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    Cofactors English P

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    mitra.nourbakhsh
    Biochemistry of trace elements

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    Cofactors English P

    Uploaded by

    mitra.nourbakhsh
    7 views36 pages
    Biochemistry of trace elements

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    cofactors-English-P

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    Biochemistry of trace elements

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views36 pages

    Cofactors English P

    Uploaded by

    mitra.nourbakhsh
    Biochemistry of trace elements

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 36

    Mitra Nourbakhsh, MSc, PhD

    Department of Biochemistry
    School of Medicine
    Iran University of Medical
    Sciences
    C, H, O, N
    Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Cl

    99.0% 0.9%
    1.0%

    0.1%

    main body composition Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn, Co


    major elements Cr, Mo, Ni, V
    trace elements
    F, I
    Iron (Fe)
    Different forms
    • Cytochromes Mitochondrial electron
    • Iron-sulfur proteins transport chain
    • Proteins that store iron
    • Proteins that transport iron Total iron in the body
    50 mg/Kg
    ~ 3-4 g in a normal adult
    30%

    Iron in
    60%
    hemoglobin

    10%

    Iron in
    myoglobin Oxygen transfer
    Iron in the body

    Storage or
    Functional
    transport
    The iron that is involved in
    the functional activity of
    Transferrin ferritin proteins
    Oxygen
    Hemoglobin
    transport
    Oxygen
    transport
    Heme- Oxygen
    containing Myoglobin
    storage
    protein

    Enzymatic
    activity • Cytochromes
    • catalase
    • peroxidase
    Fe2+ Fe3+
    Ferroxidase

    Fe3+ Fe2+
    Ferriredutase
    ferrous Ferric

    Fe 2+ Fe3+

    Acidic Basic
    pH pH
    (Ferric ion) Fe3+

    In normal physiologic condition:


    • 1/9 completely saturated
    • 4/9 half saturated
    • 4/9 unsaturated
    Transferrin

    Transferrin saturation:
    30-33%
     Why iron should be carried by a protein in
    circulation?
    1. Free radical formation

    Fenton reaction
    Iron-
    Free bound
    transferrin transferrin

    4 2
    3
    A glycoprotein in the milk
     It has two sites for iron
    binding
     Function:
     Antimicrobial
     Transfer and storage of iron in
    the milk
    Central core
    Polypeptide Ferric-hydroxide-sulphate
    shell

    Apoferritin Ferritin
    L subunit
    H subunit

    Conversion
    of ferrous to
    ferric
    Fe
    Ferritin is correlated to the
    iron in the whole body

    Transport of iron
    into and out of
    ferritin
    Zinc Zn
     Total body zinc: 1.5-2.5 g
     Mostly found in muscle, bone, liver and
    other tissues
     Less than 0.2% is in the plasma.
    1. Catalytic Biochemical
    Gene
    2. structural Enzyme function of
    transcription
    zinc

    Part of the proteins


    that bind to DNA
    and activate gene
    e.g. DNA and RNA transcription
    polymerase
    • Transcription factors that
    contain zinc
    1. Growth and reproduction
    2. Immune system improvement
    3. Wound healing
    Copper (Cu)
     90% binds to ceruloplasmin
     6 copper atoms bind to one molecule of
    ceruloplasmin
     10% binds to albumin
     Copper is involved in the function of
    many enzymes
     example :
     Electron transport chain
     Lysyl oxidase Collagen biosynthesis
     Superoxide dismutase Antioxidant
    Manganese (Mn)
    1. Enzyme cofactor
    2. Bone formation
    3. Hemoglobin biosynthesis
    Chromium (Cr)
    Part of a protein called chromodulin 

    Increase the function of insulin

    Glucose tolerance factor


    Cobalt (Co)
     Takes
    part in the structure of vitamin B12
     Normal function of bone marrow

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