KEIMJA PVT LTD

PROSPECTING LICENSE PL776/2022

APPRAISAL REPORT

AUGUST 2023

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................... 5
2 Location and Description ...................................................................................... 6
2.1 Accessibility................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Climate .......................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Vegetation ..................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Local Resources and Infrastructure .............................................................. 8
2.5 Physiography ................................................................................................ 8
3 License Details ..................................................................................................... 9
4 History of Diamond Exploration and Competitor Activity .................................... 11
4.1 4.1 Adjacent Properties and Competitor Activity ......................................... 11
4.1.1 Lucara AK6 Mine ..................................................................................... 12
4.1.2 Orapa Mine .............................................................................................. 14
4.1.3 Damtshaa Mine ........................................................................................ 14
4.1.4 Letlhakane mine ...................................................................................... 14
4.2 4.2 Prospecting License 39/90 Debswana Prospecting .............................. 15
4.3 4.3 Debeers Prospecting Botswana License 85/96 ..................................... 18
4.4 4.4 Firestone Diamonds – De Beers Prospecting JV PL 52/2004 ............... 19
4.5 4.5 Sunderland Minerals Prospecting License PL260/2015 ........................ 22
5 General Geology ................................................................................................ 25
5.1.1 Local Geology .......................................................................................... 28
6 PL 446/2022 Prospecting Activity ....................................................................... 30
6.1 Airborne Geophysical Data Interpretation ................................................... 30
6.2 MINERAL CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS ............................................................ 35
6.2.1 North West Area of PL 776/2022 ............................................................. 35
6.2.1.1 Spinels .............................................................................................. 38
6.2.1.2 Illmenites ........................................................................................... 38
6.2.2 Central and South East Area of PL 776/2022 .......................................... 39
6.2.2.1 Garnets ............................................................................................. 39
6.2.2.2 Spinels .............................................................................................. 40
6.2.2.3 Illmenites ........................................................................................... 40
6.3 EXPLORATION DRILLING ......................................................................... 41

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Location Map of Keimja PL776/2022 in the Orapa Diamond Field. ............. 7
Figure 2 Location of Keimja Mining Consortium (Pvt) Ltd PL776/2022 in the Orapa
Diamonds Fields. Map also shows proximity of Karowe AK6 Mine to PL776/2022 .. 10
Figure 3 Location of Lucara Diamonds AK6 Kimberlite Pipe with respect to Orapa
and Letlhakane Diamond Mine. The Southern Boundary of AK6 Mining License
Boarders with PL776/2022 ....................................................................................... 13
Figure 4 Lucara Diamonds AK6 Mine Open Pit ........................................................ 13
Figure 5 Location of PL776/2022 within Orapa Kimberlite Field Diamond Mine
including AK6 Diamond Mining License (Blue) ......................................................... 15
Figure 6 Location Map of License 39/90, The Block of 39/90 located south of Orapa
Mining License occupies the same area which is covered by the western and NW
portion of PL776/2022 .............................................................................................. 17
Figure 7 De Beers Prospecting Botswana location of License 85/96. The most
western location of license PL 85/96, south of Orapa Mining Lease occupies an area
associated with current PL 776/2022 ....................................................................... 18
Figure 8 Ground Magnetic Targets Follow-up Grids in PL52/2004 .......................... 20
Figure 9 Summary of Drilled targets, abandoned and targets to be drilled............... 21
Figure 10 Location AK21, 22 and 23 found by Firestone Joint with De Beers
Prospecting Botswana.............................................................................................. 21
Figure 11 Contents of chrome diopsides, chrome-spinels, pyropes (a) and
picroilmenites (b) in fraction +0.355 for all grades of erosion ................................... 22
Figure 12 Contents of Picroilmenites in fraction +0.355 of I-II (a) and III (b) grades of
erosion ..................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 13 Contents of pyropes in fraction +0.355mm of I-II (a) and III (b) grades of
erosion ..................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 14 The position of anomalies on area PL260/2015 ....................................... 24
Figure 15 Summary Geology Map of Botswana highlighting location of Orapa
Kimberlites on the Regional Geology ....................................................................... 27
Figure 16 Map showing Structural Provinces, Geological and Tectonic Units and
Kimberlite Fields in Botswana Regional Geological ................................................. 28
Figure 17 Google Earth Image showing sample positions over the north west area of
PL 776/2022 ............................................................................................................. 33

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Figure 18 Google Earth Image showing sample positions over the central and south
east area of PL 776/2022 ......................................................................................... 33
Figure 19 Indicator Mineral distribution in the North west area of PL 776/2022 ....... 34
Figure 20 Indicator Mineral distribution in the south eastern portion of area of PL
776/2022 .................................................................................................................. 34
Figure 21 Category 1 sculptured surface garnets (Gass) and ilmenites (Iss). Note a
singleton microdiamond in the background. ............................................................. 35
Figure 22 Cr-Ca garnet mineral chemistry plot in the north west portion of PL
776/2022 .................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 23 Cr-Ca garnet mineral chemistry plot of the Lucara Mine Garnets ............ 36
Figure 24 Low chrome eclogitic garnets of the north west portion of PL 776/2022 .. 37
Figure 25 Mineral chemistry of ilmenite in the northwest portion of PL 776/2022 .... 38
Figure 26 Cr-Ca garnet mineral chemistry plot in the North west portion of PL
776/2022 .................................................................................................................. 39
Figure 27 Low chrome eclogitic garnets of the central and eastern portion of PL
776/2022 .................................................................................................................. 40
Figure 28 Mineral chemistry of ilmenite in the south east area of PL 776/2022 ....... 41
Figure 29 Orapa South PL776/2022 Aeromagnetic Image RTP Downward Continued
Grid showing 11 Selected Targets for initial follow-up .............................................. 42

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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Prospecting License PL776/2022 is located on the Orapa-Letlakane Diamond Field.

The Prospect license covers a total area of 266.6km2. The license is strategically
located as it is located in a kimberlite field known to host world class diamond pipes
with some known to yield some of the biggest.

Prospecting License PL776/2022 is located south of Lucara Diamonds AK6 diamond

pipe. The license shares a boundary with AK6 Lucara Diamonds Mining Lease
confirming that the geology and structures at AK6 are the same with that in adjacent
Prospecting License PL776/2022. This elevates the prospectivity of Prospecting
License PL776/2022 towards delivering another AK6 type kimberlite yielding some of
the biggest diamonds found in Botswana.

The area occupied by PL776/2022 has with no doubt been subjected to extensive
exploration by various companies. These companies have drilled some targets and
found some kimberlites on the northern boundary of PL776/2022. The presence of
pipes discovered on the northern concession of the license confirms how prospective
this ground is. The kimberlites have been bulk sampled and have not yielded anything.
This emphasizes the need for further exploration to be done to be focussed more in
the vicinity of Diamond Bearing Pipes like AK6. Such areas are known to be located
on deep seated structures which sample the diamond window and have diamond
bearing pipes in the area around AK6. The area around AK6 is host to some N-S
trending structures at the intersection with a major NW trending major structure that
also passes through Letlakane Kimberlite Pipe.

The area has been explored by so many other companies but strategy by Keimja Pvt
Ltd would be to identify areas which have been drilled with negative results and
exclude these areas from exploration. This will narrow down work towards areas which
are more prospective. In addition to this, the availability of new technology like Remote
Sensing to map alteration assemblages of kimberlites and diamond bearing gravels
will give Keimja the leverage to zoom into highly prospective areas. This strategy
should yield results in the short to medium term.

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2 Location and Description

Prospecting license PL 776/2022 is located 20km southwest of Letlhakane village in

the Central District of Botswana. The north west portion of the area lies just 11km
south west of Orapa Mine, whilst the south east portion shares a boundary with
Karowe/Lucara Mine (Figure 1). The area is generally flat and sandy and covered
with variable vegetation species including mopane and acacia thickets, scrubs and
grass lands. Access to the area is provided by numerous tracks to cattle posts and
farms using a four-wheel drive vehicle.

The prospecting licence is located some 12 km southeast of Debswana’s Orapa

mine, 25 km northwest of Debswana’s Letlhakane mine and 6 km northwest of both
Lucara’s new AK6 mine and Firestone Diamond’s new BK11 mine. The licence is
accessed by a 3 km long sandy track from a tarred road servicing Letlhakane village
and extends to intersect a new gravel road between Letlhakane village and the new
AK6 & BK11 mines.

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 Figure 1 Location Map of Keimja PL776/2022 in the Orapa Diamond Field.

2.1 Accessibility

PL 776/2022 is located in the Orapa Diamond Field and is central to a large kimberlite
mining province and served by a major tarred highway (A30) to the nearest large
town, Francistown, some 250km to the east. Francistown has an international airport
with several daily connections to Johannesburg, South Africa and to the capital
Gaborone. The District is adequately served by fixed-line and cellular telephone
operators who also offer internet connectivity

2.2 Climate

The climate is semi-arid with unpredictable rainfall. Average annual temperatures

range between 140 and 250 C with the average annual rainfall of 465mm from
summer thunderstorms that begin in October, peaking in January (100mm average)
and ending in March. Any exploration, bulk sampling or mining programmes should
not be affected by weather related events.

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2.3 Vegetation

The vegetation in the Orapa mining District is classed as mixed mopane tree and
bush savannah grassland with sparse thorn trees, but in many places over-grazing
has denuded the landscape

2.4 Local Resources and Infrastructure

The Orapa mining District has a long history of exploration and mining activities and
there should be an adequate supply of well-trained local personnel to provide the
required skills and labour for exploration, mining and for metallurgical processing
activities. Unskilled and semi-skilled labour is plentiful, and is drawn from the local
communities. Skilled equipment operators and mechanics are readily available in the
greater mining district. Access to spare parts, engineering services and other
specialized services is very good and can either be sourced in Francistown or
obtained by road from Gaborone or by air from Johannesburg.

Diesel fuel is trucked in by tanker on a regular basis from fuel depots in Francistown
and Gaborone. There are several drilling contractors in Botswana providing standard
RC, large-diameter RC, large diameter RF-AA and diamond core drilling services.
PL776/2022 is close enough to the village of Letlhakane so that housing, shopping,
schooling and other support services are readily available. Bulk Electricity and water
supplies are provided and controlled by Government agencies and are readily
available in the mining District.

2.5 Physiography

The Orapa mining district lies on the northern fringe of the Kalahari Desert of central
Botswana and the topography is flat with few hills rising above 25m of the general
elevation of 1 000m above sea level. Streams are poorly incised and most run-off
water soaks into the sandy soil fairly rapidly. The vegetation is mixed mopane tree
and bush savannah with trees, shrubs and grasses modified extensively by many
years of livestock over-grazing. The trees and shrubs are dominantly mopane
(Colophospermum mopane) and acacia (Acacia tortilis) with occasional Combretum,

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terminalia prunioides trees which tend to form thickets with intervening grassy
patches. The ground slopes imperceptibly to the north into the Makgadigadi
Depression. The dry valley of the now fossil Letlhakane River, directed into the
Depression, passes between the Orapa and Damtshaa mining leases.

3 License Details

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 AK6
Mine

Figure 2 Location of Keimja Mining Consortium (Pvt) Ltd PL776/2022 in the Orapa Diamonds Fields. Map also shows proximity of Karowe AK6
Mine to PL776/2022

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4 History of Diamond Exploration and Competitor Activity

De Beers began prospecting in Botswana for diamondiferous kimberlites in March

1955 with the first kimberlite discovered in the Mochudi area in 1966. On 1st March
1967 the first kimberlite in the Orapa area was discovered (BK1) while the main
kimberlite which became the Orapa mine (AK1) was found in April 1967. The first
kimberlite finds were made by the application of soil sampling methods to recover
kimberlite indicator minerals (“KIM’s”). The methodology evolved for sampling in the
Kalahari sand covered areas relied on the fact that bioturbation, essentially the
activities of termites excavating their nests down to the water table, would
preferentially bring heavier mineral grains to the surface. Since kimberlites have a
unique set of heavy minerals (KIM’s), such as pyrope garnets, ilmenite, chromite and
chrome diopside, these could be recovered by taking large-volume stream and soil
samples and separating out the heavy minerals as a concentrate. The concentrate
is then examined for KIM’s under a microscope. De Beers applied this prospecting
methodology through vast tracts of the Botswana landscape, establishing widely
spaced regional cut-lines through the bush and following up any KIM’s with closer-
spaced grid sampling. The initial Orapa kimberlites were located using this
methodology. Once the kimberlite district had been located, De Beers applied
several geophysical techniques to refine their search for individual pipes.

4.1 4.1 Adjacent Properties and Competitor Activity

Prospecting License PL776/2022 is located in the Orapa Kimberlite Field where De

Beers have located 84 separate kimberlite occurrences, of which 65 are classified
as pipes and 19 as dykes, some only a few metres in diameter while the largest, bi-
lobate AK1 being mined as the Orapa Mine is over 117 ha in extent and the second
largest diamond mine in the world and the first diamond mine in Botswana. All of the
existing mines in the Orapa Field are owned by the Debswana Diamond Mining
Company, a 50:50 joint venture between De Beers Centenary and the Republic of
Botswana. The mines are operated by De Beers.

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4.1.1 Lucara AK6 Mine

The Lucara AK6 kimberlite is a single, tri-lobate kimberlite pipe which is currently
being developed as a mine and which is located some 10Km SSE of AK09. The
kimberlite is “pinched” at surface, and its sub-outcrop consists of a core of kimberlite,
covering an area of 4.2 ha, surrounded by an area where the kimberlite is capped by
basalt or basalt breccia. Drilling has shown that the kimberlite bulges to a maximum
area of 7 ha at a depth of 120 m (I.McGeorge, op cit). An indicated mineral resource
to a depth of 400m, and an inferred resource from 400m to a depth of 750 m were
developed by De Beers (as operators of the Boteti joint venture) between 2004 and
2007 through successive drilling programmes, and a trench bulk sampling
programme, which produced a total of 1,754 carats of diamonds. The diamonds have
been valued at different times by three different entities. The most recent valuation
was completed in February 2010 and this valuation has been modelled to produce
average production revenue of US$194 per carat (+1.0 mm cut-off). A positive
feasibility study has upgraded the resource to a probable reserve category which
totals 35.3 Mt at a weighted average grade of 21.7cpht (I.McGeorge, op cit).
PL776/2022 Concession shares a boundary with AK6 Diamond Mining License. This
makes PL776/2022 highly prospective.

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Figure 3 Location of Lucara Diamonds AK6 Kimberlite Pipe with respect to Orapa
and Letlhakane Diamond Mine. The Southern Boundary of AK6 Mining License
Boarders with PL776/2022

Figure 4 Lucara Diamonds AK6 Mine Open Pit

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4.1.2 Orapa Mine

The Orapa mine produced 7.575 million carats of diamonds from 8.817 million tonnes
treated (grade of 86 cpht) in 2009, a significant decrease from the more normal
production rate of 16.869 million carats from 18.569 million tonnes treated in 2008
(a grade of 91 cpht), largely due to the poor state of the diamond market in the latter
half of 2008.

4.1.3 Damtshaa Mine

The four pipes at Damtshaa, some 18km east of Orapa, are the 5.5ha BK01, which
was actually the first kimberlite to be discovered in the Orapa/Letlhakane province,
the BK09 pipe with a sub-outcrop area of 11.4ha, accounting for 88% of the new
mine's output, the BK12 pipe, 800m northwest of BK09, has a sub-outcrop area of
3.2ha, and the BK15 kimberlite with an area of 3 ha. The Damtshaa pipes produced
54 000 carats from 60 000 tonnes treated in 2009 (grade of 90 cpht) against the 533
000 carats recovered from 2.883 million tonnes treated in 2008 (grade of 18.5 cpht)

4.1.4 Letlhakane mine

The Letlhakane mine, some 45km southeast of Orapa, was first discovered during
the sampling and evaluation process at Orapa, and became Debswana's second
mine when it opened in 1975. The two pipes at Letlhakane (DK1 and DK2) had an
original surface area of 12ha and 4ha respectively. In 2009, 1.066 million carats were
recovered from 3.8 million tonnes of ore (average diamond grade of 28cpht) against
the 2008 production of 1.2 million carats from 3.794 million tonnes treated (grade of
32 cpht).

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Figure 5 Location of PL776/2022 within Orapa Kimberlite Field Diamond Mine
including AK6 Diamond Mining License (Blue)

4.2 4.2 Prospecting License 39/90 Debswana Prospecting

Prospecting License 39/90 was granted to Debswana Prospecting on 1 October 1990

in order to allow further prospecting work to be carried out over relinquished portions
of Debswana Prospecting Licenses 16 and 17/86. Half of the ground held was
relinquished at the end of the first 3 years of tenure on 30th September 1993. Work
undertaken in the relinquished portions includes the analysis of one kilometre interval
reconnaissance soil sampling, follow-up grid loam sampling, detailed grid loaming
sampling, aeromagnetics, ground magnetics, airbourne and ground electromagnetic
surveying and drilling.

A large portion of the license was previously covered by the Letlhakane Aeromagnetic
Survey of 1968, and the Orapa North Aeromagnetic Survey 1973. In 1996 one
aeromagnetic survey was flown and two airborne electromagnetic surveys was flown

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in part of PL39/90. Several Targets were generated from these surveys for ground
magnetic and EM follow-up and drilling.

The highlights of the loam sampling exercise included the recovery of surface
indicators consisting of garnets and ilmenites, dominated by fine sized (0.5mm)
moderate to extremely abraded grains. Lower concentrations of surface indicators
were reported mainly in the north and south while higher concentrations were located
in the central areas. Follow-up grid loam sampling on a 200m spaced was completed
in PL39/90. Results mirrored the reconnaissance soil sampling results where lower
indicator counts are recorded in the northern and southern portion of the license when
compared to central areas.

Detailed follow-up loam sampling on a 50m grid was completed on some selected
targets with higher indicator mineral counts from the 200m grid loam sampling in an
attempt to define drill targets. These anomalous areas were also followed up by
ground magnetic surveys.

Further exploration work in this PL39/90 included pitting, Large Diameter Drilling and
Air Drilling on Kimberlite pipes located North and NE of the current license
PL776/2022. Grids 39/90/12. 39/90/13, 30/90/16, 39/90/17, 17/86/5 and 17/90/15
occupy an area south of Orapa Mining License where further work was completed.
These areas consist of the NW portion of the current PL776/2022. Grid area 39/90/12
consists of an area where alluvial diamond bearing gravels were identified and this
area was incorporated into Orapa Mining Lease as an extension. This upgrades the
NW portion of PL776/2022 as it located south of the areas with alluvial diamond
bearing gravels.

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Figure 6 Location Map of License 39/90, The Block of 39/90 located south of Orapa Mining License occupies the same area which
is covered by the western and NW portion of PL776/2022

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4.3 4.3 Debeers Prospecting Botswana License 85/96

De Beers Prospecting Botswana License 85/96 was applied on the basis of other work
in the Orapa Kimberlite Province, and the possibility for additional kimberlite
discoveries in adjacent area. The area applied for has previously been prospected
under PLs 39/90. The area covered by this license covers the western and NW portion
of PL 776/2022. Work in PL 85/96 included detailed Helicopter Borne and Fixed Wing
Airborne geophysical surveys. Four interesting targets from airbourne geophysics
were also selected for drilling. No kimberlite was intersected in any of the drill holes
and limited kimberlitic indicator minerals were recovered down the hole. These were
interpreted as coming from the Kalahari sediments and as a result no further work was
undertaken in the areas.

Figure 7 De Beers Prospecting Botswana location of License 85/96. The most western
location of license PL 85/96, south of Orapa Mining Lease occupies an area
associated with current PL 776/2022

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4.4 4.4 Firestone Diamonds – De Beers Prospecting JV PL 52/2004

Prospecting License 52/2004 was granted to De Beers Prospecting on the 1st of

October 2004 and expired on the 30th of September 2007. The license was subject to
a Joint Venture (JV) between De Beers Prospecting Botswana and Firestone
Diamonds. The highlight of the work completed in PL52/2004 was in the discovery of
three new kimberlites AK21, AK22 and AK23. Ultra high resolution ground magnetic
surveys were conducted over the three new kimberlites. In addition to the high
resolution magnetic done over the new discoveries, EM surveys were also carried out
on all three bodies. A total of 114 line kilometers of ground EM was completed. A very
large portion (55%) of the total PL area has been covered by ground gravity. This work
has been done in stages, with a mega-block being conducted each quarter. In addition
to the ground data collected over large survey blocks, very high resolution ground
gravity was undertaken over the recent kimberlite discoveries to get a better resolution
in order to clearly delineate the kimberlites for a better handle of their size.

Percussion Drilling completed in PL52/2004 resulted in the discovery of three

kimberlites within PL52/2004. The discovery of the kimberlites was very significant,
particularly given the fact that more than 10% of the 75 known kimberlites in the Orapa
region are economic.

The three new kimberlites in prospecting licence 52/2004 (referred to in Table 2 below)
were bulk sampled for the extraction of a 100t bulk sample for macro diamond
recovery. The information recovered from these samples will allow for an informed
decision to be made regarding the diamond potential of these bodies. Bulk sampling
work focused on the three new kimberlites referred to above. A total of 15 large
diameter holes (5 holes in each kimberlite) were drilled with a cumulative total of 1956
metres.

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 Orapa
Mine

52/2004

Location PL 52/2004 which overlies area covered by PL 776/2022

Figure 8 Ground Magnetic Targets Follow-up Grids in PL52/2004

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 PL 22/2004

Figure 9 Summary of Drilled targets, abandoned and targets to be drilled.

Figure 10 Location AK21, 22 and 23 found by Firestone Joint with De Beers

Prospecting Botswana

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4.5 4.5 Sunderland Minerals Prospecting License PL260/2015

Prospecting License PL260/2015 was held 100% by Sunland Minerals, a Joint Venture
company of Alrosa and Botswana Diamonds. The License was awarded for 3 years.
The Prospecting License was on the Orapa Kimberlite Field.

Work completed on the Prospecting License included studying the high resolution
aeromagnetic data, ground geophysics and mineral chemistry data from previous
surveys. Thirty heavy concentrate samples were selected over identified
aeromagnetic anomalies and existing pipes. TEM surveys were conducted over the
existing pipes and areas suspected to be untested targets In addition 40 litre volume
(4 samples from each anomaly) were selected from the surface aeolian sediments
within five geophysical anomalies (260/1, 260/2, 260/3. 260/4 and 260/5). Eight heavy
concentrate samples were selected from surface sediments and 3 samples from
slimes of boreholes drilled earlier on AK21 pipe. Samples on pipes AK22 and AK23
were selected directly above the pipes and up to 300m away from each pipe. In total
31 heavy concentrate samples were selected on PL260.

Mineralogical research work was carried out for 28 heavy concentrate samples. All
contents of KIMs recovered consisted of pyropes and picroilmenites in all samples
which dominate in samples within AK22 and Ak23 kimberlite pipes. Chrome Diopsides
and chrome spinels were found only in two samples within the kimberlite bodies.

Figure 11 Contents of chrome diopsides, chrome-spinels, pyropes (a) and

picroilmenites (b) in fraction +0.355 for all grades of erosion

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 1- Contour of licensed area PL260
2- Heavy Concentrate Sampling in September –October 2016,
3- Contour of Kimberlite pipes according to the magnetic survey
4- 4-6 Contents of picroilmenites in heavy concentrate samples- 4- 1-9 gr/20l, 5-
10-50gr/20l, 6- >100gr/20l
7-8 Contents of pyropes in heavy concentrate samples. 7- 1-9gr/20l, 8- 10-
25gr/20l, 9- Contents of chrome diopsides in heavy concentrate samples

Picroilmenites were found in all samples in fractions -1+0.5mm and -0.5+0.355mm

and samples in fractions +2mm and -2+1mm (mainly within the location of
kimberlite bodies). The contents of picroilmenites in samples vary from 1 to
21gr/20l within magnetic anomalies and tens to first thousand gr/20l within
kimberlite pipes. Picroilmenites, found in the samples on magnetic anomalies, are
characterised mainly by high grades of erosion (IV-V) but also single grains of
moderate and slight grades were found. Not eroded and slightly eroded
picroilmenites are essentially prevalent in samples within kimberlite bodies

Figure 12 Contents of Picroilmenites in fraction +0.355 of I-II (a) and III (b) grades of
erosion

Pyropes were distinguished in all sampled. Their contents within magnetic anomalies
vary from to 8gr/20l, and within kimberlite bodies from 2 to 24gr/20l. Pyropes were
found mainly in fractions -1+0.5mm and -0.5+0.355mm and in some samples in
fractions -2+1mm and +2mm. Grains of moderate grade or erosion (III) prevail in

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samples on magnetic anomalies, and not eroded and slightly eroded grains are
prevalent in samples within kimberlite bodies. A large amount of fragments and
corroded grains was indicated in all samples.

Figure 13 Contents of pyropes in fraction +0.355mm of I-II (a) and III (b) grades of
erosion

Reconnaissance profile TEM of longitudinal direction was carried out of study the geo-
electric model of AK21-23 Kimberlite pipes. Geophysical work was also completed on
AN260-1-6.

Figure 14 The position of anomalies on area PL260/2015

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Core Drilling was carried out in the central part of pipe to hit the kimberlite rocks of
diatreme facies, to study the morphology and structure of the ore body at deep
horizons. Borehole AK21-1 was drilled to a depth of 206.6m and AK21-2 was drilled
to a depth of 216m.

Large Diameter RC drilling (300mm) was carried out on AK21 pipe for bulk sampling
on the central part of AK21 pipe. A total of 76tons of kimberlite material was collected
from AK21 pipe. Samples were from heavily diluted kimberlite (depth of 55-118m and
from 118-210m.

5 General Geology

The exploration area lies on the Kalahari Craton which extends eastwards to
Zimbabwe and westwards to the Makgadigadi Line. A major WNW-ESE trending dyke
swarm lies to the north of the area and several dykes following the same trend occur
within the field area. It has been suggested that this swarm marks the failed arm of a
triple junction which formed during the break-up of Gondwana. A major basement fault
trending NESW lies to the west of Mopipi Dam and is possibly an extension of the
Makgadigadi Line. The Cretaceous age Orapa kimberlite field lies approximately 50km
WSW of Mopipi. The region is highly prospective for diamondiferous kimberlites
because of it’s location on a stable craton and it’s proximity to Orapa and to the
intersection of two major lineaments – the dyke swarm and the Makgadigadi Line.

The field area is underlain by rocks of the Karoo supergroup. In most areas these
rocks are covered by a thin layer of Kalahari sediment. The southern part of Mopipi
Central and the northern part of Mopipi South have Karoo rocks of the Lower
Molotsane Formation exposed at surface. These rocks were extensively calcretized

25
and silcretized during the Tertiary and formed an erosive surface known as the African
Surface. It is this surface which also forms the present day land surface. Several
phases of silcrete and calcrete formation can be identified in the numerous outcrops
which consist of black, green or brown silcrete depending on their age, and creamy
calcrete. Numerous palaeo-strandlines are preserved in the Mopipi central area.
These mark still stands in the Lake Makgadigadi which formed during the Tertiary and
covered a vast area in central Botswana. These strandlines are noted for their high
concentrations of kimberlite indicator minerals, many of which may have been
transported from Orapa and concentrated by longshore drift during the Tertiary.
Several large pans within the concession area are remnants of Lake Makgadigadi.
The southern part of the exploration area is characterised by a blanket cover of aeolian
sand which is up to twenty meters thick in places.

The area is well served by the tar roads from Gaborone to Francistown and from this
road, the tar road to Orapa and on to Maun. From these major roads there are many
smaller roads and tracks servicing the field area. Figure 2 shows the geology of the
region.

26
Figure 15 Summary Geology Map of Botswana highlighting location of Orapa
Kimberlites on the Regional Geology

27
Figure 16 Map showing Structural Provinces, Geological and Tectonic Units and
Kimberlite Fields in Botswana Regional Geological

5.1.1 Local Geology

Surface outcrops are often extensively affected by secondary calcrete and silcrete
duricrusts formed from prolonged exposure to peneplanation and erosion on the late
Tertiary (~65 mya) African Erosion Surface. The Orapa area is overlain by thin

28
terrestrial sediments of the Kalahari Group (~2 mya) (T.C.Partridge et al, 2006). In
the Orapa mining District the bedrock consists of various lithologies of the
Phanerozoic Karoo Supergroup (150 – 200ma), much condensed by being on the
edge of the greater Karoo basin, ranging from shales to sandstones within the basal
Tlapana formation through the Thlabala formation shales, Mosolotsane mudstones
and upper Ntane formation aeolian sandstones to the Stormberg basaltic lavas at
the top of the Supergroup (R.A.Smith, 1984).

The Orapa cluster of kimberlites, more than 60 separate pipes have been
discovered, are all intruded through the Karoo Supergroup during the Cretaceous
(65 – 144 mya) period. As a general rule all of the Orapa kimberlites contain breccias
dominated by basalt caprock and in several cases, the kimberlite intrusive event was
not powerful enough to break through the basaltic cap-rock and “blind” kimberlite
bodies are known to occur (M.Field & B.H. Scott-Smith, 1998).

The Orapa kimberlite cluster lies on the southern flank of the Okavango dyke swarm,
an intense concentration of WNW-ESE trending post-Stormberg dolerite dykes dated
at 179 mya which can be followed from Zimbabwe through Botswana to Namibia
(Jourdan, F. et al, 2004).

29
6 PL 446/2022 Prospecting Activity
6.1 Airborne Geophysical Data Interpretation

The Geophysical information presented in this review was acquired from Botswana
Geoscience Institute (BGI). These data presented in the form very low resolution 250
m line spacing Geosoft grid which were then exported to ArcGIS tiff images. Tiff
images were then superimposed over and correlated with indicator mineral data. A
first pass interpretation of kimberlite bearing potential of the area is given based only
on these two available data sets. The area of PL 776/2022 is found to be magnetically
noisy due the presence of a relatively thick formations of Karoo basalt. Karoo
formations are cut across by SE-NW trending late Karoo dolerite dykes which postdate
flood basalt volcanism. There appears to be several circular structures within the
basalts formation which probably just reflect variation in magnetic properties of the
rock and should therefore be interpreted with caution as they may look like kimberlites.

In this interpretation, 11 magnetic anomalies were picked for ground follow up. Three
of these anomalies were drilled before by previous explorers and the results from

30
drilling need to be further investigated. All these anomalies coincide well with surface
soil sample results and are thus highly recommended for review. Target T4 was
previously drilled as 105//17/097/H1. This holes sampled was at 1m interval and
analysed for indicator minerals. A chrome diopside was recovered from the 15m depth
sample.

What should therefore call attention is that anomalous kimberlite-like structures

appear inclose association with sample anomalies. In figure 7 for example there are
two circular anomalies that are very closely associated with a distinct sample
anomaly discussed in section 5. These two are an example of what one has to look
for when dealing with integrated data and despite the low resolution of the Airborne
magnetic data. This approach will apply to the rest of the area where anomalous
indicator mineral anomaliesare observed.

INDICATOR MINERAL CHEMISTRY

Historical exploration soil sampling data completed and reported during tenure of
prospecting licenses PLs 48-49/91 and PL 88/96 were used as reference during the
current study. A total of 928 samples covering the current PL 776/2022 were
compiled during the tenure of the previous licenses. Reconnaissance sampling was
done at 1km regular grid interval. From each sample site 60-100 litres of deflation
soil was collected. The samples were washed and concentrated for heavy minerals,
through DMS plant, where kimberlitic indicator minerals namely garnets, ilmenites,
chromites (spinel), chrome diopsides (clinopyroxenes) were recovered from
concentrates over a sieve cut off range of 0.425mm – 0.710mm. The indicator
minerals were visually sorted in the laboratory and analysed for their morphology and
surface texture. Follow up sampling at 200m grids were conducted over anomalous
reconnaissance indicator mineral counts of high interest surface texture and mineral
chemistry. Botswana Government 250m line spacing magnetic grid covering the
entire country was completed in 1998. Though it is of lower resolution for detailed
kimberlite exploration, this data has been applied to this desk top study at least for
first pass correlation with indicator mineral anomalies.

SAMPLING DATA INFORMATION AND COVERAGE

Prospecting licences PL 776/2022 is currently at its “Green Fields” stage of

exploration. No field work has so far been carried out over this licence since its

31
acquisition and there is no known kimberlite or any diamond bearing formation in this
area. The desktop review is thus based on previous exploration data acquired from
open file reports on work done as outlined in section 4 above.

In the ArcGIS platform, sampling data was plotted in charts and graduated symbols
displaying the number of indicator mineral recovery per sample point. These plots
made it possible to pinpoint anomalous indicator minerals clusters or “nucleates” that
could possibly be associated with kimberlites or related rocks. A nucleation of
minerals such as garnets, chrome diopside, ilmenite and spinels, were used to
measure the confidence level of close to source location of these anomalies.

A total of 928 concentrates packaged from deflation samples were subjected to visual
analysis in the laboratory, where indicator minerals, namely garnets, ilmeintes,
spinels and chrome diopside were hand-picked for counting. Each of the minerals
recovered were analysed for grain morphology and surface texture. Based on a
standard nomenclature the results obtained from this analysis were used to
determine the proximity of source of the grains. The total number of grains and their
surface texture forms the basis for ‘anomaly’ identification, where a distinct nucleation
of all or one of the minerals defines the anomaly.

In PL 776/2022 (Figure 4-10) such a nucleation is well defined revealing tight

indicator mineral anomalies in the central and north west portion of the licence. The
anomalies are dominated by high counts of Ga2 moderately abraded garnets and
ilmenites. Whilst the rare candidates like chrome diopsides and kimberlitic spinels
are absent in this population, the surface textures of the garnets and ilmenites are of
high interest and warrant detailed investigation.

32
Figure 17 Google Earth Image showing sample positions over the north west area of PL
776/2022

Figure 18 Google Earth Image showing sample positions over the central and south
east area of PL 776/2022

33
 Figure 19 Indicator Mineral distribution in the North west area of PL 776/2022

Figure 20 Indicator Mineral distribution in the south eastern portion of area of PL 776/2022

34
Figure 21 Category 1 sculptured surface garnets (Gass) and ilmenites (Iss). Note a singleton
microdiamond in the background.

6.2 MINERAL CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS

6.2.1 North West Area of PL 776/2022

A total of 445 samples from the north west area of PL 776/2022 were picked for micro
probe analysis to determine their kimberlitic affinity. The microprobe data was then
presented in tabular form displaying oxides of key elements that are commonly
associated with kimberlites. The data was then presented in excel spreadsheet and
plotted in graphical form discriminating non kimberlitic minerals from kimberlitic
minerals. Minerals such as garnet, ilmenites, spinels and chrome diopside are the key
components and players in kimberlite minerals chemistry, with garnet being the
primary candidate for diamond bearing potential of source rock.

35
 Mineral Chemistry of Garnets in the NW area of PL
776/2022
16.00

14.00

12.00

10.00
Cr2O3 (wt%)

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
CaO (wt%)

Figure 22 Cr-Ca garnet mineral chemistry plot in the north west portion of PL 776/2022

Mineral chemistry of garnets of the Lucara/Karowe Mine

16.00

14.00

12.00

10.00
Cr2O3 (wt%)

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
CaO (wt%)

Figure 23 Cr-Ca garnet mineral chemistry plot of the Lucara Mine Garnets

36
Kimberlitic garnets recovered from the north west area of PL776/2022 prospecting
licence area have Cr2O3 concentrations of 0.00wt% to 15.76wt % and 2.65wt% to
8.11 wt% CaO content. According to the classification of Grütter et al. (2004) and
Gurney et al. (1993) garnets with Cr2O3 contents exceeding 2wt% define peridotite-
derived varieties of the Harzburgite-lherzolite paragenisis (Figure 6). Five garnets
recovered from this area of PL 776/2022 plot on the left upper side of the 85% lherzlite
line and of these falls within diamond window (Figure 8). The low-Cr2O3 (<2wt%)
garnets are subdivided into high- CaO (>3.375wt%) eclogitic varieties and low-CaO
(<3.375wt%) granulite or metapelite- derived varieties. In the current situation, 7
garnets were recovered from this cluster having CaO concentrations between
3.85wt% and 8.11wt% and are therefore classified as eclogitic (Figure 8). An additional
garnet population with high-CaO, but displaying slightly higher Cr2O3 concentrations
between 1wt% and around 2wt% may represent pyroxenite-derived (G5) and/or
megacrysts (discrete nodules) (G1 and some G5 grains). These garnets usually
display compositions intermediate between those of lherzolite and eclogite-derived
garnets, but have higher TiO2 concentrations (>0.6wt%).

Figure 24 Low chrome eclogitic garnets of the north west portion of PL 776/2022

37
The high interest sub calcic garnets found in this area present this portion PL 776/2022
to be a highly prospective ground with a good chance of finding diamondiferous
kimberlites. The mineral chemistry data is also supported by unabraded and
moderately abraded surface textures of indicators minerals which are likely to have
been derived from a nearby source. When comparing the PL776/2022 data to
Lucara/Karowe kimberlite garnet chemistry, (Figures 8&9) it can be observe that a
similar pattern develops, the only difference being that Lucara data represent actual
kimberlite with high volume of data plotted. The PL 776/2022 data represent soil
samples from an unknown kimberlitic source and limited in number as they were
recovered from a cause reconnaissance grid.

6.2.1.1 Spinels

No kimberlitic spinels were recovered from PL776/2022

6.2.1.2 Illmenites

Kimberlitic ilmenites picked from PL776/2022 displays MgO contents ranging between
5.14 wt% and 17.45% wt%. Eight ilmenites display Cr2O3 concentrations less that
1wt% and therefore classified as of metasomatic affinity. The ilmenites of PL 776/2022
are thus found to be kimberlitic and falling on the oxidizing region of the plot (Figure
8).

Mineral Chemistry of Ilmenite in the NW area of PL

776/2022
5.00

4.00
Cr2O3 (wt%)

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00
MgO (wt%)

Figure 25 Mineral chemistry of ilmenite in the northwest portion of PL 776/2022

38
6.2.2 Central and South East Area of PL 776/2022

A total of 104 samples from this area of PL 776/2022 were picked from micro probe
analysis to determine their kimberlitic affinity. The microprobe data was then presented
in tabular form displaying oxides of key elements that are commonly associated with
kimberlites. The data was then presented in excel spreadsheet and then plotted in
graphical form discriminating non kimberlitic minerals from kimberlitic minerals. Again
minerals such as garnet, ilmenites, spinels and chrome diopside are the key
components and player in kimberlite minerals chemistry, with garnet being primary
candidate for diamond bearing potential of source rock. Spinels and chrome diopsides
were not recovered from soils samples, but notably a singleton chrome diopside was
recovered from a drill sample at 15m depth in hole 105/17/X097/H1.

Mineral Chemistry of garnets in the central and

South east area of PL 776/2022
16.00
14.00
12.00
Cr2O3 (wt%)

10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
CaO (wt%)

Figure 26 Cr-Ca garnet mineral chemistry plot in the North west portion of PL 776/2022

6.2.2.1 Garnets

Kimberlitic garnets recovered from the central and south east area of PL776/2022
prospecting licence have Cr2O3 concentrations of 1.07wt% to 11.48 wt % and
4.05wt% to 8.20 wt% CaO content. According to the classification of Grütter et al.
(2004) and Gurney et al. (1993) garnets with Cr2O3 contents exceeding 2wt% define
peridotite-derived varieties of the Harzburgite-lherzolite paragenisis (Figure 12). Only
one of garnets recovered from this area of PL 776/2022 plot on the left upper side of
the 85% lherzlite line (subcalcic) and none of these plots in the diamond window. The

39
low-Cr2O3 (<2wt%) garnets are subdivided into high-CaO (>3.375wt%) eclogitic
varieties and low-CaO (<3.375wt%) granulite or metapelite-derived varieties. In the
current situation, only one eclogitic grain was recovered from this cluster.

Low Chrome Eclogitic garnet in the central and

south east area of PL 776/2022
1.40

1.20

1.00
TiO2 (wt%)

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

Na2O (wt%)

Figure 27 Low chrome eclogitic garnets of the central and eastern portion of PL 776/2022

The moderate interest garnets found in the central and south east area of this licence
present this portion as moderate interest in terms of chemistry, but due to limited
amount of data one should not rule out the possibility of finding diamondiferous
kimberlites here. The ubabraded and moderately abraded surface textures of
indicators minerals support this possibility of finding a nearby source. This area of
the licence was mostly covered with 1km reconnaissance scoop sampling and these
were the only minerals that were probe corrected. A 200m grid loam sample block
was completed over an anomalous count of garnets and ilmenite to south of the SE-
NW trending dolerite dyke (Figure 6).

6.2.2.2 Spinels

No kimberlitic spinels were recovered from PL776/2022

6.2.2.3 Illmenites

Kimberlitic ilmenites picked from PL776/2022 displays MgO contents ranging

between 5.14 wt% and 17.45% wt%. Three ilmenites display Cr2O3 concentrations
less that 1wt% and therefore classified as of metasomatic affinity. The ilmenites of

40
PL 776/2022 are thus found to be kimberlitic and falling on the oxidizing region of the
plot (Figure 14).

Mineral Chemistry of Ilmenite in the south east area

5.00
of PL 776/2022
4.50
4.00
3.50
Cr2O3 (wt%)

3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00
MgO (wt%)

Figure 28 Mineral chemistry of ilmenite in the south east area of PL 776/2022

6.3 EXPLORATION DRILLING

Six historical boreholes are recorded under the area of PL776/2022. These holes are
found to been terminated at depths of up 103m and ending in Karoo sandstones. The
holes were drilled on magnetic anomalies mentioned in section 6.1 above. Drill logs
for these boreholes were not found during the current study. A closer look at the
position of hole 105/17X985/H1 shows that this hole may have missed the target. What
appears to have been the intended target is a dipole magnetic anomaly located 770m
east of the hole. This borehole needs to be investigated further and the magnetic dipole
be followedup. It is worth noting again that this area is characterized by high counts of
garnets and ilmenites on a reconnaissance sampling grid interval of 1km (Figure 16-
17)

41
Figure 29 Orapa South PL776/2022 Aeromagnetic Image RTP Downward Continued
Grid showing 11 Selected Targets for initial follow-up

Borehole 105/17/X985/H1 relative to magnetic dipole. Image is 1st vertical derivative

of TMI.

42
Borehole 105/17/X985/H1 relative to magnetic dipole. Image is the Analytical signal
of TMI.

Google Earth Image showing drill hole positions

43
 Drill hole positions on PL 776/2022

The surface textures and mineral chemistry of the recovered grains suggests the
possibility of presence of kimberlites in the area of PL 776/2022. The geology and
structure of the area is complex and poorly understood, and a greater understanding
of the geology of the area is warranted as the geophysical signature of possible
kimberlites would be obscured by the high magnetic noise of basalt, complex structure
and thick Kalahari cover. In line with diamond exploration practices that have already
been applied in the area, a modern approach to kimberlite search is required. Recent
development and advancement of geophysical techniques has allowed for precise and
quick geological mapping of sub strata especially where sand cover obscures outcrop.
It is recommended in this study therefore that:

44