COURSE OVERVIEW:

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Shacheendra Kishor Labh

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering
IOE, Pashchimanchal Campus

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Course Outline
1. Introduction to construction equipment [9 hours]
• Classification of construction equipment based on: applications, truck type, crawl and wheel type
• Application of construction equipment
• Terminologies used in construction equipment
• Construction equipment: introduction, construction, types, applications and general
specifications of dozer, loader, excavator, grader, road roller, asphalt paving equipment, crane
• Farm tractor: layout, different types of implements, accessories and attachments, tractor trolley
• Special purpose vehicles: fork lift, fire brigade, dumper, tripper, truck
2. Chassis components [9 hours]
• Transmission system: clutches, mechanical transmission, hydraulic assist transmission, power shift
transmission, hydrostatic drive, torque converters, differential, final drive, power take-offs, special
drives
• Undercarriage: track chain, idler, sprocket, track rollers, tyres
• Implements and tools: blades, rippers, bucket

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Course Outline
3. Hydraulic system [6 hours]
• Basic principle of hydraulics
• Elements of hydraulic system: hydraulic power pack, control valve and actuators
• Types of hydraulic system: open center system, closed center system
• Hydraulic oil: functions, storage, types, properties, specifications and requirements
• Pumps: types and working principle
• Valves: types and working principle
• Actuators: purpose, types and working principle
• Auxiliaries: accumulator, filter, reservoir, oil cooler, hose pipe, tubes and couplers, seals and fluids
4. Pneumatic system [3 hours]
• Basic principle of pneumatics
• Compressed air: functions, properties and preparation
• Elements of pneumatic system: compressor, control valve and actuators
• Compressor: types and working principle

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Course Outline
• Valves: types and working principle
• Actuators: purpose, types and working principle
• Auxiliaries: accumulator, filter, lubricator, air cooler, receiver, pipe
5. Hydraulic and pneumatic circuit [6 hours]
• Pneumatic circuits: basic pneumatic circuit, impulse operation, speed control, pneumatic motor circuit,
sequencing of motion, time delay circuits and their applications
• Hydraulic circuit: basic hydraulic circuit, impulse operation, speed control, hydraulic motor circuit,
sequencing of motion, time delay circuits and their applications
• Maintenance and troubleshooting of hydraulic & pneumatic system
6. Electronic components [3 hours]
• Functions and symbols of pressure sensor, pressure switch, proportional solenoid, pump and valve
controller, engine controller

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Course Outline
7. Management of construction equipment [9 hours]
• Safety inspections
• Care and precautions
• Equipment policy
• Equipment acquisition: methods purchase, leasing, hiring
• Comparison between leasing and purchasing
• Estimation of owning and operating cost and hiring cost
• Analysis of equipment utilization and price variance
• Equipment procurement
• Marketing aspects of construction equipment (availability, dealers)
• Procurements methods and practices
• Commissioning of equipment

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Reference Book
• Technical book,“Construction Machinery Training”, Instate, Imlambad
• Harris, F. and McCaffer,“Management of Construction Equipment”, Macmillan Education Ltd. London, UK.
• Erich J. Schulz,“Diesel Equipment I and II”, McGraw Hill book co.
• Frank Harries, Ronald McCaffer, “Construction of Plant Excavating and Material Handling”, Granda
Publishing.
• SAE Handbook Volume 4
• “Caterpillar performance Handbook”, Edition 33, Caterpillar Inc, Peoria, Illinois, USA.

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Evaluation
1. Internal Evaluation – 20 marks
• Attendance (70% mandatory to be eligible for final examination)
• Assignments
• Assessments
• Classroom behaviour
2. External Evaluation – 80 marks

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 Chapter One
INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Shacheendra Kishor Labh

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering
IOE, Pashchimanchal Campus

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Introduction
• Construction is the transformation of a design into a useful structure which is accomplished with the
employment of machines and equipment. The proper application of machines can prudently convert a
plan into reality.
• Machines/Equipment are mechanical/electrical systems used to amplify human energy and improve our
level of control.
• Equipment is a critical resource in the execution of most construction projects. Whether it be to
prepare the site, erect a building or bridge, or construct an airport runway, use of construction
equipment is essential in completing construction projects.
• Each piece of construction equipment is specifically designed by the manufacturer to perform specific
mechanical operations. One of the key decisions in planning and executing a construction project is the
selection of equipment to use on the project.
• The basic criteria that should be used in selecting equipment for specific tasks are:
a) The capability of the equipment to perform the work
b) The capability of the equipment to perform effectively under the working conditions of the job site
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Introduction
c) The availability of the equipment, either from the contractor’s equipment fleet or from a rental or
leasing agency
d) The reliability of the equipment and predicted maintenance requirements
e) The availability of parts and service support for the equipment
f) The capability of the equipment to perform multiple tasks on the project
g) Safety features available with the equipment
• A piece of equipment does not work as a stand-alone unit. Machines normally work in a linked
production system. For example, An excavator will load a fleet of haul trucks for moving material to a fill
location. At the location where the trucks dump the material a dozer or other machine will be employed to
spread the material the trucks dumped into piles. After spreading, a roller compacts the material to the required
density.
• Optimization in the management of an equipment spread is critical, both in achieving a competitive
pricing position and in accumulating the corporate operating capital required to finance the expansion
of project performance capability.
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Classification of construction equipment
• There are three important classifications related to construction equipment. They are published
by the following organizations:
a) Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) of USA
b) JCMA (Japan Construction Mechanization Association )
c) CIB Working commission
• Classification of construction equipment based on their application can be done as follows:
1. Earthmoving Machine and Equipment
a) Excavators
b) Trenchers
c) Dredgers
d) Dozers
e) Scrapers
f) Graders
g) Loaders
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Classification of construction equipment
h) Backhoe loaders and Excavators
i) Rippers
2. Foundation Engineering and Soil Compaction Machines and Equipment
b) Drilling and Boring Equipment
c) Piling Equipment; Equipment for pile Driving
d) Tampers
e) Vibratory Compactors
3. Machine and Equipment for Manufacturing, Transporting and processing concrete mix, Mortar,
Reinforcement Work and Form work
a) Equipment for storage of materials
b) Batching and Mixing
c) Transporting Equipment
d) Spreading Equipment
e) Compaction and Finishing Equipment
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Classification of construction equipment
f) Formwork and Moulds
g) Machines and Equipment for Reinforcement Work
h) Pre-stressing Equipment
i) Equipment for removing and recycling concrete
4. Specialized Machines and Equipment for Transport and Handling
a) Towing vehicles, tractors
b) Lorries or trucks
c) Dumpers
d) Trailers and Semi-trailers
e) Railway Wagons
f) Materials handling trucks
g) Un-loaders
h) Conveyors
i) Cableways
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Classification of construction equipment
5. Lifting Machines and Equipment
a) Tower Cranes
b) Mobile Cranes
c) Other cranes (derricks, cable-cranes, rail cranes, gantry cranes, etc)
d) Lifts and Hoists
e) Winches, Lift jacks, Pulley Blocks, etc.
f) Lifting Accessories
6. Specialized Machines and Equipment for Civil Engineering Work
a) Machines and equipment for paving Construction and restoration
b) Machines and Equipment for track-Laying Construction and restoration
c) Water structure and Underwater work Equipment
d) Tunnelling Machines and Equipment for underground Engineering
e) Pipe-laying and pipe-jacking (punching) machines
f) Machines for power and telecommunications lines
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Classification of construction equipment
7. Machines and Equipment for Installation, Finishing work and Maintenance
a) Roof covering equipment
b) Insulation Equipment
c) Plastering and wall covering Equipment
d) Flooring Equipment
e) Painting Equipment
f) Equipment for Sanitary, Electrical, Gas and Air Conditioning Installations
g) Devices for fixing and connecting (e.g. masonry and concrete drills and hammers)
h) Mobile and hanging scaffolds, cradles

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Classification of construction equipment
• Construction equipment can also be classified as:
1. Crawler or track type : These are rugged machines and are used for heavy duty works, where
more tractive power is required.
2. Rubber-tired or wheel-type: These are used for light and speedy jobs

Crawler type tractor Wheel type tractor

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Classification of construction equipment

Crawler type Wheel type

Slow speed Greater speed

High initial cost Low initial cost

Can handle heavier jobs Can handle lighter jobs only

High operation and maintenance cost Low operation and maintenance cost

Requires highly skilled manpower for Requires less skilled manpower for
operation, maintenance and repair operation, maintenance and repair
Useful for short distance Useful for long distances

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Applications of construction equipment
• Any construction project is completed by human and machine/equipment. Depending on the
type of work to be performed, the application of construction equipment can be listed as:
1. Earthmoving
2. Excavating
3. Loading
4. Hauling
5. Lifting
6. Compaction and finishing
7. Production of aggregates, concrete and asphalt
8. Tunnel boring
9. Paving and surface treatment

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Terminologies
• Some terminologies associated with construction equipment are discussed below:
1. Earthmoving
Earthmoving is the process of moving soil or rock from one location to another, and in
some cases, processing it to meet contract specification requirements. Earthmoving
construction tasks include excavating, loading, hauling, spreading, compacting, and
grading.
2. Rolling Resistance
Rolling resistance is the resistance of the equipment operating surface to the forward or
reverse movement of a piece of wheeled equipment. It results from internal friction of
the wheel bearings, tire flexing, and penetration of the operating surface due to the
pressure of the tires.
3. Grade Resistance
Grade resistance is the force due to gravity that a piece of equipment must overcome when
moving up a grade.
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Terminologies
4. Drawbar pull
The power available to move a tracked piece of equipment, for instance a dozer, and its
load is called drawbar pull. The dozer applies force to the ground through its tracks when
working. Drawbar pull is the power available at the rear hitch of the dozer (called the
drawbar).
5. Rimpull
The power available to move a wheeled piece of equipment, for instance a scraper, and its
load is called rimpull. It is the term that is used to describe the pushing force exerted by the
tires against the operating surface (ground).
6. Traction
The amount of friction between the tire or track of the equipment and the ground is called
traction. The traction that is available is a function of the type of soil over which the
equipment is operating, the type of tread on the tires, and the weight on the driving
wheels or the tracks. The degree of traction between the tire or track and the ground is
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Terminologies
called the coefficient of traction, which is defined as a factor that is multiplied by the gross
vehicle weight on a driving wheel or track to determine the maximum possible tractive
force that can be applied to the operating surface just before slipping occurs.
7. Soil properties
There are three basic components of soil: Solid, air , water. Soil is classified as boulder,
cobble, sand, silt, clay, gravel, organic soil (peat).
When the earth is measured in its natural condition, it is called ‘bank volume’. When
removed from the natural condition, the volume increases, and this new measurement is
called ‘loose volume’.
Increase in the volume with respect to bank volume gives the percentage of swell of earth.
After the earth is placed on the embankment, compacted and measured, it gives ‘compacted
volume’. The compacted volume is less than the bank volume.
The reduction in volume with respect to bank volume is called shrinkage and expressed in
percentage.
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Dozers
• A dozer is a tractor unit that has a blade attached to its front.
• The blade is used to push, shear, cut and roll material ahead of the dozer.
• Rear mounted hydraulic scarifiers and rippers can be fitted to loosen hard material
prior to dozing.
Applications:
1. Moving earth or rock for short distances
2. Spreading earth or rock fills
3. Backfilling trenches
4. Opening up pilot roads
5. Clearing land of timber, stumps and root mat.

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Dozers

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Dozers: Types

Based on position of blade

1. Angle dozer
2. Tilt dozer
3. Push dozer
4. Tree dozer Angle Dozer

Push Dozer Tree Dozer Tilt Dozer

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Dozers: Types

Based on mountings
1. Crawler mounted
2. Wheel mounted

Crawler mounted
Wheel mounted

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Dozers: Types

Based on control
1. Cable control
2. Hydraulic control

Hydraulic control
Cable control

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Dozer blade
• The blade on a bulldozer is the heavy piece of metal plate of slightly
concave profile that is installed on the front.
• The blade pushes things around.
• It is connected through two arms and a yoke.
• Available in sizes from 2m to 7.5 m wide and 0.8 m to 1.5 m in height.
• Dozer blades can have three types of movements:
1. Tilt: Raise or lower either end of the blade in vertical plane.

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Dozer blade

1. Pitch: Top of the blade can be pitched forward and backward varying the
angle of attack of the cutting edge.
2. Angle: The blades mounted on a C-frame can be turned from the
direction of travel.

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Loader
• A tractor equipped with a front-end bucket is called a loader, front-end loader, or bucket
loader.
• Loaders are used for excavating soft to medium-hard material, loading hoppers and haul
units, stockpiling material, backfilling ditches, and moving concrete and other
construction materials.
• Attachments available for the loader include augers, backhoes, crane booms, dozer and
snow blades, and forklifts in addition to the conventional loader bucket.
• Versatile, self propelled equipment mounted either on crawler or wheel.
• Application vary from handling coal, sugar, sand, salt, stone etc. to earth moving and
digging work in quarries.
• In construction areas, mainly when fixing roads in the middle of the city, front loaders
are used to transport building materials such as pipe, bricks, metal bars, and digging
tools.
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Loader: Application
Loaders with its general purpose bucket and with additional attachment can
be used for:
• Loading the dump trucks in quarries, mines and industries.
• Loading the material in the hopper of crushers, conveyers.
• Loading waste material, cleaning debris
• To move bulky objects
• Removing snow
• Dozing, trenching, ripping etc. with the help of suitable attachment.

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Loader: Construction

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Loader: Types

Based on mounting
Loaders are of following types:
1. Crawler loader
2. Wheeled loader

Crawler loader Wheeled loader

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Loader: Types

Based on manoeuvrability
From manoeuvrability point of view, wheeled loaders are of following types:
1. Articulated type (pivot steer)
• Hinged in middle of front and rear axis
• Capable of working in limited space
• Short turning radius
• Higher speed of work

Articulated type Two wheel steer Four wheel steer

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Loader: Types

2. Rigid frame- two wheel steer or all wheel steer

• Frame is rigid, no hinge present
• In two wheel steer, the operator can steer front wheels.
• In four wheel steer, the operator can steer all four wheels.
• Comparatively cheaper than articulated type loader

Articulated type Two wheel steer Four wheel steer

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Loader: Specification

CAT 950 H Loader Specification

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Excavator
• An excavator is a power-driven digging machine.
• The major types of excavators used in earthmoving operations include hydraulic
excavators and the members of the cable-operated crane-shovel family (shovels,
draglines, hoes, and clamshells). Dozers, loaders, and scrapers can also serve as
excavators.
• In 1836, William S. Otis developed a machine that mechanically duplicated the motion
of a worker digging with a hand shovel. From this machine evolved a family of cable
operated construction machines known as the crane-shovel.
• Hydraulic excavators have largely replaced the cable-operated crane-shovel family.
• The advantages of hydraulic excavators over cable-operated machines are faster cycle
time, higher bucket penetrating force, more precise digging, and easier operator
control.
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Excavator
• Excavator is the equipment which perform digging of large quantity of earth or
excavation and loading them for transportation.
• These are mainly used for following operation:
1. Digging of trenches, foundation
2. Material handling
3. Demolition
4. River dredging
5. Snow removal

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Excavator: Types

Excavators are of following four types based on the type of carriers in which
they are mounted:
• Crawler mounted: These equipment are mounted on crawler system. Main
characteristics are:
1. Can be used for work on soft or wet grounds
2. Can be used on sharp rocks or other adverse conditions
3. Requires very less turning space
4. Low speed of travelling
• Truck mounted: These equipment are mounted on truck chassis. Main
characteristics are:
1. High road speed and mobility
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Excavator: Types
2. Requires more operating speed
3. Requires firm and smooth operating locations
• Self propelled: These equipment are self propelled with rubber tyres. Main
characteristics are:
1. Medium travel speed (between 10 to 30 km/h)
2. Has one engine and one cab for control by one operator
• Excavator mounted on barge or rail : These are mounted on barge or rail
to carry out work of excavation in water or near railway line.

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 Crawler mounted
Truck mounted Self propelled

Rail mounted Barge mounted

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Hydraulic Excavator
• Hydraulic excavators are hydraulically controlled equipment that perform the task of
earth excavation.
• Three main components are:
a) An undercarriage to give mobility
b) A superstructure with operators cabin
c) Hydraulically actuated boom and dipper arms with bucket
• The hydraulic system is very productive and efficient due to its mobility and lightness
and lower maintenance cost.
• It is capable of excavating to a depth which can be negotiated with its boom.
• Excavation is done by teeth attached to a bucket which is capable of loading the
excavated material directly to a tripper truck.
• These excavators come in different capacity and type and can be crawler mounted or
wheel mounted.
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 Hydraulic excavator

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Hydraulic Excavator: Specification
CAT 32D3 specifications

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Grader
• Grader is one of the most versatile items of earthmoving equipment which is used for
light stripping, grading, finishing, trimming, bank sloping, ditching, backfilling, and scarifying.
• It is also capable of mixing and spreading soil and asphaltic mixtures.
• The blade of a motor grader is referred to as a moldboard and is equipped with
replaceable cutting edges and end pieces (end bits).
• The pitch of the blade may be changed in a manner similar to dozer blades. Pitching the
blade forward results in a rolling action of the excavated material and is used for
finishing work and for blending materials.

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Grader
• Pitching the blade backward increases cutting action but may allow material to spill over
the top of the blade. Blade cutting edges are available in flat, curved, or serrated styles.
• Graders are available with automatic blade control systems that permit precise grade
control. Such graders utilize a sensing system that follows an existing surface, string line,
or laser beam to automatically raise or lower the blade as required to achieve the
desired grade.
• Grader, with the help of teeth attached to them, can scarify earth surface to loosen the
material which can eventually be shifted forward or to the sides by grading blades.

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Grader
• These blades rotate up to 2700 in the central ring (sprocket) making it unique to shift
the materials on all sides.
• These machines are generally self propelled and wheel mounted. In some cases tractor
towed type graders are also used when grading may not be very accurate.
• Depending on frame arrangement motor grader is classified as;
1. Rigid frame motor grader
Rigid frame motor grader has only one axle. Axle is unable to turn left or right about
a point.
2. Articulated frame motor grader
Articulated frame motor grader has a hinge in between the front and the rare axle.
That type of grader is most commonly used where small space is available during
turning.

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Grader: Construction
• Motor graders are equipped with three
axles, two in the back that carry the cab and
engine, and one in the front that sometimes
has a second grader blade.
• The grader blade is located between the
front axle and rear axles
• Steering wheels are typically standard in the
cab and the attachments and blades are
operated with either a joystick or fingertip-
actuated controls
• The blade can be adjusted by the needs of
the grader operator, in terms of height,
angle and position of the blade.

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Grader: Application
• Moving of earth from one location to another.
• Leveling of soil so that next bitumen layer spread uniformly throughout the surface.
• Scarifying: Scarifying is the removal of complete layer of soil and then spreading of a new
layer at that particular location.
• Mixing of two materials.
• Spreading of soil, aggregates etc.
• Trenching
• Land grading: It is the process in which a certain slope is achieved with the help of motor
grader.
• Ditching
• Cutting of bank canals.
• Snow Removal

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Grader: Specification
CAT 140/140 AWD motor grader specification

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Compaction Equipment: Road Roller
• Compaction is the process of densifying or increasing the unit weight of a soil mass
through the application of static or dynamic force, with resulting expulsion of air and, in
same cases, moisture.
• Apart from increasing density, compaction improves the following properties of soil:
1. Prevention or reduction of the soil
2. Improvement in the bearing capacity of the soil.
3. Increase in strength of the soil.
4. Reduction in permeability of soil.
• Compaction methods: Impact (sharp blow), Pressure (static weight), vibration (shaking),
kneading (manipulation or rearranging).
• The equipment required for these works range from the smallest vibrating rammers to
the largest rollers of vibrating type.

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Compaction Equipment: Road Roller
• The better the compaction, the better will be shear strength, density and bearing
capacity of an individual layers.
• The type of equipment used for compacting in construction are as follows:
1. Static smooth wheeled rollers
2. Sheep foot rollers
3. Pad foot rollers
4. Grid Compactor
5. Pneumatic tyre rollers
6. Vibratory rollers

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Static Smooth Wheeled Roller

• These are the conventional steel drum rollers used for almost all type of
rolling.
• The dead weight rollers (static rollers) rely on weight alone to compact
the material over which they pass.
• These can have 2 drum rollers or 3 drum rollers.
• 3 wheel roller are commonly used to compact thinner layer of fills.

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Sheep Foot Roller

• These are the type of rollers with small projection form its drums to
allow maximum pressure on the earth.
• They are made of steel drum either self propelled or tractor towed type.
• The drums can be ballasted to increase the dead load hence pressure on
each sheep foot.
• The sheep foot generally moves through loose materials rather than
rolling on top of it.
• Older version of sheep foot rollers having large single drum were towed
by tractor.
• The self propelled rollers are articulated to provide a shorter turning
radius and greater manoeuvrability.

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Sheep foot and pad foot roller

Sheep foot rollers Pad foot rollers

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Pad foot roller

• These are steel drum type rollers in which small rectangular pads are
projecting out of the steel drums to create more soil pressure.
• From a distance they look similar to sheep footed rollers but the
projection are large and uniform unlike sheep footed.
• They can be tractor towed or self propelled type.
• The pads on sheep foot drum rollers lift and fluff the surface material
while compacting the soil underneath.
• Pad foot rollers, on the other hand, have tapered pads that compact and
lift without fluffing the surface soil.
• The projections in pad foot rollers are short as compared to the length of
the projection of sheep footed rollers.

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Grid Compactors

• These are ordinary steel wheel vibratory rollers either self propelled or
towed type.
• The drum of this roller is covered by steel chain grids which gives more
pressure on the surface to be compacted.
• For other feature, a sheep footed roller, a grid roller and padded roller are
similar and hence they are grouped
together as "sheep footed type" rollers

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Pneumatic tyre roller

• These are rollers with rubber tyres, generally 3 in the front and 4 in the
rear.
• They are suitable for clayey soil. They can be ballasted by adding water or
sand on the body tank of these rollers to increase the dead load of these
rollers.
• They are non vibrating type.
• Since they do not crush aggregates
when in contact, this type of rollers
have become very popular in bituminous
surface dressing work.

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Vibratory Roller
• Ordinary vibrating rollers are a single drum type steel wheel rollers to be
towed by tractors.
• The drum is capable of vibrating to give more pressure and vibrating
effect on the material layer to be compacted.
• It is suitable for granular soil.
• This type of roller is used when depth of fills is relatively greater (200
mm).
• The benefit of the use of vibration is to compact granular material in
lesser number of passes.
• They come in self propelled vibrating drum with pneumatic rear wheels
or a tandem roller with either the front wheel (mostly) or the rear wheel
having vibrating action.
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Vibratory Roller

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Road Roller specifications
Pneumatic tyre roller specifications

Vibratory roller specifications

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Cranes
• Cranes are used for lifting loads and placing them at desired place.
• The cranes have three motion in general
i. Hoisting i.e. lifting or lowering
ii. Derricking
iii. Slewing
• The cranes are generally electrically operated, diesel operated or may have
diesel-electric drive.
• The cranes are very helpful to pick up a load at one point and be able to
deposit it at another point within a restricted area.
• Construction cranes are generally classified into two major families: Mobile
cranes and Tower cranes

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Cranes

• The cranes can be classified in the following classes:

i. Derrick cranes
ii. Mobile cranes
iii. Hydraulic cranes
iv. Overhead cranes, also known as Gantry Cranes
v. Tower Cranes

Derrick Crane Crawler mounted Crane

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Cranes

Truck mounted Crane

Hydraulic Crane
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Cranes

Gantry Crane
Tower Crane

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Asphalt Paving Equipment
An asphalt paving operation requires a number of different pieces of equipment. These
include:
1. sweeper for brooming and removing dust from the surface to be paved
2. asphalt distributor truck for applying the prime or tack coat
3. trucks for transporting the asphalt mix from the plant to the construction site
4. material transfer vehicle for transferring the mix from haul trucks to the paver
5. windrow elevator for picking up material in windrows or paver hopper
6. paver
7. roller compactors

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Asphalt Paving Equipment
1. Sweeper
• The sweeper is used to broom and remove dust from the surface of existing pavement
prior to laying new asphalt.
• This is done to ensure proper bonding between the new asphalt and the old pavement.
• When surfacing a prepared base course (aggregate or cement-treated soil), the dust
layer should be removed either by sweeping with the sweeper or by wetting the base
course and recompacting.

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Asphalt Paving Equipment
2. Asphalt Distributors
When applying an asphalt prime, tack, or thin seal coat, a specially designed distributor truck is
utilized. An asphalt distributor truck requires constant attention to produce a uniform application.
It is critical that the asphalt heater and pump are well maintained. The factors that affect uniform
application are:
• asphalt spraying temperature
• liquid pressure across the spray bar length
• angle and overlap of the spray nozzles
• nozzle height above the surface
• distributor travel speed

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Asphalt Paving Equipment
3. Haul Trucks
• Three basic types of trucks are used to haul the asphalt concrete from the plant to the job
site: rear-dump trucks, live-bottom conveyor trucks, and bottom-dump trucks.
• A live-bottom truck can transfer the mix directly into the paver hopper.
• Bottom-dump trucks place a windrow of material upon the pavement ahead of the paver
and can only be used with pavers that have an elevator for lifting the mix from the pavement
and transferring it to the paver spreader box.
• Rear dumps are the most popular configuration with their availability and versatility for
hauling a variety of construction materials.
• Paving with rear dumps poses a safety risk when lifting the truck box in the vicinity of
overhead bridges and utility lines.
• Regardless of the type of truck used, the trucks should be insulated and covered to reduce
heat loss during transportation.

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Asphalt Paving Equipment

Bottom Dump Truck

Rear Dump Truck

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Asphalt Paving Equipment
4. Asphalt Pavers
• An asphalt paver consists of a tractor, either tracked or rubber-tired , and a screed.
• The tractor power unit has a receiving hopper in the front and a system of slat conveyors
or two sets of twin-screw augers to move the mix through a tunnel under the power plant
to the rear of the tractor unit.
• Pavers with slat conveyors are more popular, but it has been suggested that the use of the
screw conveyors will further reduce mix segregation.

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Asphalt Paving Equipment
5. Windrow elevators
• A paving operation being served by means of trucks and paver. Truckload needs to be
transferred to pavers and the paver must operate between truckloads or even stop if
deliveries are delayed. The windrow elevator (between the truck and the paver) was
developed to address transfer and truck queuing effects on mat quality. Elevators can also
improve production by eliminating the paver-to-truck mating.

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Farm Tractor
• Farm tractors are versatile vehicle specifically designed for use in agricultural operations.
• It is a powerful machine that provides the necessary traction and power to perform a wide
range of tasks on the farm including plowing, tilling, planting, harvesting, mowing, hauling, and
more.
• Farm tractors typically have a rugged design with large, heavily treaded tires and a high
ground clearance, allowing them to navigate through different types of terrains and handle
challenging conditions commonly encountered in agricultural environments.
• They can be powered by diesel, gasoline, or even electric motors, depending on the model
and manufacturer.

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Farm Tractor
The layout of a farm tractor usually consists of the following major components:
• Engine
• Transmission
• Chassis
• Wheels and Tires

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Farm Tractor
Different types of implements, accessories, and attachments that can be used with farm
tractors:
• Plows: Plows are used to loosen and turn over soil, preparing it for planting. They come in
various designs, such as moldboard plows, disc plows, and chisel plows.

• Harrows: Harrows are used for breaking up clods of soil, leveling the ground, and
incorporating fertilizers. Types of harrows include disc harrows, chain harrows, and spike-
tooth harrows.

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Farm Tractor

• Seeders and Planters: Seeders and planters are used to sow seeds in prepared soil. They can
be single-row or multi-row, and some models also offer mechanisms for applying fertilizers
simultaneously.

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Farm Tractor
• Cultivators: Cultivators are used for weed control and soil aeration. They
have rotating tines or shanks that dig into the soil, breaking up weeds
and loosening the top layer.

• Mowers: Tractor-mounted mowers are used for cutting grass, hay, or other crops. They can
be rear-mounted or side-mounted and come in various sizes and configurations.

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Farm Tractor
• Sprayers: Sprayers are used for applying pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers to crops. They
consist of a tank, pump, nozzles, and hoses for spraying the desired substances.
• Loaders and Backhoes: These attachments are used for loading and unloading materials,
digging, and excavation tasks. They are commonly used in construction and landscaping
applications in addition to farming.
• Bale Handlers: Bale handlers are used for handling large bales of hay, straw, or silage. They
can lift, transport, and stack bales efficiently.

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Assignment 1
Write the working, construction, types and applications of:
1. Fork lift
2. Fire Brigade
3. Dump Trucks
(Submission Deadline: Jestha 31st)

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Thank you for your attention!

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