ME English Center New Physics Notes

Unit # 1: Physics and Measurements

er
nt
Ce
ish
gl
En
E
M

V = x π x (9)3 = 3053.628 cm3

The absolute error in volume is approximately 3053.628 x 0.0067 = 20.46 cm3.

Therefore, the approximate error in calculating the volume of the sphere is 20.46 cm3.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

=3x =3x( ) = 0.012

er
nt
The absolute error in volume is approximately 1767.15 x 0.012 = 21.2058 cm3.

Ce
Therefore, the approximate error in calculating the volume of a sphere is 21.2058 cm 3.
ish
gl
En
E
M

Section (A): Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. The respective number of significant figures for the numbers 23.023, 0.0003 and
2.1×10-3 are:
a. 5, 1, 2 b. 5, 1, 5
c. 5,5,2 d. 4, 4,2

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

2. Which among the following is the supplementary unit:

a. Mass b. Time
c. Solid angle d. Luminosity
3. The unit of solid angle is
a. Second b. Steradian
c. Kilogram d. Candela
4. The quantity having the same unit in all system of unit is:
a. mass b. time

er
c. length d. temperature

nt
5. Random errors can be eliminated by:
a. taking number of observations and their mean.

Ce
b. measuring the quantity with more than one instrument
c. eliminating the cause
ish
d. careful observations
gl

6. Systemic error can be:

En

a. either positive or negative b. negative only

c. positive only d. zero error
7. [MLT-2] is dimensional formula of
E
M

a. strain b. displacement
c. force d. pressure
8. Which of the following pair has the same dimension?
a. moment of inertia and torque b. impulse and momentum
c. surface tension and force d. specific heat and latent heat
9. Dependent variable is:
a. cause b. cause and effect
c. effect d. reason

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

10. Dimensions of kinetic energy is the same as that of:

a. Acceleration b. Work
c. Velocity d. Force
Ans:

1. a 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. a
6. a 7. c 8. b 9. c 10. b

CRQ’s:
1. Give an example of (I) a physical quantity which has a unit but no dimensions,

er
(II) a physical quantity which has neither unit not dimensions, (III) a constant
which has a unit, (IV) a constant which has no unit.

nt
Ans)
I. Angle
II. Relative density
Ce
ish
III. Gravitational constant
IV. Avagadro’s number
gl

2. When rounding the product or quotient of two measurements, is it necessary to

En

consider significant digit?

Ans) Yes, when rounding the product or quotient of two measurements, it is necessary
to consider significant digits.
E

3. Drive the equation for period of oscillations of a mass suspended on a vertical

M

spring by dimensional analysis. i.e. T = 2π√

Ans) Consider the oscillations of a mass suspended on a vertical spring by dimensional

analysis. We assume that the period of the mass suspended on a vertical spring [T]
depends on following quantities:
1. Mass (m): [M]
2. Spring constant (k): [M][T]⁻²
3. Acceleration due to gravity (g): [L][T]⁻²

Therefore, the equation can be written as.

T = mx ⋅ ky ⋅ gz

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

Where x, y and z are unknown powers.

[T] = [M]x ⋅ [M]y[T]−2y ⋅ [L]z[T]−2z

Equating the indices for M, L and T on both sides of the equation, we get:
M: 0 = x + y
L: 0 = z
T: 1 = -2y -2z
Therefore
x = 1/2 , y = -1/2 and z= 0

er
The original equation therefore becomes

nt
T=

T =2π √

4. Find the dimensions of the following.

Ce
ish
a) Work
b) Energy
gl

c) Power
d) Momentum
En

a) W=F ⋅ d

1. Force(F): [M]⋅[L]/[T]2
E

2. Displacement(d): [L]
M

[ ][ ]
Work = . [L]
[ ]

Work = [M]⋅[L]2⋅[T]−2
b) In SI units, the dimensions of energy ([E]) are the same as the dimensions of work:

Energy = [M]⋅[L]2⋅[T]−2

c) P =

1. Work(W): [M]⋅[L]2⋅[T]−2
2. Time(t): [T]

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

[ ][ ] [ ]
Power = [ ]

Power = [M]⋅[L]2 ⋅[T]−3

d) p = m⋅v
1. Mass(m): [M]
2. Velocity(v): [L]⋅[T]−1

Momentum = [M]⋅[L]⋅[T]−1
5. You measure the radius of a wheel to be 4.16 cm. If you multiply by 2 to get
diameter, should you write the result as 8 cm or as 8.32 cm? Justify your answer.
Ans) According to the rules of significant figures, the result of a calculation should have

er
the same number of significant figures as the least precise measurement used in the
calculation. In this case, the least precise measurement is the radius with three

nt
significant figures (4.16 cm). When you multiply by 2 to get the diameter, the result
should be rounded to three significant figures as well. So the result should be 8.32 cm.

Ce
6. If y = a + bt + ct2 where y is in meters and t in seconds, what is the unit of c?
Ans) In the equation y = a + bt + ct2, where y is in meters and t is in seconds, let's
ish
consider the units of each term in the equation:

 a is a constant, and since y is in meters, a must also be in meters.

gl

 bt involves multiplication of b (a coefficient) and t (in seconds). The unit of b will

be in meters per second (m/s) because it's multiplied by time (t).
En

 ct2 involves multiplication of c (a coefficient) and t2 (in seconds squared). The unit
of c should be such that the resulting unit, when multiplied by time squared (t2),
gives meters. Therefore, the unit of c should be in meters per second
squared (m/s2).
E
M

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

7. Differentiate between accuracy and precision.

Ans)

Accuracy Precision
Accuracy is referred to the level of Precision suggests the level of variation
agreement between the actual that happens in the values of several
measurement and the absolute measurements of the same factor.
measurement.
It represents how closely the results agree Represents how closely results agree with
with the standard value. one another.
Single-factor or measurement is required. Multiple measurements are needed to

comment about precision.

er
Occasionally, a measurement may happen Results can be precise without being
to be accurate by chance, while consistent accurate.

nt
accuracy and precision are required for a
measurement to be reliable

8. Define dependent and independent variables.Ce

ish
Ans) Dependent variables: The value of a dependent variable depends on the
values of one or more independent variables.
gl

Independent variables: The values of independent variables are not influenced by

other variables.
En

9. Differentiate systematic error and random error.

Aspect Systematic Error Random Error

E

Definition Consistent and predictable Inconsistent and

unpredictable
M

Nature Bias towards a certain No specific bias

value
Causes Faulty equipment, Fluctuations in
calibration issues, measurement conditions,
procedural errors environmental factors
Effects Shifts results consistently Scatters results randomly
Correction Can be identified and Can't be fully eliminated
corrected once identified

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

10. Enlist the limitations of dimensional analysis?

Ans) Limitations of Dimensionality:

Some limitations of dimensionality are:

 It doesn't give information about the dimensional constant.
 The formula containing trigonometric function, exponential functions, logarithmic
function, etc. cannot be derived.
 It gives no information about whether a physical quantity is a scalar or vector.
11. Describe least count of Vernier and screw gauge micrometer.
Ans)

er
1. Vernier Caliper: The least count of a Vernier caliper is the difference between one
smallest division on the main scale and one smallest division on the Vernier scale that

nt
aligns with a main scale division.

Ce
The formula to calculate the least count of a Vernier caliper is given by:

Least Count =
ish
For example, if the main scale has divisions of 1 mm each and the Vernier scale has 10
divisions that cover the same length as 9 main scale divisions, then the least count of
gl

the Vernier caliper would be:

Least Count =
En

2. Screw Gauge (Micrometer):

E

The least count of a screw gauge is determined by the pitch of the screw and the
number of divisions on the circular scale.
M

The formula to calculate the least count of a screw gauge is given by:

Least Count =

For example, if the pitch of the screw is 0.5 mm and the circular scale has 100 divisions,
then the least count of the screw gauge would be:

Least count = = 0.005 mm

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

12. Describe extrapolation methods.

Ans) Extrapolation is a statistical technique that involves using observed data to
estimate values beyond the range of the data that was collected. In other words, it is the
process of making predictions or estimates about future or unseen data based on the
trends or patterns in the existing data.
For example, in case volume temperature graph as shown in figure below, If we
extrapolate the line till it intercepts the temperature axis, in result we reach zero kelvin
temperature.

er
nt
Ce
ish
gl
En

ERQ’s:
1. Discuss graphs and its various types by supported an example?
E

Ans) Graphs: Graphs are visuals that show relationships between; intended to
M

display the data in a way that is easy to understand and remember

Types: There are two types of graph.
1. Linear graph
2. Non-linear graph:

Linear graph: Observe on the graph as shown in figure below, x-axis is showing time
and Y axis is showing position. It is observed that position is linearly increasing in
positive direction with the time. So, the graph is linear.
To determine the slope and intercept of the graph in figure shown below, compare it
with the equation of straight line y= mx +c
Where m is the slope, c is the point of intercept. Now slope can be determined as

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

Slope = m =

= = 2ms-1

As the intercept of the line is at origin so the intercept will be zero (c = 0). Note that
slope of a straight line always constant.

er
nt
Ce
Non-linear graph: In contrast to the previous example, let's graph the position of an
object with a constant, non-zero acceleration starting from rest at the origin as shown in
figure below. The primary difference between this curve and those on the previous
ish
graph is that this line actually curves. The relation between position and time is
quadratic when the acceleration is constant and therefore this curve exhibits a non-
linear relationship.
gl

Slope is a characteristic exclusive to straight lines. This emphasizes that there is no

En

single, constant velocity in such cases. The velocity of an object under these
circumstances must be undergoing change, indicating acceleration. In the case of a
curved position-time graph, since the slope varies at each point along the curve, it is not
E

possible to determine a uniform velocity by calculating the slope alone.

M

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

2. Elaborate rules of significant figures. State the rules for determining the
number of significant figures in a given measurement.

Ans) Rule 1: All Non-Zero Digits are Significant: Every non-zero digit in a
number is considered significant.
For example: In the number 123.45, all digits (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) are significant.

Rule 2: All Zeros between Significant Digits are Significant: Zeros that
appear between non-zero digits are considered significant.
For example: In the number 101.203, all digits (1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 3) are significant.

Rule 3: Leading Zeros are Not Significant: Zeros that appear to the left of the
first non-zero digit are not considered significant. They merely indicate the scale of the

er
number.

nt
For example: In the number 0.00345, only the digits 3, 4, and 5 are significant.

Ce
Rule 4: Trailing Zeros in a Decimal Number are Significant: Zeros that
appear to the right of the last non-zero digit in a decimal number are considered
significant.
ish
For example: In the number 56.700, all digits (5, 6, 7, 0, 0) are significant.

Rule 5: Trailing Zeros in Whole Numbers are Not Always Significant:

gl

Trailing zeros in a whole number (a number without a decimal point) are generally not
considered significant unless they are explicitly indicated.
En

For example: In the number 700, only the digit 7 is significant.

3. Here are the main uses of dimensional analysis:
E

Ans)
M

1. Checking Equations for Consistency: Dimensional analysis helps verify

the correctness and consistency of equations. If the dimensions on both sides of
an equation are not the same, it indicates an error in the equation. By comparing
dimensions, scientists and engineers can catch mistakes in their calculations and
ensure the validity of their equations.
2. Predicting Relationships: Dimensional analysis can be used to predict
how different physical quantities are related to each other. If you have a set of
variables and their dimensions, you can determine how they must be combined
to create a meaningful equation. This is particularly useful when deriving
equations for physical phenomena where experimentation or theoretical
derivation is challenging.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

3. Unit Conversion: Dimensional analysis aids in converting units from one

system to another. By using conversion factors with appropriate dimensions, you
can convert measurements from, for instance, the metric system to the imperial
system or vice versa.
4. A vernier and micrometer are shown as under. Observe their readings and
write correctly.

er
nt
Ans)

Vernier:
Main scale reading = 27 mm
Ce
ish
Vernier scale reading = 5 x 0.02 = 0.1 mm
Main scale reading + Vernier scale reading = 27.1 mm
gl

Micrometer:
En

Main scale reading = 12.5 mm

Circular scale reading = 36 x 0.01 = 0.36 mm
E

Main scale reading + Circular scale reading = 12.86 mm

M

Numerical:
1. What is the percent uncertainty in the measurement 3.67 ± 0.25 mm?
Data:
Measurement = 3.67 ± 0.25 mm
Percent uncertainty = ?
Solution:

Percent Uncertainty = x 100

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

Percent Uncertainty = x 100

Percent Uncertainty = 6.8 %

2. What is the area, and its approximate uncertainty, of a circle with radius 3.7 x
104 cm.
Data:
A=?
Uncertainty = ΔA = ?
r = 3.7 x 104 cm.

er
Solution: First calculating the area.
A=π.r2

nt
A = π(3.7 x 104)2
A=4.3 x 109 cm2
Ce
Now, let's calculate the uncertainty in the area. The uncertainty in the radius is given as
ish
0.05×104 cm (it is not provided in the question by mistake)
To find the uncertainty in the area, we'll use the concept of differentials:
gl

ΔA= 2πrΔr
En

ΔA= 2π (3.7 x 104) (0.05×104)

ΔA= 0.11 x 109 cm2
E

3. An aero plane travels at 850 km/h. How long does it take to travel 1.00 km?
M

Data:

v = 850 km/h = = 236.111 m/s

s = 1.00 km = 1 x 1000 = 1000 m

Solution:

v=

t=

t=

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

t = 4.23529 s
Since the given distance value (1.00 km) has three significant figures, the calculated
time should also be expressed with three significant figures.
t = 4.2353
t = 4.235
t = 4.24 s
4. A rectangular holding tank 25.0 m in length and 15.0 m in width is used to store
water for short period of time in an industrial plant. If 2980m3 water is pumped
into the tank. What is the depth of the water?
Data:

er
L = 25.0 m

nt
W = 15.0 m
V = 2980m3
H=?
Ce
ish
Solution:
V=LxWxH
gl

H=
En

H= = 7.9466 m
E

We are going to round off it up to three decimal places.

M

H = 7.947 m
H = 7.95 m

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

5. Find the volume of rectangular underground water tank has storage facility of
1.9 m by 1.2 m by 0.8 m.
Data:
L = 1.9 m
W = 1.2 m
H = 0.8 m
Solution:
V=LxWxH
V = 1.9 x 1.2 x 0.8

er
V = 1.824 m3

nt
We need to use the lowest number of significant figures among the given dimensions,

figure.
V= 2 m3
Ce
which is 1 significant figure. Therefore, we should round the volume to 1 significant
ish
6. Two students derive following equations in which x refers to distance traveled,
v the speed, a the acceleration, and t the time and the subscript (o) means a
gl

quantity at time t=0

a) x = v t2 + 2at
En

b) x = vo t + 2at2
Which of these could possibly be correct according to dimensional check?
E

a) [L] = [L].[T]-1 .[T]2 + 2 [L].[T]-2 .[T]

M

[L] = [L].[T] + 2 [L].[T]-1

[L] = [L].[T] + 2 [L].[T]-1
Since L.H.S ≠ R.H.S, it is incorrect according to dimension.
b) [L] = [L].[T]-1 .[T] + 2 [L].[T]-2 .[T]2
[L] = 3[L]
After omitting constant
[L] = [L]
Since L.H.S = R.H.S, it is correct according to dimension.

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

7. One hectare is defined as 104 m². One acre is 4 x 104 f t2. How many acres are in
one hectare? (Hint: 1 m = 3.28 ft).
Data:
Hectare = 104 m²
Acre = 4 x 104 f t2
Acres in one hectare = ?
1 m = 3.28 ft
Solution:
Area in square feet= (104 m2) × (3.28ft/m)2

er
Area in square feet= (104 m2) × (10.76 ft2/m2)

nt
Area in square feet = 107600 ft2

Number of acres =
Ce
ish
Number of acres =

Number of acres = 2.69

gl

8. A watch factory claims that its watches gain or lose not more than 10 seconds
En

in a year. How accurate is this watch, express as percentage?

Data:
E

Acceptable range = 10 s
M

Percentage Accuracy = ?
Solution:

Percentage Accuracy = × 100

Percentage Accuracy = × 100

Percentage Accuracy = 3.17 x 10-5

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman
ME English Center New Physics Notes

9. The diameter of Moon is 3480 km. What is the volume of the Moon? How many
Moons would be needed to create a volume equal to that of Earth?
Data:
d = 3480 km
V =?
No. of Moons = ?
Solution:
First we calculate the volume of moon.
r = d /2 = 3480 / 2 = 1740 km = 1740 x 103 m

er
V = π r3

nt
V = π (1740 x 103)3

V = 2.2 x 1019 m3 Ce
ish
Now, we calculate the no. of moons:

No. of Moons =
gl

Volume of Earth = 1.08321×1012 km3 = 1.08321×1021 m3

En

No. of Moons =

No. of Moons = 49.24

E
M

For getting all subject PDF notes and guess paper of classes 9 – 12, contact
WhatsApp number (03408057780) of ME English Center.
Prepared by: Sir Usama ur Rehman