LEARNING UNIT 1

DEVELOP DESIGN
IDEAS
 INTRODUCTION

Emerging as a professional practice in the early 19th century,

though there are examples well before this, industrial design can
be directly linked to the industrial revolution and transition from
small volume craft to mass-produced products for a consumer
class population. Often straddling the line between artist and
engineer, early industrial designers frequently found themselves in
a position dealing purely with aesthetics and styling.
 WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL DESIGN?

Industrial design is an applied art whereby aesthetics and

usability of mass- produced products may be improved for
marketability and production.
The role of industrial designer is to produce and execute
design solutions towards problems of form, usability, user
ergonomics, engineering, marketing, brand
development and sales.
1.1. DESCRIPTION OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

Industrial Design is the professional practice of

designing products, devices, objects, and
services used by millions of people around the
world every day.
What does an industrial design do?

Industrial design deals with consumer products as well as

industrial products by considering the :
o Human behavior
o The Human -machine interface,
o The environment
o Product it self
 Role of industrial design
 Industrial design is concerned with all the human aspects of machine-made
products and their relationship to people and the environment.
 The designer is responsible for these products and their impacts on society and
nature.
 The designer accounts for the product’s human factors engineering, safety, form,
color, maintenance and cost.
 Industrial design deals with consumer products as well as industrial products.
 Defined by its features: lines, contours, colours, shape,
texture and materials, etc
 3D or 2D
 Why are designs important to your business: they
attract consumers, maintaining consumers, adding value
to your product, creating harmony between functionality
and form, improving your marketing strategy
 .

• Areas of design investigation include furniture, housewares, appliances,

transportation, tools, farm equipment, medical electronics instruments,
human interface, and recreational support equipment.
• Industrial designs are applied to a wide variety of products of industry or
handicraft; from watches; jewelry, fashion or other luxury items, to
industrial and medical implements; from house ware, furniture and
electrical appliances to vehicle and architectural structures; from practical
goods and textile designs to leisure items, such as toys and pet accessories.
Examples

Shapes or forms of chairs, telephones, cars, computers, TV,

watches, camera, etc.
In most countries an industrial design must be registered in order to
be protected under industrial design law.
As a general rule, in order to be registered, the design must be new
or original.
Now what constitutes novelty or originality may differ from country to
country and indeed the registration process itself varies from country
to country.
.

 An industrial design must be capable of being

reproduced by means of industrial application.
 In principle the industrial design must be
published either before, at the time of, or in a
stated period after, registration.
• By protecting an industrial design, the owner of the design is given a right
against its unauthorized copying or imitation by third party.
• The owner of a protected industrial design shall have the right to prevent
the third parties not having his consent from making, selling articles bearing
a design which is a copy of protected design.
• Since industrial design are that aspect of an article which make it
aesthetically appealing and attractive, they serve to add to commercial value
of the product and facilitate its marketing and commercialization.
Design concept: A design concept is a collection of
sketches, photographs, and a written statement that
explains the primary idea behind a product's design.
Design blueprint: A blueprint is a two-dimensional set of
drawings that provides a detailed visual representation
of how a designer wants the final drawing to look.
.

Mock-up: A mockup is a high-fidelity render of your product's

design that showcases how the finished product will look. A
mockup can take the shape of an image or a product model,
and you normally create them using digital design tools.
Mockups are an essential tool in the design process. They can
be used to communicate ideas, get feedback, test usability, and
save time and money
.

Prototype: A prototype is a product built to test

ideas and changes until it resembles the final
product.
A prototype is an early sample, model, or release of
a product built to test a concept or process.
 DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURE (DFM)

• What is Manufacturability?

Do you know how to make these parts?

How much does it cost?
How long does it take?
.

These issues are influenced by :

 Manufacturing process
 Availability of machines
 Material
 Batch size (how many parts)
 Etc
 .

• Manufacturability is the ability for a part to be manufactured

efficiently and at the lowest possible cost. When a part is poorly
designed for its manufacturing process, it can result in an overly
large loss of material or time. When this loss happens, the part is
not considered manufacturable. In other words, it has a low
manufacturability.
 How DFM affects costs

• The design phase is the area of the product development

process that has the greatest affect on cost. Changes made in
the product design phase are much less expensive than the
production phase. Therefore, DFM should occur as early as
possible, ideally before tooling has begun. Here are ways in
which DFM can lower cost:
a.Reduced total number of operations

• DFM seeks to optimize production by eliminating

unnecessary steps. With each additional step in
the process, more potential for error is introduced.
Therefore, overhead and labor costs reduce by
examining and reducing complexity
 b. Optimized process tolerance

• A manufacturing process such as injection molding is susceptible

to various types of failures. For example, the way the material is
ejected from the mold could become problematic if the mold
doesn’t have significant enough tapering, or draft to ease the
release from the tool.
• Failures such as this are very time consuming and produce a lot
of material waste. This results in increased costs.
c. Optimized material tolerance

• In the same way that designing for the manufacturing process

can decrease costs, so can designing for the material tolerance.
Continuing with our injection molding example, plastic materials
with walls that are too thick cool much slower and run the
possibility of causing sink. Not only is this time consuming, but it
can also result in potential defects like sink areas from
inconsistent cooling rates.
.

• Conversely, areas of the design that are too thin are

fragile. An engineer will identify these areas and
address with ribbing or other design changes in
accordance with the material type. This increases the
product quality and viability, also decreasing costs.
d. Standardization of parts

• Part of the DFM work includes examining the potential for

combining similar parts into a global standardized part. This
is done by either adopting the same material across parts,
or by adopting the same part design.
• As a result, this approach accomplishes a total reduction in
number of parts which eliminates the tooling and overall
product cost.
o Because there are so many variables involved, it is impossible to say
how much design for manufacturability can save you without a proper
DFM analysis. Not all customers see returns as great as we think, but
savings are still significant especially on high volume production.
oProbably more significant, however, is the cost of quality. Product
costs are not simply accounted for in total waste, remakes, and time.
.

o DFM is considered a type of “prevention cost” which includes the

cost of things that improve product quality.
oRegardless, implementing proper DFM early on in the
development process can eliminate much of the risk of returns,
recalls, warranty claims, replacements, and lost customers. This
is a type of hidden cost that is intangible to the company, but can
easily snowball out of control and kill profitability.
.

DFM proves that

increasing quality
doesn’t have to be
expensive.
DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING(DFM) EXAMPLES

Now that you have a handle

on the answer to “what is
design for manufacturing”
let’s look at some examples.
Ex: LiPo Battery Door DFM Improvements

ABC company was engaged to participate in turn-key

supply chain services for an up and coming toy blaster
brand. As a part of the process, the engineering team
identified many areas of attention in order to increase the
product’s manufacturability.
.

In this example, the plastic parts on the hinge could

have caused sink marks due to the amount of material
present. This is caused because thicker parts of the
plastic cool at slower rates which causes the sink
marks to form. Additionally, the engineers team
suggested that the customer reduce the thickness of
the clasping mechanism. Therefore, this change will
help add strength and avoid sink marks in the hook.
.
.

DFM in manufacturing is critical

for parts like this. This is
because a well implemented DFM
process can reduce or eliminate
flaws before they become
manufacturing issues.
Ex: DFM manufacturing draft angles

In this design for manufacturability

example, the original design lacked the
proper draft angles in the initial
product development. Draft angles
ensure that the plastic part can be
easily ejected out of the plastic
injection machine.
.

This is because injection molding machines

work by injecting liquid plastic into a
mold form of two halves pressed together.
That liquid plastic cools and hardens
after which ejects from the separate mold
halves. Most mold designs use a push pin
in order to forcibly eject parts out of
the mold cavity.
.
.

If a part does not eject properly from the injection

molding machine, it can cause delays, limit production
capacity, and often break apart. In fact, it can even
reduce the life span of a mold by adding undue stress.
This results in an increase in raw material and labor
cost, and a reduction in supply. Therefore, taking
proper design for manufacturing steps prior to mass
production is not only necessary but economical.
Ex: BENDING TOLERANCES AND FEATURES

This example shows the potential pitfalls of not

performing a manufacturability design review on metal
parts. Bending processes have tolerances and this part
design has features in close proximity to the bend. If
this product design process did not include a review of
these critical features, it would have failed in
production. DFM reviews must take place in the design
stage for maximum effectiveness.
.
Implementing a good design for
manufacturing DFM process into
your product development reduces
your overall manufacturing costs.
 1.2. ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS

The engineering design process is a series of steps that

engineers follow to come up with a solution to a problem.
Many times the solution to a problem involves designing
a product (like a machine or computer code) that meets
certain criteria and/or accomplishes a certain task.
.

This process is different from the Steps of the Scientific Method,

which you may be more familiar with. If your project involves
making observations and doing experiments, you should
probably follow the Scientific Method. If your project involves
designing, building, and testing something, you should probably
follow the Engineering Design Process.
.

The interactive diagram below may help you

understand the engineering design process, and how
it is applied to an experiment or project.
Note that Engineers do not always follow the
engineering design process steps in order, one after
another.
.

It is very common to design something, test it, find

a problem, and then go back to an earlier step to
make a modification or change to your design. This
way of working is called “iteration”, and it is likely
that your process will do the same!
THE DESIGN PROCESS FLOWCHART
The engineering design process starts when you ask the following
questions about problems that you observe:
oWhat is the problem or need?
oWho has the problem or need?
oWhy is it important to solve?
[Who] need(s) [what] because [why].
 Learn from the experiences of others — this can help you find
out about existing solutions to similar problems, and avoid
mistakes that were made in the past.
So, for an engineering design project, do background research in
two major areas:
Users or customers
Existing solutions
 Design requirements state the important characteristics
that your solution must meet to succeed. One of the best
ways to identify the design requirements for your solution
is to analyze the concrete example of a similar, existing
product, noting each of its key features.
.

Example: If you are designing a baseball bat, your

design requirements might be that the bat needs to
be:
• Less than 1.5 pounds.
• Made out of a material approved by the league.
• Able to hit a baseball without breaking
 How to analyze a physical product

 When you start to identify your design requirements, you

already know what problem you are trying to solve. But what
does "solving" your problem really mean?
 Your design requirements are the specific needs that
must be met in order to call your design a solution.
 For a physical product, your problem is likely making a task
possible or easier for a user to complete.
.

• An example is a pair of crutches. The problem statement is:

“People need a way to walk while using only one foot,
because they still need to be able to get around when one of
their feet or legs is injured.”
1. From the problem statement, you can start asking the right
questions to create a list of design requirements. Pull the major
need or needs of your solution from your problem statement.
Example: The major needs of a pair of crutches are that they
help the user to: Walk while using only one foot, Get around and
mobilize.
.

• For each need, ask yourself: "What is absolutely essential to

satisfy this need?"
• Right now, do not brainstorm. Instead, figure out what MUST
happen to meet the need in your future solution.
• Your answers to these questions are your first design
requirements.
Walking with crutches
 How to draw a need table?

• The "Needs" table illustrates how to find the first design

requirements for the crutches example.
.

These answers are all design requirements, because they MUST be a part of your
solution in order to meet the need.
3) What are the physical requirements/limits of the product you are designing?
The answers to this question are your next design requirements.
Example: What are the physical requirements/limits of a pair of crutches?
 Less than 2 pounds

Adjustable between 4 feet and 6 feet tall

Able to hold up to 200 pounds of weight
.

4) What are the conceptual requirements/limits of the product you are

designing?
These are requirements that are not related to the physical nature of the
product, but still must be met in order to make your solution successful.
Examples often include cost and the timeline of the project.

Example: What are the conceptual requirements/limits of a pair of crutches?

The crutches must cost less than $30.00; the new design must be available
in the next six months.
.

5) What other products exist that serve a similar function to solving

your problem?

Example: Products similar to crutches:

• Other crutches on the market
• Wheel chairs
• Leg braces
There are always many good possibilities for solving
design problems. If you focus on just one before
looking at the alternatives, it is almost certain that
you are overlooking a better solution. Good
designers try to generate as many possible
solutions as they can.
Look at whether each possible solution meets
your design requirements. Some solutions
probably meet more requirements than others.
Reject solutions that do not meet the
requirements.
Development involves the refinement and
improvement of a solution, and it continues
throughout the design process, often even
after a product ships to customers.
A prototype is an operating version of a
solution. Often it is made with different materials
than the final version, and generally it is not as
polished. Prototypes are a key step in the
development of a final solution, allowing the
designer to test how the solution will work.
The design process involves multiple iterations and
redesigns of your final solution. You will likely test
your solution, find new problems, make changes,
and test new solutions before settling on a final
design.
To complete your project, communicate your
results to others in a final report and/or a
display board. Professional engineers always
do the same, thoroughly documenting their
solutions so that they can be manufactured
and supported.
1.3. DATA COLLECTION FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

How to Conduct the Research:

Observe users first-hand, either as they use a similar
product or solution or in the environment in which they
encounter the problem.
Examine and analyze similar products and solutions.
Conduct library and Internet research.
• Since libraries and the Internet both contain millions of pages of information and
facts, you might never find what you're looking for unless you start with a map! To
avoid getting lost, you need a background research plan.
Target Users
• To help clarify the definition of your target user, you'll want to ask questions like this:
• Who needs _________?
• Who wants _________?
.

• Who buys _________?

• What does my target user [a child, an elderly person, etc.]
need or want in a _________?
• How much would my target user be willing to pay for a
_________?
• What size should I make _________ for my target user?
.

Similar Products
• Then, ask questions to help you understand
products or programs that fill similar needs to the
need you identified:
• What products fill a similar need?
.

• What are the strengths and weaknesses of products that fill a

similar need?
• What are the key, must-have features of products that fill a
similar need?
• Why did the engineers that built these products design them
the way they did?
• How can I measure my design's improvement over existing
designs?
.

• How It Works and How to Make It

• These are some example questions that will help you understand
the science behind your design.
• Who invented _________?
• How does a __________ work?
• What are the different parts of a __________?
• What are the important characteristics of a __________?
.

• How is performance measured for a _________?

• Where does _________ get used?
• What is __________ made of?
• Why is __________ made from or using __________?
• What is the best material, component, or algorithm for building
________? (You may even ask this separately for the different parts
of your device or program.)
.

Talk to People with More Experience: Networking

• One of the most important things you can do while working on your project is talk to
other people with more experience than yourself: your parents, teachers, and
advisors.
• This process is called networking. Some advisors or mentors may have had classes
or work experience related to the science involved in your project. Others may have
used or even designed products like the one you are researching.
• Ask them, "What science concepts should I study to better understand my project?"
Better yet, be as specific as you can when asking your questions.
 CLASS ACTIVITY(50MIN)AND PRESENTATION

• Based on the wheelchair in the picture below, improve its design by making it more comfortable for the
patient by considering the DFM.
• Each group will have 10min to present their work.
 Manufacturing data

 Manufacturing Data means all data, information,

material, and documentation developed or generated with
respect to the Manufacturing of a pharmaceutical product,
including manufacturing and control data and other data
and documentation requested by or submitted to
a regulatory authority.
 Manufacturing process

 Manufacturing process means any and all processes, methods,

procedures and activities (or any step in any process or activity) used or
planned to be used by Manufacturer to Manufacture Product, as
evidenced in the Design Documentation.
Manufacturing process means to make or process a raw material or
part into a finished product for sale using industrial utilization equipment
Examples of manufacturing process
 Manufacturing techniques

Manufacturing techniques means the manufacturing,

production, preparation, processing , handling and
techniques, processes, and methods, including sequential
timing and staging information, used by seller, together with
the acquired formulas and other seller assets(for example,
expertise and facilities), to produce the products.
 Bill of quantity(BOQ) VS Bill of materials
BOM)
 While designing the Bill of quantities (BOQ) and Bill of materials
(BOM)should be well elaborated.
 While the bill of quantity includes an itemized list of all project costs
, including materials and labor hours ; a bill of materials (BOM) only
includes materials.
 Simply BOM is used for Product manufacturing whereas BOQ is
used in Project management particularly in the construction
industry.
 Data collection techniques
 Observations, inspections, audits, surveys
 Quantitative and Qualitative Interviews
 Experiments
 Physiological evaluations
 Reviews of existing product
 Customer feedback
1.4. PRODUCT AND BLUEPRINT DEVELOPMENT

What is it and why is it

essential for product teams?
Clearly written and structured documentation is crucial when
you are planning the design process. Whether printed or
electronic, this document will help to capture design ideas,
decisions and solutions.
The content of your design documentation should include different
information at each stage of the design process.
For example:
Discover - document all the attributes or functions needed in the new
product you are designing. You can then perfect your ideas in your concept
brief.
.

Define - list what needs to be done to make your product or

service function as required. The concept brief is usually
signed off at this stage, and approval given to either begin on
the design of the product or service itself or to continue
developing the design.
.

Develop - give details of the potential solutions which are being investigated.
You may need to do competitor analysis at this stage.
Deliver - your business needs feedback on the new product or service as part
of final testing. Document the reactions of customers, point-of-sale staff,
service and maintenance teams.
.

 Always record any safety analysis undertaken for the product

or service and use all this feedback to develop the designs
further.
Set deadlines for production, making sure to co-ordinate with
sales outlets and promotional activities.
Design documentation is the process of gathering key
documents and material related to a team’s product design
process in one place (often dubbed “single source of truth”).
This can include anything, from feature outlines to meeting
minutes and persona profiles to finished design documents.
 Keeping all stakeholders on the same page can be daunting, especially
when clients are involved or when people work from different time zones.
 Design documentation helps you create a single source of truth, increase
transparency and allow everyone to catch up at their own pace whenever
they feel they lack information.
 Consequently, this leads to fewer misunderstandings and faster project
completion.
.

 A common issue in teams is that each member does things

their way, thus creating discrepancies in the common process
and leading to bottlenecks.
 Proper documentation sets the ground for a more streamlined
workflow, leading to more synergy within the team and an
overall increase in collective productivity.
.

 Things said or decided in meetings are forgettable, while

information can be lost if it’s not properly documented.
 As the project evolves, it will become more difficult to recall why a
specific iteration was made or the rationale behind a specific
decision.
 Documentation allows the team to find all these answers within
minutes, leading to fewer meeting loops.
 There’s no clear-cut answer here, as this depends on the
team’s, stakeholders', and end users’ needs, as well as
the nature and complexity of the product.
 That being said, there are some common documents that
one would expect to encounter in any design
documentation effort:
.

✅ Project scope: A top-line overview of the project’s goals, written in a

way anyone can understand, regardless of background.
✅ Roles & responsibilities: A list of the main stakeholders involved
with a short description of their respective expertise and project
responsibilities.
✅ Target user information: This category usually includes persona
profiles, early-stage research, and interview transcripts. These are
essentially the documents that shaped early product design decisions.
.

✅ Feature overview: An exhaustive list of all features that comprise the

new project, their expected functionality, acceptance criteria, and the
benefits they give to the end user.
✅ Design artifacts: Anything related to the design process, from the early
stage wireframes to user flows and approved design documents. A short
history of design iterations is also often included. Design specs and design
guidelines are also included in this category.
.

✅ User testing outline & results: A full overview of the tests

the team ran, a description of the sample audience, the
assumptions, and the results of the testing process.
✅ Information for the end user: A list of all information
publicly available to the end user of the product, including
release notes, usage manuals, installation instructions, terms
& conditions, etc.
 ADVANTAGES OF DOCUMENTING THE DESIGN
PROCESS

Documenting the design process and recording feedback helps your

business to monitor the contribution that design is making to its
success.
 It can also
of any designs should you discover that someone is infringing
your rights.
 Drawings and designs created for the purpose of
directing the building and manufacture of a product
make up manufacturing blueprints.
Blueprints are manufacturing instructions.
.

• They originate in the engineering department and give

the manufacturing department all the information that
is needed to make a product. Blueprints transform
ideas into products and communicate information
between engineering and manufacturing.
.

• The term blueprint, originated years ago when prints were blue.
Prints had blue backgrounds and white lines.
• Today most prints are white and have black lines, but they are
still often called blueprints.
• Many organizations do not use the term blueprints and use
such names as; prints, drawings, manufacturing prints,
engineering drawings, and industrial prints.
.

• The three basic elements of a manufacturing print are;

the drawing, dimensions, and notes.
•

• A finished product may be anything from a simple part,

to a complex assembly.
.

• Quantities of parts to be made may range from one to

millions.
• Manufacturing organizations range in size from small
machine shops to large industrial corporations.
• In all cases, prints provide the information to manufacture
a product.
 .
• Industrial prints use an orderly and systematic graphic
language. They present data in an easy to understand form.
• Prints are rather easy to read, if the principles are studied one
step at a time. Print reading is similar to mathematics; it takes
work and time to learn at the beginning. Once learned, it
becomes easy.
• The most important part of a manufacturing print is the drawing.
• The most important part of print reading is the ability to visualize the
drawing.
• The ability to form a mental picture of the part from the drawing is a
necessity in order to know what the actual part will look like.
• A machinist must visualize a part from a print before it can be made.
 .

• After a part is made, an inspector generally checks the part to see if it conforms to the
drawing. The drawing and the actual part must be the same.
• The inspector must form a mental picture of the part from the drawing in order to
inspect the part.
• The purpose of this example is to stress the importance of forming a mental picture of
a part from a print.
• All the other factors of print reading, such as dimensions, tolerances, and
machining notes are related to a visualized part.
 .

Types of Drawings
• There are many different ways that a drawing can be made.
• Two methods will be reviewed: isometric, and orthographic. Almost all
drawings for manufacturing prints use the orthographic method.
• Isometric drawings will be used to help visualize orthographic drawings.
.

The Lines and Views of Manufacturing Prints

• The lines that are used to make drawings are not all the same.
• Different types of lines are used for different purposes:
Solid lines are used to show the shape of the part.
Dashed lines are used to indicate features that are not visible.
.

• The views that are shown on prints are arranged in a

specific way.
• There are also several different types of views that are
used for different purposes.
• A detailed examination of lines and views will make print
reading much easier.
 The lines of manufacturing prints

• There are ten different types of lines that are used on manufacturing
prints, see Fig. below.
• Each type of lines has a specific purpose.
• Object lines are solid lines and used to form the shape of the part.
• Hidden lines are dashed lines and used to form the shape of features
that are not visible.
Figure
• The total manufacturing print refers to the various parts of a print and the way
they are arranged to form the total print. Prints generally have a border on all
sides, a title block, a change block, and a drawing.
• Manufacturing prints generally have one part or one assembly per sheet.
• Prints from different organizations have many similarities but they also have
differences.
.

• When reading prints, all items must be

reviewed carefully.
• It is important to examine and understand the
meaning of all data.
• A typical print has a border on all sides, a title block in the lower right-hand
corner, and a change block in the upper right-hand corner.
• A typical print also has a manufacturing drawing of one part or one
assembly, see Fig.
• Some prints may have different locations for the title block and change
block, or they may not include them.
• Sometimes notes that are normally located within the title block are placed
elsewhere on the print.
The parts and the arrangement of a typical print
• Almost all prints are printed on three standard sizes of
paper.
• They are commonly called A, B, and C sizes.
• Larger sheets, sizes D and E, are also used, but they are
not as common. There are also larger sizes, but their use
is limited.
• Dimensions are uniform symbols that indicate measurements of objects.
Dimensions display all measurements that are needed to make a part
from a print.
• Prints are generally dimensioned in inches, which may be shown as
fractions or decimals.
 .

• Most drawings use decimals because industrial equipment is calibrated

in decimals.
• Metric measurements are also used and some drawings show both
inches and millimeters.
• Dimensions may be arranged according to need or they may be
arranged according to one of several systems. When making a part
from a print all dimensions must be read.
• A dimension is normally made up of two extension
lines, a dimension line and a measurement
number.
• Extension lines continue or extend from the surface of the object and
establish the size of the dimension. They do not touch the object lines
and extend slightly past the dimension line.
• Extension lines provide a means of displaying a measurement without
placing the dimension on the part.
• Dimensions may be placed on a part if it is not practical to add
extension lines.
 DIMENSION LINES

• A dimension line indicates the size of the measurement. It connects the

extension lines with arrow heads and has a space for a measurement
number.
• The shortest dimension is located next to the object.
• The longest dimension line is located furthest from the object.
• Extension lines and dimension lines may be lighter than object lines on
some drawings.
 DIMENSION ARRANGEMENT
• There are several ways that dimensions may be arranged or located on
a print. Dimensions may be located according to need or according to
one of several systems. Systems are generally used if the prints are
going to be used with machine shop or production equipment that is
electronically controlled.
• Following are description of Need, Base Line System, and Base Line
System without Dimension Lines.
NEED LINE

• Dimensions that are arranged according to Need may

originate from any surface or center line.
• Dimensions are arranged so the part can be made
according to the need or function that is required. This
method does not have a dimensioning system.
BASE LINE SYSTEM

• All dimensions in a Base Line System originate from

base lines that are perpendicular to each other.
• Base lines are surfaces or center lines that are easy to
locate on the actual part.
• Base lines are identified and labeled X, Y, and Z.
Ex of dimensions arranged according to a base line system
 DIMENSIONS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES

• Dimensions for angles, diameters, squares, arcs, and round corners are shown
as follows:
ANGLES
• If greater accuracy is needed, one degree is divided into 60 minutes and one
minute is divided into 60 seconds. For reference, a circle has 360 degrees, (O),
one degree has 60 minutes , and one minute has 60 seconds.
• Inch and millimeter measurements both measure angles in degrees.
Figure: angles are measured in degrees.
.

DIAMETERS AND SQUARES

• Smaller items may be dimensioned with a leader line; larger features may use
extension and dimension lines.
• Outside diameters may be labeled O.D. and inside diameters may be marked I.D.
after the dimension.
• Symbols may be found on some drawings to indicate round or square features.
Symbols precede the dimension as shown in the next Fig.
• Round and square features are generally measured to their center lines.
Figure : Dimensions for round and square objects
.

ARCS AND ROUND CORNERS

• Dimensions for arcs and round corners show R. or
RAD. or RADIUS after the dimension, see next
Fig.
• Arcs are measured from their center lines.
Figure : Dimensions for arcs and round corners
.

Types of Dimensions
• There are many types of dimensions that are used for specific
purposes in difference industries.
• Some may be easy to figure out, while others may require further
checking.