What Is Cell Modification

What is cell modification?
 Are specialized or modifications re-acquired by the cell division that helps the cell in different
beneficial ways.
 Is a process that occurs after cell division where the newly formed cells are. structurally
modified so that they can perform their function efficiently and effectively.
 Cell modification is features or structure of the cell that makes it different. from another type of
cell and at the same time enables it to carry out unusual functions.
Three Types of Cell Modification
Apical Modification
• Occurs in apical surface. Under the apical, the absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and
mechanotransduction.
Types of Apical Modification
Cillia
 Cilia are usually short, hair-like structures that move in waves

 Cilia are usually short, hair-like structures that move in waves
 Are elongated, hair-like, motile structures on the surface of some epithelial cells
 Used for locomotion
 Sweeping away bacteria and viruses that may enter our body through nose
 Celia are short, numerous, hair-like projections from the plasma membrane
 It tends to occur in large numbers on a cell surface and their beating activity is usually
coordinated, much like the movement in stadium “wave”
Flagella
 Is a tail-like projection that produces from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cell and function in locomotion as well.
 Longer projection that move with a whip-like motion
 They help organism in movement
 They act as sensory organs that cetect temperature and Ph changes
 Few eukaryotes use flagellum to increase reproduction rate.
 Is a tail-like projection that produces from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cell and function in locomotion as well.
 Longer projection that move with a whip-like motion
 They help organism in movement
 They act as sensory organs that cetect temperature and Ph changes
 Few eukaryotes use flagellum to increase reproduction rate.
 Flagella are long whip-like structures
 Formed from microtubules
VILLI AND MICROVILLI

Villi
 are finger-like projections that arise from the epithelial layer in some organs. They help to
increase surface area allowing for faster and more efficient absorption
 Are tiny-like projections made up of cells that line the entire length of your small intestine
 It absorb nutrients from the food you eat and then shuttle them into your bloodstream so they
can travel where they needed.
Microvilli
 are smaller projections that arise from the cell’s surface that also increase surface area allowing
faster and more efficient absorption
 are microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion and
minimize any increase in volume, and are involved in a wide variety of functions, including
absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and mechanotransduction.
 in the most simplistic terms, are tiny little projections that exist in, on, and around cells.
PSEUDOPODS
 Temporary, irregular lobes formed by amoebas and some other eukaryotic cells
 Bulge outward to move the cell or engulf prey
 Temporary arm-like projections of an eukaryotic cell membrane that is emerged in the
direction of movement
 Used for locomotion and to capture food by organisms belonging to phylum protozoa
EXTRA CULLULAR MATRIX (ECM)
 Compound secreted by the cell on its apical surface
 Cell wall is the extracellular structure in plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells
 Glycoprotein is the main ingredient of ECM in animal cell
Types of Basal Modification
BASAL INFOLDINGS
 Often found in epithelium that are known to transport fluid (kidney)

 Will often see mitochondria in the basal infoldings; suggests that active transport is
occurring
 Very important in epithelial polarization and stability
 Support the epithelium and also functions as a passive molecular sieveor ultra filter
 The infoldings of the plasma membrane which surround individual mitochondria; this
portion of the membrane is involved in energy-intensive ion exchange, part of the kidney
filtration process
 If basal lamina is destroyed (trauma, infections, burns), the epithelium will not be repaired
but substituted with a scar (connective tissue)
HEMIDESMOSOMES
 Anchoring Junction on the basal surface of the cell
 Rivet-like links between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix components such as the basal
lamina that underlie epithelia
 Primarily composed of keratin, integrins and cadherins
 Hemidesmosomes are very small stud-like structures found in keratinocytes of the
epidermis of skin that attach to the extracellular matrix.
 Hemidesmosomes are found in epithelial cells connecting the basal epithelial cells to the
lamina lucida, which is part of the basal lamina.
 Protein filaments interlock with filaments of the adjacent cell which forms a dense
intermediate line between the cells
 Found beneath the zonula adherens
 Cytoplasmic face is connected to microfilaments extending into the cytoplasm
DESMOSOMES
 Desmosomes are a type of anchoring junction in animal tissues that connect adjacent cells.
 Anchoring junctions are button-like spots found all around cells that bind adjacent cells
together.
 Desmosomes have intermediate filaments in the cells underneath that help anchor the
junction, while the other type of anchoring junction, an adherens junction, is anchored by
microfilaments
 The function of desmosomes is to adhere cells together.
 They are found in high numbers in tissues that are subject to a lot of mechanical forces.
 For example, many are found in the epidermis, which is the outer layer of skin, and the
myocardium, which is muscle tissue in the heart
TIGHT JUNCTION
Lateral Modification
 Act as barriers that regulate the movement of

water and solutes between epithelial layers
 Tight junctions are areas where the membranes
of two adjacent cells join together to form a
barrier.
 The cell membranes are connected by strands
of transmembrane proteins such as claudins
and occludins.
 Tight junctions bind cells together, prevent
molecules from passing in between the cells,
and also help to maintain the polarity of cells
 Prevent leakage of ECF
 Tight junctions have several different functions.
Their most important functions are to help cells
form a barrier that prevents molecules from
getting through, and to stop proteins in the cell
membrane from moving around.
 Tight junctions are a branching network of
protein strands on the surface of a cell that link
with each other throughout the surface of the membrane.
 The strands are formed by transmembrane
proteins on the surfaces of the cell membranes
that are adjacent to each other .

 There are around 40 different proteins at tight
junctions. These proteins can be grouped into
four main types
djdjndj
k
4 MAIN TYPES OF PROTEIN
 Transmembrane proteins are wedged in the middle of the cell membrane and are
responsible for adhesion and permeability.
 Scaffolding proteins organize transmembrane proteins.
 Signaling proteins are responsible for forming the tight junction and regulating the barrier.
 Regulation proteins regulate what proteins are brought to the cell membrane in vesicles
ADHERING JUNCTION
 Anchoring junction on the lateral surface of the cell

 Very similar to the anchoring junction of the basal surface of the
cell
 Fasten cells to one another
Gap Junction
 Also known as communicating junctions

 Closable channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining animal
cells
 Present of connexon that allow direct exchange of
chemicals between the cytoplasm of two cells

What Is Cell Modification

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What Is Cell Modification

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

What Is Cell Modification

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

What is cell modification?

Three Types of Cell Modification

Types of Apical Modification

 Cilia are usually short, hair-like structures that move in waves

VILLI AND MICROVILLI

EXTRA CULLULAR MATRIX (ECM)

 Compound secreted by the cell on its apical surface

 Glycoprotein is the main ingredient of ECM in animal cell

Types of Basal Modification

 Often found in epithelium that are known to transport fluid (kidney)

 Act as barriers that regulate the movement of

 Anchoring junction on the lateral surface of the cell

 Also known as communicating junctions

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.