UNIT I- SOLVED QUESTION BANK

2 Marks:
1. What are the two ways of assignment operators in R? Give an example.

Ans: In R, there are two ways of assignment operators: <- and =. For example:

 Using <-: x <- 5 assigns the value 5 to the variable x.

 Using =: y = 10 assigns the value 10 to the variable y.

2. What is vector? Give an example to create a vector?

Ans: A vector in R is a one-dimensional array that can contain elements of the same data type. To create a
vector, you can use the c() func on. For example:
 Numeric vector: my_vector <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
 Character vector: fruits <- c("apple", "banana", "cherry")

3. How do you find length of a vector? Give an example.

Ans: To find the length of a vector in R, you can use the length() func on. For example:
 vec <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
 length(vec) will return 5.

4. How do you sort a vector in descending order? Give an example

Ans: To sort a vector in descending order in R, you can use the sort() func on with the decreasing parameter
set to TRUE. For example:
1. vec <- c(5, 2, 8, 1, 3)
2. sorted_vec <- sort(vec, decreasing = TRUE) will give you a vector sorted in descending order.

5. Create and store a sequence of values from 5 to −11 that progresses in steps of 0.3
Ans: To create and store a sequence of values in R, you can use the seq() func on. Here's how you can create
a sequence from 5 to -11 in steps of 0.3:
 my_sequence <- seq(5, -11, by = -0.3)

6. Let vector, myvect with elements 5, -3,4,4,4,8,10,40221, -8,1. Write code to

delete last element from it.

Ans: To delete the last element from a vector in R, you can use the indexing with a nega ve value. For example:

 my_vect <- c(5, -3, 4, 4, 4, 8, 10, 40221, -8, 1)

 my_vect <- my_vect[-length(my_vect)] removes the last element.

7. Write the purpose of nega ve indexing in vectors? Give an example.

Nega ve indexing in vectors is used to exclude elements from the vector. For example:

 my_vector <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

 my_vector[-3] will return a vector without the third element, which is 3.

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8. If baz <- c(1,-1,0.5,-0.5) and qux <- 3, find the value of baz+quax.

Ans: There's a typo in your ques on; it should be baz instead of baz for consistency. To find the value of baz + qux,
you can do:

 baz <- c(1, -1, 0.5, -0.5)

 qux <- 3

 result <- baz + qux will add 3 to each element of the baz vector.

9. What is the use of cbind and rbind func ons in Matrix? Give an example

Ans: cbind and rbind are func ons in R used to combine vectors or matrices into a matrix.

 cbind combines objects by columns, and rbind combines objects by rows. For example:

 x <- c(1, 2, 3)

 y <- c(4, 5, 6)

 combined <- cbind(x, y) will create a 3x2 matrix with x and y as columns.

10.How do you find the dimension of the matrix? Give an example

Ans: o find the dimension of a matrix in R, you can use the dim() func on. For example:

 mat <- matrix(1:6, nrow = 2, ncol = 3)

 dim(mat) will return the dimensions as 2 3, indica ng it's a 2x3 matrix.

11.Construct a 4 × 2 matrix that is filled row-wise with the values 4.3, 3.1, 8.2, 8.2,

3.2, 0.9, 1.6, and 6.5, in that order using R command.

Ans: To construct a 4x2 matrix filled row-wise with the specified values, you can use the matrix() func on in R. Here's
how you can create it:

 mat <- matrix(c(4.3, 3.1, 8.2, 8.2, 3.2, 0.9, 1.6, 6.5), nrow = 4, ncol = 2, byrow = TRUE)

12.What is the use of diag command in R? Give an example.

Ans: The diag() func on in R is used to create a diagonal matrix or extract the diagonal elements from a matrix. For
example:

 To create a diagonal matrix: diag_matrix <- diag(1:4)

 To extract the diagonal elements from a matrix mat: diagonal_elements <- diag(mat)

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13.Write proper code to replace the third column of matrix B with the values in the

third row of B.

Ans: o replace the third column of matrix B with the values from the third row of B, you can use indexing as follows:

 B[, 3] <- B[3, ]

14.Write an example to find transpose and inverse of a matrix using R command?

Ans: To find the transpose and inverse of a matrix in R:

 Transpose: t(mat) where mat is your matrix.

 Inverse: solve(mat) where mat is a square, inver ble matrix.

15.What is the difference between & and && in R? Give an example.

Ans: In R, & is a bitwise AND operator, and && is a logical AND operator. Here's an example:

 a <- TRUE

 b <- FALSE

 a & b will return FALSE, and a && b will also return FALSE.

16.Write R command to store the vector c(8,8,4,4,5,1,5,6,6,8) as bar. Iden fy the

elements less than or equal to 6 AND not equal to 4.

Ans: bar <- c(8, 8, 4, 4, 5, 1, 5, 6, 6, 8)

result <- bar <= 6 & bar != 4

17.How do you count the number of individual characters in a string? Give an

example.

Ans: To count the number of individual characters in a string in R, you can use the nchar() func on. For example:

 text <- "Hello, World!"

 char_count <- nchar(text) will return 13.

18.What is levels func on in R? Give an example

Ans: The levels() func on in R is used with factors to get the levels (dis nct categories) of a factor variable. For
example:

 gender <- factor(c("Male", "Female", "Male", "Male", "Female"))

 gender_levels <- levels(gender) will return a vector of levels: "Female" "Male".

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19.What is list in R? Give an example.

list in R is a data structure that can hold a collec on of objects (vectors, data frames, etc.) of different types. For
example:

 my_list <- list(name = "John", age = 30, scores = c(85, 90, 78))

20.What is list slicing in lists? Give an example.

Ans:

21.How do you name list contents? Give an example.

Ans: You can name list contents in R by using the names() func on or directly when crea ng the list. For example:

 Using names(): my_list <- list(1, 2, 3); names(my_list) <- c("A", "B", "C")

 Directly when crea ng: my_list <- list(A = 1, B = 2, C = 3)

22.What is the purpose of a ributes and class func ons? Give an example.

Ans:The a ributes() func on is used to a ach metadata to R objects. The class() func on is used to specify the class
of an object. For example:

 x <- c(1, 2, 3)

 a ributes(x) <- list(comment = "Sample vector")

 class(x) <- "my_class"

23.What is the difference between ggplot2 and base R graphics create plots? Give
an example.

Ans: ggplot2 is a popular data visualiza on package in R that provides a more flexible and layered approach to
crea ng plots compared to base R graphics. ggplot2 allows you to build complex, customized plots. Base R graphics
are more simplis c and are created using func ons like plot(). Here's a simple example:

library(ggplot2)

ggplot(data = df, aes(x = category, y = values)) + geom_bar(stat = "iden ty")

df <- data.frame(category = c("A", "B", "C"), values = c(10, 15, 8))

barplot(df$values, names.arg = df$category)

4 And 6 marks
1. Explain seq, rep and length func ons on vectors with example.
Ans:
seq: The seq() func on in R is used to create sequences of numbers. It can be used to generate a
sequence from a star ng value to an ending value, with a specified increment. For example:
sequence <- seq(1, 10, by = 2)

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 # Creates a sequence: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
rep: The rep() func on is used to replicate elements in a vector. It takes two main arguments: the
vector to be replicated and the number of mes to repeat it. For example:
vector <- c(1, 2, 3)
repeated_vector <- rep(vector, mes = 3)
# Repeats the vector three mes: 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3
length: The length() func on is used to determine the length of a vector, which is the number of
elements it contains. For example:
my_vector <- c(4, 7, 2, 9, 5)
vector_length <- length(my_vector)
# Returns the length of the vector, which is 5

2. Repeat the vector c (-1,3, -5,7, -9) twice, with each element repeated 10 mes,
and store the result. Display the result sorted from largest to smallest.
Ans:
original_vector <- c(-1, 3, -5, 7, -9)
repeated_vector <- rep(original_vector, each = 10)
sorted_vector <- sort(repeated_vector, decreasing = TRUE)
3. How do you extract elements from vectors? Explain it using individual and vector
of indexes with example?
Ans:
Individual Indexing: You can extract elements from a vector by specifying the index of the element you
want. For example:
my_vector <- c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
element1 <- my_vector[1] # Extracts the first element (10)
element3 <- my_vector[3] # Extracts the third element (30)
Vector of Indexes: You can extract mul ple elements by providing a vector of indices. For example:
indices <- c(2, 4)
selected_elements <- my_vector[indices] # Extracts the 2nd and 4th elements (20, 40)

4. How do you create matrix in R? Explain with Its necessary a ributes? Give an
example.
Ans: To create a matrix in R, you can use the matrix() func on. The necessary a ributes are the data elements, the
number of rows, and the number of columns.

Example: data <- 1:12 # Vector with 12 elements

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mat <- matrix(data, nrow = 3, ncol = 4, byrow = TRUE)
 data: The vector containing the data elements.

 nrow: The number of rows in the matrix (3 in this example).

 ncol: The number of columns in the matrix (4 in this example).
 byrow: If byrow = TRUE, data is filled row-wise; if byrow = FALSE (default), data is filled column-
wise.
5. Do the following opera ons on a square matrix
a. Retrieve third and first rows of A, in that order, and from those rows, second
and third column elements.
b. Retrieve diagonal elements
c. Delete second column of the matrix.
Ans:
a. Retrieve third and first rows of A, in that order, and from those rows, second and third column
elements:
A <- matrix(1:9, nrow = 3)
rows <- c(3, 1)
cols <- c(2, 3)
result <- A[rows, cols]
b. diagonal_elements <- diag(A)
c. A <- A[, -2]
6. Explain row, column, and diagonal extrac ons of matrix elements with example.
Ans:
Row extrac on: You can extract specific rows from a matrix by specifying the row indices. For example:

mat <- matrix(1:12, nrow = 3)

row2 <- mat[2, ] # Extracts the second row
Column extrac on: You can extract specific columns from a matrix by specifying the column indices. For
example:
mat <- matrix(1:12, nrow = 3)
col3 <- mat[, 3] # Extracts the third column
Diagonal extrac on: To extract the diagonal elements of a matrix, you can use the diag() func on. For
example:
mat <- matrix(1:9, nrow = 3)
diagonal_elements <- diag(mat) # Extracts the diagonal elements
7. How do you omit and overwrite an element/s from a matrix? Explain with
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example.
Ans:

To omit and overwrite elements in a matrix, you can simply assign new values to the elements you want to
modify. For example, to omit the element in the second row and third column and overwrite an element:
mat <- matrix(1:9, nrow = 3)
mat[2, 3] <- NA # Omit the element
mat[1, 1] <- 99 # Overwrite an element
8. Explain any 3 matrix opera ons using R commands with example. (6)
Ans: Matrix Addi on:
A <- matrix(1:6, nrow = 2)
B <- matrix(7:12, nrow = 2)
result <- A + B # Matrix addi on
Matrix Mul plica on:

A <- matrix(1:6, nrow = 2)

B <- matrix(7:12, nrow = 2)
result <- A %*% B # Matrix mul plica on
Matrix Transposi on:
A <- matrix(1:6, nrow = 2)
transposed_A <- t(A) # Transpose matrix A
9. How do you create arrays in R? Explain with suitable example
Ans:
You can create arrays in R using the array() func on. An array is a mul -dimensional structure that can hold
data of the same type. Here's an example of crea ng a 3x3x3 array:

data <- 1:27 # Vector with 27 elements

my_array <- array(data, dim = c(3, 3, 3))

10.Explain any 3 rela onal and logical operators used in R, with an example.
ANS:
a. Rela onal operators:
 ==: Checks if two values are equal. Example: x == y returns TRUE if x is equal to y.
 !=: Checks if two values are not equal. Example: x != y returns TRUE if x is not equal to y.

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  >: Checks if the le value is greater than the right value. Example: x > y returns TRUE if x is greater
than y.
b. Logical operators:
 &: Performs element-wise logical AND. Example: x & y returns a vector of logical values with TRUE
where both x and y are TRUE.
 |: Performs element-wise logical OR. Example: x | y returns a vector of logical values with TRUE
where either x or y is TRUE.
 !: Negates the logical values in a vector. Example: !x returns a vector with the opposite logical values
of x.
11.Explain any, all and which func ons with example, on logical vector.
Ans: any(): The any() func on returns TRUE if at least one element in a logical vector is TRUE. For example:
logical_vector <- c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE)
result <- any(logical_vector) # Returns TRUE

all(): The all() func on returns TRUE if all elements in a logical vector are TRUE. For example
logical_vector <- c(TRUE, TRUE, TRUE)
result <- all(logical_vector) # Returns TRUE
which(): The which() func on returns the indices of elements in a logical vector that are TRUE. For
example:
logical_vector <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE)
indices <- which(logical_vector) # Returns indices 1, 3, 4
12.Explain cat and paste func ons with necessary arguments in R. Give an example.
Ans:
cat: The cat() func on in R is used to concatenate and print values together. It prints the values without any
separators by default.
cat("Hello", "World")
# Output: Hello World
paste: The paste() func on is used to concatenate strings or other objects with a specified separator.
result <- paste("Hello", "World", sep = ", ")
# Result: "Hello, World"
13.Write a note on escape sequences with example.
Ans:
Escape sequences are used in R to represent special characters within strings. They begin with a backslash
\. For example:
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  \n: Represents a newline character.
 \t: Represents a tab character.

 \": Represents a double quota on mark.

message <- "This is a line.\nThis is a new line."
print(message)
14.Explain substr, sub and gsub func ons on strings with an example.
Ans:
substr(): The substr() func on extracts a substring from a character vector. For example:
text <- "Hello, World"
substring <- substr(text, start = 1, stop = 5)
# Result: "Hello"
sub(): The sub() func on is used for pa ern replacement in strings. It replaces the first occurrence of a
pa ern with a replacement.

text <- "apple, banana, cherry"

replaced_text <- sub("banana", "grape", text)
# Result: "apple, grape, cherry"
gsub(): The gsub() func on is similar to sub(), but it replaces all occurrences of a pa ern
text <- "apple, banana, banana, cherry"
replaced_text <- gsub("banana", "grape", text)
# Result: "apple, grape, grape, cherry"
15.What is factor? How do you define and order levels in a factor?
Ans:
A factor is a data structure in R used to represent categorical variables. Factors are used to store data that
can take on a limited, fixed number of values, known as levels. You can define and order levels in a factor as
follows:
# Define a factor with levels in a specific order
gender <- factor(c("Male", "Female", "Male", "Male", "Female"), levels = c("Female", "Male"))
# To reorder levels
gender <- factor(gender, levels = c("Male", "Female"))
16.Explain cut func on on factors with an example.
Ans:

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The cut() func on in R is used to categorize and split a con nuous variable into intervals or bins. It is o en
used with factors to create categorical variables. For example:
ages <- c(25, 40, 35, 60, 30, 45, 50, 22, 32, 55)
age_groups <- cut(ages, breaks = c(0, 25, 35, 45, 60), labels = c("Young", "Mid", "Mid-Old", "Old"))
In this example, cut() divides the ages vector into four age groups based on the specified breaks and assigns
labels to each group.
17.What do you mean by member reference in lists? Explain with an example. (4)
Ans:
Member reference in lists refers to accessing or retrieving elements or values within a list by specifying the
names or indexes of the elements. Lists in R are collec ons of elements, and each element can be
referenced using the $ operator or the double square brackets [[]]. For example:
my_list <- list(name = "John", age = 30, scores = c(85, 90, 78))
# Using $ operator to access elements
name_value <- my_list$name
scores_value <- my_list$scores
# Using double square brackets to access elements
age_value <- my_list[["age"]]
In this example, my_list$name or my_list[["age"]] is used to access specific elements within the list.
18. What is data frame? Create a data frame as shown in the given table and write R commands
a) To extract the third, fourth, and fi h elements of the third column
b) To extract the elements of age column using dollar operator.

19.How do you add data columns and combine data frames? Explain with example.
Ans:
You can add data columns to a data frame using the $ operator or by using func ons like cbind(). To
combine data frames, you can use func ons like rbind() or merge(). Here's an example:
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# Create two data frames
df1 <- data.frame(Name = c("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"), Age = c(25, 30, 22))

df2 <- data.frame(Score = c(85, 90, 78))

# Add a new column to df1
df1$Score <- df2$Score
# Combine data frames using rbind
combined_df <- rbind(df1, df2)
20.Write a note on special values used in R with an example for each.
Ans:
 NA: Stands for "Not Available" and is used to represent missing or undefined values. Example: x <-
c(1, 2, NA, 4).
 NaN: Stands for "Not a Number" and is used to represent undefined or unrepresentable real
numbers, o en arising from calcula ons. Example: sqrt(-1).
 Inf and -Inf: Represent posi ve and nega ve infinity, respec vely. Example: 1/0 and -1/0.

21.Explain Is-Dot Object-Checking Func ons and As-Dot Coercion Func ons with an example.
Ans:
 Is-Dot Object-Checking Func ons: These func ons check whether an object belongs to a specific
class or type. For example, is.numeric(), is.character(), is.data.frame().
 As-Dot Coercion Func ons: These func ons are used to coerce or convert an object to a specific
class or type. For example, as.numeric(), as.character().
x <- "42"
is_numeric <- is.numeric(x) # Check if x is numeric

as_numeric <- as.numeric(x) # Convert x to numeric

22.List and explain graphical parameters used in plot func on in R with example (any 4)
Ans:
The plot() func on in R allows you to specify various graphical parameters to customize the appearance of
the plot. Here are four graphical parameters:
 main: Sets the tle of the plot.
 xlab: Sets the label for the x-axis.
 ylab: Sets the label for the y-axis.

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  col: Sets the color of the plo ed points or lines.
Example:

x <- 1:10
y <- x^2
plot(x, y, main = "Quadra c Func on", xlab = "X-axis", ylab = "Y-axis", col = "blue")
23.How do you add Points, Lines, and Text to an Exis ng Plot? Explain with example.
Ans:
You can add points, lines, and text to an exis ng plot using func ons like points(), lines(), and text(). Here's
an example of adding points and text to an exis ng sca er plot:
x <- 1:5
y <- c(3, 6, 4, 9, 7)
plot(x, y, main = "Sca er Plot")

# Add points
points(x, y, col = "red", pch = 2)

# Add text
text(x, y, labels = y, pos = 3)
24.How do you set appearance constants and aesthe c mapping with geoms? Explain with example.
Ans: In the context of data visualiza on using ggplot2, appearance constants and aesthe c mappings can be set
using various geom_ func ons. Appearance constants (such as color, size, and shape) define how the data elements
will look, and aesthe c mappings define how variables in your data map to visual elements. Here's an example using
geom_point():

library(ggplot2)

# Create a data frame

df <- data.frame(x = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), y = c(3, 6, 4, 9, 7), group = c("A", "B", "A", "B", "A"))

# Create a sca er plot with different colors for each group

ggplot(df, aes(x = x, y = y, color = group)) +

geom_point(size = 4, shape = 21)

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