UNIT-3 STONE MASONRY

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS-1

LOAD BEARING WALLS

A LOAD-BEARING WALL OR BEARING WALL IS A WALL THAT IS AN ACTIVE STRUCTURAL

ELEMENT OF A BUILDING, THAT IS, IT BEARS THE WEIGHT OF THE ELEMENTS ABOVE SAID
WALL, RESTING UPON IT BY CONDUCTING ITS WEIGHT TO A FOUNDATION STRUCTURE.
STATICS OF LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE THE LOAD-BEARING
Structures is determined by the following analysis process:
1. The whole structure is analysed initially. The function of each structural element is hence
determined.
2. The forces in the individual structural elements is determined.
3. The forces that is affecting the structural elements is determined along with the forces that it
transmits. These are external forces.
4. The forces within the structural elements are the internal forces or the static forces.
5. The overall structural stability of the structural element is determined.
6. Finally, determine the proof that the planned structure withstands all the forces coming over it.

Load bearing, structural system the path followed is

Slabs >> Walls >> Foundation
STONE MASONRY
THE CONSTRUCTION OF STONES BONDED TOGETHER WITH MORTAR IS TERMED AS STONE MASONRY WHERE THE
STONES ARE AVAILABLE IN A ABUNDANCE IN NATURE, ON CUTTING AND DRESSING TO THE PROPER SHAPE, THEY
PROVIDE AN ECONOMICAL MATERIAL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF VARIOUS BUILDING COMPONENTS SUCH AS
WALLS, COLUMNS, FOOTINGS, ARCHES, LINTELS, BEAMS ETC.
USES OF STONE MASONRY: SELECTION OF STONE MASONRY:

1. Building foundations, walls, piers, 1. Availability

pillars, and architectural works. 2. Ease of working
2. Lintels, Beams, beams Arches, domes 3. Appearance
etc., 4. Strength and stability
3. Roofs and Roof coverings. 5. Polishing characteristics
4. Cladding Works 6. Economy
5. Dams, light houses, monumental 7. Durability
structures.
6. Paving jobs
7. Railway, ballast, black boards and
electrical switch
GENERAL PRINCIPLES:

The stones to be used for stone masonry should be hard, tough and durable.
The pressure acting on stones should be vertical.
The stones should be perfectly dressed as per the requirements.
The heads and bond stones should not be of a dumb bell shape.
In order to obtain uniform distribution of load, under the ends of girders, roof trusses etc large
flat stones should be used
The mortar to be used should be good quality and in the specified faces.
The construction work of stone masonry should be raised uniformly.
The plumb bob should be used to check the verticality of erected wall.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES:

The stone masonry section should always be designed to take compression and not the tensile
stresses.
The masonry work should be properly cured after the completion of work, for a period of 2 to 3
weeks.
As far as possible broken stones or small stones chips should not be used.
Double scaffolding should be used for working at higher level.
The masonry hearting should be properly packed with mortar and chips if necessary to avoid
hallows.
The properly wetted stones should be used to avoid mortar moisture being sucked.
STONE MASONRY COMPONENTS:

1. THROUGH STONE
2. CAP STONE
3. RISER
4. HEARTING STONE
STONE MASONRY WORKING:
RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY COMPONENTS:
RUBBLE WORKS:

1. RANDOM RUBBLE: 2. SQUARE RUBBLE:

UNCOARSED UNCOARSED
COARSED COARSED
ASHLAR MASONRY
1.RANDOM RUBBLE:

The stones are those which have been quarry dressed. The principles of bonding apply equally well
to this class of work as they do to brickwork. Unlike bricks, the stones are not of uniform size and
shape, and therefore greater care and ingenuity have to be exercised in arranging that they shall
adequately distribute the pressure over the maximum area and in the avoidance of long continuous
vertical joints.

The bond should be sound both transversely (across the thickness of the wall) and
longitudinally.
Transverse bond is obtained by the liberal use of headers (or bonders) and throughs.
Headers are stones which reach beyond the middle of the wall from each face to overlap in the
centre (sometimes called dog's tooth bond).
Through stones or throughs extend the full thickness of the wall.
Satisfactory stability may reasonably be assured if one quarter of the face consists of headers
(approximately two per square metre), in addition to one-eighth of the face area of throughs
(one per square metre)
1.RANDOM RUBBLE: A.UNCOURSED

It is the roughest and the cheapest form of stonewalling. Since stones are not of uniform
shape and size, they are arranged with great care so as to distribute pressure over the
maximum area and at the same time avoid long vertical joints.
The larger stones are flat bedded and packed or wedged up with small pieces of stone or spalls,
the intervening spaces are then filled in with the smaller stones, no attempt being made to
form vertical joints.
The joints are well filled and flushed with mortar. These are sometimes of considerable width
on face, being as much as 50 mm or more in places. A reduction in the quantity of mortar
results if small pieces of stone are driven into the mortar at the face joints; these splinters
may also be used to wedge up the stones; such joints are said to be galleted.
The larger stones are selected for the quoins and jambs to give increased strength and,
incidentally, to improve the appearance.
1.RANDOM RUBBLE: B.COURSED

This walling is similar to uncoursed, excepting that the work is roughly levelled up to form
courses varying from 300 to 450 mm thick.
These courses usually coincide with the varying heights of the quoin and jamb stones.
In the construction of the wall, the quoins are built first, the line is stretched level with the tops
of the quoin stones, and the intervening walling is brought up to this level.
One of the courses is shown numbered in the order in which the stones would be bedded. The
stones are set in mortar and at every course the work is well flushed with mortar and pressed
into the internal joints.
This forms a stronger wall than the uncoursed type (long continuous vertical joints being more
readily avoided), although the somewhat regular horizontal joints at the courses detract from
its appearance.
2.SQUARE RUBBLE:

The stone used is generally one which is found in quarries in thin beds, or in thicker beds of
laminated stone which can be easily split into smaller units.
Little labour is necessary to form comparatively straight bed and side joints.
The stones are usually squared and brought to a hammer dressed or straight-cut finish, although
they may be given either tooled or dragged surface finishes.

2.SQUARE RUBBLE: A.UNCOURSED

This is often known as Square-snecked Rubble.
The stones are available in various sizes and are arranged on
face in several irregular patterns.
A very effective appearance results if the walling comprises a
series of combined units consisting of four stones, i.e., a large
stone called a riser or jumper (generally a bonder or through
stone), two thinner stones known as fevellers and a small stone
called a sneck or check.
2.SQUARE RUBBLE: B.COURSED

This type of walling is built in courses of varying height,

but the stones in any one course are all of the same
depth.
The stones vary from 50 to 225 mm thick and are from
150 mm to 225 mm wide on bed.
The faces may be pitched to give a rusticated
appearance, or they may be dressed to a smoother
finish, the straight-cut dressing being particularly
effective.
Regular coursed rubble walling which consists of large
squared blocks that are usually either hammer-faced or
pitch-faced is sometimes called Block-in Course.
It is usually associated with heavy engineering work,
such as in the construction of sea walls, retaining
walls, etc., and is not often used in general building
work
2.SQUARE RUBBLE: C.ASHLAR MASONRY

This type of masonry is built from accurately dressed

stones with uniform and fine joints of about 3mm
thickness by arranging the stone blocks in various
patterns.
The backing of Ashlar masonry walls may be built of
Ashlar masonry or rubble masonry.
The size of stones blocks should be in proportion to
wall thickness.
2.SQUARE RUBBLE: C.ASHLAR MASONRY

The various types of masonry can be classified under the

following categories are:
1. Ashlar fine
2. Ashlar rough
3. Ashlar rock or quarry faced
4. Ashlar facing
5. Ashlar chamfered
6. Ashlar block in course
2.SQUARE RUBBLE: C.ASHLAR MASONRY

Ashlar fine Ashlar rough

2.SQUARE RUBBLE: C.ASHLAR MASONRY

Ashlar rock or quarry faced Ashlar block in course

2.SQUARE RUBBLE: C.ASHLAR MASONRY

Ashlar facing Ashlar chamfered

MASONRY JOINTS:
USES IN CONSTRUCTION:

Plinth
USES IN CONSTRUCTION:

Cladding
STONE FOUNDATION:
STONE FOUNDATION:
ADVANTAGES OF USING LOAD BEARING MASONRY CONSTRUCTION:

The final load bearing masonry structure constructed is highly durable and solid.
This structure type possesses high fire resistance.
The masonry units are available in different colors and textures, which provides freedom of
creativity to the user.
Advance preparations or fabrication is not required for this type of construction.
Load bearing masonry structures are aesthetically attractive.
The tools and equipment used for masonry construction are simple and cheap.
DISADVANTAGES OF USING LOAD BEARING MASONRY CONSTRUCTION:

Load bearing masonry structure performs badly during the action of earthquakes. If looked
through the history of past earthquake disasters, most of the structures collapsed are load
bearing masonry buildings. As the weight of the load bearing structure is high, it highly attracts
earthquakes.
Load bearing masonry construction employs more labor. As this involves stacking of masonry
units one over the other, it demands more human labor.
Load bearing masonry construction is slow. As mentioned above, it is a human process which
takes too much time to complete compared to other construction technique.
Load bearing structures consume a large number of masonry units. Hence this construction is
labour intensive. More the material required, more is the consumption of green resources for
their production.
Costs for the total masonry units used for the construction of these structures make it unviable.
The weight of the load bearing masonry structure is high.
The thermal insulation properties of these structures are very poor.