Chapter one; phrases and clauses

 Phrases and clauses are basic elements of grammar and they are seen as building blocks to the
sentence.
 As far as grammar is concerned the main unit of structure is said to be the clause.
 A phrase is a group of words that constitute the part of a sentence but does not contain
a subject or a verb. It makes incomplete sense as well.
 The types of phrases are: the noun phrase, verb phrase, adjectival phrase, adverb phrase and
prepositional phrase.
 Phrases are classified according to the class of words and the most important word they contain. For
example if the most important word in a phrase is a noun, then it is regarded as a noun phrase.
 Noun phrases can function as a subject, direct or indirect object, object complement, object of a
preposition.
 Example of a noun phrase as a subject of a sentence; “ the tall fat boy has come again” the underlined
is the noun phrase.
 Example of a noun phrase as the object of a verb; “ the policeman slapped the tall fat boy”
 Example of a noun phrase as the complement of a subject; “ our teacher is a hard- working man”
 Example of a noun phrase as the complement of an object; “ We made Festus our leader “
 Example of a noun phrase as the object of a preposition;“ the man died after a prolonged illness” note
that the preposition here is “after”
 The verb phrase has strict rules of order and can be built out of a main verb and one or more
auxiliaries. Example; junior can speak a little French
 An adjectival phrase is a group of words which performs the role of an adjective in a sentence.
Example; I saw the man with a long beard .
 An adverbial phrase modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb in a sentence. It indicates time,
place, manner, concession, reason, purpose, result.
 Adverbial phrase of time shows on an action occurs, adverbial phrase of place indicate when an action
took place, adverbial phrase of manner shows how an action was performed, adverbial phrase of reason
explains why an action took place, adverbial phrase of purpose tells us the purpose of an action,
adverbial phrase of result shows the result of an action, adverbial phrase of concession indicates the
opposite of an expected action.

 Example of adverbial phrase of time; the meeting ended this afternoon

 Example of adverbial phrase of place; they danced at the school field
 Example of adverbial phrase of manner; she washed the plates very slowly
 Example of adverbial phrase of reason; the man died because of an illness
 Example of adverbial phrase of purpose; he left his home early so as to meet up
 Example of adverbial phrase of result; she got hundred percent, setting a new record for the school
 Example of adverbial phrase of concession; despite the preaching, she remains adamant
 A prepositional phrase is a phrase that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun.
The noun or pronoun that follows the preposition is called the object of the preposition. When a
prepositional phrase modifies a noun or pronoun, it acts as an adjective.
 The grammatical functions of prepositional phrases are; the act as a post modifier in a noun phrase,
act as adjuncts, function as disjuncts, function as conjuncts.
 Example of prepositional phrase as a post modifier in a noun phrase; the girl in the circle kicked the
ball
 Example of prepositional phrase as adjuncts; the teachers marched to the field for their morning
exercise ( Adjuncts are group of words that add meaning to a sentence)
 Example of prepositional phrase as disjuncts; the food was served in a big bowl ( a disjunct is a type of
sentence adverb that comments on the content or manner of what is being said or written)
 Example of prepositional phrase as conjunct; as soon as the man came, he left
 The structures of a phrase are represented by MHQ abbreviation. M stands for modifier,
H means head and Q means quantifier.
 The most important item in a phrase is the head which is determined by the word class of the phrase.
 A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate and functioning as a member of a
complex or compound sentence. It expresses an action or a state of being and can also function as an
independent sentence.
 There are two types of clauses; the main or independent clause and subordinate or dependent clause.
 The main clause is a group of words with subjects and predicates which can stand on its own and
express a complete thought. Example; a few farmers attended the meeting.
 The subordinate clause is a group of words with a subject and predicate that cannot

stand on its own. Example; when I was going to school

 Features of the subordinate clause are; it is a group of words, it always has a finite verb, it does not
express complete thought, it only forms part of the sentence.
 Three types of subordinate clause are; noun clause, adverbial clause, and adjectival or relative clause.
 The noun clause is a group of words that has a finite verb and performs any of the functions of a noun
in a sentence. It is introduced by subordinators as; what, who, when, that, whether, why, where and
functions as follows. A noun clause can function as a subject of the verb, object of a verb, object of a
preposition, complement of a linking verb, as an appositive.
 Example of a noun clause as the subject of the verb; how he did it is still unknown
 Example of noun clause as the object of a verb; he watched me to know how I would
make the toy
 Example of a noun clause as the object of a preposition; everything depends upon how the plan is
made
 Example of a noun clause as the complement of a linking verb; the fact is that he would not go to court
. (There are two types of complement, the subject and object complement. The subject complement is a
word, phrase or clause that follows a copular or linking verb while the object complement is a word,
phrase or clause that directly follows the direct object of a verb.)
 Example of noun clause as appositive; the fact that he sneaked into the house makes him a culprit. ( A
noun is in appositive if it supports another word, phrase or clause by describing or modifying it.)
 Adverbial clauses function like adverbs by modifying adjectives and other adverbs. Adverbial clauses
indicate time place, condition, manner, reason, concession, purpose, comparison and results.
 Example of adverbial clause of time; he has been unhappy since his father had the accident
 Example of adverbial clause of place; I always like to study where there is no noise
 Example of adverbial clause of condition; unless you study hard, you will fail the
examination
 Example of adverbial clause of manner; we made the ridges as an agricultural master told us
 Example of adverbial clause of reason; nobody believes him since he is always telling lies

 Example of adverbial clause of concession; even if he comes today, I shall travel tomorrow
 Example of adverbial clause of purpose; we held a meeting in order that the chairman might decide
the event.
 Example of adverbial clause of comparison; Mrs. Njideka thinks she is older than Mr. Kenneth.
 Example of adverbial clause of result; he is such a clever boy that he got all the answers right
 Adjectival or relative clauses are subordinate clauses that function as adjectives in a sentence. They
introduced by the following subordinators: that, who, whom, where, which, whose, why, and when.
 Example of an adjectival clause; I took him to the new house where the goods were stored.
 Sometimes the relative word can be omitted. This emission is called a zero pronoun which is not
pronounced but still exists in the clause. Example; the house I told you about has been demolished .
( The relative word “ that or which” is missing in the clause . It is therefore regarded as a zero pronoun)
Questions:
1. ___ are seen as building blocks to the sentence
a) Grammar
b) Sentence fragments c) Phrases and clauses d) Subject and predicate
2. The main unit of structure in English grammar is__ a) Phrase
b) Clause c) Sentence d) Sounds
3. __ is a group of words which make incomplete sense a) Phrase
b) Clause

c) Sentence fragments
d) Syllabic formation
4. When a noun phrases referring to the same thing or person as a subject it serves as the___
a) Subject
b) Appositive c) Complement d) Object
5. __ has strict rules of order
a) Verb phrase
b) Prepositional phrase
c) Adjectival phrase
d) Adverbial phrase
6. Phrases are classified according to __
a) Syntactic categories
b) Class of word
c) Type of phrase
d) Grammatical function
7. The man at the gate is my father, the underlined group of words is a ___
a) Noun phrase
b) Adjectival phrase
c) Prepositional phrase
d) Adverbial phrase
8. The book on religious studies is missing, the underlined group of words is a___
a) Noun phrase
b) Adjectival phrase
c) Prepositional phrase
d) Verb phrase
9. The balloon rose off the ground , the underlined group of words is a ___

a) Noun phrase
b) Adjectival phrase
c) Prepositional phrase
d) Adverbial phrase
10. The man kicked the bucket because of illness, the underlined group of words is a___
a) b) c) d)
11. When a) b) c) d)
Noun phrase Adjectival phrase Prepositional phrase Adverbial phrase
a prepositional phrase modifies a noun or pronoun it acts as ___ Adjunct
Post modifier
Adverbial
Adjective
12. Which of these is not part of the structure of a phrase
a) Modifier
b) Determiner c) Quantifier d) Head
13. The most important item in a phrase is ___ a) Modifier
b) Determiner c) Quantifier d) Head
14. A clause expresses an action or a ___
a) State of being
b) Relationship
c) Fragment
d) Notion

15. A group of words with a subject and predicate which cannot stand on its own is called
a) Noun phrase
b) Subordinate clause
c) Sentence fragment
d) Appositive
16. The functions of prepositional phrase does not include
a) b) c) d)
17. Noun a) b) c) d)
Post modifier Adjective Adjunct Conjunct
clauses are introduced by Modifiers
Determiner
Quantifier Subordinators
18. The subject complement follows a __
a) Copular verb
b) Transitive verb
c) Finite verb
d) Verb phrase
19. If a noun supports another word, phrase or clause by describing it, that noun is in ___ a)
Complement
b) Adjunct
c) Appositive d) Congruence
20. Another name for adjectival clause is __
a) b) c)
Subordinate clause Relative clause
post modifier

d) Quantifier
21. What he said was recorded on tape, the underlined group of words is
a) Noun clause
b) Adverbial clause
c) Prepositional clause
d) adjectival clause
22. The house I told you about has been demolished, the underlined group of words is
a) Noun clause
b) Adverbial clause
c) Prepositional clause
d) adjectival clause
23. I always like to study where there is no noise. , The underlined group of words is
a) Noun clause
b) Adverbial clause
c) Prepositional clause
d) adjectival clause
24. Which one is not a type of subordinate clause
a) Noun clause
b) Adverbial clause
c) Prepositional clause
d) adjectival clause
Answers;1c 2b 3a 4c 5a 6b 7a 8b 9c 10d 11d 12b 13d 14a 15b 16b 17d 18a 19c 20b 21a 22d 23b 24c.

Chapter 2; the sentence

 The study of the shapes and behavior of sentences is called syntax.
 A sentence refers to a word or group of words of different word classes combined together in a way
that it contains the subject and predicate and expresses a complete meaning.
 The sentence is the basic unit of thought and communication in the English language.
 The two major parts of a sentence are subjects and predicates. The subject is what is being talked
about or referred to while the predicate is what is being said all the information given about the subject.
The subject as well is a word or group of words that tells us what or whom the speaker or writer is
talking about.
 Example; the students living in Imelda hostel received gifts from the president. The underlined group
of words represent the subject while the others represent the predicate.
 Sentences are classified into two. Sentence types according to structure and sentence types according
to function.
 The four types of sentences according to structure are; the simple sentence compound sentence,
complex sentence, and compound-complex sentence.
 The simple sentence makes a single statement, contains one main clause and one finite verb. Example;
the students arrived early.
 The compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a

coordinating conjunction to form one sentence. Example; John bought a book and gave it to his mother.
 Coordinating conjunctions are those words that link two ideas. They include; but, and, yet, so, or, for,
etc.
 A complex sentence is the sentence that makes one statement and has more than one verb but the
clauses are joined with a subordinate conjunction. It is made up of one independent clause and one or
more subordinate clauses. Example; she failed the test because she did not study hard. The underlined
group of words is the Independent clause.
 Compound-complex sentences are constructed with two or more main clauses and one or more
subordinate clauses. Example; I knew James was ill, but I didn't know that he suffered from smallpox.
 The four types of sentence according to function are; declarative sentence, interrogative sentence,
imperative sentence, and exclamatory sentence.
 The declarative sentence is a type of sentence that states a fact or makes an assertion. Example; Chris
is ugly.
 Interrogative sentence is used to ask question and is written in inverted order. Example; where did you
buy your bag?
 Imperative sentence is a type of sentence used to issue out command. Example; Children, obey your
parents.
 There are four types of imperative sentence; mild imperative, forceful imperatives, negative
imperatives and single word imperatives.
 Mild imperative at commands which have been rendered mild by the addition of please to show
politeness. Example; please sit down.
 Forceful imperatives are sharp and tend to suggest that the speaker is irritated. It ends with the
exclamation mark instead of full stop. Example; go out before I shut the door! . Some forceful
imperatives can be coated with pleasantness with the addition of “do” and “let”. Example; Do bring the
car before noon.
 Negative imperatives begin with the word “don’t” emphasizing what should not be done. Example;
don't enter the room without knocking.
 Single word imperatives are verbs which always have the implied subject. Example; shut the door.
 Exclamatory sentences are used to express surprise or strong emotions. Example; what a beautiful
Day!
 A sentence fragment is a group of words without a subject and a verb and does not express complete
thought. It is the same as an incomplete sentence. Sentence

fragments can be used to emphasize a point or to convey a tone which might be lost in a complete
sentence. Example; hoping to see you again.
 Types of sentence fragments include; a) Dependent word fragments; this is a situation whereby
dependent words that begin clauses result in fragment. Example; although it started to rain.
( Dependent words includes; after, since, whenever, until, became, etc.
 B) ING fragments; this occurs when an ING word appears at the beginning of a sentence. Example;
investigating corruption in Nigeria.
 C) Group of words without finite verbs; here fragment occurs because the sentence lacks a finite verb.
Example; To win a lottery in Nigeria.
Questions
1. ___ is the study of the shapes and behavior of sentences
a) Syntax
b) Morphology c) Semantics d) Linguistics
2. ___ is the basic unit of thought a) Phrase
b) Sentence c) Clause
d) Fragment
3. The information given about the subject in the sentence is called a) Fragment
b) Modifier
c) Complement d) Predicate
4. My parents live in Abuja. This is __ type of sentence
a) Simple Sentence
b) Compound sentence
c) Complex sentence

d) Compound complex sentence

5. I knew that James was ill, but I didn't know he suffered from smallpox. What type of sentence is this
a) Simple Sentence
b) Compound sentence
c) Complex sentence
d) Compound complex sentence
6. I will buy you a car, if you pass your exam. This is what type of sentence
a) Simple Sentence
b) Compound sentence
c) Complex sentence
d) Compound complex sentence
7. The boy came in and she shut the door. What type of sentence is this
a) Simple Sentence
b) Compound sentence
c) Complex sentence
d) Compound complex sentence
8. A compound sentence is made up of two simple sentence is joined by ___
a) Coordinating conjunction
b) Determiner
c) Post quantifier
d) Subordinate conjunction
9. Which of these is not a sentence type according to function
a) Declarative sentence
b) Interrogative sentence
c) Expository sentence
d) Imperative sentence
10. __ is used to issue out command
a) Declarative sentence

b) Interrogative sentence
c) Expository sentence
d) Imperative sentence
11. Interrogative sentence is written in ___
a) Assertive form
b) Inverted order
c) Syntactic category
d) Complex sentence
12. ___ type of sentence states a fact or makes an assertion
a) Declarative sentence
b) Interrogative sentence
c) Expository sentence
d) Imperative sentence
13. ___ suggest that the speaker is irritated
a) Negative imperative
b) Mild imperative
c) Single word imperative
d) Forceful imperative
14. An incomplete sentence is called __
a) Phrase
b) Sentence fragment
c) Clause
d) Determiners
15. ___ emphasizes what should not be done
a) Negative imperative
b) Mild imperative
c) Single word imperative
d) Forceful imperative
16. You made it! This is __ type of sentence

a) Declarative sentence
b) Interrogative sentence
c) Exclamatory sentence
d) Imperative sentence
17. Complex sentences are joined with a ___
a) Coordinating conjunction
b) Determiner
c) Post quantifier
d) Subordinate conjunction
18. Shut the door! What type of imperative is this
a) Negative imperative
b) Mild imperative
c) Single word imperative
d) Forceful imperative
19. ___ imperatives have the implied subject ‘you’
a) Negative imperative
b) Mild imperative
c) Single word imperative
d) Forceful imperative
20. Although it started to rain, we still made it to the revival. This is what type of fragment
a) Dependent word fragment
b) ING fragment
c) Single word fragment
d) Group of words without finite verbs
Answers;1a 2b 3d 4a 5d 6c 7b 8a 9c 10d 11b 12a 13d 14b 15a 16c 17d 18c 19c 20a

Chapter 3; common errors in the use of English

 Language is a crucial tool or medium of communication. Language is species specific.
 The problem of multiplicity of languages in Nigeria has led to what has come to be known as Nigerian
English. This expression is referred to by Fodeh Baldeh as a misnomer.
 Common errors in the use of English language is the violation of the form, nature and rules of English
language.
 Factors that necessitate errors in our use of English language are; mother tongue interference,
problem of orthography and problem of borrowed words.
 An example of mother tongue interference is when an Igbo speaker says “ I am not hearing you”
instead of the correct version which is “ I can't hear you”. Another example is saying “ I can hear the
aroma of the food” instead of the correct version which is “ I can perceive the aroma of the food”
 Sound structure or system is what is known as orthography.
 In English, there are certain irregularities between spelling of words and its pronunciation. Some of
these words that have this issue include; pneumonia, psychosis, phlegm, asthma, psychology,
psychiatry, rendezvous, mortgage, rhetoric, gonorrhea, psalm, Colossus, etc.
 Often times students must represent words like; begining instead of beginning, oweing instead owing,
on that faithful day instead of on that fateful day, and so many of them. ( See textbook for more) all
these are included in the problem of orthography.
 Some borrowed words that form problems in English are; restaurant, encyclopedia, bibliophile,
apartheid, Déjà vu, rendezvous, bouquet, debris, adieu, etc.
 These common errors in English language manifest in these areas of our daily speech

activities; misuse of Concord, redundant expressions, confusable pairs, prepositional error, and
punctuation displacement.
 Concord is the relationship between the subject and verb of our sentences. In this relationship gender
and number are critically considered. Gender could be masculine, feminine or neuter while number is
either singular or plural. The major problem encountered in the misuse of Concord is wrong choice of
verb or tense of a verb.
 Examples; a) If one studies hard , he will pass (wrong) if one studies hard, one will pass (correct) B) The
president together with his Aides were invited to a function (wrong) The president together with his
Aides was invited to a function. C) it is high time you eat your food (wrong) it is high time you ate your
food (correct. Note that the expression high time is followed by a Verb in past tense). D) either James
and John or I are to blame (wrong) either James and John or I am to blame (correct. In the either... or/
neither... nor expressions, the verb corresponds to the closest noun) .
 Transitive verbs do not require the presence of preposition between them and a direct object. Adding
prepositions in this sense make the expression redundant. Examples; a) enter into the house
immediately ( the underlined preposition is not necessary since the word enter means going into). B) tell
me what you are discussing about (every discussion is about something so the preposition about makes
this statement redundant). C) I've always emphasized on the need for change. D) I want to solicit for
your assistance . E) the class comprises of education and social science students. ( The prepositions
underlined in the expressions above are to be removed to get the correct form of each expression) the
correct expressions are; Enter the house immediately. B) tell me what you are discussing. C) I’ve always
emphasized the need for change. D) I want to solicit your assistance. E) the class comprises education
and social science students.
 Confusable pairs that form errors in English language; school/ attend, lose/loose, remind/remember,
between/among, principle/principal, stationary/stationery, borrow/lend, fate/faith.
 Examples of errors that occur in the use of confusable pairs; He schooled at boys college (wrong. This
is because school as a verb means to train or to teach the correct verb is attended). B) Emeka, Peter and
John shared the oranges between themselves (wrong. This is because between is used when distribution
involves two persons or items. When it involves three or more people or items among is used). C) I don't
hear French (wrong. This is because not hearing simply means a person is deaf. The right verb to use is
understand). The correct expressions are therefore; a) he attended boys college. B) Emeka, Peter and
John shared the oranges among themselves. C) I don't understand French. (See the textbook for
examples of other confusable pairs).
 Some examples of prepositional errors are; a) Jane prefers rice more than beans (wrong) Jane prefers
rice to beans (correct). B) what goes around comes around (wrong) what goes round comes around
(correct). C) Emeka went to burial (wrong) Emeka went for burial (correct). D) John will travel with his
car (wrong) John will travel in his car (correct).

 Punctuation marks determine how written expressions are to the read.

 Examples of punctuation displacements; a) slow machine at work. (wrong) slow, machine at work
(correct). B) what a day? (wrong) what a day!(correct. This is an emotional expression and not a
question). C) thank God its Friday (wrong) thank God it's Friday (correct. Its indicates possession while
it’s is a contraction of “it is”)
 See chapter 3 of the textbook for more examples of common general errors in the use of English.
Questions:
1. Nigerian English has been brought about by the __
a) Defects in education system
b) Government corruption
c) Multiplicity of languages
d) Neocolonialism
2. Who referred to Nigerian English as a misnomer
a) William Wordsworth
b) John Keats
c) Fodeh Baldeh
d) Lord Tennyson
3. These factors necessary errors in the use of English except
a) Multiplicity of languages
b) Problem of orthography
c) Mother tongue interference
d) Problem of borrowed words
4. “I am not hearing you” the error here is caused by
a) Multiplicity of languages
b) Problem of orthography
c) Mother tongue interference

d) Problem of borrowed words

5. They entered into a convenant . The error here is necessitated by
a) Multiplicity of languages
b) Problem of orthography
c) Mother tongue interference
d) Problem of borrowed words
6. Sound system or structure is also known as
a) b) c) d)
7. _&_ is a) b) c) d)
Syntax Morphology Orthography Phonology
critically considered in the use of Concord Syntax and semantics
Subject and verb
Phrases and clauses
Gender and number
8. Which is the correct expression
a) If one studies hard, he will pass
b) If one studies hard, one will pass
c) If one studies hard, they will pass
d) If one studies is hard, each will pass
9. Which is the correct statement
a) Either James and John or I is to blame
b) Either James and John or I are to blame
c) Either James and John or I were to blame
d) Either James and John or I am to blame
10. Choose the correct expression
a) Tell me what are you discussing about
b) Tell me what you are discussing about

c) Tell me what are you discussing

d) Tell me what you are discussing 11. Which is the correct expression
a) Jane prefers rice than beans
b) Jane prefers rice to beans
c) Jane prefers rice over beans
d) Jane prefers rice more than beans
12. Which of these statements is wrongly punctuated
a) Oh my god, what a day.
b) Please, may I sit with you.
c) What is your name?
d) Slow, machine at work.
Answers;1c 2c 3a 4c 5b 6c 7d 8b 9d 10c 11b 12a.
Chapter 4; Passivization
 Passivization involves the process of changing a sentence from the active to the passive

form or voice.
 Voice is a term that is used to describe if a verb is active or passive. A verb is in the active voice when
the subject performs the action of the sentence. This subject or performer of the action in the sentence
occupies the initial position. Example; the policeman caught the thief.
 A verb in the passive voice when the subject receives the action in that sentence. This means that the
action is done to the subject. Example; the thief was caught by the police man.
 Points to note in Passivization involve; a) only transitive verbs can be passivized. Transitive verbs are
verbs that can take an object.
 B) in the presence of two objects in a sentence, the indirect object becomes the subject of the passive
voice. Example; The girls give Bassey a flower (active) - A flower was given to Bassey by the girls
(passive).
 Indefinite subjects do not occur in the passive voice. Some of them are; something, someone,
somebody, nobody, etc. Example; someone broke the vase (active) – The vase was broken (passive).
 If the subject of the active voice is in plural form it maintains its plurality in the passive form. Example;
the boys kicked the ball (active)- the ball was kicked by the boys
( passive).
 Imperative sentences are converted to the passive voice without the by + noun. Example; shut the
door (active) – Have the door shut (passive).
 Rules involved in converting from active to passive voice are; 1. The object of the verb in the active
sentence becomes the subject in the passive. 2. The subject in the active form becomes the object
preceded by the preposition “by”. 3. The main verb is converted to past participle preceded by the right
auxiliary verb (to be) in the passive. 4. In conversion of imperative sentences, the word “let” is placed at
the beginning of the passive form. Example; shut the door (active)- let the door be shut (passive). 5. If an
active sentence begins with please, the passive form begins with “you are requested”. Example; Please
go home (active)- you are requested to go home (passive).
 The passive form is constructed without by + noun when; a) the performer of the action is unknown.
Example; The parcel was delivered to her. B) The performer of the action does not want to assume
responsibility. Example; you have been relieved of your duty. C) the performer of the action is not
relevant. Example; that will be fully discussed later. D) the object is more crucial than the subject.
Example; the salary has been paid.
 Some conversions in interrogative sentences are as follows; (active voice – passive voice)
 Does she cook the food? -- is the food cooked by her?. Is Emeka playing cricket?-- is cricket played by
Emeka?. Did John play cricket-- Was cricket played by John?. Was she

cooking the food? -- Was the food cooked by her?. Has she cooked the food? -- has the food been
cooked by her?. Can she cook the food? – can the food be cooked by her?. Why did she punished you?--
why we are you punished by her?.
Questions:
1. __ is a term that is used to describe if a verb is active or passive
a) Voice
b) Form
c) Construction d) Tone
2. The thief was caught by the police man. This sentence is in __ form
a) b) c) d)
3. __ type a)
b) c) d)
Active
Passive
None of the above
Both active and passive
of verbs can be passivized Static verbs
Finite verbs
Copular verbs
Transitive verbs
4. When there are two objects of an active sentence, which of them takes the place of the subject in the
passive form
a) Direct object
b) Indirect object
c) Object complement
d) Object of the preposition
Choose the correct passive form of these sentences below 5. Someone broke the vase

a) The vase has been broken

b) The vase was broken
c) The vase has been broken by someone
d) The vase was broken by someone
6. The girls gave him a flower
a) He received the flower from the girls
b) He has been given a flower
c) A flower has been given to him by the girls
d) He was given a flower by girls
7. Shut the door
a) The door has been shut
b) Have the door shut
c) The door was been shut
d) The door is to be shut
Answers; 1a 2b 3d 4b 5b 6d 7b.
Chapter 5 : paragraph writing
 A paragraph is a group of sentences or single sometimes that forms a meaningful unit. It always begins
on a new line. It is also a collection of sentences that relate to one main idea or topic.
 Paragraph and helps to break up large chunks of text making the content easier for readers to digest.

 Contents of a paragraph include; topic sentence, supporting details, concluding sentence.

 The topic sentence is the first sentence in the paragraph. It usually comes at the
beginning of a paragraph or at the end.
 Supporting details come after the topic sentence making the body of a paragraph. They give details to
develop and support the main idea of the paragraph.
 The concluding sentence is the last sentence in the paragraph that restates the main idea of the
paragraph.
 The four correct steps to writing a good paragraph include; the prewriting stage, the publishing stage,
the writing stage and the editing stage.
 At the prewriting stage, you think carefully and organize your ideas for your paragraph before writing.
The six steps in writing include; brainstorming, drafting of possible answers, collection of related facts,
writing down ideas, location of the main idea and organisation of facts.
 The writing stages when you turn your ideas into sentences.
 The editing or proofreading stage is when you take your paragraphs for mistakes and
correct them.
 The publishing stage when you produce the final copy of a paragraph to hand in.
 The five main qualities of an effective paragraph are; topic sentence, unity, coherence, variety and
adequate development.
 Unity refers to the extent to which all the ideas in a paragraph harmoniously relate in a way that it is
easy for the reader to understand. An effective device for ensuring unity is the topic sentence.
 Where is the state whereby the thought contained in one sentence correctly relates to the thought in
the following sentence. Coherence can be achieved by the use of certain devices including transitional
words and phrases, pronoun reference, repeated key terms of parallelism. Coherence primarily rests on
the clear logical progression of thought from one sentence to the next.
 Words are said to be parallel if they echo each other in length and structure.
 Transitions are words or phrases that specify relationship between sentences and
between paragraphs.
 An effective topic sentence typically contains only one main idea.
 Some methods for the development of one's paragraphs are; use of examples and illustrations, Citing
of data, definition of terms, examination of the effects and consequences, analysis of the topic and
chronological presentation of events.
 Adding sentence variety to prose can give it life and rhythm.

Questions:
1. __ is a group of sentences or single sometimes that forms a meaningful unit
a) Clause
b) Paragraph c) Phrase
d) Sentence
2. Which of these is not a component of paragraph
a) Introductory sentence
b) Topic sentence
c) Supporting details
d) Concluding sentence
3. ___ introduces the main idea
a) Introductory sentence
b) Topic sentence
c) Supporting details
d) Concluding sentence
4. The steps to writing a good paragraph include these except
a) The prewriting stage
b) The publishing stage
c) The organising stage
d) The writing stage
5. At which stage of paragraph writing does the writer carefully organise his ideas
a) The prewriting stage
b) The publishing stage
c) The organising stage
d) The writing stage
6. The stage of thinking what to write is

a) Drafting
b) Brainstorming c) Research
d) Organising
7. __ involves writing down your own ideas quickly without worrying about being perfect or staying on
topic.
a) Drafting b) Prosetry c) Research d) Crafting
8. Effective paragraphs have five main characteristics. Which of these not among them
a) Unity
b) Adequate development
c) Punctuation
d) Topic sentence
9. ___ refers to the extent to which all ideas contained within a given paragraph harmoniously relate
a) Unity
b) Adequate development
c) Punctuation
d) Topic sentence
10. In paragraph writing, coherence rests on__
a) Unity
b) Adequate development
c) Logical progression
d) Variety
11. An effective device for ensuring unity in a paragraph is a) Variety
b) Adequate development

c) Coherence
d) Topic sentence
12. Words that specify relationship between sentences and between paragraphs are called
a) Linking verbs
b) Verbal bridges
c) Subordinators
d) Transitional words
13. Adding sentence variety to ___ can give it to life and rhythm
a) Sentence
b) Prose
c) Poetry
d) Paragraph
Answers;1b 2a 3b 4c 5a 6b 7a 8c 9a 10c 11d 12d 13b.
Chapter 6: essay writing
 The origin of the word essay could be traced to the Latin verb “exigere” which means to examine, test
or drive out .
 An is there is a short piece of writing that discusses, describe or analyses one topic. An

essay writer is referred to as an essayist. Every good essay must be marked by clarity, unity and
coherence. A good essayist should have adequate knowledge of paragraph development.
 The three parts of an essay are; introduction, main body and conclusion. Introduction gives the reader
an idea of what the essay is all about. The introduction should lead the reader into the writers thesis
statement. The basic statement presents the writers point of view.
 The main body of the essay persuades the reader to accept the writers point of view. It is the longest
part of the essay and usually consists of several well-developed paragraphs.
 The writing of the body of essay, three aspects of logical ordering of ideas can be followed. They are;
chronological order ( this is the ordering of ideas according to time. Mostly used for narrative essay),
Spatial order ( this is used for describing locations), emphatic order (here the least important idea is
presented before the most important one).
 The conclusion summarises the writer's perspective on the subject discussed. It aims at bringing the
essay to a logical conclusion, summarizing all arguments presented by the writer, emphasizing the
central idea and tying up loose ends of the paragraph.
 Types of essay include; narrative essay, descriptive essay, argumentative essay and expository essay.
 A narrative essay is a piece of writing that tells an imaginative or true story. In this essay the writer
present his ideas in a chronological manner. It has three parts namely; beginning, climax and an end.
The writer can narrate a story from either the first person or third person point of view. Example of
topics for narrative essays are; my experience in the jungle, the day I bought my first car, how I spent My
long vacation, etc.
 A narrative essay is conversational in style. Some guidelines for writing a narrative essay include; the
essay should include all parts of a story if it is written as a story, the essay should have a purpose, the
essay must be written in clear and concise language, the essay must use a suitable narrative technique. (
The first person narrative technique is usually advocated).
 The descriptive essay is a genre of essay in which a person is required to describe something. This is
the present a pen picture of a subject in the mind of the reader and also appeals to the reader’s five
senses. The writer describes through the use of colorful words and sensory details.
 The two kinds of description include; objective or factual description and subjective or impressionistic
description. Objective description is an essay that is not influenced by the writer’s feelings, attitude or
impressions. This is suitable for scientific papers, police reports, physical geography and giving
directions. The impressionistic description does not provide facts and figures. It is based on the writer’s
feelings and attitudes.

 Some guidelines for writing a descriptive essay are; brainstorm, use clear and vivid language, appeal
to the senses of the reader, leave the reader with a clear impression and be organised. Some examples
of descriptive essay topics are; a football match, my father's house, a place I would like to visit again,
etc.
 An argumentative essay is a type of essay in which the writer attempts to prove the validity of his
point of view. This is a required you to be logical in your reasoning. Logicality is the watchword of this
essay.
 The two types of argumentative essay are; Pure argument and persuasion. In pure arguments, the
writer appeared to the reasoning of the audience through logic, verifiable and authentic facts and
evidence. In persuasive writing, the writer excite the emotions of the audience.
 Qualities of an argumentative essay include; clear statement, the arguments must be supported with
solid evidence, good use of transition words, it must take cognizance of the audience, it must contain
well researched points, it should be free from irrelevant repetition of points, it must end with a strong
conclusion, the paragraphs must be well developed.
 Example of argumentative essay topics are; doctors are more important than teachers, education is
better than wealth, girl child is better than boy child, etc.
 The expository essay is the type of essay written to make a certain idea known to the public. This essay
explains a process or how something is done. Its primary function is not convinced or to persuade the
audience but explain something to the audience.
 Characteristics of an expository essay include; the purpose is to inform or explain, it describes
important facts, the expository essayist is a teacher, it presents exhaustive information on a topic, It is
written in the third person ( it, he, she, they).
 Some examples of expository essays include; how to make a wedding cake, the practice of democracy
in Nigeria, the process of soap making, etc.
 The five stages of essay writing are; prewriting, actual writing or drafting, revising, editing and
publishing.
 The steps involved in the Pre-writing stage include; choosing a topic, limiting the topic, developing the
thesis statement, generating ideas, arranging the ideas and drawing up an outline.
 The criteria to be considered by a writer in choosing a topic are; careful reading, knowledge of the
topic, interest, time and space.
 Limiting the topic is a social institution the what general topics are given. Example of some general
topics that should be restricted or limited include; indiscipline, accidents, politics, religion, corruption,
the police.
 The hallmark of a well-organized essay is a thesis- support structure. Qualities of an

effective thesis statement include; it most clearly suggest an essay’s direction, emphasis and scope, it
must be generated from the restricted topic, it is neither too broad nor too narrow, it usually argues a
point of view, It is concise, it should possess one central idea, it is not argumentative but clearly states a
fact, it must be a complete statement.
 Example; Accidents (general topic). Causes of road accidents in Anambra State (limited or restricted
topic). There are many causes of road accidents in Anambra State ( thesis statement).
 Essay ideas are generated from two main sources; private and secondary. Ideas that are gotten from
the writer's personal experiences are from private source why idea is gotten from books and other
literature are generated from secondary source.
 The best time to think about how to organize your paper is during the prewriting stage.
 An essay outline provides the skeleton on which the writing can be built. Without an outline an essay
runs the risk of going off in different directions. The two types of outline are; topic outline and sentence
outline. Topic outline ideas are presented using single words while the sentence outline is written in
sentences.
 The revising stage of essay writing entails that you may need to structure your essay in a way that will
make the argument more logical.
 During editing stage, areas to be considered include; grammar, sentence, structure, word choice,
punctuation, capitalization, spelling, citation and documentation format.
 The Publishing stage is the last stage of the essay writing.
Questions:
1. ___ is a short piece of writing that discusses, describe the analyses one topic
a) Essay
b) Prose
c) Speech writing
d) Novel
2. Every good essay must be marked by these except
a) Clarity
b) Unity
c) Variety

d) Coherence
3. A good essayist should have adequate knowledge of
a) Topic sentence
b) Sentence construction
c) Punctuation marks
d) Paragraph development
4. ___ gives the reader idea of what the essay is all about
a) Prologue
b) Introduction
c) Subject matter
d) Thesis statement
5. An introduction of an essay leads the reader to
a) Main body
b) Subject matter
c) Thesis statement
d) Narrative
6. ___ purports the writer’s point of view
a) Main body
b) Subject matter
c) Thesis statement
d) Narrative
7. The logical order of ideas include these except
a) Chronological order
b) Spatial order
c) Emphatic order
d) Coherent order
8. In which logical ordering of ideas is the least important idea presented before the most important one
a) Chronological order

b) Spatial order
c) Emphatic order
d) Coherent order
9. In a narrative essay the writer present his ideas in __ order
a) Chronological order
b) Spatial order
c) Emphatic order
d) Coherent order
10. The narrative essay is ___ in style
a) Conversational
b) Expressive
c) Story telling
d) Figurative
11. The descriptive essay presents a __ of a subject in the mind of the reader
a) Distinct image
b) Clear idea
c) Impression
d) Pen picture
12. ___ type of essay is not influenced by writer’s feelings, prejudices, attitudes or impressions.
a) Objective description
b) Subjective description
c) Perceptual description
d) Logical description
13. ___ type of essay lacks authenticity of facts and figures
a) Objective description
b) Subjective description
c) Perceptual description
d) Logical description

14. Which of these is an example of a descriptive essay topic

a) An accident I witnessed
b) A memorable day in my life
c) The election day in my town
d) A football match
15. Which of these is an example of a narrative essay topic
a) My experience in the jungle
b) A place I would like to visit again
c) My English lecturer
d) The person I admire very much
16. In argumentative essay__ is the watchword
a) Persuasion b) Logicality c) Coercion d) Validity
17. In what kind of argument does the writer appeal to the reasoning of the audience through logic
a) Deduction
b) Pure argument
c) Persuasive writing
d) Inductive reasoning
18. In what kind of argument does the writer excite the emotions of his audience
a) Deduction
b) Pure argument
c) Persuasive writing
d) Inductive reasoning
19. The primary function of an expository essay is not to convince or persuade the reader but to __
a) Describe something

b) Narrate something
c) Expose something
d) Explain something
20. Which of these is not a step involved in pre writing stage of an essay
a) Choosing a topic
b) Generating ideas
c) Essay restructuring
d) Developing the thesis statement
21. Criteria to be considered for topic selection in essay writing include these except
a) Careful Reading
b) Knowledge of the topic
c) Interest
d) Type of essay
22. The hallmark of a well-organised essay is a ___
a) Thesis support structure
b) Adequate paragraphing
c) A good topic
d) Logical coherence
23. The best time to think about how to organise your paper is during the__
a) The prewriting stage
b) The publishing stage
c) The organising stage
d) The writing stage
24. The last stage of essay writing is
a) The prewriting stage
b) The publishing stage
c) The editing stage
d) The writing stage

Answers;1a 2c 3d 4b 5c 6c 7d 8c 9a 10a 11d 12a 13b 14d 15a 16b 17b 18c 19d 20c 21d 22a 23a 24b.
Chapter 7: business correspondence
 A business refers to a role or a particular field of endeavor.
 Correspondence refers to communication by letters or emails exchanged.
 Business correspondence are those forms of written communication for official, transactional,
business, or specific purposes.
 When letters are exchanged within an institution it is called internal correspondence while when
letters are exchanged with an external person or another institution it is called external correspondence.
 Forms of business correspondence include; business letters, memorandum, curriculum vitae, minutes,
circular, etc.
 Business letters are letters written and exchanged between different sectors of a company, a company
and an individual, a company and another company.
 Parts of formal business letters include; letterhead, the writer’s and recipient’s address,

salutation and complimentary close, the title of the letter or subject heading, the body of the letter, the
writer’s identity, carbon copies and enclosure.
 Features of the letterhead include; name of organisation, the logo, postal address, telephone number/
email/ website, name of the director (optional), reference number and date.
 The business letter has two reference numbers, your reference and our reference.
 The writers address can be presented in block or book form. If the address is written with punctuation
marks the style is close style. Is punctuation is avoided the style is open style.
 Salutation comes after the recipient address. The title of the letter serves the purpose of giving in a
nutshell what the letter is all about. It is mandatory to entitle and informal letter.
 The first paragraph of a business letter is introductory in function, it makes reference to previous
correspondence or re-affirms the purpose of the letter. The paragraphs of the body of a business letter
are divided into three; introductory or opening, middle and closing paragraphs.
 The opening paragraph establishes the purpose, the middle paragraph provides detailed information
about the subject matter, the closing paragraph states the action required of the receiver and the
rounds of the letter by summing up the main idea..
 The writer’s identity is divided into three; the signature, name and job title. Example; Yours faithfully
(Signature)
Paul Ughammadu Branch Manager
 The abbreviation of the term carbon copies is CC. It is used to indicate that the same letter has been
produced and sent to persons occupying certain offices. Example;
CC: Director of General Studies Coordinator of Use of English 1&2
 Documents that are attached to the letter are listed after the writer’s identity under the abbreviation
enc which means enclosure.
 Memoranda are internal business correspondence used in disseminating information within
institutions, organisations and companies. A memo is written on a specially designed paper which bears
the name of the company and the section or department from where it is sent.

 Parts of a memorandum; specially designed paper, body, signature and designation, distribution list,
and carbon copies (optional). See textbook for example of a memorandum.
 Curriculum vitae is a short account of one’s career and qualifications prepared typically by an applicant
for a job. It is a Latin term meaning “the course of one’s life”. An alternative term to CV is resume. The
resume is more restrictive than CV.
 Key aspects of a curriculum vitae include; personal data, objectives, educational qualification, work
experience, extra curricular activities, skills and referees.
 Personal data encapsulates the person's name, date of birth, gender, nationality, address, marital
status, email, phone number and other related informations.
 In the objectives section the applicant states the position he or she seeks to obtain. It is optional.
 Extra curricular activities refers to hobbies of the applicant. This section is the shortest segment of the
CV.
 Referees or references persons in position to make reliable statement about the applicant character,
background, skills and academics assuring that the applicant will live up to expectation. References
might include; the applicant’s former lecturer, HOD, counselor, former employer.
Questions:
1. __ refers to communication by letters or emails exchanged
a) Business communication
b) Public relation
c) Circular
d) Correspondence
2. All are forms of business correspondence except
a) Business letter
b) Memorandum
c) Financial statement
d) Curriculum vitae
3. Which of these is not a part of a business letter
a) Name of the organisation

b) Distribution list
c) Postal address
d) Reference number
4. A letter writing, when the writer’s address is punctuated, it is referred to as ___ style
a) Close style
b) Open style
c) Indented style
d) Block style
5. Salutation in business letters comes after __
a) Writer’s address
b) Recipient’s address
c) Heading
d) Date
6. ___ serves the purpose of the given in a nutshell what the letter is all about
a) Subject matter
b) First paragraph
c) Letterhead
d) Title
7. The first paragraph of a letter is ___ in function a) Supporting
b) Leading
c) Introductory d) Expository
8. ___ paragraph states the action required of the receiver a) First paragraph
b) Second paragraph
c) Concluding paragraph d) Middle paragraph
9. ___ is used to indicate that the same letter has been produced and made available for

persons occupying several offices

a) Letter heading
b) Postal address
c) Enclosure
d) Carbon copies
10. Where are extra documents attached to a letter written down
a) Letter heading
b) Concluding paragraph
c) Enclosure
d) Carbon copies
11. Memorandum is __ type of business correspondence
a) Internal correspondence
b) External correspondence
c) Informal correspondence
d) None of the above
12. Curriculum vitae is the Latin term meaning
a) Business information
b) Circle of life
c) Course of one's life
d) Personal statement
13. An alternative term for the curriculum vitae is
a) Memorandum
b) Resume
c) Business data
d) Circular
14. At which section of the CV does a candidate need to state job or position he or she seeks to obtain
a) Publication
b) Personal data

c) Working experience
d) Objectives
15. The shortest segments of the CV is ___
a) Additional skills
b) Extra curricular activities
c) Working experience
d) Objectives
16. A person in a position to make reliable statements about a job candidate’s character, background
and skills is called ____
a) Guarantor
b) Referees
c) Beneficiaries
d) Job witness
Answers;1d 2c 3b 4a 5b 6b 7c 8c 9d 10c 11a 12c 13b 14d 15b 16b.

Chapter 8; note taking and summary

 Note-taking requires the student’s ardent attention of maximum concentration in class for effective
understanding. To make a comprehensive note one has to be a good listener. Listening is a basic
language skill that forms the foundation of other language skills.
 After listening to a teacher or reading a topic student should be able to make a critical assessment.
 In every learning activity there is both primary and secondary information. Primary information
involves the crucial information necessary for the students knowledge of the subject while secondary
information include other things the lecturer may have said in the course of the class.
 The purposes of note taking are for examination,, research and lectures.
 Guides a reader must adopt in note taking for examination include; read a course thoroughly, note and
write down the main points, number the points for easier identification, note the relevant examples or
illustrations.
 Research involves a rigorous and exhaustive academic enquiry. Rules to be considered for effective
note-taking during research include; establishing a purpose, making original notes, completeness, and
relevance.
 The purpose of our study largely determines the effectiveness of our note taking. This enables the
reader to have a significant focus. Making original notes involves writing down ideas sourced from a
material in one’s own words. Completeness involves writing in full rather than use of abbreviations and
shortening of sentences.
 Note taking during lectures mainly concerns students. Attentive listening enables students know when
new ideas are introduced and how the lecturer exhausts those points.
 Guidelines for note taking during lectures; the students must be an active listener, the students must
meditate on the lecturer’s , the student should be open-minded, ensure to sit as close as possible, avoid
the idea of writing everything, notice when the lecturer introduces new ideas, I’m sure to write course
titles and codes, make your notes legible, leave spaces when you don’t get what a lecturer says, use
standard and personal abbreviations to avoid lagging behind, and ask crucial questions.
 Advantages of note taking; ensures maximum concentration, provides for revision resources, it is a
record of useful information, serves as a guide or course outline, creates room for long-term retention
of information, enforces cogitative and critical thinking in the students, enhances students cognitive and
intellectual growth.




Summary is the process of shortening a piece of work or passage into smaller version yet retaining the
writer’s main point in content. Summary involves precision and concision in writing. Precision means
retaining the writer’s original ideas while concision means drastically reducing the passage.
The two major forms of summary writing include; traditional summary and modern summary. In
traditional summary a passage is reduced to a significant length, while in modern summary a specific
number of sentences is required of the students to reduce the passage. The modern summary is also
known as the guided or directed summary. This type of summary is currently used in WAEC and NECO.
The qualities of summary include; brevity, relevance, clarity and courage. Brevity is the ability of a
summary to be brief. Courage involves strict adherence to the expected scope prescribed for a student
to cover.
Questions:
1. To make a good and comprehensive note one has to be
a) A good listener
b) A fast writer
c) An effective thinker
d) A well-rounded student
2. After listening to a teacher a student should be able to make ___
a) Research
b) New ideas
c) Critical assessment
d) Effective note
3. The purpose of note-taking does not include
a) Examination
b) Record keeping
c) Research
d) Lectures
4. ___ involves a rigorous and exhaustive academic enquiry a) Examination
b) Record keeping

c) Research
d) Lectures
5. ___ determines the effectiveness of our note taking
a) Completeness
b) Originality of our notes
c) Relevance
d) Establishing a purpose
6. Summary involves _&_ in writing
a) Unity and coherence
b) Precision and variety
c) Logicality and validity
d) Precision and concision
7. Which form of summary requires students to summarise a passage into a stipulated number of
sentences
a) Modern summary
b) Systematic summary
c) Traditional summary
d) Descriptive summary
8. Which of these is not a quality of summary a) Brevity
b) Clarity c) Unity
d) Courage
Answers; 1a 2c 3b 4c 5d 6d 7a 8c.

Chapter 9: punctuation and capitalisation

 Punctuation is the use of special signs to separate words, phrases or clauses. These signs are called
punctuation marks and are used on paper to direct the reader where to pause to modulate his tone or
to stop.
 Punctuation helps in differentiating between direct and indirect speeches. It performs a linking
function and separating function as well. It also reflects if a sentence is a question, statement,
exclamation or quotation.
 The major punctuation marks in English language are; the full stop (.), Question mark (?), The
exclamation mark (!), The comma (,), the colon (:), the Semi colon (;), the apostrophe ('), the quotation
mark (“”), the parentheses (), the ellipsis (...), the hyphen (-), the dash (_).
 The full stop is also known as period in American English. It is used to end a sentence. It depicts the
longest pause and the end of a complete sentence. The uses of a full stop include; ending a complete
statement, marking abbreviations, indicating initials, numbering.
 The question mark is used at the end of a sentence that asks a question. They are not used in reported
speeches.
 The exclamation mark is used for special emphasis. It is used at the end of an emphatic statement or a
command to portray emotions. Example; Hurray!
 Full stop, question mark and exclamation mark are the three terminal punctuations or end marks.
They are used at the end of sentences and cannot for any reason be used together. The comma, Colon
and Semi colon are the three medial punctuations that

indicate pauses.
 The most commonly and wrongly used medial punctuation mark is the comma. It indicates a brief
pause with in a sentence. The two major roles of the comma is to separate sentence elements and to
enclose parenthetic elements.
 The uses of a Colon include; it is used between two independent clauses ( eg-one thing is sure: success
is ours), it is used before a quotation, it is used to introduce a list of items, it is used to mark off a verse
from chapter of the Bible (John 3: 1)
 The semicolon Express is a heavier pause than a comma. It is used to mark off expressions that already
have a comma (eg- we are preparing vegetable soup and garri for lunch; rice, plantain and potatoes for
dinner) , these used between two sentences with a sentence connector (Jackie has not paid his fees;
therefore he won't write the examination), it is used in place of a coordinating conjunction to combine
two independent clauses (Mary is very tiny; she does not eat well.)
 The apostrophe indicates contraction (eg;it’s), it is used to mark possession (eg; Peter’s bag).
 Quotation marks are used to show exact words of a speaker in the direct speech ( eg; “ I have a
dream” the man said.), They are also used to enclose titles ( eg; “ living in Bondage” is my favourite film),
they are used to portray technical or foreign terms
( “lekwanụ mụ o”, look at me).
 The parenthesis separates extra information from the rest of the sentence. The ellipsis are three
spaced dots used to indicate some words that are omitted from a cited passage.
 The Hyphen is used to join two words or parts of words together ( eg; Ex-wife), it is used to form
compound names ( eg; Brother-in-law), it indicates periods range ( eg; from 1990 – 2001), it is used to
separate syllables in words ( eg; TEA – CHER), can be used to divide words at the end of the line.
 The dash is a little horizontal line that floats in the middle of a line of text. It acts as parentheses in
pairs to include the non-essential information, it performs a linking function, and can be used to lay
emphasis on a part of a sentence. It can also be used to disrupt the flow of a sentence or dialog
interrupting the sentence structure. (See textbook for examples)
 Some useful tips for capitalisation; every sentence must begin with a capital letter, capitalise the first
letter of some proper nouns, the first person pronoun “I” must always be capitalised. Capitalise the first
letter of God or Christ as well as pronouns referring to them.

Questions:
1. The full stop is also known as___ in American English
a) Longest pause
b) Endpoint
c) Period
d) Close dot
2. Which of this sentence is should not have a full stop
a) The door is open.
b) Come here! The teacher said.
c) Peter’s bag is big
d) He asked if I should eat.
3. Where is the question mark used wrongly
a) Where do you live ?
b) You believe her ?
c) What a day?
d) CanItakeasip?
4. ___ is used for special emphasis
a) Apostrophe
b) Semicolon
c) Exclamation mark
d) Quotation mark
5. Some
a) Abbreviations
uses of the full stop include these except
b) Marking of salutation
c) Indicating initials
d) In numbering
6. Which of these is not a terminal punctuation a) Colon

b) Full stop
c) Question mark
d) Exclamation
7. Which of these is not a medial punctuation a) Comma
b) Semicolon c) Colon
d) Exclamation
8. The most commonly used punctuation mark is
a) Comma
b) Semicolon
c) Colon
d) Exclamation
9. What is the major role of the comma
a) Introduction of items
b) Separating sentence elements
c) Joining words or parts of words together
d) Addition of emphasis
10. Which medial punctuation expresses a heavier pause than the comma a) Comma
b) Semicolon c) Colon
d) Exclamation
11. ___ separates extra information from the rest of the sentence
a) Colon
b) Semicolon
c) Parentheses
d) Quotation mark
12. ___ performs a linking function

a) Semicolon b) Dash
c) Apostrophe d) Comma
13. ___ indicates contraction
a) b) c) d)
14. __ are a) b) c) d)
Semicolon Dash Apostrophe Comma
used to show exact words of a speaker in the direct speech Colon
Semicolon
Parentheses
Quotation mark
Answers;1c 2b 3c 4c 5b 6a 7d 8a 9b 10b 11c 12b 13c 14d.
Chapter 10; literary appreciation
 Literary appreciation is a way of understanding and accessing how a work is written in

literature. It is also the application of currently accessible literary instruments for literary analysis.
 Literature can be seen as any written or printed work that gives information. As a discipline it is an
imaginative work of art that tells the reality.
 Functions of literature; it helps to understand the society, it teaches morals, it promotes literacy, it
gives pleasure and it deepens human knowledge.
 The three genres of literature are poetry, drama and prose.
 Poetry is the first genre of literature. It is an aspect of literature that expresses deep
emotional feelings and thoughts in elegant and dense language.
 The many types of poetry include; Ode, Sonnet, Ballad, Elegy, Dirge, Eulogy and epigram. Ode is a
lengthy lyrical poem used to show respect for loved ones. Sonnet is a 14 line poem written in iambic
pentameter. Ballad is a narrative verse which sounds poetic. Elegy is a poem of serious reflections or
lamentation for the Dead. Dirge is a song of lamentation and grief. Eulogy is a speech used to praise
persons in the society. Epigram is a short witty saying that usually have satirical twist.
 Characteristics of poetry include; verse, stanza, rhyme, rhythm, refrain, and tone.
 Drama is a composed story of human conflict that is told in dialogue and action. It is either performed
on stage before an audience or read. Types of drama include; tragedy, comedy, tragicomedy,
melodrama and farce.
 Tragedy is a kind of drama that has an unhappy ending. Comedy is a type of drama aimed at
entertaining and amusing the reader or audience. Tragicomedy is a combination of tragedy and comedy
with a happy ending. Melodrama is a sensational drama that appeals to people’s emotion. It is unreal
and mostly unconvincing. Farce is a type of drama that makes use of unserious characters to create
laughter.
 Elements of drama include; act, scene, tragic flaw, prompter, catharsis, soliloquy, epilogue, interlude,
flashback, prologue, conflict, and chorus.
 Act is the main unit or section of a play. Tragic flaw is the natural weakness in a tragic hero. A
prompter is a person who stays out of the scene during a dramatic performance to remind actors of
their lines. Catharsis is the purgation of powerful emotion through a work of art. Soliloquy is when a
character speaks to him or herself. An epilogue is a speech at the end of a play or final address at the
end of a dramatic performance. Interlude is a short performance between the Acts of a play that provide
comic relief to the audience especially in a serious drama.
 Flashback is a sin or action in a drama that goes back in time to show earlier happenings in the story.
Prolog is an introduction to a play which comes before the commencement of a dramatic performance.
Conflict is a clash of interests between the protagonist and antagonist in a drama. Chorus is the update
given to the audience on the development of the play’s storyline.

 Prose is an aspect of literature that uses plain language also known as the language of conversation. It
is classified into fiction and nonfiction. Fiction is divided into three types which are; Novel, Novella and
Short story.
 Elements of prose include; plot, point of view, setting, style, characterization, diction. A plot is a
sequence of events that take place within a definite period in a literary work. Plots develop in five
stages; exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution.
 The exposition introduces the characters and conflicts. The rising action develops the conflict. The
climax is the highest point of interest. The falling action shows events that come after the climax.
Resolution or denouement describes how the conflict is resolved.
 The point of view is an aspect in which a story is narrated. The two major types of point of view are;
first-person and third-person point of view. In the first person point of view, the narrator is a character
in the story and narrates using the pronoun “I”. The third person point of view involves a narrator who is
an outside observer and uses the pronoun he or she.
 There are two classifications of the third person point of view; the third person limited and the third
person omniscient point of view. The third person limited describes events as a single character would
perceive them. The third person omniscient narrate the thoughts, actions and feelings of all the
characters.
 The setting refers to the place and period in which the action of a literary work takes place. Style is the
technique a writer employs to present his or her work.
 Characterization refers to the techniques writers use in presenting and developing characters. In direct
characterization, the author states the traits of the character while in indirect characterization the
author reveals the character’s traits through his actions or words or from what are the characters say
about the character being described.
 Diction is concerned with the writer’s use of language.
 A figure of speech is the word of phrase in literature that is used to intentionally deviate from ordinary
meaning and language. Types of figures of speech include; simile, metaphor, personification,
apostrophe, alliteration, assonance, hyperbole, oxymoron, irony, pun, metonymy, synecdoche.
 Simile is the comparison of two unlike things with the use of like or as ( e.g. rose is as kind as a dove).
Metaphor is a comparison that suggests a likeness or similarity between two things. It is a direct
comparison (e.g. Presley is a chameleon). Personification occurs when human attributes or personal
nature is given to non-human (e.g. the trees kiss the ground during the wind).
 Apostrophe is an expression addressed to someone that is absent or dead. Alliteration is the linking of
two or more words that share the same first consonant (e.g. Tolu touched the toad). Assonance is the
repetition of the same vowel sound within words, phrases and sentences ( e.g. joy wants to see the
green snake close to the green Jeep).

Hyperbole uses exaggeration to create a strong emotional response ( e.g. thanks a million).
 Oxymoron is the combination of two words that are opposite in meaning (e.g. An organised chaos).
Irony is used to convey an intended meaning while using an opposite language to express a literary
meaning (e.g. the police station got robbed). Pun is a play of words that suggests two or more meanings
in a sentence (e.g. life depends upon the liver).
 Metonymy is a figure of speech where something is addressed by a thing related to it (e.g. the bench
decided that the boy is guilty). The bench means the Judge. Synecdoche is when a part of something is
used to represent the whole (e.g. all hands must be on deck) .
Questions:
1. ___ is a way of understanding nurses and how a work is written in literature
a) Literary analysis
b) Literary assessment c) Literary appreciation d) Literary evaluation
2. Literature is ___
a) A depiction of the society
b) A perception of reality
c) An imaginative work of art
d) A scientific craft
3. The first and oldest genre of literature is
a) Prose
b) Drama
c) Poetry
d) Creative art
4. An aspect of literature that expresses deep emotional feelings in elegant and dense language is

a) Prose
b) Drama
c) Poetry
d) Creative art
5. A composed story of human conflict told in dialogue and action is
a) Prose
b) Drama
c) Poetry
d) Creative art
6. ___ is
a) Tragedy
a very sensational drama that appeals to people's emotions
b) Farce
c) Tragicomedy
d) Melodrama
7. ___ type of drama that makes use of unserious characters a) Comedy
b) Farce
c) Tragicomedy d) Melodrama
8. The natural weakness of a tragic hero is a) Tragic flaw
b) Tragic catharsis c) Tragic climax d) Tragic fall
9. ___ is a person who stays out of the stage during dramatic performance to remind actors of their lines
a) Screenplay
b) Prompter
c) Script supervisor

d) Curtaineer
10. ___ is when a character speaks to him or herself
a) Monologue b) Soliloquy c) Prologue d) Epilogue
11. The short performance between the Acts of a play is known as a) Interlude
b) Interlogue c) Catharsis d) Soliloquy
12. An update on the development of the play’s story line given to the audience is known as
a) b) c) d)
13. Prose a) b) c) d)
Chorus Interlude Flashback Catharsis
uses ___ kind of language Stylish
Plain
Figurative
General language
14. Which of these is not a stage of plot
a) Falling action
b) Resolution
c) Exposition
d) Prologue
15. ___ is concerned with the language use of a writer
a) Diction
b) Figure of speech

c) Interlude
d) Chorus
16. ___ is a word in literature that is used to intentionally deviate from ordinary language and meaning
a) Diction
b) Figure of speech c) Interlude
d) Chorus
17. ___ is the comparison of two unlike things with the use of like or as a) Simile
b) Metonymy c) Metaphor d) Synecdoche
18. Presley is a chameleon. This statement is an example of a) Simile
b) Metonymy c) Metaphor d) Synecdoche
19. The trees kissed the ground during the wind. This an example of a) Apostrophe
b) Hyperbole
c) Oxymoron
d) Personification
20. Oh Henry, you should be living now to see all this. This is an example of a) Apostrophe
b) Hyperbole
c) Oxymoron
d) Personification
21. ___ is a play of words

a) Pun
b) Oxymoron c) Irony
d) Metonymy
22. ___ is when a part of something is used to represent the whole a) Simile
b) Metonymy c) Metaphor d) Synecdoche
23. Thanks a million. This statement is an example of a) Apostrophe
b) Hyperbole
c) Oxymoron
d) Personification
Answers;1c 2c 3c 4c 5b 6d 7b 8a 9b 10b 11a 12a 13b 14d 15a 16b 17a 18c 19d 20a 21a 22d 23b.

Chapter 11; the essentials of poetry

 Most people who claim to be poets are mere aspirants. Most of them scribble what is called prosetry
(a prose presented in lines). Some others could be given the title of versifiers.
 Poetry is categorised into oral and written forms. Oral poetry refers to the body of poems composed
by unknown persons song among members of the society and transferred from one generation to the
other while written poetry refers to poems that are written down in literary works.
 common literary forms of poetry are divided into lyric poetry and narrative poetry. Lyric form of
poetry is traceable to the early Greco-Roman poetry. The lyric is a short poem sung to the
accompaniment of a lyre. This poetry focuses on expressing emotions or thoughts rather than telling a
story.
 Lyric poems include; Ode, Sonnet, Elegy and Haiku. Ode is a poem that deals with deep thoughts
limitations of the poet’s address to an idea, object or a person. They are two types of Ode; public and
private Ode. While public/formal ode is dignified in style and written for public occasions, private Ode is
personal and reflective.
 Example of public Ode is; the death of Duke Wellington. Examples of private Ode is; John Keats' “ode
to a Nightingale” and Odes of Shelley and Wordsworth.
 Sonnet originated from Italy. It is a poem of 14 lines lyric, usually written in iambic pentameter. There
are three types of sonnet; Italian or Petrarchan sonnet, English or Shakespearean sonnet, and
Spenserian sonnet.
 The Italian sonnet was developed by Francesco Petrarch in the 14th century. This has two parts; the
octave with a rhyme scheme abbaabba and a sestet with the rhyme scheme cdecde. The octave
presents a problem or poses a question while the sestet resolves and answers. An example is “ On first
looking into chapman’s homer” by John Keats.
 The Shakespearean sonnet comprises of three quatrains and followed by a concluding couplet. This
form was popular with William Shakespeare.
 The Spenserian sonnet was developed by Edmund Spenser. It is divided into three quatrains and a
couplet just like Shakespearean sonnet but with a linking rhyme scheme. A group of sonnets on a
related theme is known as sonnet sequence or sonnet cycle.
 The Elegy is a poet that mourns the death of an individual or a number of people. An example is “
Elegy on a country yard church”. This poem often uses apostrophe calling out to the dead person. Elegy
and Dirge are nearly the same. The only difference is that Dirge expresses sorrow but finds no solace
whereas elegy expresses sorrow and finds some consolation.

 Haiku originated from Japan. It is the shortest type of poem and often difficult to understand. It
consists of three unrhymed lines with 5,7,5 syllables.
 A narrative poetry tells a story of a sequence of connected events in verses. Narrative poems include;
Ballad, epic, mock epic and myth. Ballad is a song like poem that tells a story. It is considered to be the
basic form of poetry. In oral form it is known as folk ballad- a story chanted in a song form with the
audience responding by singing the refrain. With the invention of printing we now have literary ballads.
An example is “ the rime of the ancient marine” by Samuel Coleridge.
 An epic is a long narrative poem Emirates the story of a hero whose exploits have great significance on
a nation or race. It is sometimes referred as saga. The two types of epic are primary epic and secondary
epic. The primary epic are developed from legends and myths to recount heroic exploits of some
warriors, kings and gods. Examples are; Beowulf, the epic of Gilgamesh, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.
Secondary epics are written by creative writers in imitation of original epic style. Examples include; “
Paradise Lost” by John Milton, Vigil’s Aeneid, Spencer’s “the fairie Queen” and Tasso’s “Jerusalem
delivered”.
 All African epics are primary. They include; Sundiata (epic of old Mali), the Ozidi saga ( epic of ijaw
people) , The Mwindo (epic of Congo) , and Emperor Shaka the great.
 Mock epic is a comic narrative poem that parodies the epic by treating a trivial subject in a lofty, grand
manner. It’s style is called mock heroic. Example is “ Rape of the lock” by Alexander Pope.
 The myth is an anonymous traditional story based on historical events which usually explains a belief,
custom or mysterious natural phenomenon. It is normally a tale or fable dealing with gods, spirits and
men used poetically to express certain truths beyond scientific realm and logical demonstration. The
most important mythology of the Western world is that of ancient Greece and Rome.
 Descriptive poetry uses language that creates images and feelings beyond other forms of poetry. It is
known for a deep descriptive storytelling. Examples include; Henry David Thoreau’s “ Smoke”, Emily
Dickinson’s “ Summer Shower”, D.H. Lawrence’s “Bat” and David Rubadiri’s “ African Thunderstorm”.
 Didactic poetry are those poems whose primary purpose is to impart knowledge. Example; “Ars
Amatoria” by Ovid, “On Nature” by Parmenides, Vergil’s “Georgics” and Lucretius’ “ De rerum natura”.
 Forms of poetry according to verse structure ( versification) ; Blank verse and Free verse. Blank verse is
a type of poetry written in a regular metre without a rhyme and is commonly found in the form of
iambic pentameter. Free verse is a type of poetry based on unrhymed lines and the lack of regular
metre.
 Iambic pentameter is the most used metrical form in English dramatic and epic poetry. It is found in
Shakespearean plays and Milton's Paradise Lost.

 Forms of oral poetry include; Dirge, praise poetry, ritual poetry, bridal chants, war poetry, ballads and
epic.
 Oral poetry is also known as folk poetry or traditional poetry. Dirge is a song of grief for the Dead.
Praise poetry is also known as panegyric. It's most characteristic feature is the evocation of outstanding
qualities of the subject ( a chief, a king, a Warlord, a god) through the use of appropriate suggestive
metaphors, symbols, images and illusions. Example; “Salute to the elephant” by A.A. Babalowa.
 Features of poetry include; stanza and verse form, theme and subject matter, plot, conflict, character.
Poetry is expressed in lines and the lines are organised in units called stanzas. Lines combine to form
stanzas. A line or verse in poetry functions as a sentence, a stanza as a paragraph, the poem as a
complete essay.
 Types of stanzaic forms are; couplet, tercet, quatrain, quintet, sestet, septet, octave, terza rima.
Couplet means two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A couplet that presents a complete thought
is called a closed couplet. Tercet is a stanza of 3 lines that ends with the same rhyme. It is used
interchangeably with triplet. Triplet refers to any monorhymed 3 line stanza.
 The most commonly used verse unit in English poetry is the quatrain. It is a four-line stanza or poem.
Quintet is a 5 line stanza. Sestet is a 6 line stanza all the last six lines of an Italian sonnet. Septet is a 7
line stanza or poem. Octave is an eight-line stanza all the first eight lines of an Italian sonnet. Terza rima
is an interlocking 3 line stanza with the rhyme scheme aba bcb cdc ded .... Example is Shelley’s Ode to
the west wind.
 The theme is the central idea or meaning of a story. It is written in a full sentence while subject matter
is written in a phrase. They are mostly the same thing.
 All the problems or mysteries of the plot unraveled in the resolution or denouement. A character is an
individual in a story, play or poem. God can be a character like in Herbert’s the pulley and Milton’s
paradise lost. A monster can be a character like in Beowulf.
 Conflict is a struggle or clash between opposing characters, forces or emotions.
 The subdivisions of long narrative poems include; stanza, canto, part, book. Stanza is the shortest of
the four divisions. The canto is a subdivision corresponding to a chapter in a book. It is a complete poem
and his equivalent with part. “The rime of the ancient mariner” by Samuel Coleridge is written in parts
while “ rape of the lock” by Alexander Pope is written in canto. Book is the largest of the four
subdivisions and is equivalent to a chapter. Example are; Milton's Paradise Lost and paradise regained.
 Other elements of poetry include; rhyme and rhythm. Rhyme is the repetition of similar sounds. The
most common type of rhyme is the end of tail rhyme. When words sound similar but do not rhyme
exactly they are called approximate rhymes. The pattern of rhymed lines in a poem is called a rhyme
scheme. Alliteration, assonance and rhyme perform the same function in poetry.

 Rhythm is the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in language. Two main principles by
which the poet imposes a sense of rhythm are meter or metrical pattern and tempo of common speech.
The study of the metrical pattern of a poem is known as prosody.
 Figures of sound include; alliteration, assonance, repetition, refrain, onomatopoeia. Repetition is the
reiterating of the word or phrase within a poem basically for emphasis and for deeper meanings. Refrain
is the reputation of one or more phrase or lines at intervals in a poem. The difference between refrain
and repetition is that refrain is musical while repetition is not.
 Onomatopoeia is the use of a word whose sound imitates or suggests its meaning.
 Figures of comparison or similarity include; simile, metaphor, personification and metonymy. Figures
of meaning include; Hyperbole, apostrophe, irony, sarcasm, paradox, euphemism, allusion. A hyperbole
is also known as overstatement.
 The three types of irony in literature are; verbal irony, situational irony and dramatic irony. Verbal
irony occurs when words are used to suggest the opposite of their usual meaning. Example is Jonathan
Swift’s “a modest proposal”. Situational irony is when an event occurs in direct contradiction to
expectations. Dramatic irony happens when the audience or the reader knows something important
that the character in a play does not know
 Sarcasm is a form of verbal irony that uses language to hurt the hearer’s feelings. Paradox is a
contradiction that is actually true. Euphemism is a way of stating offensive or unpleasant incidence in a
polite way. Allusion is a reference to a thing from literature, history, religion or any other work.
Questions:
1. ___ refers to the body of poems composed by unknown persons song among members of the society
and transferred from one generation to the other
a) Oral poetry
b) Written poetry c) Ancient poetry d) Modern poetry
2. __ is traceable to the early greco-roman poetry a) Lyric
b) Ode
c) Sonnet

d) Haiku
3. ___ originated from Italy
a) Lyric b) Ode
c) Sonnet d) Haiku
4. Lyric poetry focuses on __
a) Storytelling
b) Expressing emotion
c) Use of figurative device
d) Making of Melody
5. ___ deals with the thoughts and meditations of the poet addressed to an idea, object or a person.
a) Epic b) Elegy c) Ode d) Ballad
6. ___ is a poem of 14 lines a) Lyric
b) Ode
c) Sonnet d) Haiku
7. A poetic form that tends to mourn the death of an individual or number of people is a) Epic
b) Elegy c) Ode d) Ballad
8. A sonnet is written in ___ a) Octaves

b) Free verse
c) Didactic picture
d) Iambic pentameter
9. Which is not a type of sonnet
a) Petrarchan sonnet
b) Alexandrian sonnet
c) Shakespearean sonnet
d) Spenserian sonnet
10. The oldest form of sonnet is
a) Petrarchan sonnet
b) Alexandrian sonnet
c) Shakespearean sonnet
d) Spenserian sonnet
11. A group of sonnets on a related theme is known as
a) b) c) d)
12. Elegy a) b) c) d)
Sonnet Couplet Sonnet Octave Sonnet sequence Sonnet circle
often uses __ figure of speech Apostrophe
Metonymy
Oxymoron
Hyperbole
13. __ poetry originated from Japan
a) Lyric b) Ode
c) Sonnet d) Haiku
14. ___ is a song like poem that tells a story

a) Epic b) Elegy c) Ode d) Ballad

15. The shortest type of poem is a) Epic
b) Ode
c) Haiku d) Didactic
16. __ is a long narrative that they relate to the great deeds of a larger-than-life hero a) Epic
b) Ballad c) Haiku d) Didactic
17. ___ is an anonymous traditional story that usually explains a belief, custom or mysterious
phenomenon
a) Didactic b) Saga
c) Dirge
d) Myth
18. Epic is sometimes referred to as a) Didactic
b) Saga c) Dirge d) Myth
19. ___ is a song of lamentation chanted during or after the burial of a loved one a) Didactic
b) Saga c) Dirge

d) Myth
20. The most important myths of the ancient world are that of ___
a) Babylon b) Egypt c) Greece d) Persia
21. Which of these is not an example of a primary epic
a) Epic of Gilgamesh
b) Beowulf
c) Paradise Lost
d) Iliad
22. Which of these is not an example of a secondary epic
a) Vigil’s Aeneid
b) Jerusalem delivered
c) The fairy Queen
d) Homer’s Odyssey
23. __ poetry has the primary purpose of imparting knowledge a) Didactic
b) Saga c) Dirge d) Myth
24. ___ is simply a form of poetry based on unrhymed lines and lack of regular meter a) Blank verse
b) Free verse
c) Indented verse d) Iambic verse
25. The most important metrical form used in English dramatic and epic poetry is
a) Blank verse
b) Free verse
 c) Indented verse
d) Iambic verse
26. Praise poetry is also known as
a) Epic
b) Ballad
c) Eulogy
d) Panegyric
27. Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme is known as a) Pentameter
b) Couplet c) Tercet d) Doublet
28. The most common verse unit in English poetry is
a) Terza Rima
b) Octave
c) Quatrain
d) Couplet
29. __ is an interlocking 3 line stanza form
a) Triplet
b) Terza Rima
c) Tercet
d) Triad
30. ___ refers to an eighth-line stanza a) Pentameter
b) Octave c) Quatrain d) Couplet
31. ___ is the central idea or meaning of a story a) Subject matter

b) Theme
c) Plot
d) Topic sentence
32. ___ is the underlying structure of a story a) Subject matter
b) Theme
c) Plot
d) Topic sentence
33. ___ is the process or technique by which the writer reveals the personality of a character a)
Characterization
b) Casting
c) Prompting d) Denouement
34. The most exciting part of a plot is
a) Rising action
b) Climax
c) Denouement
d) Falling action
35. All the problems or mysteries of the plot unraveled in __
a) Rising action
b) Climax
c) Denouement
d) Falling action
36. God is a character in which of these poems
a) Beowulf
b) Odyssey
c) The pulley
d) Jerusalem delivered
37. Which of these is not a sub division of long poems

a) Canto b) Book c) Stanza d) Lines

38. ___ is a subdivision in a long poem corresponding to a chapter in a book a) Canto
b) Book c) Stanza d) Lines
39. Book is typical of__ poems a) Epic
b) Ballad
c) Eulogy
d) Panegyric
40. The shortest subdivision of long poems is a) Part
b) Lines
c) Stanzas d) Book
41. Canto is equivalent to __ subdivision of long poems a) Part
b) Lines
c) Stanzas d) Book
42. The most common type of rhyme is
a) Syllabic rhyme
b) End of tail rhyme
c) Perfect rhyme
d) Approximate rhyme

43. When words sound similar but do not rhyme exactly they are called a) Syllabic rhymes
b) End of tail rhymes
c) Perfect rhymes
d) Approximate rhymes
44. ___ is a reiterating of a word or phrase within a poem a) Refrain
b) Repetition c) Alliteration d) Rhythm
45. ___ is the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in language a) Rhyme
b) Assonance c) Rhythm
d) Repetition
46. ___ is the repetition of one or more phrases or lines at intervals in a poem a) Refrain
b) Repetition c) Alliteration d) Rhythm
47. ___ is repetition of similar sounds a) Refrain
b) Repetition c) Alliteration d) Rhyme
48. One of these is not a kind of irony
a) Literary irony
b) Situational irony
c) Verbal irony

d) Dramatic irony
49. When an event occurs that directly contradicts expectations__ is said to have happened
a) Literary irony
b) Situational irony c) Verbal irony
d) Dramatic irony
50. ___ occurs when the audience or reader knows something important that a character in a play does
not know
a) Literary irony
b) Situational irony
c) Verbal irony
d) Dramatic irony
51. When
a) Literary irony
words are used to suggest the opposite of their usual meaning, __ occurs
b) Situational irony
c) Verbal irony
d) Dramatic irony
52. __ is the use of language to hurt the hearer’s feelings a) Satire
b) Sacarsm
c) Apostrophe d) Euphemism
53. The president kicked the bucket yesterday. This sentence is an example of a) Synecdoche
b) Euphemism c) Oxymoron d) Allusion
54. ___ is a reference to a statement, person, place, event or thing that is known from literature

a) Satire
b) Allusion
c) Apostrophe d) Euphemism
Answers;1a 2a 3c 4b 5c 6c 7b 8d 9b 10a 11c 12a 13d 14d 15c 16a 17d 18b 19c 20c 21c 22d 23a 24b 25a
26d 27b 28c 29b 30b 31b 32c 33a 34b 35c 36c 37d 38a 39a 40c 41a 42b 43d 44b 45c 46a 47d 48a 49b
50d 51c 52b 53b 54b.
Chapter 12; drama and literary appreciation.
 A play is a depiction of Man in action. The major categories of drama are tragedy, comedy, melodrama
and tragicomedy.
 Tragedy is a dramatic representation of serious actions which eventuate in a disastrous conclusion for
the protagonist. It is also a play in which the leading character becomes involved in conflict with an
opposing figure and by some limitations in his or her nature or through circumstances is brought to
destruction. Tragedy always points to the hero’s

downfall or death.
 Aristotle in his poetics defines tragedy as an imitation of an action that is serious. The tragic heroes'
flaw, harmatia or defects should be the outcome of a mistake or error in judgement. The tragic flaw in
Greek is called hubris meaning pride.
 Comedy is a play that fascinates and enthralls through the use of recognizable characters, clever
concepts and absurd circumstances. While tragic catharsis is accomplished through feelings of sorrow
and terror, comic catharsis is accomplished through pleasure and laughter.
 Tragicomedy is a set of events that threatens the protagonist with a catastrophic disaster but ended
happily due to an unexpected turn of events.
 The term melodrama originated from the Greek word melos which means music. In melodrama the
primary character is a villain whose evil is contrasted with the heroine’s or hero’s goodness. This makes
it simple to generate dislike for the evil and sympathy for the hero. The main goal of this drama is to
entertain.
 Six components of drama according to Aristotle are; story, character, thought, diction, spectacle and
music.
 According to Aristotle, Plot is the life and soul of tragedy. The two key elements that define an
enjoyable storyline are suspense and surprise. Suspense is an emotional pull that keeps readers wanting
to read more.
 Foreshadowing is a technique used in exposition part of the plot when the writer uses subtle
indications to get the audience ready for upcoming events. This contributes to the development of
dramatic tension, a character reveal and suspense.
 The climax is the highest point of interest or suspense and the focal points of the greatest conflict. It
occurs when the level of dramatic tension reaches its peak. In tragedy, the resolution or denouement is
often called the catastrophe.
 A dramatic character can be distinguished in four different ways; by appearance, by speech, by
characters outward actions, by what other characters say about that character. A character that
possesses a number of multi-dimensional characteristics is called a round character. A flat character is
one that lacks depth and is usually one- dimensional. A dynamic character undergoes change
throughout the story. Static characters serve as a contract by refusing to change and staying in the same
spot or mindset throughout the entire story.
 The protagonist is known as the hero or heroine and is the most crucial figure in a play. The antagonist
is the character that opposes the protagonist and can be called a villain.
 Thought is a component of the dramatic character's personality. It conveys the play’s intellectual
framework. Diction refers to a play’s vocabulary which is how characters express their ideas to the
audience. Soliloquy is a linguistic device employed in dramatic diction. It is a short solo speech that
involves a thoughtful analysis of a future direction

of action.
 All of a play’s visual components including costumes, lighting effects, props, scenery, makeup, stage,
actors and actresses fall under the category of spectacle.
 Aspects of drama; Protagonist, antagonist, prologue, epilogue, interlude, flashback, act, scene,
conflict, soliloquy, Harmatia, prompter, catharsis, aside, dramatic monologue, miming, dialogue.
 Aside is a line of dialogue delivered by a character to the audience or to a character excluded from
other characters on the stage. A dramatic monologue is a character sketch of drama condensed into a
single episode that is delivered to a person or a group in a one-sided interaction.
 Miming is a stylized form of acting that uses motions rather than words or facial expressions to convey
meaning. Dialogue is what the character say to one another which is represented by words in the lines
next to the characters names.
 The goal of literary appreciation increase the value of written works.
Questions:
1. Who defined tragedy as an imitation of an action that is serious
a) William Wordsworth
b) Blake Shelton
c) Aristotle
d) Pythagoras
2. The tragic heroes hamartia or defects should be the outcome of
a) Bad character
b) Conflict
c) Error in judgement
d) Personal development issues
3. Tragic flaw in Greek is called a) Haiku
b) Hubris
c) Hamartia

d) Dran
4. ___ is achieved through feelings of sorrow and terror
a) Tragic fall
b) Tragic catharsis c) Conflict
d) Denouement
5. ___ is a weapon used to expose ignorance and deception a) Humor
b) Comic catharsis c) Plot
d) Situational irony
6. The primary character of a melodrama is a) Protagonist
b) Heroine c) Villain d) Hero
7. The main goal of melodrama is to
a) Elicit emotions
b) Criticize
c) Entertain
d) Amuse
8. Aristotle claimed that the plot is __
a) Basic structure of drama
b) Entire storyline of a play
c) A tool for tragic catharsis
d) Life and soul of tragedy
9. The two key elements of an enjoyable story line is
a) Suspense and surprise
b) Comedy and tragedy

c) Plot and setting

d) Character and action
10. ___ is a technique used in exposition part of a plot, when the writer uses subtle indications to get
the audience ready for upcoming events
a) Flashback
b) Catharsis
c) Soliloquy
d) Foreshadowing
11. In tragedy, denouement is often called the ___
a) Resolution
b) Catastrophe
c) Falling action
d) End point
12. A well-known character is called
a) Round character
b) Dynamic character
c) Flat character
d) Static character
13. A character that lacks depth and is usually one-dimensional is called
a) Round character
b) Dynamic character
c) Flat character
d) Static character
14. The character that goes through changes in a story is called
a) Round character
b) Dynamic character
c) Flat character
d) Static character
15. __ character serve as contrast by refusing to change throughout the entire story

a) Round character
b) Dynamic character
c) Flat character
d) Static character
16. Which of these is a component of the dramatic character's personality a) Catharsis
b) Soliloquy c) Thought d) Dialogue
17. All of a play's visual components fall under __ category a) Spectacle
b) Prompts c) Props
d) Stageries
18. A drama condensed into a single episode delivered to a person or group in a one-sided interaction is
known as
a) Prologue b) Interlude c) Monologue d) Aside
19. The line of dialogue delivered by a character to the play’s audience is known as a) Soliloquy
b) Interlude c) Monologue d) Aside
20. The goal of literary appreciation is __
a) To analyse written works
b) To increase the value of written works
c) To organise written works

d) To prescribe methods of literary writing

Answers;1c 2c 3b 4b 5a 6c 7c 8d 9a 10d 11b 12a 13c 14b 15d 16c 17a 18c 19d 20b.
Chapter 13: use of the library for research and academic purposes
 The library is the academic hub for academic activities of students. The role of the well- stocked
University library is to help University actualize it’s tripartite functions which includes research,
teaching / learning and community service.
 During registration the students are given two borrower tickets which enables them to borrow
information resources available in the library.
 The library is a place where prints, digital and non-print materials are collected, organised and made
available for access and use.
 Within the university libraries are established along faculty lines to cater for academic and research
needs. The main library is the Prof. Festus Aghagbo Nwako library with a digital annex.
 The library is at the centre of all academic and technical activities in its parent institution. Presently
most University libraries operate hybrid libraries.
 Three justifications for libraries; research, assignments and personal development. Research is a
systematic approach which involves the application of scientific methods and finding solutions to
educational problems. It has to do with enquiry into the unknown. Assignment is a school task
performed by a student to satisfy the teacher.

 Information resources in the library include; the library catalogue, reference information resources,
government documents, special collections, serial publications, newspapers, technical reports, and
electronic information resources.
 The catalogue is a systematic listing of materials in the library. This is the most logical place to start
searching for a book.
 Reference information resources are usually consulted for specific information. Examples of such
include; dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories, almanacs, yearbooks, bibliographies, biographies,
gazettes, atlases, handbooks, manuals and fact books.
 General dictionary show users the definition of terms and phrases. Subject dictionaries are useful in
explaining the meaning of words in the context of a subject. Encyclopedias are the most consulted the
reference books. They provide good exposure of any topic for research. They are general and subject
encyclopedias. Examples of general encyclopedias include; encyclopaedia Britannica, encyclopaedia
Americana. Examples of subject and cyclopedias include; encyclopaedia of medicine, and encyclopaedia
of library and information science.
 Geographical resources include; atlases, maps, globes, gazettes, and guide books. Biographical
reference resources provide information on persons.
 The first step to a successful research is knowledge of resources to be consulted.
 Government publications are the most prolific publishers as the issue books, periodicals, pamphlets,
maps, and other materials that have significant value for information and research needs. However
bibliographic information about them rarely appears in regular book tools. The national library is the
legal depository of all government publications.
 Government publications can be classified into 3 as records of government administration, research
documents for specialists and popular sources of information. They provide information such as
statistics of employment, immigration, social security, taxation, bibliographical records and facts, foreign
policy and public health.
 Materials on information about other international organisations and agencies such as the world Bank,
international geosphere biosphere program, UNESCO, UNICEF, are found in special collections.
 A serial is a publication in any medium issued in successive parts bearing numerical or chronological
designations and intended to be continued indefinitely. They include journals, periodicals, newspapers,
animal reports, yearbooks, memoirs and proceedings, technical report, special collections and
government documents.
 Serials constitute the backbone of the research collection. The most detailed records that supports
most scientific, legal and historic studies are found in the serials publications especially in journals.
 Journals are usually 5 years ahead of books in every subject, this is because they form record of
progress in science and art. Periodicals are the most important part of science

and technology libraries because they published the immediate results of experimental research and
technological developments. Case notes are one of the best sources of critical analysis of any decision
usually found in law reviews.
 The essence of newspapers is its timelessness. Scientists hold technical reports in very high esteem
because in the area of research they are deemed the better than Journals and books.
 Electronic information resource libraries was introduced by the emergence of internet and libraries
and was variously termed library without walls, borderless libraries, e- libraries and virtual libraries.
Digital library of Prof Festus Aghagbo Nwako has acquired over 5,000 full text EIRs and bibliographic
entries of 3000 cdroms. EIRs has proved the quickest and most accessible means of getting the most
current information. Electronic information resources include; internet, search engines, online
databases, institutional repositories and online public access catalogue.
 Internet is a network of computers across the globe that provide access to online information. It
connects computers around the world using TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/internet protocol).
The internet consists of billions of interconnected webpages transferred using http (hypertext transfer
protocol). The world wide web is a model of sharing information invented in the 1990s.
 Search engine is a software of the computer that searches through volumes of data for specific
keywords and then returns a list of titles where the keywords are found. Types of search engines
include; Google, Google scholar, Bing, yahoo, ask.com, web crawler, excite, Wolfram alpha, wiki. com,
Blekko, MSN and Alta vista.
 University digital library subscribes to the following databases; a) Health internet network and
research initiative (HINARI - provides users opportunity to access journals in biomedical related
disciplines),(b) directory of open access journals (DOAJ- provides online books of different subject areas
available for free), (c) database of African thesis and dissertations (DATAD), (d) Access to global online
research in agriculture (AGORA), (e) bibliomania(a database of thousands of poems, stories and place in
literature and history), (f) EBSCO host, (g) online access to research in environment (OARE - a database
for environmental sciences) , (h) educational information resource center (ERIC) , (I) Journal storage and
British library (JOSTOR) , (j) LEXIS (offers huge resources in the field of law) and (k) NEXIS ( contains full
text of all the major newspapers)
 Institutional repositories houses electronic information resources generated within the institution
including lectures delivered in conferences, university bulletins, matriculation and convocation
brochures among others.
 Online public access catalogue (OPAC) is an information system that contains bibliographic
information of a library.
 An index is a systematically arranged list of materials given enough information about each item to
make it easy to be found and be traced.

 Abstracts are means of informing the reading public on what have been published in a particular field.
The three types of abstracts are; indicative abstract, informative abstract and evaluative abstract.
Questions:
1. The tripartite functions of school library includes these except
a) Research
b) Examinations
c) Learning
d) Community service
2. Presently most University libraries operate __
a) Digital library
b) Manual library
c) Hybrid library
d) AI library
3. Three
a) Personal development
justifications for libraries include these except
b) Research
c) Examinations
d) Assignments
4. __ has to do with enquiry into the unknown a) Assignment
b) Research c) Learning d) Reading
5. Information resources in the library include the following except
a) Library catalogue
b) Reference information resources

c) Government publications
d) Business correspondence
6. ___ is a systematic listing of materials in the library
a) Catalogue
b) Journals
c) Serials
d) Gazettes
7. ___ resources provide information on persons
a) Reference resources
b) Encyclopedias
c) Directories
d) Biographical reference
8. ___ are a)
b) c) d)
9. __ are a) b) c) d)
usually consulted for specific information Reference resources
Encyclopedias
Directories
Biographical reference
the most consulted the reference books
Directories Encyclopedias Bibliographies Yearbooks
10. __ The first step to a successful research is
a) A well defined purpose
b) Access to necessary materials
c) Knowledge of resources to look at
d) Preconceived idea of subject matter
11. ___ are
a) Electronic information resources
the most prolific publishers

b) Serial publications
c) Journals periodicals
d) Government publications
12. Classifications of government publications include these except
a) Institutional repositories
b) Records of government administration
c) Research documents for specialists
d) Popular sources of information
13. The most detailed records that supports most scientific, legal and historic studies are
found in
a) Electronic information resources
b) Serial publications
c) Journals periodicals
d) Government publications
14. The essence of newspapers is its
a) Details
b) Degree of Information
c) Timelessness
d) Directory function
15. __ is a publication in any medium issued in successive parts bearing numerical or chronological
designations and intended to be continued indefinitely
a) Directories b) Catalogue c) Serials
d) Yearbooks
16. The most important part of science and technology libraries is
a) Periodicals
b) Serials
c) Institutional repositories

d) Journals
17. ___ are
a) Periodicals
usually 5 years ahead of books in every subject
b) Directories
c) Institutional repositories
d) Journals
18. __ constitute the backbone of the research collection
a) Periodicals
b) Serials
c) Institutional repositories
d) Journals
19. Electronic information resources include these except a) Online databases
b) Institutional repositories
c) Serial publications
d) Online public access catalogue
20. ___ are one of the best sources of critical analysis of any decision usually found in law reviews
a) Memoirs
b) Case notes
c) Special collections
d) Technical reports
21. Scientists hold which of these in high esteem
a) Memoirs
b) Case notes
c) Special collections
d) Technical reports
22. ___ houses electronic information resources generated within the institutions
a) Online databases

b) Institutional repositories
c) Serial publications
d) Online public access catalogue
23. ___are means of informing the reading public on what have been published in a particular field
a) Index
b) Abstract
c) Gazettes
d) Guide books
24. ___ is a systematically arranged list of materials given enough information about each item to make
it easy to be found
a) Index
b) Abstract
c) Gazettes
d) Guide books
25. ___ contains bibliographic information of a library
a) Online databases
b) Institutional repositories
c) Serial publications
d) Online public access catalogue
26. The most logical place to start searching for a book in a library is a) Directories
b) Catalogue c) Serials
d) Yearbooks
Answers;1b 2c 3c 4b 5d 6a 7d 8a 9b 10c 11d 12a 13b 14c 15c 16a 17d 18b 19c 20b 21d 22b 23b 24a 25d
26b.