the database.
 SHOW COLUMNS FROM tablename: Shows the attributes, types of
attributes, key information, whether NULL is permitted, defaults, and other
information for a table.
 SHOW INDEX FROM tablename − Presents the details of all indexes on the
table, including the PRIMARY KEY.
 SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE tablename\G − Reports details of the MySQL
DBMS performance and statistics.

6
5. MySQL – PHP Syntax
Out of these languages, PHP is the most popular one because of its web application
development capabilities.
You would require to call the PHP functions in the same way you call any other PHP
function.

Syntax for PHP Query is:

mysql_function(value,value,...);

The following example shows a generic syntax of PHP to call any MySQL function.

<html>
<head>
<title>PHP with MySQL</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
$retval = mysql_function(value, [value,...]);
if( !$retval ) {
die ( "Error: a related error message" );
}
?>
</body>
</html>

7
6. MySQL - Connection

PHP provides mysql_connect() function to open a database connection. This

function takes five parameters and returns a MySQL link identifier on success or
FALSE on failure.

Syntax:
connection mysql_connect(server,user,passwd,new_link,client_flag);

Sr.No. Parameter & Description

1 server
Optional − The host name running the database server. If not specified,
then the default value will be localhost:3306.
2 user
Optional − The username accessing the database. If not specified, then the
default will be the name of the user that owns the server process.
3 passwd
Optional − The password of the user accessing the database. If not
specified, then the default will be an empty password.
4 new_link
Optional − If a second call is made to mysql_connect() with the same
arguments, no new connection will be established; instead, the identifier
of the already opened connection will be returned.
5 client_flags
Optional − A combination of the following constants −
 MYSQL_CLIENT_SSL − Use SSL encryption.
 MYSQL_CLIENT_COMPRESS − Use compression protocol.
 MYSQL_CLIENT_IGNORE_SPACE − Allow space after function
names.
 MYSQL_CLIENT_INTERACTIVE − Allow interactive timeout seconds
of inactivity before closing the connection.

You can disconnect from the MySQL database anytime using another PHP
function mysql_close(). This function takes a single parameter, which is a connection
returned by the mysql_connect() function.

Syntax:
bool mysql_close ( resource $link_identifier );
If a resource is not specified, then the last opened database is closed. This function
returns true if it closes the connection successfully otherwise it returns false.

8
Example:

Try the following example to connect to a MySQL server –

<html>
<head>
<title>Connecting MySQL Server</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
$dbhost = 'localhost:3306';
$dbuser = 'guest';
$dbpass = 'guest123';
$conn = mysql_connect($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass);

if(! $conn ) {
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
echo 'Connected successfully';
mysql_close($conn);
?>
</body>
</html>

9
7. MySQL - Create Database:

In MySQL, we create the database to save the data, information, records etc.
To create the database, CREATE DATABASE command is used.

Syntax:
CREATE DATABASE databasename;

Example:
create database Info;

10
8. MySQL - Drop Database:

Here drop means delete database. To drop the existing database, DROP DATABASE
command is used.

Syntax:
DROP DATABASE databasename;

Example:
drop database Info;

11
9. MySQL - Select Database:

Selecting database means here we select or choose the database to use. To use the
database we have created, USE DATABASE command is used.

Syntax:
USE databasename;

Example:
Use Info;

12
10. MySQL - Data Types

Numeric Data Type:

Data Type Description

Syntax
INT A normal-sized integer that can be signed or unsigned.
Range
If Signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647
If unsigned: 0 to 4294967295
You can specify a width of up to 11 digits.
TINYINT A very small integer that can be signed or unsigned.
Range
If Signed: -128 to 127
If unsigned: 0 to 255
You can specify a width of up to 4 digits.
SMALLINT A small integer that can be signed or unsigned.
Range
If Signed: -32768 to 32767
If unsigned: 0 to 65535
You can specify a width of up to 5 digits.
MEDIUMINT A medium-sized integer that can be signed or unsigned.
Range
If Signed: -8388608 to 8388607
If unsigned: 0 to 16777215
You can specify a width of up to 9 digits.
BIGINT A large integer that can be signed or unsigned.
Range
If Signed: -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807
If unsigned: 0 to 18446744073709551615
You can specify a width of up to 20 digits.
FLOAT(m,d) A floating-point number that cannot be unsigned.

You can define the display length (m) and the number of decimals
(d). Decimal precision can go to 24 places for a float.
DOUBLE(m,d) A double precision floating-point number that cannot be
unsigned. You can define the display length (m) and the number
of decimals (d). Decimal precision can go to 53 places for a
double. Real is a synonym for double.
DECIMAL(m,d) An unpacked floating-point number that cannot be unsigned. In
unpacked decimals, each decimal corresponds to one byte.
Defining the display length (m) and the number of decimals (d) is
required. Numeric is a synonym for decimal.

13
Date and Time Data Type:

Data Type Maximum Size Explanation

Syntax
DATE Values range from '1000-01-01' Displayed as 'yyyy-mm-dd'.
to '9999-12-31'.
DATETIME Values range from '1000-01-01 Displayed as 'yyyy-mm-dd
00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 hh:mm:ss'.
23:59:59'.
TIMESTAMP(m) Values range from '1970-01-01 Displayed as 'YYYY-MM-DD
00:00:01' UTC to '2038-01-19 HH:MM:SS'.
03:14:07' TC.
TIME Values range from '-838:59:59' to Displayed as 'HH:MM:SS'.
'838:59:59'.
YEAR[(2|4)] Year value as 2 digits or 4 digits. Default is 4 digits.

String Data Types:

Data Type Syntax Maximum Size Explanation

CHAR(size) Maximum size of 255 Where size is the number of
characters. characters to store. Fixed-
length strings. Space padded
on right to equal size
characters.
VARCHAR(size) Maximum size of 255 Where size is the number of
characters. characters to store. Variable-
length string.
TINYTEXT(size) Maximum size of 255 Where size is the number of
characters. characters to store.
TEXT(size) Maximum size of 65,535 Where size is the number of
characters. characters to store.
MEDIUMTEXT(size) Maximum size of Where size is the number of
16,777,215 characters. characters to store.
LONGTEXT(size) Maximum size of 4GB or Where size is the number of
4,294,967,295 characters. characters to store.
BINARY(size) Maximum size of 255 Where size is the number of
characters. binary characters to store.
Fixed-length strings. Space
padded on right to equal size
characters.
VARBINARY(size) Maximum size of 255 Where size is the number of
characters. characters to store. Variable-
length string.

14
Binary Large Object Data Types (BLOB):

Data Type Syntax Maximum Size

TINYBLOB Maximum size of 255 bytes.
BLOB(size) Maximum size of 65,535 bytes.
MEDIUMBLOB Maximum size of 16,777,215 bytes.
LONGTEXT Maximum size of 4gb or 4,294,967,295
characters

15
11. MySQL - Create Table:

The MySQL CREATE TABLE command is used to create a new table into the database.
Creation of table command requires three things:
 Name of the table
 Names of fields
 Definitions for each field

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
....
);

Example:
create table Student(Rno int, Name varchar(50), Address varchar(60));

Output:
Table created.

0.47 seconds

Create Table Using Another Table

A copy of an existing table can also be created using CREATE TABLE.

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE new_table_name AS
SELECT column1, column2,...
FROM existing_table_name
WHERE ....;

Example:
create table info as select Rno, Name from Student;

Output:
Table created.

0.01 seconds

16
12. MySQL - Drop Table

The DROP TABLE statement is used to drop (delete) an existing table in a database.
Syntax:
DROP TABLE table_name;

Example:
drop table info;

Output:
Table dropped.

0.56 seconds

17
13. MySQL - Insert Query:

The INSERT query is used to insert the new record in the table.

Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

Example:
insert into Student(Rno, Name, Address) values(1, 'Sanket', 'Aurangabad');

Output:
1 row(s) inserted.

0.01 seconds

Syntax for all fields:

INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

Example:
insert into Student values(2, 'John', 'Aurangabad');

Output:
1 row(s) inserted.

0.01 seconds

18
14.MySQL - Select Query:

The SELECT query is used to select the data from the database. This query gives the
output for the data which we have selected.

Syntax:
To display whole table
SELECT * FROM table_name;

Example:
Select * from Student;

Output:
RNO NAME ADDRESS
1 Sanket Aurangabad
2 John Aurangabad
2 rows returned in 0.00
seconds

For perticulaar column:

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;

Example:
Select Rno, Name from Student;

Output:
RNO NAME
1 Sanket
2 John
2 rows returned in 0.00
seconds

19
15. MySQL - Where Clause:

The WHERE clause is used to filter records from the table.

The WHERE clause is used to fetch only those records that fulfill a specified condition
given in a query.

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Example:
Select Name, Address from Student where Rno=1;

Output:
NAME ADDRESS
Sanket Aurangabad
1 rows returned in 0.00
seconds

20
16. MySQL - Update Query:

The UPDATE query is used to modify or to change the values in the existing record.

Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;

Example:
Update Student SET Address='Pune' where Rno=2;

Output:
1 row(s) updated.

0.01 seconds

RNO NAME ADDRESS

1 Sanket Aurangabad
2 John Pune
12 Rohit Jalna
3 rows returned in 0.00
seconds

21
17. MySQL - Delete Query:
The delete statement is used to delete the existing record in the table.

Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Example:
Delete from Student where Rno=12;

Output:
1 row(s) deleted.

0.00 seconds

RNO NAME ADDRESS

1 Sanket Aurangabad
2 John Pune
2 rows returned in 0.00
seconds

To delete all records:

DELETE FROM table_name;

Example:
Delete from Student;

Output:
2 row(s) deleted.

0.00 seconds

no data found

22
18. MySQL - Like Clause:

The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a
column.

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;

There are two wildcards often used in conjunction with the LIKE operator:
% - The percent sign represents zero, one, or multiple characters
_ - The underscore represents a single character

LIKE Operator Description

WHERE …. LIKE 'a%' Finds any values that start with "a"
WHERE .... LIKE '%a' Finds any values that end with "a"
WHERE .... LIKE '%or%' Finds any values that have "or" in any position
WHERE .... LIKE '_r%' Finds any values that have "r" in the second position
WHERE .... LIKE 'a_%' Finds any values that start with "a" and are at least 2
characters in length
WHERE .... LIKE 'a__%' Finds any values that start with "a" and are at least 3
characters in length
WHERE .... LIKE 'a%o' Finds any values that start with "a" and ends with "o"

Example:
select * from Student where Rno LIKE '%2';

Output:
RNO NAME ADDRESS
2 John Pune
12 Rohit Jalna
2 rows returned in 0.01
seconds

23
19. MySQL - Sorting Results:

Sorting results in MySQL is one of the important part in database. To sort the data in
ascending or descending order, the ORDER BY keyword is used. This sorts the
records in the ascending order by default. To sort the records in descending order,
use the DESC keyword.

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;

Example:
select * from Student ORDER BY Rno DESC;

Output:
RNO NAME ADDRESS
12 Rohit Jalna
2 John Pune
1 Sanket Aurangabad
3 rows returned in 0.01
seconds

24
20. MySQL - Using Join:

A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related
column between them. MySQL JOINS are used with SELECT statement. It is used to
retrieve data from multiple tables. It is performed whenever you need to fetch
records from two or more tables.

Following are the types of MySQL joins:

 MySQL INNER JOIN (or sometimes called simple join)
 MySQL LEFT OUTER JOIN (or sometimes called LEFT JOIN)
 MySQL RIGHT OUTER JOIN (or sometimes called RIGHT JOIN)
 FULL OUTER JOIN
 Self – Join
 Cartesian Product or Cross Join

Example:

create table Student(Rno int, Name varchar(50));

insert into Student values(1, 'Sanket');

insert into Student values(2, 'Tejas');
insert into Student values(4, 'Rohit');

create table Info(Rno int, Address varchar(50));

Insert into Info values(1, 'Aurangabad');

Insert into Info values(2, 'Kannd');
Insert into Info values(3, 'Jalna');

select * from Student;

Select * from Info;

Output:
RNO NAME
1 Sanket
2 Tejas
4 Rohit
3 Rushi
4 rows returned in 0.00
seconds

25
 RNO ADDRESS
1 Aurangabad
2 Kannd
3 Jalna
3 rows returned in 0.00
seconds

MySQL INNER JOIN:

The INNER JOIN keyword extracts the records that have same or exact values in both
tables. It returns all the rows from both tables where condition is satisfied. The
INNER JOIN is also called as SIMPLE INNER JOIN. It is the most common type of join.

Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

Example:
select * from Student INNER JOIN Info on Student.Rno = Info.Rno;

Output:
RNO NAME RNO ADDRESS
1 Sanket 1 Aurangabad
2 Tejas 2 Kannd
3 Rushi 3 Jalna
3 rows returned in 0.02
seconds

26
MySQL LEFT OUTER JOIN:

The LEFT OUTER JOIN returns all the rows of the left hand side table and only the
rows from right hand side table where the condition is satisfied. If the condition is
not satisfied, then the NULL is the result. It is also called as LEFT JOIN.

Syntax:
SELECT columns
FROM table1
LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;

Example:
Select * FROM Student LEFT OUTER JOIN Info ON (Student.Rno = Info.Rno);

Output:
RNO NAME RNO ADDRESS
1 Sanket 1 Aurangabad
2 Tejas 2 Kannd
3 Rushi 3 Jalna
4 Rohit - -
4 rows returned in 0.01
seconds

MySQL RIGHT OUTER JOIN:

The RIGHT OUTER JOIN returns all the rows of the right hand side table and only the
rows from left hand side table where the condition is satisfied. If the condition is not
satisfied, then the NULL is the result. It is also called as RIGHT JOIN.

Syntax:
SELECT columns
FROM table1
RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN table2
ON table1.column = table2.column;

27
Example:
Select * FROM Student RIGHT OUTER JOIN Info ON (Student.Rno = Info.Rno);

Output:
RNO NAME RNO ADDRESS
1 Sanket 1 Aurangabad
2 Tejas 2 Kannd
3 Rushi 3 Jalna
3 rows returned in 0.00
seconds

FULL OUTER JOIN:

The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword returns all the records where the condition is
satisfied in left or right table. FULL OUTER JOIN is also called as FULL JOIN.

Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name
WHERE condition;

28
Example:
Select * FROM Student FULL OUTER JOIN Info ON (Student.Rno = Info.Rno);

Output:
RNO NAME RNO ADDRESS
1 Sanket 1 Aurangabad
2 Tejas 2 Kannd
4 Rohit - -
3 Rushi 3 Jalna
4 rows returned in 0.00
seconds

Self join:

The SELF JOIN is used to join a table to itself as if the table were two tables

Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1 T1, table1 T2
WHERE condition;

Example:
SELECT a.Rno, b.Name FROM Student a, Student b WHERE a.Rno < b.Rno;

Output:
RNO NAME
1 Tejas
1 Rushi
1 Rohit
2 Rushi
2 Rohit
3 Rohit
6 rows returned in 0.01
seconds

29
Cartesian product or Cross Join:

This type of JOIN returns the cartesian product of rows from the tables in Join. It will
return a table which consists of records which combines each row from the first
table with each row of the second table.

Syntax:
SELECT column-name-list
FROM
table-name1 CROSS JOIN table-name2;

Example:
SELECT * FROM Student CROSS JOIN Info;

Output:
RNO NAME RNO ADDRESS
1 Sanket 1 Aurangabad
2 Tejas 1 Aurangabad
4 Rohit 1 Aurangabad
3 Rushi 1 Aurangabad
1 Sanket 2 Kannd
2 Tejas 2 Kannd
4 Rohit 2 Kannd
3 Rushi 2 Kannd
1 Sanket 3 Jalna
2 Tejas 3 Jalna
More than 10 rows available. Increase rows selector to view more rows.
10 rows returned in 0.03 seconds

30
21. MySQL - NULL Values:

NULL means nothing. Zero is a value. NULL doesn’t mean ZERO. A field with a NULL
value is a field with no value. NULL condition is used to check if there is any NULL
value is there in table or not. It is used with SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE
statement (query).
We can test NULL values with comparison operators, such as =, <, or <>.

Syntax for IS NULL:

a) expression IS NULL
b) SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NULL;

Example:
Select * from Student WHERE Name IS NULL;

Output:
RNO NAME
5 -
6 -

Syntax for IS NOT NULL:

a) expression IS NOT NULL
b) SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL;

Example:
Select * from Student WHERE Name IS NOT NULL;

Output:
RNO NAME
1 Sanket
2 Tejas
4 Rohit
3 Rushi
4 rows returned in 0.01
seconds

31
22. MySQL - Regexps:

REGEXP is an operator in MySQL which is based on the pattern matching operation.

Properties:
 Powerful and flexible pattern matching
 RLIKE is the synonym.
 Supports metacharacters and control pattern matching.
 The backslash is used as an escape character. It’s only considered in the
pattern match if double backslashes have used.
 It is not case sensitive.

Following is the table of pattern, which can be used along with the REGEXP operator.

Pattern What the pattern matches

^ Beginning of string
$ End of string
. Any single character
[...] Any character listed between the square brackets
[^...] Any character not listed between the square brackets
p1|p2|p3 Alternation; matches any of the patterns p1, p2, or p3
* Zero or more instances of preceding element
+ One or more instances of preceding element
{n} n instances of preceding element
{m,n} m through n instances of preceding element
[A-Z] match any upper case letter.
[a-z] match any lower case letter
[0-9] match any digit from 0 through to 9.
[[:<:]] matches the beginning of words.
[[:>:]] matches the end of words.
[:class:] matches a character class i.e. [:alpha:] to match letters,
[:space:] to match white space, [:punct:] is match punctuations
and [:upper:] for upper class letters.
p1|p2|p3 Alternation; matches any of the patterns p1, p2, or p3
{n} n instances of preceding element
{m,n} m through n instances of preceding element

Example:
SELECT Name FROM Student WHERE Name REGEXP '^R';

Output:
RNO NAME
4 Rohit
3 Rushi

32
23. MySQL - Transactions:

A transaction is a logical unit of work which contains multiple SQL statements like
sequential group of statements, queries, or operation like select, update, insert,
delete, etc that can be committed or rolled back. If any operation fails due to some
reason then we can say that the whole transaction is failed. If the transaction
performs multiple operations into the database, then two possibilities are as
following:
 Transaction is committed when the modifications are done successfully.
 Transaction is rolled back when the all modifications are undone.

In simple language, any transaction cannot be successful without completing each

and every operation.

Properties of Transaction:
Transaction consist of 4 main properties. These properties are called as ACID
properties are as following:
1. Atomicity
2. Consistency
3. Isolation
4. Durability
Atomicity: This property ensures that the all the operations or work should be done
successfully. If at any point the transactions failed due to some reason then the
operations done that point will be rolled back to the previous state of the
transactions.
Consistency: This property ensures the database can change the state if the
transaction is committed successfully.
Isolation: This property ensures that the transaction can operate independently by
their own and they can be transparent to each other.
Durability: This property ensures that the result will be permanently stored in the
database if the system crashes or fails.

In MySQL, the transactions starts with statement BEGIN WORK and end with either
a COMMIT or a ROLLBACK statement.

COMMIT and ROLLBACK

Commit and Rollback are two keywords used for Transactions.

When a transaction is completed successfully, then the COMMIT command should
get executed.

33
If any failure occurs, then a ROLLBACK command get executed.

You can control the behaviour of a transaction by setting session variable

called AUTOCOMMIT. If AUTOCOMMIT is set to 1 (the default), then each SQL
statement (within a transaction or not) is considered a complete transaction and
committed by default when it finishes.
When AUTOCOMMIT is set to 0, by issuing the SET AUTOCOMMIT = 0 command, the
subsequent series of statements acts like a transaction and no activities are
committed until an explicit COMMIT statement is issued.
You can execute these SQL commands in PHP by using the mysql_query() function.

Syntax of START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK:

START TRANSACTION
transaction_characteristic [, transaction_characteristic] ...]

transaction_characteristic:
WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT
| READ WRITE
| READ ONLY

BEGIN [WORK]
COMMIT [WORK] [AND [NO] CHAIN] [[NO] RELEASE]
ROLLBACK [WORK] [AND [NO] CHAIN] [[NO] RELEASE]
SET autocommit = {0 | 1}

34
24. MySQL - Alter Commands:

Alter command is used to change the structure of the table. This command is used
when we need to add or delete, create or destroy indexes, to change the type of
columns, rename columns or table itself. We can also change the comment.
The ALTER statement is always used with "ADD", "DROP" and "MODIFY" commands.

ADD Column:
It is used to add the column in table.

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;

Syntax to add multiple columns:

ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD new_column_name column_definition
[ FIRST | AFTER column_name ],
ADD new_column_name column_definition
[ FIRST | AFTER column_name ],
...
;

Example:
alter table Student ADD Address varchar(100);

Output:
Table altered.
0.18 seconds

RNO NAME ADDRESS

1 Sanket -
2 Tejas -
4 Rohit -
3 Rushi -
6 - -
5 rows returned in 0.01 seconds

35
DROP COLUMN
It is used to drop the column in table.

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name;

Example:
Alter table Student DROP COLUMN Address;

Output:
Table altered.
0.18 seconds

RNO NAME
1 Sanket
2 Tejas
4 Rohit
3 Rushi
6 -
5 rows returned in 0.01
seconds

ALTER/MODIFY Column:
It is used to change the data type of column in table.

Syntax:

SQL Server / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE table_name
ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype;

My SQL / Oracle (prior version 10G):

ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;

Oracle 10G and later:

ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY column_name datatype;

36
Example:
Alter table Student MODIFY Name char(10);

Output:
Table altered.

0.11 seconds

RENAME table:
Here we are able to change the table name.

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
RENAME TO new_table_name;

Example:
Alter table Student RENAME to Stud_info;

Output:
Table altered.
0.18 seconds

37
25. MySQL - Indexes:

An index is a data structure that improves the speed of operation, allows us to add
indexes in existing table, and enables us to improve the faster retrieval of records
from database tables. This creates index for each and every column in table. We use
it to quickly find the record without searching each row in a database table
whenever the table is accessed. We can create an index by using one or more
columns of the table for efficient access to the records.
When a table is created with a primary key or unique key, it automatically creates a
special index named PRIMARY. We called this index as a clustered index. All indexes
other than PRIMARY indexes are known as a non-clustered index or secondary index.

Simple and Unique Index

We can create the unique index on each and every table. When two or more rows
cannot have the same index value then it is called as unique index. As name it is
unique. We can use one or more columns to create an index in the table.

Syntax:
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name ( column1, column2,...);

For example, we can create an index on info using Name.

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX DATA_INDEX ON info (Name)

We can easily create the simple or unique index on a table. Just use UNIQUE
keyword in the query to create a simple index. A simple index always allows the
duplication of values in the table.
If you want the index values in descending order in a column, you can use the
keyword DESC after the column name in the query.

mysql> CREATE UNIQUE INDEX DATA_INDEX ON info (Name DESC)

ALTER command to add and drop INDEX:

There are four types of statements for adding indexes to a table −
 ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD PRIMARY KEY (column_list) – This command
adds a PRIMARY KEY to the column.
 ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD UNIQUE index_name (column_list) – This
command creates the index where the values must be unique.
 ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD INDEX index_name (column_list) – This
command adds an index to the column in table.

38
  ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD FULLTEXT index_name (column_list) – This
command creates a special FULLTEXT index which is used

Example:
To add index in an existing table.
CREATE INDEX id_index ON Stud_info(Rno);

Drop index :
DROP INDEX 'id_index' ON 'Stud_info';

Add and drop the PRIMARY KEY

We can add primary key but the values should be NOT NULL.

Example:
ALTER TABLE Stud_info MODIFY Rno INT NOT NULL;
ALTER TABLE Stud_info ADD PRIMARY KEY (Rno);

Output:
Table altered.
0.18 seconds

You can use the ALTER command to drop a primary key as follows −

Example:
ALTER TABLE Stud_info DROP PRIMARY KEY;

Output:
Table altered.

0.11 seconds

Displaying INDEX Information

SHOW INDEX command is used to display all the index information associated with
the table.

Syntax:
mysql>SHOW INDEX FROM table_name\G

Example:
SHOW INDEX FROM Stud_info\G

39
26. MySQL - Temporary Tables:

A temporary table is a special table which is used to store the temporary data in the
table where we can reuse the temporary data multiple times in a single session.
A temporary table is very useful and flexible to perform the complex operations that
requires the single SELECT statement with JOIN clauses.

Features of temporary table:

 CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE statement or command is used to create a
temporary table in database. It is as same as normal table creation. The
keyword TEMPORARY is added between the CREATE and TABLE keywords.
 MySQL temporary table automatically gets deleted when the user closes or
ends the session or terminates the connection manually.
 Temporaary table is accessible and available to the clients who created that
table where differnent clients can use the temporary tables with same name
without conflicting each other because the only client have created that
table. But the user cannot create the two temporary table having the same
name in same session.
 A temporary table can have the same name as normal table in the database.

Create temporary table

Syntax:
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE table_name(
column_1_definition,
column_2_definition,
...,
table_constraints
);

Example:
CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE Students(Rno int NOT NULL, Name
VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL);

Output:
Table altered.
0.18 seconds

Drop temporary table

Syntax:
DROP TEMPORARY TABLE table_name;

40
Example:
DROP TABLE Students;

Output:
Table dropped.

0.32 seconds

41
27. MySQL - Clone Tables:

If there is any situation that we need an exact copy of the existing table but we do
not want to edit the the existing table then we can create the copy of the table. It is
nothing but cloning of the table.

Step 1: Creating an Normal Empty Table

First use the following statement to create an empty table based on the definition of
original table. It also includes the column attributes and indexes defined in the
original table:

CREATE TABLE new_table LIKE original_table;

Step 2: Inserting Data into Table

Now, use the following statement to populate the empty table with data from
original table:

INSERT INTO new_table SELECT * FROM original_table;

Let's make a clone of the table using the MySQL command-line tool.

mysql> CREATE TABLE employees_clone LIKE employees;

Now, execute another SQL statement which inserts all the records from employees
table into employees_clone table. After executing this statement you'll get the
employees_clone table which is an exact copy or duplicate of the employees table

mysql> INSERT INTO employees_clone SELECT * FROM employees;

Simple Cloning

Example:

CREATE TABLE new_table SELECT * FROM original_table;

The following command creates a simple copy of the employees table.

mysql> CREATE TABLE employees_dummy SELECT * FROM employees;

42
28. MySQL - Database Info:

Data about data is called as metadata.

Here we can get three types of information from the table or database:
 Information about result of queries: Here we get the information about the
number of records affected by the SQL commands.
 Information about tables and databases: Here we get the information about
the structure of the tables and databases.
 Information about the MySQL server: Here weget the information about the
database server, version, etc.

We can get metadata of server:

Sr. No. Command Description
1 SELECT VERSION( ) Server version string
2 SELECT DATABASE( Current database name (empty if none)
)
3 SELECT USER( ) Current username
4 SHOW STATUS Server status indicators
5 SHOW VARIABLES Server configuration variables

43
29. MySQL - Using Sequences:

Sequence is a set of integers 1, 2, 3, … that are generated and supported by some

database systems to produce unique values on demand.
 A sequence is a user defined schema bound object that generates a sequence
of numeric values.
 Sequences are frequently used in many databases because many applications
require each row in a table to contain a unique value and sequences provides
an easy way to generate them.
 The sequence of numeric values is generated in an ascending or descending
order at defined intervals and can be configured to restart when exceeds
max_value.

Syntax:
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name
START WITH initial_value
INCREMENT BY increment_value
MINVALUE minimum value
MAXVALUE maximum value
CYCLE|NOCYCLE ;

sequence_name: Name of the sequence.

initial_value: starting value from where the sequence starts. Initial_value should be
greater than or equal to minimum value and less than equal to maximum value.
increment_value: Value by which sequence will increment itself. Increment_value
can be positive or negative.
minimum_value: Minimum value of the sequence.
maximum_value: Maximum value of the sequence.
cycle: When sequence reaches its set limit it starts from beginning.
nocycle: An exception will be thrown if sequence exceeds its max_value.

Following is the sequence query creating sequence in ascending order.

Example 1:
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_1
start with 1
increment by 1
minvalue 0
maxvalue 100
cycle;
Above query will create a sequence named sequence_1.Sequence will start from 1
and will be incremented by 1 having maximum value 100. Sequence will repeat itself
from start value after exceeding 100.

44
Example 2:
Following is the sequence query creating sequence in descending order.
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_2
start with 100
increment by -1
minvalue 1
maxvalue 100
cycle;
Above query will create a sequence named sequence_2.Sequence will start from 100
and should be less than or equal to maximum value and will be incremented by -1
having minimum value 1.

Example to use sequence : create a table named students with columns as id and
name.
CREATE TABLE students
(
ID number(10),
NAME char(20)
);
Now insert values into table

INSERT into students VALUES(sequence_1.nextval,'Ramesh');

INSERT into students VALUES(sequence_1.nextval,'Suresh');
where sequence_1.nextval will insert id’s in id column in a sequence as defined in
sequence_1.
Output:

______________________
| ID | NAME |
------------------------
| 1 | Ramesh |
| 2 | Suresh |
----------------------

45
30. MySQL - Handling Duplicates

The table may contain the duplicate record sometimes it can be allowed but
sometimes it need to verify.
For preventing it we can use Primary key or unique key.

Counting and Identifying Duplicates

Following is the query to count duplicate records with first_name and last_name in a
table.
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) as repetitions, last_name, first_name
-> FROM person_tbl
-> GROUP BY last_name, first_name
-> HAVING repetitions > 1;
This query will return a list of all the duplicate records in the person_tbl table. In
general, to identify sets of values that are duplicated, follow the steps given below.
Determine which columns contain the values that may be duplicated.
List those columns in the column selection list, along with the COUNT (*).
List the columns in the GROUP BY clause as well.
Add a HAVING clause that eliminates the unique values by requiring the group counts
to be greater than one.

Eliminating Duplicates from a Query Result

mysql> SELECT DISTINCT last_name, first_name

-> FROM person_tbl
-> ORDER BY last_name;

Removing Duplicates Using Table Replacement

mysql> CREATE TABLE tmp SELECT last_name, first_name, sex

-> FROM person_tbl;
-> GROUP BY (last_name, first_name);
mysql> DROP TABLE person_tbl;
mysql> ALTER TABLE tmp RENAME TO person_tbl;

46
31. MySQL - SQL Injection:

SQL injection is a code injection technique that might destroy your database.
It is one of the most common web hacking techniques.
SQL injection is the placement of malicious code in SQL statements, via web page
input.
Never trust the data provided by a user, process this data only after validation; as a
rule, this is done by pattern matching.
If you use MySQL, the mysql_query () function does not permit query stacking or
executing multiple queries in a single function call. If you try to stack queries, the call
fails. However, other PHP database extensions, such as SQLite and PostgreSQL,
happily perform stacked queries, executing all the queries provided in one string and
creating a serious security problem.

Prevention of SQL Injection

It can be handled in Scripting languages like Pearl and PHP
Php by using function mysql real escape string()

47
32. MySQL - Database Export:

Exporting the table data to text file is done by Select… Into Outfile statement
The syntax for this statement contains a regular SELECT command with INTO
OUTFILE filename at the end.
Syntax for Database Export is:
mysql> SELECT * FROM Table_name
-> INTO OUTFILE 'xyz.txt';

Exporting Tables as Raw Data

The mysqldump program is used to copy or back up tables and databases. It can write
the table output either as a Raw Datafile or as a set of INSERT statements that
recreate the records in the table.

Exporting Table Contents or Definitions in SQL Format

To export a table in SQL format to a file, use the command shown below.
mysqldump -u root -p TUTORIALS tutorials_tbl > dump.txt
password ----

48
33. MySQL - Database Import:

There are two ways of importing data:

1. Importing Data with LOAD DATA
2. Importing Data with mysqlimport

Importing Data with LOAD DATA:

Load data statement acts as a bulk data loader which is provided by MySQL.
It is possible to import data from client to a remote MySQL
database server using the LOAD DATA INFILE statement. When you use
the LOCAL option in the LOAD DATA INFILE, the client program reads the file on the
client and sends it to the MySQL server.

For example:
mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE 'dump.txt' INTO TABLE mytbl;

If Local Keyword is not present then, MySQL reads the file from the given location by
datafile on the server host which fully satisfy the location of file
To specify a file format explicitly, use a FIELDS clause to describe the characteristics
of fields within a line, and a LINES clause to specify the line-ending sequence.
mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE 'dump.txt' INTO TABLE mytbl
-> FIELDS TERMINATED BY ':
-> LINES TERMINATED BY '\r\n';
We can load the file as:
mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE 'dump.txt'
-> INTO TABLE mytbl (b, c, a);

Importing Data with mysqlimport

mysqlimport acts as a wrapper around LOAD DATA, it can load the input files directly
from the command line.

49
34. MySQL Functions:

MySQL String Functions:

Function Description
ASCII Returns the ASCII value for the specific character
CHAR_LENGTH Returns the length of a string (in characters)
CHARACTER_LENGTH Returns the length of a string (in characters)
CONCAT Adds two or more expressions together
CONCAT_WS Adds two or more expressions together with a
separator
FIELD Returns the index position of a value in a list of values
FIND_IN_SET Returns the position of a string within a list of strings
FORMAT Formats a number to a format like "#,###,###.##",
rounded to a specified number of decimal places
INSERT Inserts a string within a string at the specified position
and for a certain number of characters
INSTR Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string
in another string
LCASE Converts a string to lower-case
LEFT Extracts a number of characters from a string (starting
from left)
LENGTH Returns the length of a string (in bytes)
LOCATE Returns the position of the first occurrence of a
substring in a string
LOWER Converts a string to lower-case
LPAD Left-pads a string with another string, to a certain
length
LTRIM Removes leading spaces from a string
MID Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any
position)
POSITION Returns the position of the first occurrence of a
substring in a string
REPEAT Repeats a string as many times as specified
REPLACE Replaces all occurrences of a substring within a string,
with a new substring
REVERSE Reverses a string and returns the result
RIGHT Extracts a number of characters from a string (starting
from right)
RPAD Right-pads a string with another string, to a certain
length
RTRIM Removes trailing spaces from a string
SPACE Returns a string of the specified number of space
characters
STRCMP Compares two strings

50
 SUBSTR Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any
position)
SUBSTRING Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any
position)
SUBSTRING_INDEX Returns a substring of a string before a specified
number of delimiter occurs
TRIM Removes leading and trailing spaces from a string
UCASE Converts a string to upper-case
UPPER Converts a string to upper-case

MySQL Numeric Functions

Function Description
ABS Returns the absolute value of a number
ACOS Returns the arc cosine of a number
ASIN Returns the arc sine of a number
ATAN Returns the arc tangent of one or two numbers
ATAN2 Returns the arc tangent of two numbers
AVG Returns the average value of an expression
CEIL Returns the smallest integer value that is >= to a
number
CEILING Returns the smallest integer value that is >= to a
number
COS Returns the cosine of a number
COT Returns the cotangent of a number
COUNT Returns the number of records returned by a select
query
DEGREES Converts a value in radians to degrees
DIV Used for integer division
EXP Returns e raised to the power of a specified number
FLOOR Returns the largest integer value that is <= to a number
GREATEST Returns the greatest value of the list of arguments
LEAST Returns the smallest value of the list of arguments
LN Returns the natural logarithm of a number
LOG Returns the natural logarithm of a number, or the
logarithm of a number to a specified base
LOG10 Returns the natural logarithm of a number to base 10
LOG2 Returns the natural logarithm of a number to base 2
MAX Returns the maximum value in a set of values
MIN Returns the minimum value in a set of values
MOD Returns the remainder of a number divided by another
number
PI Returns the value of PI
POW Returns the value of a number raised to the power of
another number

51
 POWER Returns the value of a number raised to the power of
another number
RADIANS Converts a degree value into radians
RAND Returns a random number
ROUND Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal
places
SIGN Returns the sign of a number
SIN Returns the sine of a number
SQRT Returns the square root of a number
SUM Calculates the sum of a set of values
TAN Returns the tangent of a number
TRUNCATE Truncates a number to the specified number of decimal
places

MySQL Date Functions

Function Description
ADDDATE Adds a time/date interval to a date and then returns
the date
ADDTIME Adds a time interval to a time/datetime and then
returns the time/datetime
CURDATE Returns the current date
CURRENT_DATE Returns the current date
CURRENT_TIME Returns the current time
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Returns the current date and time
CURTIME Returns the current time
DATE Extracts the date part from a datetime expression
DATEDIFF Returns the number of days between two date values
DATE_ADD Adds a time/date interval to a date and then returns
the date
DATE_FORMAT Formats a date
DATE_SUB Subtracts a time/date interval from a date and then
returns the date
DAY Returns the day of the month for a given date
DAYNAME Returns the weekday name for a given date
DAYOFMONTH Returns the day of the month for a given date
DAYOFWEEK Returns the weekday index for a given date
DAYOFYEAR Returns the day of the year for a given date
EXTRACT Extracts a part from a given date
FROM_DAYS Returns a date from a numeric datevalue
HOUR Returns the hour part for a given date
LAST_DAY Extracts the last day of the month for a given date
LOCALTIME Returns the current date and time
LOCALTIMESTAMP Returns the current date and time

52
 MAKEDATE Creates and returns a date based on a year and a
number of days value
MAKETIME Creates and returns a time based on an hour, minute,
and second value
MICROSECOND Returns the microsecond part of a time/datetime
MINUTE Returns the minute part of a time/datetime
MONTH Returns the month part for a given date
MONTHNAME Returns the name of the month for a given date
NOW Returns the current date and time
PERIOD_ADD Adds a specified number of months to a period
PERIOD_DIFF Returns the difference between two periods
QUARTER Returns the quarter of the year for a given date value
SECOND Returns the seconds part of a time/datetime
SEC_TO_TIME Returns a time value based on the specified seconds
STR_TO_DATE Returns a date based on a string and a format
SUBDATE Subtracts a time/date interval from a date and then
returns the date
SUBTIME Subtracts a time interval from a datetime and then
returns the time/datetime
SYSDATE Returns the current date and time
TIME Extracts the time part from a given time/datetime
TIME_FORMAT Formats a time by a specified format
TIME_TO_SEC Converts a time value into seconds
TIMEDIFF Returns the difference between two time/datetime
expressions
TIMESTAMP Returns a datetime value based on a date or datetime
value
TO_DAYS Returns the number of days between a date and date
"0000-00-00"
WEEK Returns the week number for a given date
WEEKDAY Returns the weekday number for a given date
WEEKOFYEAR Returns the week number for a given date
YEAR Returns the year part for a given date
YEARWEEK Returns the year and week number for a given date

MySQL Advanced Functions

Function Description
BIN Returns a binary representation of a number
BINARY Converts a value to a binary string
CASE Goes through conditions and return a value when the
first condition is met
CAST Converts a value (of any type) into a specified datatype
COALESCE Returns the first non-null value in a list

53
CONNECTION_ID Returns the unique connection ID for the current
connection
CONV Converts a number from one numeric base system to
another
CONVERT Converts a value into the specified datatype or
character set
CURRENT_USER Returns the user name and host name for the MySQL
account that the server used to authenticate the
current client
DATABASE Returns the name of the current database
IF Returns a value if a condition is TRUE, or another value
if a condition is FALSE
IFNULL Return a specified value if the expression is NULL,
otherwise return the expression
ISNULL Returns 1 or 0 depending on whether an expression is
NULL
LAST_INSERT_ID Returns the AUTO_INCREMENT id of the last row that
has been inserted or updated in a table
NULLIF Compares two expressions and returns NULL if they are
equal. Otherwise, the first expression is returned
SESSION_USER Returns the current MySQL user name and host name
SYSTEM_USER Returns the current MySQL user name and host name
USER Returns the current MySQL user name and host name
VERSION Returns the current version of the MySQL database

54
35. MySQL - interview question and answer

1. What is MySQL?
MySQL is an open source DBMS which is built, supported and distributed by MySQL
AB (now acquired by Oracle)

2. What are the technical features of MySQL?

MySQL database software is a client or server system which includes
Multithreaded SQL server supporting various client programs and libraries
Different backend
Wide range of application programming interfaces and
Administrative tools.

3. Why MySQL is used?

MySQL database server is reliable, fast and very easy to use. This software can be
downloaded as freeware and can be downloaded from the internet.

4. What are Heap tables?

HEAP tables are present in memory and they are used for high speed storage on
temporary basis.

• BLOB or TEXT fields are not allowed

• Only comparison operators can be used =, <,>, = >,=<
• AUTO_INCREMENT is not supported by HEAP tables
• Indexes should be NOT NULL

5. What is the default port for MySQL Server?

The default port for MySQL server is 3306.
MySQL.svg

6. What are the advantages of MySQL when compared with Oracle?

MySQL is open source software which is available at any time and has no cost
involved.
MySQL is portable
GUI with command prompt.
Administration is supported using MySQL Query Browser

7. Differentiate between FLOAT and DOUBLE?

Following are differences for FLOAT and DOUBLE:

• Floating point numbers are stored in FLOAT with eight place accuracy and it has four
bytes.
• Floating point numbers are stored in DOUBLE with accuracy of 18 places and it has
eight bytes.

55
8. Differentiate CHAR_LENGTH and LENGTH?
CHAR_LENGTH is character count whereas the LENGTH is byte count. The numbers
are same for Latin characters but they are different for Unicode and other encodings.

9. How to represent ENUMs and SETs internally?

ENUMs and SETs are used to represent powers of two because of storage
optimizations.

10. What is the usage of ENUMs in MySQL?

ENUM is a string object used to specify set of predefined values and that can be used
during table creation.
Create table size(name ENUM('Small', 'Medium','Large');

11. Define REGEXP?

REGEXP is a pattern match in which matches pattern anywhere in the search value.

12. Difference between CHAR and VARCHAR?

Following are the differences between CHAR and VARCHAR:
CHAR and VARCHAR types differ in storage and retrieval
CHAR column length is fixed to the length that is declared while creating table. The
length value ranges from 1 and 255
When CHAR values are stored then they are right padded using spaces to specific
length. Trailing spaces are removed when CHAR values are retrieved.

13. Give string types available for column?

The string types are:
SET
BLOB
ENUM
CHAR
TEXT
VARCHAR

14. How to get current MySQL version?

SELECT VERSION (); is used to get the current version of MySQL.

15. What storage engines are used in MySQL?

Storage engines are called table types and data is stored in files using various
techniques.
Technique involves:
Storage mechanism
Locking levels
Indexing
Capabilities and functions.

56
16. What are the drivers in MySQL?
Following are the drivers available in MySQL:
PHP Driver
JDBC Driver
ODBC Driver
C WRAPPER
PYTHON Driver
PERL Driver
RUBY Driver
CAP11PHP Driver
Ado.net5.mxj

17. What does a TIMESTAMP do on UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP data type?

TIMESTAMP column is updated with Zero when the table is created. UPDATE
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP modifier updates the timestamp field to current time
whenever there is a change in other fields of the table.

18. What is the difference between primary key and candidate key?
Every row of a table is identified uniquely by primary key. There is only one primary
key for a table.
Primary Key is also a candidate key. By common convention, candidate key can be
designated as primary and which can be used for any foreign key references.

19. How do you login to MySql using Unix shell?

We can login through this command:
# [mysql dir]/bin/mysql -h hostname -u <UserName> -p <password>

20. What does myisamchk do?

It compress the MyISAM tables, which reduces their disk or memory usage.

21. How do you control the max size of a HEAP table?

Maximum size of Heal table can be controlled by MySQL config variable called
max_heap_table_size.

22. What is the difference between MyISAM Static and MyISAM Dynamic?
In MyISAM static all the fields will have fixed width. The Dynamic MyISAM table will
have fields like TEXT, BLOB, etc. to accommodate the data types with various lengths.
MyISAM Static would be easier to restore in case of corruption.

23. What are federated tables?

Federated tables which allow access to the tables located on other databases on other
servers.

24. What, if a table has one column defined as TIMESTAMP?

Timestamp field gets the current timestamp whenever the row gets altered.

57
25. What happens when the column is set to AUTO INCREMENT and if you reach
maximum value in the table?
It stops incrementing. Any further inserts are going to produce an error, since the key
has been used already.

26. How can we find out which auto increment was assigned on Last insert?
LAST_INSERT_ID will return the last value assigned by Auto_increment and it is not
required to specify the table name.

27. How can you see all indexes defined for a table?
Indexes are defined for the table by:
SHOW INDEX FROM <tablename>;

28. What do you mean by % and _ in the LIKE statement?

% corresponds to 0 or more characters, _ is exactly one character in the LIKE
statement.

29. How can we convert between Unix & MySQL timestamps?

UNIX_TIMESTAMP is the command which converts from MySQL timestamp to Unix
timestamp
FROM_UNIXTIME is the command which converts from Unix timestamp to MySQL
timestamp.

30. What are the column comparisons operators?

The = , <>, <=, <, >=, >,<<,>>, <=>, AND, OR, or LIKE operators are used in column
comparisons in SELECT statements.

31. How can we get the number of rows affected by query?

Number of rows can be obtained by
SELECT COUNT (user_id) FROM users;

32. Is Mysql query is case sensitive?

No.
SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;
SeLect version(), current_date;
seleCt vErSiOn(), current_DATE;
All these examples are same. It is not case sensitive.

33. What is the difference between the LIKE and REGEXP operators?
LIKE and REGEXP operators are used to express with ^ and %.
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP "^b";
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name LIKE "%b";

58
34. What is the difference between BLOB AND TEXT?
A BLOB is a binary large object that can hold a variable amount of data. There are four
types of BLOB –
TINYBLOB
BLOB
MEDIUMBLOB and
LONGBLOB
They all differ only in the maximum length of the values they can hold.
A TEXT is a case-insensitive BLOB. The four TEXT types
TINYTEXT
TEXT
MEDIUMTEXT and
LONGTEXT
They all correspond to the four BLOB types and have the same maximum lengths and
storage requirements.
The only difference between BLOB and TEXT types is that sorting and comparison is
performed in case-sensitive for BLOB values and case-insensitive for TEXT values.

35. What is the difference between mysql_fetch_array and mysql_fetch_object?

Following are the differences between mysql_fetch_array and mysql_fetch_object:
mysql_fetch_array() -Returns a result row as an associated array or a regular array
from database.
mysql_fetch_object – Returns a result row as object from database.

36. How can we run batch mode in mysql?

Following commands are used to run in batch mode:
mysql ;
mysql mysql.out

37. Where MyISAM table will be stored and also give their formats of storage?
Each MyISAM table is stored on disk in three formats:
The ‘.frm’ file stores the table definition
The data file has a ‘.MYD’ (MYData) extension
The index file has a ‘.MYI’ (MYIndex) extension

38. What are the different tables present in MySQL?

Total 5 types of tables are present:
MyISAM
Heap
Merge
INNO DB
ISAM
MyISAM is the default storage engine as of MySQL .

59
39. What is ISAM?

ISAM is abbreviated as Indexed Sequential Access Method.It was developed by IBM

to store and retrieve data on secondary storage systems like tapes.

40. What is InnoDB?

lnnoDB is a transaction safe storage engine developed by Innobase Oy which is a
Oracle Corporation now.

41. How MySQL Optimizes DISTINCT?

DISTINCT is converted to a GROUP BY on all columns and it will be combined with
ORDER BY clause.
SELECT DISTINCT t1.a FROM t1,t2 where t1.a=t2.a;

42. How to enter Characters as HEX Numbers?

If you want to enter characters as HEX numbers, you can enter HEX numbers with
single quotes and a prefix of (X), or just prefix HEX numbers with (Ox).
A HEX number string will be automatically converted into a character string, if the
expression context is a string.

43. How to display top 50 rows?

In MySql, top 50 rows are displayed by using this following query:
SELECT * FROM
LIMIT 0,50;

44. How many columns can be used for creating Index?

Maximum of 16 indexed columns can be created for any standard table.

45. What is the different between NOW() and CURRENT_DATE()?

NOW () command is used to show current year,month,date with hours,minutes and
seconds.
CURRENT_DATE() shows current year,month and date only.

46. What are the objects can be created using CREATE statement?
Following objects are created using CREATE statement:
DATABASE
EVENT
FUNCTION
INDEX
PROCEDURE
TABLE
TRIGGER
USER
VIEW

60
47. How many TRIGGERS are allowed in MySql table?
SIX triggers are allowed in MySql table. They are as follows:
BEFORE INSERT
AFTER INSERT
BEFORE UPDATE
AFTER UPDATE
BEFORE DELETE and
AFTER DELETE

48. What are the nonstandard string types?

Following are Non-Standard string types:
TINYTEXT
TEXT
MEDIUMTEXT
LONGTEXT

49. What are all the Common SQL Function?

CONCAT(A, B) – Concatenates two string values to create a single string output. Often
used to combine two or more fields into one single field.
FORMAT(X, D) – Formats the number X to D significant digits.
CURRDATE(), CURRTIME() – Returns the current date or time.
NOW() – Returns the current date and time as one value.
MONTH(), DAY(), YEAR(), WEEK(), WEEKDAY() – Extracts the given data from a date
value.
HOUR(), MINUTE(), SECOND() – Extracts the given data from a time value.
DATEDIFF(A, B) – Determines the difference between two dates and it is commonly
used to calculate age
SUBTIMES(A, B) – Determines the difference between two times.
FROMDAYS(INT) – Converts an integer number of days into a date value.

50. Explain Access Control Lists.

An ACL (Access Control List) is a list of permissions that is associated with an object.
This list is the basis for MySQL server’s security model and it helps in troubleshooting
problems like users not being able to connect.

MySQL keeps the ACLs (also called grant tables) cached in memory. When a user tries
to authenticate or run a command, MySQL checks the authentication information and
permissions against the ACLs, in a predetermined order.

61