THE CENTRAL GOODS AND SERVICES TAX ACT, 2017

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ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
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CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
SECTIONS
1. Short title, extent and commencement.
2. Definitions.
CHAPTER II
ADMINISTRATION
3. Officers under this Act.
4. Appointment of officers.
5. Powers of officers.
6. Authorisation of officers of State tax or Union territory tax as proper officer in certain
circumstances.
CHAPTER III
LEVY AND COLLECTION OF TAX
7. Scope of supply.
8. Tax liability on composite and mixed supplies.
9. Levy and collection.
10. Composition levy.
11. Power to grant exemption from tax.
CHAPTER IV
TIME AND VALUE OF SUPPLY
12. Time of supply of goods.
13. Time of supply of services.
14. Change in rate of tax in respect of supply of goods or services.
15. Value of taxable supply.
CHAPTER V
INPUT TAX CREDIT
16. Eligibility and conditions for taking input tax credit.
17. Apportionment of credit and blocked credits.
18. Availability of credit in special circumstances.
19. Taking input tax credit in respect of inputs and capital goods sent for job work.
20. Manner of distribution of credit by Input Service Distributor.

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SECTIONS
21. Manner of recovery of credit distributed in excess.
CHAPTER VI
REGISTRATION
22. Persons liable for registration.
23. Persons not liable for registration.
24. Compulsory registration in certain cases.
25. Procedure for registration.
26. Deemed registration.
27. Special provisions relating to casual taxable person and non-resident taxable person.
28. Amendment of registration.
29. Cancellation or suspension of registration.
30. Revocation of cancellation of registration.
CHAPTER VII
TAX INVOICE, CREDIT AND DEBIT NOTES
31. Tax invoice.
31A. Facility of digital payment to recipient.
32. Prohibition of unauthorised collection of tax.
33. Amount of tax to be indicated in tax invoice and other documents.
34. Credit and debit notes.
CHAPTER VIII
ACCOUNTS AND RECORDS
35. Accounts and other records.
36. Period of retention of accounts.
CHAPTER IX
RETURNS
37. Furnishing details of outward supplies.
38. Communication of details of inward supplies and input tax credit.
39. Furnishing of returns.
40. First return.
41. Availment of input tax credit.
42. [Omitted.].
43. [Omitted.].
43A. [Omitted.].
44. Annual return.
45. Final return.
46. Notice to return defaulters.
47. Levy of late fee.
48. Goods and services tax practitioners.

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 CHAPTER X
PAYMENT OF TAX
SECTIONS
49. Payment of tax, interest, penalty and other amounts.
49A. Utilisation of input tax credit subject to certain conditions.
49B. Order of utilisation of input tax credit.
50. Interest on delayed payment of tax.
51. Tax deductions at source.
52. Collection of tax at source.
53. Transfer of input tax credit.
53A. Transfer of certain amounts.
CHAPTER XI
REFUNDS
54. Refund of tax.
55. Refund in certain cases.
56. Interest on delayed refunds.
57. Consumer Welfare Fund.
58. Utilisation of Fund.
CHAPTER XII
ASSESSMENT
59. Self-assessment.
60. Provisional assessment.
61. Scrutiny of returns.
62. Assessment of non-filers of returns.
63. Assessment of unregistered persons.
64. Summary assessment in certain special cases.
CHAPTER XIII
AUDIT
65. Audit by tax authorities.
66. Special audit.
CHAPTER XIV
INSPECTION, SEARCH, SEIZURE AND ARREST

67. Power of inspection, search and seizure.

68. Inspection of goods in movement.
69. Power to arrest.
70. Power to summon persons to give evidence and produce documents.
71. Access to business premises.
72. Officers to assist proper officers.

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 CHAPTER XV
DEMANDS AND RECOVERY
SECTIONS
73. Determination of tax not paid or short paid or erroneously refunded or input tax credit wrongly
availed or utilised for any reason other than fraud or any wilful-misstatement or suppression of
facts.
74. Determination of tax not paid or short paid or erroneously refunded or input tax credit wrongly
availed or utilised by reason of fraud or any wilful-misstatement or suppression of facts.
75. General provisions relating to determination of tax.
76. Tax collected but not paid to Government.
77. Tax wrongfully collected and paid to Central Government or State Government.
78. Initiation of recovery proceedings.
79. Recovery of tax.
80. Payment of tax and other amount in instalments.
81. Transfer of property to be void in certain cases.
82. Tax to be first charge on property.
83. Provisional attachment to protect revenue in certain cases.
84. Continuation and validation of certain recovery proceedings.
CHAPTER XVI
LIABILITY TO PAY IN CERTAIN CASES
85. Liability in case of transfer of business.
86. Liability of agent and principal.
87. Liability in case of amalgamation or merger of companies.
88. Liability in case of company in liquidation.
89. Liability of directors of private company.
90. Liability of partners of firm to pay tax.
91. Liability of guardians, trustees, etc.
92. Liability of Court of Wards, etc.
93. Special provisions regarding liability to pay tax, interest or penalty in certain cases.
94. Liability in other cases.
CHAPTER XVII
ADVANCE RULING
95. Definitions.
96. Authority for advance ruling.
97. Application for advance ruling.
98. Procedure on receipt of application.
99. Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling.

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SECTIONS
100. Appeal to Appellate Authority.
101. Orders of Appellate Authority.
101A. Constitution of National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling.
101B. Appeal to National Appellate Authority.
101C. Order of National Appellate Authority.
102. Rectification of advance ruling.
103. Applicability of advance ruling.
104. Advance ruling to be void in certain circumstances.
105. Powers of Authority, Appellate Authority and National Appellate Authority.
106. Procedure of Authority, Appellate Authority and National Appellate Authority.
CHAPTER XVIII
APPEALS AND REVISION
107. Appeals to Appellate Authority.
108. Powers of Revisional Authority.
109. Constitution of Appellate Tribunal and Benches thereof.
110. President and Members of Appellate Tribunal, their qualification, appointment, conditions of
service, etc.
111. Procedure before Appellate Tribunal.
112. Appeals to Appellate Tribunal.
113. Orders of Appellate Tribunal.
114. Financial and Administrative powers of President.
115. Interest on refund of amount paid for admission of appeal.
116. Appearance by authorised representative.
117. Appeal to High Court.
118. Appeal to Supreme Court.
119. Sums due to be paid notwithstanding appeal, etc.
120. Appeal not to be filed in certain cases.
121. Non-appealable decisions and orders.
CHAPTER XIX
OFFENCES AND PENALITIS
122. Penalty for certain offences.
123. Penalty for failure to furnish information return.
124. Fine for failure to furnish statistics.
125. General penalty.
126. General disciplines related to penalty.
127. Power to impose penalty in certain cases.
128. Power to waive penalty or fee or both.
129. Detention, seizure and release of goods and conveyances in transit.

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SECTIONS
130. Confiscation of goods or conveyances and levy of penalty.
131. Confiscation or penalty not to interfere with other punishments.
132. Punishment for certain offences.
133. Liability of officers and certain other persons.
134. Cognizance of offences.
135. Presumption of culpable mental state.
136. Relevancy of statements under certain circumstances.
137. Offences by companies.
138. Compounding of offences.

CHAPTER XX
TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
139. Migration of existing taxpayers.
140. Transitional arrangements for input tax credit.
141. Transitional provisions relating to job work.
142. Miscellaneous transitional provisions.
CHAPTER XXI
MISCELLANEOUS
143. Job work procedure.
144. Presumption as to documents in certain cases.
145. Admissibility of micro films, facsimile copies of documents and computer printouts as
documents and as evidence.
146. Common Portal.
147. Deemed exports.
148. Special procedure for certain processes.
149. Goods and services tax compliance rating.
150. Obligation to furnish information return.
151. Power to call for information.
152. Bar on disclosure of information.
153. Taking assistance from an expert.
154. Power to take samples.
155. Burden of proof.
156. Persons deemed to be public servants.
157. Protection of action take under this Act.
158. Disclosure of information by a public servant.
158A. Consent based sharing of information furnished by taxable person.

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SECTIONS
159. Publication of information in respect of persons in certain cases.
160. Assessment proceedings, etc., not to be invalid on certain grounds.
161. Rectification of errors apparent on the face of record.
162. Bar on jurisdiction of civil courts.
163. Levy of fee.
164. Power of Government to make rules.
165. Power to make regulations.
166. Laying of rules, regulations and notifications.
167. Delegation of powers.
168. Power to issue instructions or directions.
168A. Power of Government to extend time limit in special circumstances.
169. Service of notice in certain circumstances.
170. Rounding off of tax, etc.
171. Anti-profiteering measure.
172. Removal of difficulties.
173. Amendment of Act 32 of 1994.
174. Repeal and saving.
SCHEDULE I.
SCHEDULE II.
SCHEDULE III.

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 THE CENTRAL GOODS AND SERVICES TAX ACT, 2017
ACT NO. 12 OF 2017
[12th April, 2017.]
An Act to make a provision for levy and collection of tax on intra-State supply of goods or services or
both by the Central Government and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
BE it enacted by Parliament in the Sixty-eighth Year of the Republic of India as follows:—
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
1. Short title, extent and commencement.—(1) This Act may be called the Central Goods and
Services Tax Act, 2017.
(2) It extends to the whole of India 1***.
(3) It shall come into force on such date2 as the Central Government may, by notification in the
Official Gazette, appoint:
Provided that different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Act and any reference
in any such provision to the commencement of this Act shall be construed as a reference to the coming
into force of that provision.
2. Definitions.—In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,––
(1) “actionable claim” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 3 of the Transfer
of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882);
(2) “address of delivery” means the address of the recipient of goods or services or both indicated
on the tax invoice issued by a registered person for delivery of such goods or services or both;
(3) “address on record” means the address of the recipient as available in the records of the
supplier;
(4) “adjudicating authority” means any authority, appointed or authorised to pass any order or decision
under this Act, but does not include the 3[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs], the Revisional
Authority, the Authority for Advance Ruling, the Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling, 4[The National
Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling] 5[the Appellate Authority, the Appellate Tribunal and the
Authority referred to in sub-section (2) of section 171];
(5) “agent” means a person, including a factor, broker, commission agent, arhatia, del credere
agent, an auctioneer or any other mercantile agent, by whatever name called, who carries on the
business of supply or receipt of goods or services or both on behalf of another;
(6) “aggregate turnover” means the aggregate value of all taxable supplies (excluding the value of
inward supplies on which tax is payable by a person on reverse charge basis), exempt supplies, exports of
goods or services or both and inter-State supplies of persons having the same Permanent Account Number, to
be computed on all India basis but excludes central tax, State tax, Union territory tax, integrated tax and cess;

1. The words “except the State of Jammu and Kashmir” omitted by Act 26 of 2017, s. 2 (w.e.f. 8-7-2017).
2. 22nd June, 2017 for sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 139, 146 and 164, vide Notification No. G.S.R.
605 (E), dated the 19 June, 2017, see Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, sec. 3(i).
1st July, 2017 for sections 6 to 9, 11 to 21, 31 to 41, 42 except the proviso to sub-section (9) of section 42, 43 except the
proviso to sub-section (9) of sections 43, 44 to 50, 53 to 138, 140 to 145, 147 to 163, 165 to 174 vide Notification No. G.S.R.
658 (E), dated the 28th June, 2017, see Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, sec. 3(i).
3. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 2, for “Central Board of Excise and Customs” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
4. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 92 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
5. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 2, for “the Appellate Authority and the Appellate Tribunal” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
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 (7) “agriculturist” means an individual or a Hindu Undivided Family who undertakes cultivation
of land—
(a) by own labour, or
(b) by the labour of family, or
(c) by servants on wages payable in cash or kind or by hired labour under personal supervision
or the personal supervision of any member of the family;
(8) “Appellate Authority” means an authority appointed or authorised to hear appeals as referred
to in section 107;
(9) “Appellate Tribunal” means the Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal constituted under
section 109;
(10) “appointed day” means the date on which the provisions of this Act shall come into force;
(11) “assessment” means determination of tax liability under this Act and includes
self-assessment, re-assessment, provisional assessment, summary assessment and best judgment
assessment;
(12) “associated enterprises” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 92A of the
Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961);
(13) “audit” means the examination of records, returns and other documents maintained or
furnished by the registered person under this Act or the rules made thereunder or under any other law
for the time being in force to verify the correctness of turnover declared, taxes paid, refund claimed and
input tax credit availed, and to assess his compliance with the provisions of this Act or the rules made
thereunder;
(14) “authorised bank” shall mean a bank or a branch of a bank authorised by the Government to
collect the tax or any other amount payable under this Act;
(15) “authorised representative” means the representative as referred to in section 116;
(16) “Board” means the 1[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs] constituted under the
Central Boards of Revenue Act, 1963 (54 of 1963);
(17) “business” includes––
(a) any trade, commerce, manufacture, profession, vocation, adventure, wager or any other
similar activity, whether or not it is for a pecuniary benefit;
(b) any activity or transaction in connection with or incidental or ancillary to sub-clause (a);
(c) any activity or transaction in the nature of sub-clause (a), whether or not there is volume,
frequency, continuity or regularity of such transaction;
(d) supply or acquisition of goods including capital goods and services in connection with
commencement or closure of business;
(e) provision by a club, association, society, or any such body (for a subscription or any other
consideration) of the facilities or benefits to its members;
(f) admission, for a consideration, of persons to any premises;
(g) services supplied by a person as the holder of an office which has been accepted by him in the
course or furtherance of his trade, profession or vocation;
2
[(h) activities of a race club including by way of totalisator or a license to book maker or
activities of a licensed book maker in such club; and]

1. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 2, for “Central Board of Excise and Customs” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
2. Subs. by s. 2, ibid., for clause (h) (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
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 (i) any activity or transaction undertaken by the Central Government, a State Government or
any local authority in which they are engaged as public authorities;
1
* * * * *
(19) “capital goods” means goods, the value of which is capitalised in the books of account of the
person claiming the input tax credit and which are used or intended to be used in the course or
furtherance of business;
(20) “casual taxable person” means a person who occasionally undertakes transactions involving
supply of goods or services or both in the course or furtherance of business, whether as principal, agent
or in any other capacity, in a State or a Union territory where he has no fixed place of business;
(21) “central tax” means the central goods and services tax levied under section 9;
(22) “cess” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in the Goods and Services Tax
(Compensation to States) Act;
(23) “chartered accountant” means a chartered accountant as defined in clause (b) of
sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 (38 of 1949);
(24) “Commissioner” means the Commissioner of central tax and includes the Principal
Commissioner of central tax appointed under section 3 and the Commissioner of integrated tax
appointed under the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act;
(25) “Commissioner in the Board” means the Commissioner referred to in section 168;
(26) “common portal” means the common goods and services tax electronic portal referred to in
section 146;
(27) “common working days” in respect of a State or Union territory shall mean such days in
succession which are not declared as gazetted holidays by the Central Government or the concerned
State or Union territory Government;
(28) “company secretary” means a company secretary as defined in clause (c) of sub-section (1)
of section 2 of the Company Secretaries Act, 1980 (56 of 1980);
(29) “competent authority” means such authority as may be notified by the Government;
(30) “composite supply” means a supply made by a taxable person to a recipient consisting of two
or more taxable supplies of goods or services or both, or any combination thereof, which are naturally
bundled and supplied in conjunction with each other in the ordinary course of business, one of which
is a principal supply;
Illustration.— Where goods are packed and transported with insurance, the supply of goods,
packing materials, transport and insurance is a composite supply and supply of goods is a principal
supply;
(31) “consideration” in relation to the supply of goods or services or both includes––
(a) any payment made or to be made, whether in money or otherwise, in respect of, in
response to, or for the inducement of, the supply of goods or services or both, whether by the
recipient or by any other person but shall not include any subsidy given by the Central
Government or a State Government;
(b) the monetary value of any act or forbearance, in respect of, in response to, or for the
inducement of, the supply of goods or services or both, whether by the recipient or by any other
person but shall not include any subsidy given by the Central Government or a State Government:

1. Clause (18) omitted by Act 31 of 2018, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

10
 Provided that a deposit given in respect of the supply of goods or services or both shall not be
considered as payment made for such supply unless the supplier applies such deposit as consideration
for the said supply;
(32) “continuous supply of goods” means a supply of goods which is provided, or agreed to be
provided, continuously or on recurrent basis, under a contract, whether or not by means of a wire,
cable, pipeline or other conduit, and for which the supplier invoices the recipient on a regular or
periodic basis and includes supply of such goods as the Government may, subject to such conditions,
as it may, by notification, specify;
(33) “continuous supply of services” means a supply of services which is provided, or agreed to
be provided, continuously or on recurrent basis, under a contract, for a period exceeding three months
with periodic payment obligations and includes supply of such services as the Government may,
subject to such conditions, as it may, by notification, specify;
(34) “conveyance” includes a vessel, an aircraft and a vehicle;
(35) “cost accountant” means a cost accountant as defined in 1[clause (b)] of sub-section (1) of
section 2 of the Cost and Works Accountants Act, 1959 (23 of 1959);
(36) “Council” means the Goods and Services Tax Council established under article 279A of the
Constitution;
(37) “credit note” means a document issued by a registered person under sub-section (1) of
section 34;
(38) “debit note” means a document issued by a registered person under sub-section (3) of
section 34;
(39) “deemed exports” means such supplies of goods as may be notified under section 147;
(40) “designated authority” means such authority as may be notified by the Board;
(41) “document” includes written or printed record of any sort and electronic record as defined in
clause (t) of section 2 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (21 of 2000);
(42) “drawback” in relation to any goods manufactured in India and exported, means the rebate of
duty, tax or cess chargeable on any imported inputs or on any domestic inputs or input services used
in the manufacture of such goods;
(43) “electronic cash ledger” means the electronic cash ledger referred to in sub-section (1) of
section 49;
(44) “electronic commerce” means the supply of goods or services or both, including digital
products over digital or electronic network;
(45) “electronic commerce operator” means any person who owns, operates or manages digital or
electronic facility or platform for electronic commerce;
(46) “electronic credit ledger” means the electronic credit ledger referred to in sub-section (2) of
section 49;
(47) “exempt supply” means supply of any goods or services or both which attracts nil rate of tax
or which may be wholly exempt from tax under section 11, or under section 6 of the Integrated Goods
and Services Tax Act, and includes non-taxable supply;
(48) “existing law” means any law, notification, order, rule or regulation relating to levy and
collection of duty or tax on goods or services or both passed or made before the commencement of
this Act by Parliament or any Authority or person having the power to make such law, notification,
order, rule or regulation;

1. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 2, for “clause (c)” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

11
 (49) “family” means,––
(i) the spouse and children of the person, and
(ii) the parents, grand-parents, brothers and sisters of the person if they are wholly or mainly
dependent on the said person;
(50) “fixed establishment” means a place (other than the registered place of business) which is
characterised by a sufficient degree of permanence and suitable structure in terms of human and
technical resources to supply services, or to receive and use services for its own needs;
(51) “Fund” means the Consumer Welfare Fund established under section 57;
(52) “goods” means every kind of movable property other than money and securities but includes
actionable claim, growing crops, grass and things attached to or forming part of the land which are
agreed to be severed before supply or under a contract of supply;
(53) “Government” means the Central Government;
(54) “Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act” means the Goods and Services Tax
(Compensation to States) Act, 2017 (15 of 2017);
(55) “goods and services tax practitioner” means any person who has been approved under
section 48 to act as such practitioner;
(56) “India” means the territory of India as referred to in article 1 of the Constitution, its territorial
waters, seabed and sub-soil underlying such waters, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone or any
other maritime zone as referred to in the Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone
and other Maritime Zones Act, 1976 (80 of 1976), and the air space above its territory and territorial
waters;
(57) “Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act” means the Integrated Goods and Services Tax
Act, 2017 (13 of 2017);
(58) “integrated tax” means the integrated goods and services tax levied under the Integrated
Goods and Services Tax Act;
(59) “input” means any goods other than capital goods used or intended to be used by a supplier
in the course or furtherance of business;
(60) “input service” means any service used or intended to be used by a supplier in the course or
furtherance of business;
(61) “Input Service Distributor” means an office of the supplier of goods or services or both
which receives tax invoices issued under section 31 towards the receipt of input services and issues a
prescribed document for the purposes of distributing the credit of central tax, State tax, integrated tax
or Union territory tax paid on the said services to a supplier of taxable goods or services or both
having the same Permanent Account Number as that of the said office;
(62) “input tax” in relation to a registered person, means the central tax, State tax, integrated tax
or Union territory tax charged on any supply of goods or services or both made to him and includes—
(a) the integrated goods and services tax charged on import of goods;
(b) the tax payable under the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 9;
(c) the tax payable under the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 5 of the
Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act;
(d) the tax payable under the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 9 of the
respective State Goods and Services Tax Act; or
(e) the tax payable under the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 7 of the Union
Territory Goods and Services Tax Act,

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 but does not include the tax paid under the composition levy;
(63) “input tax credit” means the credit of input tax;
(64) “intra-State supply of goods” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 8 of
the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act;
(65) “intra-State supply of services” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 8 of
the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act;
(66) “invoice” or “tax invoice” means the tax invoice referred to in section 31;
(67) “inward supply” in relation to a person, shall mean receipt of goods or services or both
whether by purchase, acquisition or any other means with or without consideration;
(68) “job work” means any treatment or process undertaken by a person on goods belonging to
another registered person and the expression “job worker” shall be construed accordingly;
(69) “local authority” means––
(a) a “Panchayat” as defined in clause (d) of article 243 of the Constitution;
(b) a “Municipality” as defined in clause (e) of article 243P of the Constitution;
(c) a Municipal Committee, a Zilla Parishad, a District Board, and any other authority legally
entitled to, or entrusted by the Central Government or any State Government with the control or
management of a municipal or local fund;
(d) a Cantonment Board as defined in section 3 of the Cantonments Act, 2006 (41 of 2006);
(e) a Regional Council or a District Council constituted under the Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution;
(f) a Development Board constituted under article 371 1[and article 371J] of the Constitution;
or
(g) a Regional Council constituted under article 371A of the Constitution;
(70) “location of the recipient of services” means,—
(a) where a supply is received at a place of business for which the registration has been
obtained, the location of such place of business;
(b) where a supply is received at a place other than the place of business for which
registration has been obtained (a fixed establishment elsewhere), the location of such fixed
establishment;
(c) where a supply is received at more than one establishment, whether the place of
business or fixed establishment, the location of the establishment most directly concerned
with the receipt of the supply; and
(d) in absence of such places, the location of the usual place of residence of the recipient;
(71) “location of the supplier of services” means,—
(a) where a supply is made from a place of business for which the registration has been
obtained, the location of such place of business;
(b) where a supply is made from a place other than the place of business for which
registration has been obtained (a fixed establishment elsewhere), the location of such fixed
establishment;
(c) where a supply is made from more than one establishment, whether the place of
business or fixed establishment, the location of the establishment most directly concerned
with the provisions of the supply; and

1. Ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

13
 (d) in absence of such places, the location of the usual place of residence of the supplier;
(72) “manufacture” means processing of raw material or inputs in any manner that results in
emergence of a new product having a distinct name, character and use and the term “manufacturer”
shall be construed accordingly;
(73) “market value” shall mean the full amount which a recipient of a supply is required to pay in
order to obtain the goods or services or both of like kind and quality at or about the same time and at the
same commercial level where the recipient and the supplier are not related;
(74) “mixed supply” means two or more individual supplies of goods or services, or any combination
thereof, made in conjunction with each other by a taxable person for a single price where such supply
does not constitute a composite supply.
Illustration.— A supply of a package consisting of canned foods, sweets, chocolates, cakes, dry
fruits, aerated drinks and fruit juices when supplied for a single price is a mixed supply. Each of these
items can be supplied separately and is not dependent on any other. It shall not be a mixed supply if
these items are supplied separately;
(75) “money” means the Indian legal tender or any foreign currency, cheque, promissory note, bill of
exchange, letter of credit, draft, pay order, traveller cheque, money order, postal or electronic remittance or
any other instrument recognised by the Reserve Bank of India when used as a consideration to settle an
obligation or exchange with Indian legal tender of another denomination but shall not include any
currency that is held for its numismatic value;
(76) “motor vehicle” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (28) of section 2 of
the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988);
(77) “non-resident taxable person” means any person who occasionally undertakes transactions
involving supply of goods or services or both, whether as principal or agent or in any other capacity,
but who has no fixed place of business or residence in India;
(78) “non-taxable supply” means a supply of goods or services or both which is not leviable to tax
under this Act or under the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act;
(79) “non-taxable territory” means the territory which is outside the taxable territory;
(80) “notification” means a notification published in the Official Gazette and the expressions
“notify” and “notified” shall be construed accordingly;
[(80A) “online gaming” means offering of a game on the internet or an electronic network and
1

includes online money gaming;

(80B) “online money gaming” means online gaming in which players pay or deposit money or
money's worth, including virtual digital assets, in the expectation of winning money or money's
worth, including virtual digital assets, in any event including game, scheme, competition or any other
activity or process, whether or not its outcome or performance is based on skill, chance or both and
whether the same is permissible or otherwise under any other law for the time being in force;]
(81) “other territory” includes territories other than those comprising in a State and those referred
to in sub-clauses (a) to (e) of clause (114);
(82) “output tax” in relation to a taxable person, means the tax chargeable under this Act on
taxable supply of goods or services or both made by him or by his agent but excludes tax payable by
him on reverse charge basis;
(83) “outward supply” in relation to a taxable person, means supply of goods or services or both,
whether by sale, transfer, barter, exchange, licence, rental, lease or disposal or any other mode, made
or agreed to be made by such person in the course or furtherance of business;
(84) “person” includes—
(a) an individual;

1. Ins. by Act 30 of 2023, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).

14
 (b) a Hindu Undivided Family;
(c) a company;
(d) a firm;
(e) a Limited Liability Partnership;
(f) an association of persons or a body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, in India or
outside India;
(g) any corporation established by or under any Central Act, State Act or Provincial Act or a
Government company as defined in clause (45) of section 2 of the Companies Act, 2013
(18 of 2013);
(h) any body corporate incorporated by or under the laws of a country outside India;
(i) a co-operative society registered under any law relating to co-operative societies;
(j) a local authority;
(k) Central Government or a State Government;
(l) society as defined under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860);
(m) trust; and
(n) every artificial juridical person, not falling within any of the above;
(85) “place of business” includes––
(a) a place from where the business is ordinarily carried on, and includes a warehouse, a
godown or any other place where a taxable person stores his goods, supplies or receives goods or
services or both; or
(b) a place where a taxable person maintains his books of account; or
(c) a place where a taxable person is engaged in business through an agent, by whatever name
called;
(86) “place of supply” means the place of supply as referred to in Chapter V of the Integrated
Goods and Services Tax Act;
(87) “prescribed” means prescribed by rules made under this Act on the recommendations of the
Council;
(88) “principal” means a person on whose behalf an agent carries on the business of supply or
receipt of goods or services or both;
(89) “principal place of business” means the place of business specified as the principal place of
business in the certificate of registration;
(90) “principal supply” means the supply of goods or services which constitutes the predominant
element of a composite supply and to which any other supply forming part of that composite supply is
ancillary;
(91) “proper officer” in relation to any function to be performed under this Act, means the
Commissioner or the officer of the central tax who is assigned that function by the Commissioner in
the Board;
(92) “quarter” shall mean a period comprising three consecutive calendar months, ending on the last
day of March, June, September and December of a calendar year;
(93) “recipient” of supply of goods or services or both, means—
(a) where a consideration is payable for the supply of goods or services or both, the person
who is liable to pay that consideration;

15
 (b) where no consideration is payable for the supply of goods, the person to whom the goods
are delivered or made available, or to whom possession or use of the goods is given or made
available; and
(c) where no consideration is payable for the supply of a service, the person to whom the
service is rendered,
and any reference to a person to whom a supply is made shall be construed as a reference to the
recipient of the supply and shall include an agent acting as such on behalf of the recipient in relation
to the goods or services or both supplied;
(94) “registered person” means a person who is registered under section 25 but does not include a
person having a Unique Identity Number;
(95) “regulations” means the regulations made by the Board under this Act on the
recommendations of the Council;
(96) “removal” in relation to goods, means—
(a) despatch of the goods for delivery by the supplier thereof or by any other person acting on
behalf of such supplier; or
(b) collection of the goods by the recipient thereof or by any other person acting on behalf of
such recipient;
(97) “return” means any return prescribed or otherwise required to be furnished by or under this
Act or the rules made thereunder;
(98) “reverse charge” means the liability to pay tax by the recipient of supply of goods or services
or both instead of the supplier of such goods or services or both under sub-section (3) or sub-section (4)
of section 9, or under sub-section (3) or sub-section (4) of section 5 of the Integrated Goods and
Services Tax Act;
(99) “Revisional Authority” means an authority appointed or authorised for revision of decision
or orders as referred to in section 108;
(100) “Schedule” means a Schedule appended to this Act;
(101) “securities” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (h) of section 2 of the
Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956);
(102) “services” means anything other than goods, money and securities but includes activities
relating to the use of money or its conversion by cash or by any other mode, from one form, currency
or denomination, to another form, currency or denomination for which a separate consideration is
charged;
[Explanation.––For the removal of doubts, it is hereby clarified that the expression “services”
1

includes facilitating or arranging transactions in securities;]

2
[(102A) “specified actionable claim” means the actionable claim involved in or by way of—
(i) betting;
(ii) casinos;
(iii) gambling;
(iv) horse racing;
(v) lottery; or

1. The Explanation ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

2. Ins. by Act 30 of 2023, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
16
 (vi) online money gaming;]
(103) “State” includes a Union territory with Legislature;
(104) “State tax” means the tax levied under any State Goods and Services Tax Act;
(105) “supplier” in relation to any goods or services or both, shall mean the person supplying the
said goods or services or both and shall include an agent acting as such on behalf of such supplier in
relation to the goods or services or both supplied;
1
[Provided that a person who organises or arranges, directly or indirectly, supply of specified
actionable claims, including a person who owns, operates or manages digital or electronic platform
for such supply, shall be deemed to be a supplier of such actionable claims, whether such actionable
claims are supplied by him or through him and whether consideration in money or money's worth,
including virtual digital assets, for supply of such actionable claims is paid or conveyed to him or
through him or placed at his disposal in any manner, and all the provisions of this Act shall apply to
such supplier of specified actionable claims, as if he is the supplier liable to pay the tax in relation to
the supply of such actionable claims;]
(106) “tax period” means the period for which the return is required to be furnished;
(107) “taxable person” means a person who is registered or liable to be registered under
section 22 or section 24;
(108) “taxable supply” means a supply of goods or services or both which is leviable to tax under
this Act;
(109) “taxable territory” means the territory to which the provisions of this Act apply;
(110) “telecommunication service” means service of any description (including electronic mail,
voice mail, data services, audio text services, video text services, radio paging and cellular mobile
telephone services) which is made available to users by means of any transmission or reception of
signs, signals, writing, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature, by wire, radio, visual or other
electromagnetic means;
(111) “the State Goods and Services Tax Act” means the respective State Goods and Services
Tax Act, 2017;
(112) “turnover in State” or “turnover in Union territory” means the aggregate value of all taxable
supplies (excluding the value of inward supplies on which tax is payable by a person on reverse charge
basis) and exempt supplies made within a State or Union territory by a taxable person, exports of goods
or services or both and inter-State supplies of goods or services or both made from the State or Union
territory by the said taxable person but excludes central tax, State tax, Union territory tax, integrated tax
and cess;
(113) “usual place of residence” means––
(a) in case of an individual, the place where he ordinarily resides;
(b) in other cases, the place where the person is incorporated or otherwise legally constituted;
(114) “Union territory” means the territory of—
(a) the Andaman and Nicobar Islands;
(b) Lakshadweep;
2
[(c) Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu;
(d) Ladakh;]

1. Ins. by Act 30 of 2023, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).

2. Subs. by Act 12 of 2020, s.118, for sub-clauses (c) and (d) (w.e.f. 30-6-2020).
17
 (e) Chandigarh; 1***
2
[(ea) Ladakh; and;]
(f) other territory.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this Act, each of the territories specified in sub-clauses (a)
to (f) shall be considered to be a separate Union territory;
(115) “Union territory tax” means the Union territory goods and services tax levied under the
Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act;
(116) “Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act” means the Union Territory Goods and
Services Tax Act, 2017 (14 of 2017);
(117) “valid return” means a return furnished under sub-section (1) of section 39 on which
self-assessed tax has been paid in full;
[(117A) “virtual digital asset” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (47A) of
3

Section 2 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961);]

(118) “voucher” means an instrument where there is an obligation to accept it as consideration or
part consideration for a supply of goods or services or both and where the goods or services or both to
be supplied or the identities of their potential suppliers are either indicated on the instrument itself or
in related documentation, including the terms and conditions of use of such instrument;
(119) “works contract” means a contract for building, construction, fabrication, completion,
erection, installation, fitting out, improvement, modification, repair, maintenance, renovation, alteration
or commissioning of any immovable property wherein transfer of property in goods (whether as goods
or in some other form) is involved in the execution of such contract;
(120) words and expressions used and not defined in this Act but defined in the Integrated Goods
and Services Tax Act, the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act and the Goods and Services
Tax (Compensation to States) Act shall have the same meaning as assigned to them in those Acts;
4
* * * * *
CHAPTER II
ADMINISTRATION
3. Officers under this Act.––The Government shall, by notification, appoint the following classes of
officers for the purposes of this Act, namely:––
(a) Principal Chief Commissioners of Central Tax or Principal Directors General of Central Tax,
(b) Chief Commissioners of Central Tax or Directors General of Central Tax,
(c) Principal Commissioners of Central Tax or Principal Additional Directors General of Central
Tax,
(d) Commissioners of Central Tax or Additional Directors General of Central Tax,

1. The Word “and” omitted by the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Adaptation of Central Laws) Order, 2020, vide
Notification No. S.O. 1123(E), dated (18-3-2020) and vide Union Territory of Ladakh Reorganisation (Adaptation of Central
Laws) Order, 2020, Notification No. S.O. 3774(E), dated (23-10-2020).
*. Vide Notification No. S.O. 3912(E), dated 30th October, 2019, this Act is made applicable to the Union territory of Jammu and
Kashmir and the Union territory of Ladakh.
2. Ins. by the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Adaptation of Central Laws) Order, 2020, vide Notification No. S.O. 1123(E)
dated (18-3-2020) and vide Union Territory of Ladakh Reorganisation (Adaptation of Central Laws) Order, 2020, notification
No. S.O. 3774(E), dated (23-10-2020).
3. Ins. by Act 30 of 2023, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
4. Clause (121) omitted by the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Adaptation of Central Laws) Order, 2020, vide notification
No. S.O. 1123(E), dated (18-3-2020) and vide Union Territory of Ladakh Reorganisation (Adaptation of Central Laws)
Order, 2020, notification No. S.O. 3774(E), dated (23-10-2020).
18
 (e) Additional Commissioners of Central Tax or Additional Directors of Central Tax,
(f) Joint Commissioners of Central Tax or Joint Directors of Central Tax,
(g) Deputy Commissioners of Central Tax or Deputy Directors of Central Tax,
(h) Assistant Commissioners of Central Tax or Assistant Directors of Central Tax, and
(i) any other class of officers as it may deem fit:
Provided that the officers appointed under the Central Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944) shall be deemed
to be the officers appointed under the provisions of this Act.
4. Appointment of officers.–– (1) The Board may, in addition to the officers as may be notified by the
Government under section 3, appoint such persons as it may think fit to be the officers under this Act.
(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1), the Board may, by order, authorise any
officer referred to in clauses (a) to (h) of section 3 to appoint officers of central tax below the rank of
Assistant Commissioner of central tax for the administration of this Act.
5. Powers of officers.––(1) Subject to such conditions and limitations as the Board may impose, an
officer of central tax may exercise the powers and discharge the duties conferred or imposed on him
under this Act.
(2) An officer of central tax may exercise the powers and discharge the duties conferred or imposed under
this Act on any other officer of central tax who is subordinate to him.
(3) The Commissioner may, subject to such conditions and limitations as may be specified in this
behalf by him, delegate his powers to any other officer who is subordinate to him.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, an Appellate Authority shall not exercise the
powers and discharge the duties conferred or imposed on any other officer of central tax.
6. Authorisation of officers of State tax or Union territory tax as proper officer in certain
circumstances.––(1) Without prejudice to the provisions of this Act, the officers appointed under the
State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act are authorised to
be the proper officers for the purposes of this Act, subject to such conditions as the Government shall, on
the recommendations of the Council, by notification, specify.
(2) Subject to the conditions specified in the notification issued under sub-section (1),––
(a) where any proper officer issues an order under this Act, he shall also issue an order under the
State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, as authorised
by the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, as the
case may be, under intimation to the jurisdictional officer of State tax or Union territory tax;
(b) where a proper officer under the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union Territory
Goods and Services Tax Act has initiated any proceedings on a subject matter, no proceedings shall
be initiated by the proper officer under this Act on the same subject matter.
(3) Any proceedings for rectification, appeal and revision, wherever applicable, of any order passed
by an officer appointed under this Act shall not lie before an officer appointed under the State Goods and
Services Tax Act or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act.
CHAPTER III

LEVY AND COLLECTION OF TAX

7. Scope of supply.––(1) For the purposes of this Act, the expression “supply” includes––

19
 (a) all forms of supply of goods or services or both such as sale, transfer, barter, exchange,
licence, rental, lease or disposal made or agreed to be made for a consideration by a person in the
course or furtherance of business;
1
[(aa) the activities or transactions, by a person, other than an individual, to its members or
constituents or vice-versa, for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, it is hereby clarified that, notwithstanding anything
contained in any other law for the time being in force or any judgment, decree or order of any
Court, tribunal or authority, the person and its members or constituents shall be deemed to be two
separate persons and the supply of activities or transactions inter se shall be deemed to take place
from one such person to another;]
(b) import of services for a consideration whether or not in the course or furtherance of business;
2
[and]
(c) the activities specified in Schedule I, made or agreed to be made without a consideration. 3***
4
* * * * *
5
[(1A) Where certain activities or transactions constitute a supply in accordance with the provisions of
sub-section (1), they shall be treated either as supply of goods or supply of services as referred to in
Schedule II.]
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1),––
(a) activities or transactions specified in Schedule III; or
(b) such activities or transactions undertaken by the Central Government, a State Government or
any local authority in which they are engaged as public authorities, as may be notified by the
Government on the recommendations of the Council,
shall be treated neither as a supply of goods nor a supply of services.
(3) Subject to the provisions of 6[sub-sections (1), (1A) and (2)], the Government may, on the
recommendations of the Council, specify, by notification, the transactions that are to be treated as—
(a) a supply of goods and not as a supply of services; or
(b) a supply of services and not as a supply of goods.
8. Tax liability on composite and mixed supplies.––The tax liability on a composite or a mixed
supply shall be determined in the following manner, namely:—
(a) a composite supply comprising two or more supplies, one of which is a principal supply, shall
be treated as a supply of such principal supply; and
(b) a mixed supply comprising two or more supplies shall be treated as a supply of that particular
supply which attracts the highest rate of tax.
9. Levy and collection.––(1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), there shall be levied a tax
called the central goods and services tax on all intra-State supplies of goods or services or both, except on
the supply of alcoholic liquor for human consumption, on the value determined under section 15 and at
such rates, not exceeding twenty per cent., as may be notified by the Government on the
recommendations of the Council and collected in such manner as may be prescribed and shall be paid by
the taxable person.

1. Ins. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 108 (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).

2. Ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 3 (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
3. The word “and” omitted by s. 3, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
4. Clause (d) omitted by s. 3, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
5. Ins. by s. 3, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
6. Subs. by s. 3, ibid., for “sub-sections (1) and (2)” (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
20
 (2) The central tax on the supply of petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit (commonly
known as petrol), natural gas and aviation turbine fuel shall be levied with effect from such date as may
be notified by the Government on the recommendations of the Council.
(3) The Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, specify categories
of supply of goods or services or both, the tax on which shall be paid on reverse charge basis by the
recipient of such goods or services or both and all the provisions of this Act shall apply to such recipient
as if he is the person liable for paying the tax in relation to the supply of such goods or services or both.
1
[(4) The Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, specify a class of
registered persons who shall, in respect of supply of specified categories of goods or services or both
received from an unregistered supplier, pay the tax on reverse charge basis as the recipient of such supply
of goods or services or both, and all the provisions of this Act shall apply to such recipient as if he is the
person liable for paying the tax in relation to such supply of goods or services or both.]
(5) The Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, specify categories of
services the tax on intra-State supplies of which shall be paid by the electronic commerce operator if such
services are supplied through it, and all the provisions of this Act shall apply to such electronic commerce
operator as if he is the supplier liable for paying the tax in relation to the supply of such services:
Provided that where an electronic commerce operator does not have a physical presence in the taxable
territory, any person representing such electronic commerce operator for any purpose in the taxable territory
shall be liable to pay tax:
Provided further that where an electronic commerce operator does not have a physical presence in the
taxable territory and also he does not have a representative in the said territory, such electronic commerce
operator shall appoint a person in the taxable territory for the purpose of paying tax and such person shall
be liable to pay tax.
10. Composition levy.––(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act but
subject to the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 9, a registered person, whose aggregate
turnover in the preceding financial year did not exceed fifty lakh rupees, may opt to pay, 2[in lieu of the
tax payable by him under sub-section (1) of section 9, an amount of tax calculated at such rate] as may be
prescribed, but not exceeding,––
(a) one per cent. of the turnover in State or turnover in Union territory in case of a manufacturer,
(b) two and a half per cent. of the turnover in State or turnover in Union territory in case of
persons engaged in making supplies referred to in clause (b) of paragraph 6 of Schedule II, and
(c) half per cent. of the turnover in State or turnover in Union territory in case of other suppliers,
subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed:
Provided that the Government may, by notification, increase the said limit of fifty lakh rupees to such
higher amount, not exceeding 3[one crore and fifty lakh rupees], as may be recommended by the Council:
4
[Provided further that a person who opts to pay tax under clause (a) or clause (b) or clause (c) may
supply services (other than those referred to in clause (b) of paragraph 6 of Schedule II), of value not
exceeding ten per cent. of turnover in a State or Union territory in the preceding financial year or five lakh
rupees, whichever is higher.]
5
[Explanation.—For the purposes of second proviso, the value of exempt supply of services provided
by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of
interest or discount shall not be taken into account for determining the value of turnover in a State or
Union territory.]
(2) The registered person shall be eligible to opt under sub-section (1), if:—

1. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 4, for sub-section (4) (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

2. Subs. by s. 5, ibid., for “in lieu of the tax payable by him, an amount calculated at such rate” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
3. Subs. by s. 5, ibid., for “one crore rupees” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
4. The proviso ins. by s. 5, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
5. The Explanation ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 93 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
21
 1
[(a) save as provided in sub-section (1), he is not engaged in the supply of services;]
(b) he is not engaged in making any supply of goods 2[or services] which are not leviable to tax
under this Act;
(c) he is not engaged in making any inter-State outward supplies of goods 2[or services];
(d) he is not engaged in making any supply of 3*** 2[services] through an electronic commerce
operator who is required to collect tax at source under section 52; 4***
(e) he is not a manufacturer of such goods as may be notified by the Government on the
recommendations of the 5[Council; and]
6
[(f) he is neither a casual taxable person nor a non-resident taxable person:]
Provided that where more than one registered persons are having the same Permanent Account Number
(issued under the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961), the registered person shall not be eligible to opt for the
scheme under sub-section (1) unless all such registered persons opt to pay tax under that sub-section.
6
[(2A) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, but subject to the provisions of
sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 9, a registered person, not eligible to opt to pay tax under
sub-section (1) and sub-section (2), whose aggregate turnover in the preceding financial year did not
exceed fifty lakh rupees, may opt to pay, in lieu of the tax payable by him under sub-section (1) of
section 9, an amount of tax calculated at such rate as may be prescribed, but not exceeding three per cent.
of the turnover in State or turnover in Union territory, if he is not—
(a) engaged in making any supply of goods or services which are not leviable to tax under this
Act;
(b) engaged in making any inter-State outward supplies of goods or services;
(c) engaged in making any supply of 3*** services through an electronic commerce operator who
is required to collect tax at source under section 52;
(d) a manufacturer of such goods or supplier of such services as may be notified by the
Government on the recommendations of the Council; and
(e) a casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable person:
Provided that where more than one registered person are having the same Permanent Account
Number issued under the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961), the registered person shall not be
eligible to opt for the scheme under this sub-section unless all such registered persons opt to pay tax
under this sub-section.]
(3) The option availed of by a registered person under sub-section (1) 6[or sub-section (2A), as the
case may be] shall lapse with effect from the day on which his aggregate turnover during a financial year
exceeds the limit specified under sub-section (1) 6[or sub-section (2A), as the case may be].
(4) A taxable person to whom the provisions of sub-section (1) 6[or, as the case may be,
sub-section (2A)] apply shall not collect any tax from the recipient on supplies made by him nor shall he
be entitled to any credit of input tax.
(5) If the proper officer has reasons to believe that a taxable person has paid tax under sub-section (1)
6
[or sub-section (2A), as the case may be,] despite not being eligible, such person shall, in addition to any
tax that may be payable by him under any other provisions of this Act, be liable to a penalty and the
provisions of section 73 or section 74 shall, mutatis mutandis, apply for determination of tax and penalty.

1. Subs. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 5, for clause (a) (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

2. Ins. by Act 12 of 2020, s. 119 (w.e.f. 1-1-2021).
3. The Words “goods or” omitted by Act 8 of 2023, s. 137 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
4. The word “and” omitted by Act 23 of 2019, s. 93 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
5. Subs. by s. 93, ibid., for “Council” (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
6. Ins. by s. 93, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
22
 1
[Explanation 1.—For the purposes of computing aggregate turnover of a person for determining his
eligibility to pay tax under this section, the expression “aggregate turnover” shall include the value of
supplies made by such person from the 1st day of April of a financial year up to the date when he
becomes liable for registration under this Act, but shall not include the value of exempt supply of services
provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by
way of interest or discount.
Explanation 2.—For the purposes of determining the tax payable by a person under this section, the
expression “turnover in State or turnover in Union territory” shall not include the value of following
supplies, namely:—
(i) supplies from the first day of April of a financial year up to the date when such person
becomes liable for registration under this Act; and
(ii) exempt supply of services provided by way of extending deposits, loans or advances in so far
as the consideration is represented by way of interest or discount.]
11. Power to grant exemption from tax.—(1) Where the Government is satisfied that it is necessary in
the public interest so to do, it may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, exempt generally,
either absolutely or subject to such conditions as may be specified therein, goods or services or both of any
specified description from the whole or any part of the tax leviable thereon with effect from such date as may
be specified in such notification.
(2) Where the Government is satisfied that it is necessary in the public interest so to do, it may, on the
recommendations of the Council, by special order in each case, under circumstances of an exceptional
nature to be stated in such order, exempt from payment of tax any goods or services or both on which tax
is leviable.
(3) The Government may, if it considers necessary or expedient so to do for the purpose of clarifying
the scope or applicability of any notification issued under sub-section (1) or order issued under
sub-section (2), insert an explanation in such notification or order, as the case may be, by notification at
any time within one year of issue of the notification under sub-section (1) or order under sub-section (2),
and every such explanation shall have effect as if it had always been the part of the first such notification
or order, as the case may be.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this section, where an exemption in respect of any goods or
services or both from the whole or part of the tax leviable thereon has been granted absolutely, the
registered person supplying such goods or services or both shall not collect the tax, in excess of the
effective rate, on such supply of goods or services or both.
CHAPTER IV
TIME AND VALUE OF SUPPLY
12. Time of supply of goods.—(1) The liability to pay tax on goods shall arise at the time of supply,
as determined in accordance with the provisions of this section.
(2) The time of supply of goods shall be the earlier of the following dates, namely:—
(a) the date of issue of invoice by the supplier or the last date on which he is required, under
2
*** section 31, to issue the invoice with respect to the supply; or
(b) the date on which the supplier receives the payment with respect to the supply:
Provided that where the supplier of taxable goods receives an amount up to one thousand rupees in
excess of the amount indicated in the tax invoice, the time of supply to the extent of such excess amount
shall, at the option of the said supplier, be the date of issue of invoice in respect of such excess amount.
Explanation 1.––For the purposes of clauses (a) and (b), “supply” shall be deemed to have been made
to the extent it is covered by the invoice or, as the case may be, the payment.

1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 93 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).

2. The words, brackets and figure “sub-section (1) of” omitted by Act 31 of 2018, s. 6 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
23
 Explanation 2.––For the purposes of clause (b), “the date on which the supplier receives the payment”
shall be the date on which the payment is entered in his books of account or the date on which the payment
is credited to his bank account, whichever is earlier.
(3) In case of supplies in respect of which tax is paid or liable to be paid on reverse charge basis, the
time of supply shall be the earliest of the following dates, namely:—
(a) the date of the receipt of goods; or
(b) the date of payment as entered in the books of account of the recipient or the date on which the
payment is debited in his bank account, whichever is earlier; or
(c) the date immediately following thirty days from the date of issue of invoice or any other
document, by whatever name called, in lieu thereof by the supplier:
Provided that where it is not possible to determine the time of supply under clause (a) or clause (b) or
clause (c), the time of supply shall be the date of entry in the books of account of the recipient of supply.
(4) In case of supply of vouchers by a supplier, the time of supply shall be—
(a) the date of issue of voucher, if the supply is identifiable at that point; or
(b) the date of redemption of voucher, in all other cases.
(5) Where it is not possible to determine the time of supply under the provisions of sub-section (2) or
sub-section (3) or sub-section (4), the time of supply shall––
(a) in a case where a periodical return has to be filed, be the date on which such return is to be
filed; or
(b) in any other case, be the date on which the tax is paid.
(6) The time of supply to the extent it relates to an addition in the value of supply by way of interest,
late fee or penalty for delayed payment of any consideration shall be the date on which the supplier
receives such addition in value.
13. Time of supply of services.—(1) The liability to pay tax on services shall arise at the time of
supply, as determined in accordance with the provisions of this section.
(2) The time of supply of services shall be the earliest of the following dates, namely:—
(a) the date of issue of invoice by the supplier, if the invoice is issued within the period
prescribed under 1*** section 31 or the date of receipt of payment, whichever is earlier; or
(b) the date of provision of service, if the invoice is not issued within the period prescribed under
1
*** section 31 or the date of receipt of payment, whichever is earlier; or
(c) the date on which the recipient shows the receipt of services in his books of account, in a case
where the provisions of clause (a) or clause (b) do not apply:
Provided that where the supplier of taxable service receives an amount up to one thousand rupees in
excess of the amount indicated in the tax invoice, the time of supply to the extent of such excess amount
shall, at the option of the said supplier, be the date of issue of invoice relating to such excess amount.
Explanation.––For the purposes of clauses (a) and (b)––
(i) the supply shall be deemed to have been made to the extent it is covered by the invoice or, as
the case may be, the payment;
(ii) “the date of receipt of payment” shall be the date on which the payment is entered in the
books of account of the supplier or the date on which the payment is credited to his bank account,
whichever is earlier.
(3) In case of supplies in respect of which tax is paid or liable to be paid on reverse charge basis, the
time of supply shall be the earlier of the following dates, namely:––

1. The words, brackets and figure “sub-section (2) of” omitted by Act 31 of 2018, s. 7 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
24
 (a) the date of payment as entered in the books of account of the recipient or the date on which the
payment is debited in his bank account, whichever is earlier; or
(b) the date immediately following sixty days from the date of issue of invoice or any other
document, by whatever name called, in lieu thereof by the supplier:
Provided that where it is not possible to determine the time of supply under clause (a) or clause (b),
the time of supply shall be the date of entry in the books of account of the recipient of supply:
Provided further that in case of supply by associated enterprises, where the supplier of service is
located outside India, the time of supply shall be the date of entry in the books of account of the recipient
of supply or the date of payment, whichever is earlier.
(4) In case of supply of vouchers by a supplier, the time of supply shall be––
(a) the date of issue of voucher, if the supply is identifiable at that point; or
(b) the date of redemption of voucher, in all other cases.
(5) Where it is not possible to determine the time of supply under the provisions of sub-section (2) or
sub-section (3) or sub-section (4), the time of supply shall––
(a) in a case where a periodical return has to be filed, be the date on which such return is to be
filed; or
(b) in any other case, be the date on which the tax is paid.
(6) The time of supply to the extent it relates to an addition in the value of supply by way of interest,
late fee or penalty for delayed payment of any consideration shall be the date on which the supplier
receives such addition in value.
14. Change in rate of tax in respect of supply of goods or services.—Notwithstanding anything
contained in section 12 or section 13, the time of supply, where there is a change in the rate of tax in
respect of goods or services or both, shall be determined in the following manner, namely:––
(a) in case the goods or services or both have been supplied before the change in rate of tax,––
(i) where the invoice for the same has been issued and the payment is also received after the
change in rate of tax, the time of supply shall be the date of receipt of payment or the date of issue of
invoice, whichever is earlier; or
(ii) where the invoice has been issued prior to the change in rate of tax but payment is
received after the change in rate of tax, the time of supply shall be the date of issue of invoice; or
(iii) where the payment has been received before the change in rate of tax, but the invoice for
the same is issued after the change in rate of tax, the time of supply shall be the date of receipt of
payment;
(b) in case the goods or services or both have been supplied after the change in rate of tax,––
(i) where the payment is received after the change in rate of tax but the invoice has been
issued prior to the change in rate of tax, the time of supply shall be the date of receipt of payment;
or
(ii) where the invoice has been issued and payment is received before the change in rate of
tax, the time of supply shall be the date of receipt of payment or date of issue of invoice,
whichever is earlier; or
(iii) where the invoice has been issued after the change in rate of tax but the payment is
received before the change in rate of tax, the time of supply shall be the date of issue of invoice:
Provided that the date of receipt of payment shall be the date of credit in the bank account if
such credit in the bank account is after four working days from the date of change in the rate of
tax.

25
 Explanation.––For the purposes of this section, “the date of receipt of payment” shall be the date on
which the payment is entered in the books of account of the supplier or the date on which the payment is
credited to his bank account, whichever is earlier.
15. Value of taxable supply.—(1) The value of a supply of goods or services or both shall be the
transaction value, which is the price actually paid or payable for the said supply of goods or services or
both where the supplier and the recipient of the supply are not related and the price is the sole
consideration for the supply.
(2) The value of supply shall include––
(a) any taxes, duties, cesses, fees and charges levied under any law for the time being in force
other than this Act, the State Goods and Services Tax Act, the Union Territory Goods and Services
Tax Act and the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act, if charged separately by the
supplier;
(b) any amount that the supplier is liable to pay in relation to such supply but which has been
incurred by the recipient of the supply and not included in the price actually paid or payable for the
goods or services or both;
(c) incidental expenses, including commission and packing, charged by the supplier to the
recipient of a supply and any amount charged for anything done by the supplier in respect of the
supply of goods or services or both at the time of, or before delivery of goods or supply of services;
(d) interest or late fee or penalty for delayed payment of any consideration for any supply; and
(e) subsidies directly linked to the price excluding subsidies provided by the Central Government
and the State Governments.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this sub-section, the amount of subsidy shall be included in the
value of supply of the supplier who receives the subsidy.
(3) The value of the supply shall not include any discount which is given––
(a) before or at the time of the supply if such discount has been duly recorded in the invoice
issued in respect of such supply; and
(b) after the supply has been effected, if—
(i) such discount is established in terms of an agreement entered into at or before the time of
such supply and specifically linked to relevant invoices; and
(ii) input tax credit as is attributable to the discount on the basis of document issued by the
supplier has been reversed by the recipient of the supply.
(4) Where the value of the supply of goods or services or both cannot be determined under
sub-section (1), the same shall be determined in such manner as may be prescribed.
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) or sub-section (4), the value of such
supplies as may be notified by the Government on the recommendations of the Council shall be
determined in such manner as may be prescribed.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this Act,––
(a) persons shall be deemed to be “related persons” if––
(i) such persons are officers or directors of one another’s businesses;
(ii) such persons are legally recognised partners in business;
(iii) such persons are employer and employee;
(iv) any person directly or indirectly owns, controls or holds twenty-five per cent. or more of
the outstanding voting stock or shares of both of them;

26
 (v) one of them directly or indirectly controls the other;
(vi) both of them are directly or indirectly controlled by a third person;
(vii) together they directly or indirectly control a third person; or
(viii) they are members of the same family;
(b) the term “person” also includes legal persons;
(c) persons who are associated in the business of one another in that one is the sole agent or sole
distributor or sole concessionaire, howsoever described, of the other, shall be deemed to be related.
CHAPTER V
INPUT TAX CREDIT
16. Eligibility and conditions for taking input tax credit.—(1) Every registered person shall,
subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed and in the manner specified in section 49,
be entitled to take credit of input tax charged on any supply of goods or services or both to him which are
used or intended to be used in the course or furtherance of his business and the said amount shall be
credited to the electronic credit ledger of such person.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, no registered person shall be entitled to the
credit of any input tax in respect of any supply of goods or services or both to him unless,––
(a) he is in possession of a tax invoice or debit note issued by a supplier registered under this Act, or
such other tax paying documents as may be prescribed;
1
[(aa) the details of the invoice or debit note referred to in clause (a) has been furnished by the
supplier in the statement of outward supplies and such details have been communicated to the
recipient of such invoice or debit note in the manner specified under section 37.]
(b) he has received the goods or services or both.
2
[Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, it shall be deemed that the registered person has
received the goods or, as the case may be, services––
(i) where the goods are delivered by the supplier to a recipient or any other person on the direction of
such registered person, whether acting as an agent or otherwise, before or during movement of goods,
either by way of transfer of documents of title to goods or otherwise;
(ii) where the services are provided by the supplier to any person on the direction of and on account of
such registered person.]
3
[(ba) the details of input tax credit in respect of the said supply communicated to such registered
person under section 38 has not been restricted;]

(c) subject to the provisions of 4[section 41 5***], the tax charged in respect of such supply has
been actually paid to the Government, either in cash or through utilisation of input tax credit
admissible in respect of the said supply; and
(d) he has furnished the return under section 39:
Provided that where the goods against an invoice are received in lots or instalments, the registered
person shall be entitled to take credit upon receipt of the last lot or instalment:

1. Ins. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 109 (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).

2. The Explanation subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 8 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
3. Ins. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 100 (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
4. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 8, for “section 41” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
5. The words, figures and letter “or section 43A” omitted by Act 6 of 2022, s. 100 (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
27
 Provided further that where a recipient fails to pay to the supplier of goods or services or both, other than
the supplies on which tax is payable on reverse charge basis, the amount towards the value of supply along
with tax payable thereon within a period of one hundred and eighty days from the date of issue of invoice
by the supplier, an amount equal to the input tax credit availed by the recipient shall be 1[paid by him
along with interest payable under section 50], in such manner as may be prescribed:
Provided also that the recipient shall be entitled to avail of the credit of input tax on payment made by
him 2[to the supplier] of the amount towards the value of supply of goods or services or both along with
tax payable thereon.
(3) Where the registered person has claimed depreciation on the tax component of the cost of capital
goods and plant and machinery under the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961(43 of 1961), the input
tax credit on the said tax component shall not be allowed.
(4) A registered person shall not be entitled to take input tax credit in respect of any invoice or debit note
for supply of goods or services or both after the 3[thirtieth day of November] following the end of financial
year to which such invoice or 4*** debit note pertains or furnishing of the relevant annual return, whichever
is earlier.
5
[Provided that the registered person shall be entitled to take input tax credit after the due date of
furnishing of the return under section 39 for the month of September, 2018 till the due date of furnishing
of the return under the said section for the month of March, 2019 in respect of any invoice or invoice
relating to such debit note for supply of goods or services or both made during the financial year 2017-18,
the details of which have been uploaded by the supplier under sub-section (1) of section 37 till the due
date for furnishing the details under sub-section (1) of said section for the month of March, 2019.]
17. Apportionment of credit and blocked credits.—(1) Where the goods or services or both are used
by the registered person partly for the purpose of any business and partly for other purposes, the amount of
credit shall be restricted to so much of the input tax as is attributable to the purposes of his business.
(2) Where the goods or services or both are used by the registered person partly for effecting taxable
supplies including zero-rated supplies under this Act or under the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act and
partly for effecting exempt supplies under the said Acts, the amount of credit shall be restricted to so much of
the input tax as is attributable to the said taxable supplies including zero-rated supplies.
(3) The value of exempt supply under sub-section (2) shall be such as may be prescribed, and shall
include supplies on which the recipient is liable to pay tax on reverse charge basis, transactions in
securities, sale of land and, subject to clause (b) of paragraph 5 of Schedule II, sale of building.
[Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, the expression ‘‘value of exempt supply’’ shall
6

not include the value of activities or transactions specified in Schedule III, 7[except,—
(i) the value of activities or transactions specified in paragraph 5 of the said Schedule; and.
(ii) the value of such activities or transactions as may be prescribed in respect of clause (a) of
paragraph 8 of the said Schedule.]]
(4) A banking company or a financial institution including a non-banking financial company, engaged
in supplying services by way of accepting deposits, extending loans or advances shall have the option to
either comply with the provisions of sub-section (2), or avail of, every month, an amount equal to fifty per
cent. of the eligible input tax credit on inputs, capital goods and input services in that month and the rest
shall lapse:

1. Subs. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 138, for “added to his output tax liability, along with interest thereon” (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
2. Ins. by s. 138, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
3. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 100, for “due date of furnishing of the return under section 39 for the month of September”
(w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
4. The words “invoice relation to such” omitted by Act 12 of 2020, s. 120 (w.e.f. 1-1-2021).
5. Ins. by Order No. 02/2018-Central Tax dated 31-12-2018.
6. The Explanation ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 9 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
7. Subs. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 139, for “except those specified in paragraph 5 of the said Schedule” (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
28
 Provided that the option once exercised shall not be withdrawn during the remaining part of the
financial year:
Provided further that the restriction of fifty per cent. shall not apply to the tax paid on supplies made
by one registered person to another registered person having the same Permanent Account Number.
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1) of section 16 and sub-section (1) of
section 18, input tax credit shall not be available in respect of the following, namely:—
1
[(a) motor vehicles for transportation of persons having approved seating capacity of not more
than thirteen persons (including the driver), except when they are used for making the following
taxable supplies, namely:—
(A) further supply of such motor vehicles; or
(B) transportation of passengers; or
(C) imparting training on driving such motor vehicles;
(aa) vessels and aircraft except when they are used––
(i) for making the following taxable supplies, namely:—
(A) further supply of such vessels or aircraft; or
(B) transportation of passengers; or
(C) imparting training on navigating such vessels; or
(D) imparting training on flying such aircraft;
(ii) for transportation of goods;
(ab) services of general insurance, servicing, repair and maintenance in so far as they relate to
motor vehicles, vessels or aircraft referred to in clause (a) or clause (aa):
Provided that the input tax credit in respect of such services shall be available—
(i) where the motor vehicles, vessels or aircraft referred to in clause (a) or clause (aa) are
used for the purposes specified therein;
(ii) where received by a taxable person engaged—
(I) in the manufacture of such motor vehicles, vessels or aircraft; or
(II) in the supply of general insurance services in respect of such motor vehicles, vessels
or aircraft insured by him;
(b) the following supply of goods or services or both—
(i) food and beverages, outdoor catering, beauty treatment, health services, cosmetic and
plastic surgery, leasing, renting or hiring of motor vehicles, vessels or aircraft referred to in
clause (a) or clause (aa) except when used for the purposes specified therein, life insurance and
health insurance:
Provided that the input tax credit in respect of such goods or services or both shall be
available where an inward supply of such goods or services or both is used by a registered person
for making an outward taxable supply of the same category of goods or services or both or as an
element of a taxable composite or mixed supply;
(ii) membership of a club, health and fitness centre; and

1. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 9, for clauses (a) and (b) (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
29
 (iii) travel benefits extended to employees on vacation such as leave or home travel
concession:
Provided that the input tax credit in respect of such goods or services or both shall be
available, where it is obligatory for an employer to provide the same to its employees under any
law for the time being in force.]
(c) works contract services when supplied for construction of an immovable property (other than
plant and machinery) except where it is an input service for further supply of works contract service;
(d) goods or services or both received by a taxable person for construction of an immovable property
(other than plant or machinery) on his own account including when such goods or services or both are
used in the course or furtherance of business.
Explanation.––For the purposes of clauses (c) and (d), the expression “construction” includes
re-construction, renovation, additions or alterations or repairs, to the extent of capitalisation, to the
said immovable property;
(e) goods or services or both on which tax has been paid under section 10;
(f) goods or services or both received by a non-resident taxable person except on goods imported
by him;
1
[(fa) goods or services or both received by a taxable person, which are used or intended to be
used for activities relating to his obligations under corporate social responsibility referred to in
section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013);]
(g) goods or services or both used for personal consumption;
(h) goods lost, stolen, destroyed, written off or disposed of by way of gift or free samples; and
(i) any tax paid in accordance with the provisions of sections 74, 129 and 130.
(6) The Government may prescribe the manner in which the credit referred to in sub-sections (1)
and (2) may be attributed.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this Chapter and Chapter VI, the expression “plant and machinery”
means apparatus, equipment, and machinery fixed to earth by foundation or structural support that are used for
making outward supply of goods or services or both and includes such foundation and structural supports but
excludes—
(i) land, building or any other civil structures;
(ii) telecommunication towers; and
(iii) pipelines laid outside the factory premises.]
18. Availability of credit in special circumstances.—(1) Subject to such conditions and restrictions
as may be prescribed—
(a) a person who has applied for registration under this Act within thirty days from the date on
which he becomes liable to registration and has been granted such registration shall be entitled to take
credit of input tax in respect of inputs held in stock and inputs contained in semi-finished or finished
goods held in stock on the day immediately preceding the date from which he becomes liable to pay
tax under the provisions of this Act;
(b) a person who takes registration under sub-section (3) of section 25 shall be entitled to take
credit of input tax in respect of inputs held in stock and inputs contained in semi-finished or finished
goods held in stock on the day immediately preceding the date of grant of registration;

1. Ins. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 139 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).

30
 (c) where any registered person ceases to pay tax under section 10, he shall be entitled to take
credit of input tax in respect of inputs held in stock, inputs contained in semi-finished or finished
goods held in stock and on capital goods on the day immediately preceding the date from which he
becomes liable to pay tax under section 9:
Provided that the credit on capital goods shall be reduced by such percentage points as may be
prescribed;
(d) where an exempt supply of goods or services or both by a registered person becomes a taxable
supply, such person shall be entitled to take credit of input tax in respect of inputs held in stock and
inputs contained in semi-finished or finished goods held in stock relatable to such exempt supply and on
capital goods exclusively used for such exempt supply on the day immediately preceding the date from
which such supply becomes taxable:
Provided that the credit on capital goods shall be reduced by such percentage points as may be
prescribed.
(2) A registered person shall not be entitled to take input tax credit under sub-section (1) in respect of
any supply of goods or services or both to him after the expiry of one year from the date of issue of tax
invoice relating to such supply.
(3) Where there is a change in the constitution of a registered person on account of sale, merger, demerger,
amalgamation, lease or transfer of the business with the specific provisions for transfer of liabilities, the said
registered person shall be allowed to transfer the input tax credit which remains unutilised in his electronic
credit ledger to such sold, merged, demerged, amalgamated, leased or transferred business in such manner as
may be prescribed.
(4) Where any registered person who has availed of input tax credit opts to pay tax under section 10 or,
where the goods or services or both supplied by him become wholly exempt, he shall pay an amount, by
way of debit in the electronic credit ledger or electronic cash ledger, equivalent to the credit of input tax in
respect of inputs held in stock and inputs contained in semi-finished or finished goods held in stock and on
capital goods, reduced by such percentage points as may be prescribed, on the day immediately preceding
the date of exercising of such option or, as the case may be, the date of such exemption:
Provided that after payment of such amount, the balance of input tax credit, if any, lying in his
electronic credit ledger shall lapse.
(5) The amount of credit under sub-section (1) and the amount payable under sub-section (4) shall be
calculated in such manner as may be prescribed.
(6) In case of supply of capital goods or plant and machinery, on which input tax credit has been taken,
the registered person shall pay an amount equal to the input tax credit taken on the said capital goods or plant
and machinery reduced by such percentage points as may be prescribed or the tax on the transaction value of
such capital goods or plant and machinery determined under section 15, whichever is higher:
Provided that where refractory bricks, moulds and dies, jigs and fixtures are supplied as scrap, the
taxable person may pay tax on the transaction value of such goods determined under section 15.
19. Taking input tax credit in respect of inputs and capital goods sent for job work.—(1) The
principal shall, subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed, be allowed input tax
credit on inputs sent to a job worker for job work.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (b) of sub-section (2) of section 16, the principal shall be
entitled to take credit of input tax on inputs even if the inputs are directly sent to a job worker for job work
without being first brought to his place of business.
(3) Where the inputs sent for job work are not received back by the principal after completion of job
work or otherwise or are not supplied from the place of business of the job worker in accordance with
clause (a) or clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 143 within one year of being sent out, it shall be
deemed that such inputs had been supplied by the principal to the job worker on the day when the said
inputs were sent out:
31
 Provided that where the inputs are sent directly to a job worker, the period of one year shall be
counted from the date of receipt of inputs by the job worker.
(4) The principal shall, subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed, be allowed input
tax credit on capital goods sent to a job worker for job work.
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (b) of sub-section (2) of section 16, the principal
shall be entitled to take credit of input tax on capital goods even if the capital goods are directly sent to a
job worker for job work without being first brought to his place of business.
(6) Where the capital goods sent for job work are not received back by the principal within a period of
three years of being sent out, it shall be deemed that such capital goods had been supplied by the principal
to the job worker on the day when the said capital goods were sent out:
Provided that where the capital goods are sent directly to a job worker, the period of three years shall
be counted from the date of receipt of capital goods by the job worker.
(7) Nothing contained in sub-section (3) or sub-section (6) shall apply to moulds and dies, jigs and
fixtures, or tools sent out to a job worker for job work.
Explanation.––For the purpose of this section, “principal” means the person referred to in
section 143.
20. Manner of distribution of credit by Input Service Distributor.—(1) The Input Service
Distributor shall distribute the credit of central tax as central tax or integrated tax and integrated tax as
integrated tax or central tax, by way of issue of a document containing the amount of input tax credit
being distributed in such manner as may be prescribed.
(2) The Input Service Distributor may distribute the credit subject to the following conditions,
namely:––
(a) the credit can be distributed to the recipients of credit against a document containing such
details as may be prescribed;
(b) the amount of the credit distributed shall not exceed the amount of credit available for
distribution;
(c) the credit of tax paid on input services attributable to a recipient of credit shall be distributed
only to that recipient;
(d) the credit of tax paid on input services attributable to more than one recipient of credit shall be
distributed amongst such recipients to whom the input service is attributable and such distribution
shall be pro rata on the basis of the turnover in a State or turnover in a Union territory of such
recipient, during the relevant period, to the aggregate of the turnover of all such recipients to whom
such input service is attributable and which are operational in the current year, during the said
relevant period;
(e) the credit of tax paid on input services attributable to all recipients of credit shall be distributed
amongst such recipients and such distribution shall be pro rata on the basis of the turnover in a State or
turnover in a Union territory of such recipient, during the relevant period, to the aggregate of the
turnover of all recipients and which are operational in the current year, during the said relevant period.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this section,––
(a) the “relevant period” shall be––
(i) if the recipients of credit have turnover in their States or Union territories in the financial
year preceding the year during which credit is to be distributed, the said financial year; or
(ii) if some or all recipients of the credit do not have any turnover in their States or Union
territories in the financial year preceding the year during which the credit is to be distributed, the last

32
 quarter for which details of such turnover of all the recipients are available, previous to the month
during which credit is to be distributed;
(b) the expression “recipient of credit” means the supplier of goods or services or both having the
same Permanent Account Number as that of the Input Service Distributor;
(c) the term “turnover”, in relation to any registered person engaged in the supply of taxable
goods as well as goods not taxable under this Act, means the value of turnover, reduced by the
amount of any duty or tax levied 1[under entries 84 and 92A] of List I of the Seventh Schedule to the
Constitution and entries 51 and 54 of List II of the said Schedule.
21. Manner of recovery of credit distributed in excess.—Where the Input Service Distributor
distributes the credit in contravention of the provisions contained in section 20 resulting in excess
distribution of credit to one or more recipients of credit, the excess credit so distributed shall be
recovered from such recipients along with interest, and the provisions of section 73 or section 74, as
the case may be, shall, mutatis mutandis, apply for determination of amount to be recovered.

CHAPTER VI
REGISTRATION
22. Persons liable for registration.—(1) Every supplier shall be liable to be registered under this Act
in the State or Union territory, other than special category States, from where he makes a taxable supply
of goods or services or both, if his aggregate turnover in a financial year exceeds twenty lakh rupees:
Provided that where such person makes taxable supplies of goods or services or both from any of the
special category States, he shall be liable to be registered if his aggregate turnover in a financial year
exceeds ten lakh rupees.
2
[Provided further that the Government may, at the request of a special category State and on the
recommendations of the Council, enhance the aggregate turnover referred to in the first proviso from ten
lakh rupees to such amount, not exceeding twenty lakh rupees and subject to such conditions and
limitations, as may be so notified.]
3
[Provided also that the Government may, at the request of a State and on the recommendations of the
Council, enhance the aggregate turnover from twenty lakh rupees to such amount not exceeding forty lakh
rupees in case of supplier who is engaged exclusively in the supply of goods, subject to such conditions
and limitations, as may be notified.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, a person shall be considered to be engaged
exclusively in the supply of goods even if he is engaged in exempt supply of services provided by way of
extending deposits, loans or advances in so far as the consideration is represented by way of interest or
discount.]
(2) Every person who, on the day immediately preceding the appointed day, is registered or holds a
licence under an existing law, shall be liable to be registered under this Act with effect from the appointed
day.
(3) Where a business carried on by a taxable person registered under this Act is transferred, whether
on account of succession or otherwise, to another person as a going concern, the transferee or the
successor, as the case may be, shall be liable to be registered with effect from the date of such transfer or
succession.

1. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 10, for “under entry 84” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
2. The proviso ins. by s. 11, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
3. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 94 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
33
 (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-sections (1) and (3), in a case of transfer pursuant to
sanction of a scheme or an arrangement for amalgamation or, as the case may be, demerger of two or more
companies pursuant to an order of a High Court, Tribunal or otherwise, the transferee shall be liable to be
registered, with effect from the date on which the Registrar of Companies issues a certificate of
incorporation giving effect to such order of the High Court or Tribunal.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this section,––
(i) the expression “aggregate turnover” shall include all supplies made by the taxable person,
whether on his own account or made on behalf of all his principals;
(ii) the supply of goods, after completion of job work, by a registered job worker shall be treated
as the supply of goods by the principal referred to in section 143, and the value of such goods shall
not be included in the aggregate turnover of the registered job worker;
(iii) the expression “special category States” shall mean the States as specified in sub-clause (g)
of clause (4) of article 279A of the Constitution 1[except the State of Jammu and Kashmir*] 2[and
States of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim and Uttarakhand].
23. Persons not liable for registration.—(1) The following persons shall not be liable to registration,
namely:––
(a) any person engaged exclusively in the business of supplying goods or services or both that are
not liable to tax or wholly exempt from tax under this Act or under the Integrated Goods and Services
Tax Act;
(b) an agriculturist, to the extent of supply of produce out of cultivation of land.
3
[(2) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in sub-section (1) of section 22 or
section 24, the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, subject to such
conditions and restrictions as may be specified therein, specify the category of persons who may be
exempted from obtaining registration under this Act.]
24. Compulsory registration in certain cases.—Notwithstanding anything contained in
sub-section (1) of section 22, the following categories of persons shall be required to be registered under
this Act,––
(i) persons making any inter-State taxable supply;
(ii) casual taxable persons making taxable supply;
(iii) persons who are required to pay tax under reverse charge;
(iv) person who are required to pay tax under sub-section (5) of section 9;
(v) non-resident taxable persons making taxable supply;
(vi) persons who are required to deduct tax under section 51, whether or not separately registered
under this Act;
(vii) persons who make taxable supply of goods or services or both on behalf of other taxable
persons whether as an agent or otherwise;
(viii) Input Service Distributor, whether or not separately registered under this Act;
(ix) persons who supply goods or services or both, other than supplies specified under
sub-section (5) of section 9, through such electronic commerce operator who is required to collect tax
at source under section 52;

1. Ins. by Act 26 of 2017, s. 2 (w.e.f. 8-7-2017).

*. Vide notification No. S.O. 3912(E), dated 30th October, 2019, this Act is made applicable to the Union territory of Jammu and
Kashmir and the Union territory of Ladakh.
2. Ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 11 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
3. Subs. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 140, for sub-section (2) (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
34
 (x) every electronic commerce operator 1[who is required to collect tax at source under
section 52];
(xi) every person supplying online information and database access or retrieval services from a
place outside India to a person in India, other than a registered person; 2***
3
[(xia) every person supplying online money gaming from a place outside India to a person in
India; and]
(xii) such other person or class of persons as may be notified by the Government on the
recommendations of the Council.
25. Procedure for registration.—(1) Every person who is liable to be registered under section 22 or
section 24 shall apply for registration in every such State or Union territory in which he is so liable within
thirty days from the date on which he becomes liable to registration, in such manner and subject to such
conditions as may be prescribed:
Provided that a casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable person shall apply for registration at
least five days prior to the commencement of business.
4
[Provided further that a person having a unit, as defined in the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005,
(28 of 2005) in a Special Economic Zone or being a Special Economic Zone developer shall have to apply
for a separate registration, as distinct from his place of business located outside the Special Economic
Zone in the same State or Union territory.]
Explanation.—Every person who makes a supply from the territorial waters of India shall obtain
registration in the coastal State or Union territory where the nearest point of the appropriate baseline is
located.
(2) A person seeking registration under this Act shall be granted a single registration in a State or
Union territory:
5
[Provided that a person having multiple places of business in a State or Union territory may be
granted a separate registration for each such place of business, subject to such conditions as may be
prescribed.]
(3) A person, though not liable to be registered under section 22 or section 24 may get himself
registered voluntarily, and all provisions of this Act, as are applicable to a registered person, shall apply to
such person.
(4) A person who has obtained or is required to obtain more than one registration, whether in one
State or Union territory or more than one State or Union territory shall, in respect of each such
registration, be treated as distinct persons for the purposes of this Act.
(5) Where a person who has obtained or is required to obtain registration in a State or Union territory
in respect of an establishment, has an establishment in another State or Union territory, then such
establishments shall be treated as establishments of distinct persons for the purposes of this Act.
(6) Every person shall have a Permanent Account Number issued under the Income-tax Act, 1961
(43 of 1961) in order to be eligible for grant of registration:
Provided that a person required to deduct tax under section 51 may have, in lieu of a Permanent
Account Number, a Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number issued under the said Act in order to
be eligible for grant of registration.
6
[(6A) Every registered person shall undergo authentication, or furnish proof of possession of
Aadhaar number, in such form and manner and within such time as may be prescribed:

1. Ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 12 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

2. The word “and” omitted by Act 30 of 2023, s. 3 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
3. Ins. by s. 3, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
4. The proviso ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 13 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
5. Subs. by s. 13, ibid., for the proviso (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
6. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 95 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
35
 Provided that if an Aadhaar number is not assigned to the registered person, such person shall be
offered alternate and viable means of identification in such manner as Government may, on the
recommendations of the Council, prescribe:
Provided further that in case of failure to undergo authentication or furnish proof of possession of
Aadhaar number or furnish alternate and viable means of identification, registration allotted to such
person shall be deemed to be invalid and the other provisions of this Act shall apply as if such person
does not have a registration.
(6B) On and from the date of notification, every individual shall, in order to be eligible for grant of
registration, undergo authentication, or furnish proof of possession of Aadhaar number, in such manner as
the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, specify in the said notification:
Provided that if an Aadhaar number is not assigned to an individual, such individual shall be offered
alternate and viable means of identification in such manner as the Government may, on the
recommendations of the Council, specify in the said notification.
(6C) On and from the date of notification, every person, other than an individual, shall, in order to be
eligible for grant of registration, undergo authentication, or furnish proof of possession of Aadhaar
number of the Karta, Managing Director, whole time Director, such number of partners, Members of
Managing Committee of Association, Board of Trustees, authorised representative, authorised signatory
and such other class of persons, in such manner, as the Government may, on the recommendations of the
Council, specify in the said notification:
Provided that where such person or class of persons have not been assigned the Aadhaar Number,
such person or class of persons shall be offered alternate and viable means of identification in such
manner as the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, specify in the said notification.
(6D) The provisions of sub-section (6A) or sub-section (6B) or sub-section (6C) shall not apply to
such person or class of persons or any State or Union territory or part thereof, as the Government may, on
the recommendations of the Council, specify by notification.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, the expression “Aadhaar number” shall have the same
meaning as assigned to it in clause (a) of section 2 of the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and
Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016 (18 of 2016).]
(7) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (6), a non-resident taxable person may be
granted registration under sub-section (1) on the basis of such other documents as may be prescribed.
(8) Where a person who is liable to be registered under this Act fails to obtain registration, the proper
officer may, without prejudice to any action which may be taken under this Act or under any other law for
the time being in force, proceed to register such person in such manner as may be prescribed.
(9) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1),––
(a) any specialised agency of the United Nations Organisation or any Multilateral Financial
Institution and Organisation notified under the United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act, 1947
(46 of 1947), Consulate or Embassy of foreign countries; and
(b) any other person or class of persons, as may be notified by the Commissioner,
shall be granted a Unique Identity Number in such manner and for such purposes, including refund of
taxes on the notified supplies of goods or services or both received by them, as may be prescribed.
(10) The registration or the Unique Identity Number shall be granted or rejected after due verification
in such manner and within such period as may be prescribed.
(11) A certificate of registration shall be issued in such form and with effect from such date as may be
prescribed.

36
 (12) A registration or a Unique Identity Number shall be deemed to have been granted after the expiry
of the period prescribed under sub-section (10), if no deficiency has been communicated to the applicant
within that period.
26. Deemed registration.—(1) The grant of registration or the Unique Identity Number under the State
Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act shall be deemed to be a
grant of registration or the Unique Identity Number under this Act subject to the condition that the application
for registration or the Unique Identity Number has not been rejected under this Act within the time specified
in sub-section (10) of section 25.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (10) of section 25, any rejection of application
for registration or the Unique Identity Number under the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union
Territory Goods and Services Tax Act shall be deemed to be a rejection of application for registration
under this Act.
27. Special provisions relating to casual taxable person and non-resident taxable person.—(1)
The certificate of registration issued to a casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable person shall be
valid for the period specified in the application for registration or ninety days from the effective date of
registration, whichever is earlier and such person shall make taxable supplies only after the issuance of
the certificate of registration:
Provided that the proper officer may, on sufficient cause being shown by the said taxable person,
extend the said period of ninety days by a further period not exceeding ninety days.
(2) A casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable person shall, at the time of submission of
application for registration under sub-section (1) of section 25, make an advance deposit of tax in an
amount equivalent to the estimated tax liability of such person for the period for which the registration is
sought:
Provided that where any extension of time is sought under sub-section (1), such taxable person shall
deposit an additional amount of tax equivalent to the estimated tax liability of such person for the period
for which the extension is sought.
(3) The amount deposited under sub-section (2) shall be credited to the electronic cash ledger of
such person and shall be utilised in the manner provided under section 49.
28. Amendment of registration.—(1) Every registered person and a person to whom a Unique
Identity Number has been assigned shall inform the proper officer of any changes in the information
furnished at the time of registration or subsequent thereto, in such form and manner and within such
period as may be prescribed.
(2) The proper officer may, on the basis of information furnished under sub-section (1) or as
ascertained by him, approve or reject amendments in the registration particulars in such manner and
within such period as may be prescribed:
Provided that approval of the proper officer shall not be required in respect of amendment of such
particulars as may be prescribed:
Provided further that the proper officer shall not reject the application for amendment in the registration
particulars without giving the person an opportunity of being heard.
(3) Any rejection or approval of amendments under the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the
Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, as the case may be, shall be deemed to be a rejection or
approval under this Act.
29. Cancellation 1[or suspension] of registration.—(1) The proper officer may, either on his own
motion or on an application filed by the registered person or by his legal heirs, in case of death of such

1. Ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 14 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

37
person, cancel the registration, in such manner and within such period as may be prescribed, having
regard to the circumstances where,––
(a) the business has been discontinued, transferred fully for any reason including death of the
proprietor, amalgamated with other legal entity, demerged or otherwise disposed of; or
(b) there is any change in the constitution of the business; or
1
[(c) the taxable person is no longer liable to be registered under section 22 or section 24 or
intends to optout of the registration voluntarily made under sub-section (3) of section 25:]
2
[Provided that during pendency of the proceedings relating to cancellation of registration filed by
the registered person, the registration may be suspended for such period and in such manner as may
be prescribed.]
(2) The proper officer may cancel the registration of a person from such date, including any
retrospective date, as he may deem fit, where,––
(a) a registered person has contravened such provisions of the Act or the rules made thereunder as
may be prescribed; or
(b) a person paying tax under section 10 has not furnished 3[the return for a financial year beyond
three months from the due date of furnishing the said return]; or
(c) any registered person, other than a person specified in clause (b), has not furnished returns for
4
[such continuous tax period as may be prescribed]; or
(d) any person who has taken voluntary registration under sub-section (3) of section 25 has not
commenced business within six months from the date of registration; or
(e) registration has been obtained by means of fraud, wilful misstatement or suppression of facts:
Provided that the proper officer shall not cancel the registration without giving the person an
opportunity of being heard.
2
[Provided further that during pendency of the proceedings relating to cancellation of registration, the
proper officer may suspend the registration for such period and in such manner as may be prescribed.]
(3) The cancellation of registration under this section shall not affect the liability of the person to pay tax
and other dues under this Act or to discharge any obligation under this Act or the rules made thereunder for
any period prior to the date of cancellation whether or not such tax and other dues are determined before or
after the date of cancellation.
(4) The cancellation of registration under the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union
Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, as the case may be, shall be deemed to be a cancellation of
registration under this Act.
(5) Every registered person whose registration is cancelled shall pay an amount, by way of debit in the
electronic credit ledger or electronic cash ledger, equivalent to the credit of input tax in respect of inputs
held in stock and inputs contained in semi-finished or finished goods held in stock or capital goods or plant
and machinery on the day immediately preceding the date of such cancellation or the output tax payable on
such goods, whichever is higher, calculated in such manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that in case of capital goods or plant and machinery, the taxable person shall pay an amount
equal to the input tax credit taken on the said capital goods or plant and machinery, reduced by such

1. Subs. by Act 12 of 2020, s. 121, for clause (c) (w.e.f. 1-1-2021).

2. The proviso ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 14 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
3. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 101, for “returns for three consecutive tax periods” (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
4. Subs. by s. 101, ibid., for “a continuous period of six months” (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
38
percentage points as may be prescribed or the tax on the transaction value of such capital goods or plant
and machinery under section 15, whichever is higher.
(6) The amount payable under sub-section (5) shall be calculated in such manner as may be
prescribed.
30. Revocation of cancellation of registration.—(1) Subject to such conditions as may be prescribed,
any registered person, whose registration is cancelled by the proper officer on his own motion, may apply to
such officer for revocation of cancellation of the registration in 1[such manner, within such time and subject
to such conditions and restrictions, as may be prescribed.]
2
[* * * * *.]
(2) The proper officer may, in such manner and within such period as may be prescribed, by order, either
revoke cancellation of the registration or reject the application:
Provided that the application for revocation of cancellation of registration shall not be rejected unless
the applicant has been given an opportunity of being heard.
(3) The revocation of cancellation of registration under the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the
Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, as the case may be, shall be deemed to be a revocation of
cancellation of registration under this Act.
CHAPTER VII
TAX INVOICE, CREDIT AND DEBIT NOTES
31. Tax invoice.—(1) A registered person supplying taxable goods shall, before or at the time of,—
(a) removal of goods for supply to the recipient, where the supply involves movement of goods;
or
(b) delivery of goods or making available thereof to the recipient, in any other case,
issue a tax invoice showing the description, quantity and value of goods, the tax charged thereon and such
other particulars as may be prescribed:
Provided that the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, specify
the categories of goods or supplies in respect of which a tax invoice shall be issued, within such time and
in such manner as may be prescribed.
(2) A registered person supplying taxable services shall, before or after the provision of service but
within a prescribed period, issue a tax invoice, showing the description, value, tax charged thereon and such
other particulars as may be prescribed:
3
[Provided that the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification,––
(a) specify the categories of services or supplies in respect of which a tax invoice shall be issued,
within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed;
(b) subject to the condition mentioned therein, specify the categories of services in respect of
which––
(i) any other document issue in relation to the supply shall be deemed to be a tax invoice; or
(ii) tax invoice may not be issued.]
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-sections (1) and (2)––

1. Subs. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 141, for “the prescribed manner within thirty days from the date of service of the cancellation
order:” (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
2. Omitted by s. 141, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
3. The Proviso subs. by Act 12 of 2020, s. 123 (w.e.f. 1-1-2021).
39
 (a) a registered person may, within one month from the date of issuance of certificate of registration
and in such manner as may be prescribed, issue a revised invoice against the invoice already issued during
the period beginning with the effective date of registration till the date of issuance of certificate of
registration to him;
(b) a registered person may not issue a tax invoice if the value of the goods or services or both
supplied is less than two hundred rupees subject to such conditions and in such manner as may be
prescribed;
(c) a registered person supplying exempted goods or services or both or paying tax under the
provisions of section 10 shall issue, instead of a tax invoice, a bill of supply containing such particulars
and in such manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that the registered person may not issue a bill of supply if the value of the goods or
services or both supplied is less than two hundred rupees subject to such conditions and in such
manner as may be prescribed;
(d) a registered person shall, on receipt of advance payment with respect to any supply of goods or
services or both, issue a receipt voucher or any other document, containing such particulars as may be
prescribed, evidencing receipt of such payment;
(e) where, on receipt of advance payment with respect to any supply of goods or services or both
the registered person issues a receipt voucher, but subsequently no supply is made and no tax invoice
is issued in pursuance thereof, the said registered person may issue to the person who had made the
payment, a refund voucher against such payment;
(f) a registered person who is liable to pay tax under sub-section (3) or sub-section (4) of
section 9 shall issue an invoice in respect of goods or services or both received by him from the
supplier who is not registered on the date of receipt of goods or services or both;
(g) a registered person who is liable to pay tax under sub-section (3) or sub-section (4) of
section 9 shall issue a payment voucher at the time of making payment to the supplier.
(4) In case of continuous supply of goods, where successive statements of accounts or successive
payments are involved, the invoice shall be issued before or at the time each such statement is issued or,
as the case may be, each such payment is received.
(5) Subject to the provisions of clause (d) of sub-section (3), in case of continuous supply of
services,––
(a) where the due date of payment is ascertainable from the contract, the invoice shall be issued
on or before the due date of payment;
(b) where the due date of payment is not ascertainable from the contract, the invoice shall be
issued before or at the time when the supplier of service receives the payment;
(c) where the payment is linked to the completion of an event, the invoice shall be issued on or
before the date of completion of that event.
(6) In a case where the supply of services ceases under a contract before the completion of the supply,
the invoice shall be issued at the time when the supply ceases and such invoice shall be issued to the
extent of the supply made before such cessation.
(7) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where the goods being sent or taken on
approval for sale or return are removed before the supply takes place, the invoice shall be issued before or
at the time of supply or six months from the date of removal, whichever is earlier.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this section, the expression “tax invoice” shall include any revised
invoice issued by the supplier in respect of a supply made earlier.
1
[31A. Facility of digital payment to recipient.—The Government may, on the recommendations of
the Council, prescribe a class of registered persons who shall provide prescribed modes of electronic

1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 96 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).

40
payment to the recipient of supply of goods or services or both made by him and give option to such
recipient to make payment accordingly, in such manner and subject to such conditions and restrictions, as
may be prescribed.]
32. Prohibition of unauthorised collection of tax.—(1) A person who is not a registered person
shall not collect in respect of any supply of goods or services or both any amount by way of tax under this
Act.
(2) No registered person shall collect tax except in accordance with the provisions of this Act or the
rules made thereunder.
33. Amount of tax to be indicated in tax invoice and other documents.—Notwithstanding
anything contained in this Act or any other law for the time being in force, where any supply is made for a
consideration, every person who is liable to pay tax for such supply shall prominently indicate in all
documents relating to assessment, tax invoice and other like documents, the amount of tax which shall
form part of the price at which such supply is made.
34. Credit and debit notes.—(1) 1[Where one or more tax invoices have] been issued for supply of
any goods or services or both and the taxable value or tax charged in that tax invoice is found to exceed
the taxable value or tax payable in respect of such supply, or where the goods supplied are returned by the
recipient, or where goods or services or both supplied are found to be deficient, the registered person, who
has supplied such goods or services or both, may issue to the recipient 2[one or more credit notes for
supplies made in a financial year] containing such particulars as may be prescribed.
(2) Any registered person who issues a credit note in relation to a supply of goods or services or both
shall declare the details of such credit note in the return for the month during which such credit note has
been issued but not later than 3[the thirtieth day of November] following the end of the financial year in
which such supply was made, or the date of furnishing of the relevant annual return, whichever is earlier,
and the tax liability shall be adjusted in such manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that no reduction in output tax liability of the supplier shall be permitted, if the incidence of
tax and interest on such supply has been passed on to any other person.
(3) 1[Where one or more tax invoices have] been issued for supply of any goods or services or both
and the taxable value or tax charged in that tax invoice is found to be less than the taxable value or tax
payable in respect of such supply, the registered person, who has supplied such goods or services or both,
shall issue to the recipient 4[one or more debit notes for supplies made in a financial year] containing such
particulars as may be prescribed.
(4) Any registered person who issues a debit note in relation to a supply of goods or services or both
shall declare the details of such debit note in the return for the month during which such debit note has
been issued and the tax liability shall be adjusted in such manner as may be prescribed.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this Act, the expression “debit note” shall include a supplementary
invoice.
CHAPTER VIII
ACCOUNTS AND RECORDS
35. Accounts and other records.—(1) Every registered person shall keep and maintain, at his
principal place of business, as mentioned in the certificate of registration, a true and correct account of—
(a) production or manufacture of goods;
(b) inward and outward supply of goods or services or both;

1. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 15, for “Where a tax invoice has” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
2. Subs. by s. 15, ibid., for “a credit note” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
3. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 102, for “September” (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
4. Subs. by s. 15, ibid., for “a debit note” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
41
 (c) stock of goods;
(d) input tax credit availed;
(e) output tax payable and paid; and
(f) such other particulars as may be prescribed:
Provided that where more than one place of business is specified in the certificate of registration, the
accounts relating to each place of business shall be kept at such places of business:
Provided further that the registered person may keep and maintain such accounts and other particulars
in electronic form in such manner as may be prescribed.
(2) Every owner or operator of warehouse or godown or any other place used for storage of goods and
every transporter, irrespective of whether he is a registered person or not, shall maintain records of the
consigner, consignee and other relevant details of the goods in such manner as may be prescribed.
(3) The Commissioner may notify a class of taxable persons to maintain additional accounts or
documents for such purpose as may be specified therein.
(4) Where the Commissioner considers that any class of taxable person is not in a position to keep
and maintain accounts in accordance with the provisions of this section, he may, for reasons to be
recorded in writing, permit such class of taxable persons to maintain accounts in such manner as may be
prescribed.
1
* * * * *
2
[Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall apply to any department of the Central
Government or a State Government or a local authority, whose books of account are subject to audit by
the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India or an auditor appointed for auditing the accounts of local
authorities under any law for the time being in force.]
(6) Subject to the provisions of clause (h) of sub-section (5) of section 17, where the registered
person fails to account for the goods or services or both in accordance with the provisions of
sub-section (1), the proper officer shall determine the amount of tax payable on the goods or services or
both that are not accounted for, as if such goods or services or both had been supplied by such person
and the provisions of section 73 or section 74, as the case may be, shall, mutatis mutandis, apply for
determination of such tax.
36. Period of retention of accounts.—Every registered person required to keep and maintain books
of account or other records in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 35 shall retain
them until the expiry of seventy-two months from the due date of furnishing of annual return for the year
pertaining to such accounts and records:
Provided that a registered person, who is a party to an appeal or revision or any other proceedings
before any Appellate Authority or Revisional Authority or Appellate Tribunal or court, whether filed by him
or by the Commissioner, or is under investigation for an offence under Chapter XIX, shall retain the books
of account and other records pertaining to the subject matter of such appeal or revision or proceedings or
investigation for a period of one year after final disposal of such appeal or revision or proceedings or
investigation, or for the period specified above, whichever is later.
CHAPTER IX
RETURNS
37. Furnishing details of outward supplies.—(1) Every registered person, other than an Input
Service Distributor, a non-resident taxable person and a person paying tax under the provisions of
section 10 or section 51 or section 52, shall furnish, electronically, 3[subject to such conditions and
restrictions and] in such form and manner as may be prescribed, the details of outward supplies of goods
or services or both effected during a tax period on or before the tenth day of the month succeeding the

1. Sub-section (5) omitted by Act 13 of 2021, s. 110 (w.e.f. 1-8-2021) Vide S.O. 3065(E), dated 30-7-2021.
2. The proviso ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 16 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
3. Ins. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 103 (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
42
said tax period and such details 1[shall, subject to such conditions and restrictions, within such time and in
such manner as may be prescribed, be communicated to the recipient of the said supplies:]
2
* * * *
3
[Provided that] the Commissioner may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, by notification, extend
the time limit for furnishing such details for such class of taxable persons as may be specified therein:
4
[Provided further that] any extension of time limit notified by the Commissioner of State tax or
Commissioner of Union territory tax shall be deemed to be notified by the Commissioner.
5
* * * *
(3) Any registered person, who has furnished the details under sub-section (1) for any tax period 6***,
shall, upon discovery of any error or omission therein, rectify such error or omission in such manner as
may be prescribed, and shall pay the tax and interest, if any, in case there is a short payment of tax on
account of such error or omission, in the return to be furnished for such tax period:
Provided that no rectification of error or omission in respect of the details furnished under
sub-section (1) shall be allowed after 7[the thirtieth day of November] following the end of the financial
year to which such details pertain, or furnishing of the relevant annual return, whichever is earlier.
8
[Provided further that the rectification of error or omission in respect of the details furnished under
sub-section (1) shall be allowed after furnishing of the return under section 39 for the month of
September, 2018 till the due date for furnishing the details under sub-section (1) for the month of March,
2019 or for the quarter January, 2019 to March, 2019.]
Explanation.––For the purposes of this Chapter, the expression “details of outward supplies” shall
include details of invoices, debit notes, credit notes and revised invoices issued in relation to outward
supplies made during any tax period.
9
[(4) A registered person shall not be allowed to furnish the details of outward supplies under
sub-section (1) for a tax period, if the details of outward supplies for any of the previous tax periods has
not been furnished by him:
Provided that the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, subject
to such conditions and restrictions as may be specified therein, allow a registered person or a class of
registered persons to furnish the details of outward supplies under sub-section (1), even if he has not
furnished the details of outward supplies for one or more previous tax periods.]
10
[(5) A registered person shall not be allowed to furnish the details of outward supplies under
sub-section (1) for a tax period after the expiry of a period of three years from the due date of furnishing
the said details:
Provided that the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, subject
to such conditions and restrictions as may be specified therein, allow a registered person or a class of
registered persons to furnish the details of outward supplies for a tax period under sub-section (1), even
after the expiry of the said period of three years from the due date of furnishing the said details.]

1. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 103, for “shall be communicated to the recipient of the said supplies within such time and in such
manner as may be prescribed” (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
2. Proviso omitted by s. 103, ibid (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
3. Subs. by s. 103, ibid., for “Provided further that” (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
4. Subs. by s. 103, ibid., “Provided also that” (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
5. Sub-section (2) omitted by s. 103, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
6. The words and figures “and which have remained unmatched under section 42 or section 43” omitted by s. 103, ibid.
(w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
7. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 103, for “furnishing of the return under section 39 for the month of September” (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
8. Ins. by vide Order No. 02/2018-Central Tax dated 31-12-2018.
9. Ins. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 103 (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
10. Ins. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 142 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
43
 1
[38. Communication of details of inward supplies input tax credit.—(1) The details of outward
supplies furnished by the registered persons under sub-section (1) of section 37 and of such other supplies
as may be prescribed, and an auto-generated statement containing the details of input tax credit shall be
made available electronically to the recipients of such supplies in such form and manner, within such
time, and subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed.
(2) The auto-generated statement under sub-section (1) shall consist of––
(a) details of inward supplies in respect of which credit of input tax may be available to the
recipient; and
(b) details of supplies in respect of which such credit cannot be availed, whether wholly or partly,
by the recipient, on account of the details of the said supplies being furnished under sub-section (1) of
section 37,––
(i) by any registered person within such period of taking registration as may be prescribed; or
(ii) by any registered person, who has defaulted in payment of tax and where such default has
continued for such period as may be prescribed; or
(iii) by any registered person, the output tax payable by whom in accordance with the
statement of outward supplies furnished by him under the said sub-section during such period, as
may be prescribed, exceeds the output tax paid by him during the said period by such limit as
may be prescribed; or
(iv) by any registered person who, during such period as may be prescribed, has availed credit
of input tax of an amount that exceeds the credit that can be availed by him in accordance with
clause (a), by such limit as may be prescribed; or
(v) by any registered person, who has defaulted in discharging his tax liability in accordance
with the provisions of sub-section (12) of section 49 subject to such conditions and restrictions as
may be prescribed; or
(vi) by such other class of persons as may be prescribed.]
39. Furnishing of returns.—2[(1) Every registered person, other than an Input Service Distributor or
a non-resident taxable person or a person paying tax under the provisions of section 10 or section 51 or
section 52 shall, for every calendar month or part thereof, furnish, a return, electronically, of inward and
outward supplies of goods or services or both, input tax credit availed, tax payable, tax paid and such
other particulars, in such form and manner, and within such time, as may be prescribed:
Provided that the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, notify certain class of
registered persons who shall furnish a return for every quarter or part thereof, subject to such conditions
and restrictions as may be specified therein.
(2) A registered person paying tax under the provisions of section 10, shall, for each financial year or
part thereof, furnish a return, electronically, of turnover in the State or Union territory, inward supplies of
goods or services or both, tax payable, tax paid and such other particulars in such form and manner, and
within such time, as may be prescribed.]
(3) Every registered person required to deduct tax at source under the provisions of section 51 shall
furnish, in such form and manner as may be prescribed, a return, electronically, for the month in which
such deductions have been made within ten days after the end of such month.
(4) Every taxable person registered as an Input Service Distributor shall, for every calendar month or
part thereof, furnish, in such form and manner as may be prescribed, a return, electronically, within
thirteen days after the end of such month.

1. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 104, for section 38 (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).

2. Subs. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 97, for sub-sections (1) and (2) (w.e.f. 10-11-2020).
44
 (5) Every registered non-resident taxable person shall, for every calendar month or part thereof,
furnish, in such form and manner as may be prescribed, a return, electronically, within 1[thirteen] days
after the end of a calendar month or within seven days after the last day of the period of registration
specified under sub-section (1) of section 27, whichever is earlier.
(6) The Commissioner may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, by notification, extend the time
limit for furnishing the returns under this section for such class of registered persons as may be specified
therein:
Provided that any extension of time limit notified by the Commissioner of State tax or Union territory
tax shall be deemed to be notified by the Commissioner.
2
[(7) Every registered person who is required to furnish a return under sub-section (1), other than the
person referred to in the proviso thereto, or sub-section (3) or sub-section (5), shall pay to the
Government the tax due as per such return not later than the last date on which he is required to furnish
such return:
3
[Provided that every registered person furnishing return under the proviso to sub-section (1) shall pay
to the Government, in such form and manner, and within such time, as may be prescribed,––
(a) an amount equal to the tax due taking into account inward and outward supplies of goods or
services or both, input tax credit availed, tax payable and such other particulars during a month; or
(b) in lieu of the amount referred to in clause (a), an amount determined in such manner and
subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed.]
Provided further that every registered person furnishing return under sub-section (2) shall pay to the
Government, the tax due taking into account turnover in the State or Union territory, inward supplies of
goods or services or both, tax payable, and such other particulars during a quarter, in such form and
manner, and within such time, as may be prescribed.]
(8) Every registered person who is required to furnish a return under sub-section (1) or
sub-section (2) shall furnish a return for every tax period whether or not any supplies of goods or services
or both have been made during such tax period.
(9) 4[Where] any registered person after furnishing a return under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) or
sub-section (3) or sub-section (4) or sub-section (5) discovers any omission or incorrect particulars
therein, other than as a result of scrutiny, audit, inspection or enforcement activity by the tax authorities,
he shall rectify such omission or incorrect particulars 5[in such form and manner as may be prescribed],
subject to payment of interest under this Act:
Provided that no such rectification of any omission or incorrect particulars shall be allowed after 6[the
thirtieth day of November] following 7[the end of the financial year to which such details pertain], or the
actual date of furnishing of relevant annual return, whichever is earlier.
(10) A registered person shall not be allowed to furnish a return for a tax period if the return for any
of the previous tax periods 8[or the details of outward supplies under sub-section (1) of section 37 for the
said tax period has not been furnished by him:

1. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 105, for “twenty” (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).

2. Subs. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 97, for sub-section (7) (w.e.f. 10-11-2020).
3. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 105, for the proviso (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
4. Subs. by s. 105, ibid., for “Subject to the provisions of sections 37 and 38, if” (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
5. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 17, for “in the return to be furnished for the month or quarter during which such omission or
incorrect particulars are noticed” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
6. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 105, for “the due date for furnishing of return for the month of September or second quarter”
(w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
7. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 17, for “the end of the financial year” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
8. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 105, for “has not been furnished by him” (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
45
 Provided that the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, subject
to such conditions and restrictions as may be specified therein, allow a registered person or a class of
registered persons to furnish the return, even if he has not furnished the returns for one or more previous
tax periods or has not furnished the details of outward supplies under sub-section (1) of section 37 for the
said tax period.]
1
[(11) A registered person shall not be allowed to furnish a return for a tax period after the expiry of a
period of three years from the due date of furnishing the said return:
Provided that the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, subject
to such conditions and restrictions as may be specified therein, allow a registered person or a class of
registered persons to furnish the return for a tax period, even after the expiry of the said period of three
years from the due date of furnishing the said return.]
40. First return.—Every registered person who has made outward supplies in the period between the
date on which he became liable to registration till the date on which registration has been granted shall
declare the same in the first return furnished by him after grant of registration.
2
[41. Availment of input tax credit.—(1) Every registered person shall, subject to such conditions
and restrictions as may be prescribed, be entitled to avail the credit of eligible input tax, as self-assessed,
in his return and such amount shall be credited to his electronic credit ledger.
(2) The credit of input tax availed by a registered person under sub-section (1) in respect of such
supplies of goods or services or both, the tax payable whereon has not been paid by the supplier, shall be
reversed along with applicable interest, by the said person in such manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that where the said supplier makes payment of the tax payable in respect of the aforesaid
supplies, the said registered person may re-avail the amount of credit reversed by him in such manner as
may be prescribed.]
42. [Matching, reversal and reclaim of input tax credit].— Omitted by the Finance Act, 2022 (6 of
2022), s. 107 (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
43. [Matching, reversal and reclaim of reduction in output tax liability].—Omitted by s. 107, ibid.
(w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
43A. [Procedure for furnishing return and availing input tax credit].—Omitted by s. 107, ibid.
(w.e.f. 1-10-2022).

3
[44. Annual return.—4[(1)] Every registered person, other than an Input Service Distributor, a
person paying tax under section 51 or section 52, a casual taxable person and a non-resident taxable
person shall furnish an annual return which may include a self-certified reconciliation statement,
reconciling the value of supplies declared in the return furnished for the financial year, with the audited
annual financial statement for every financial year electronically, within such time and in such form and
in such manner as may be prescribed:

Provided that the Commissioner may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification,
exempt any class of registered persons from filing annual return under this section:

Provided further that nothing contained in this section shall apply to any department of the Central
Government or a State Government or a local authority, whose books of account are subject to audit by

1. Ins. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 143 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).

2. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 106, for section 41 (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
3. Subs. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 111, for section 44 (w.e.f. 1-8-2021).
4. Section 44 renumbered as sub-section (1) thereof by Act 8 of 2023, s. 144 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
46
the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India or an auditor appointed for auditing the accounts of local
authorities under any law for the time being in force.]
1
[(2) A registered person shall not be allowed to furnish an annual return under sub-section (1) for a
financial year after the expiry of a period of three years from the due date of furnishing the said annual
return:
Provided that the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, and
subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be specified therein, allow a registered person or a class
of registered persons to furnish an annual return for a financial year under sub-section (1), even after the
expiry of the said period of three years from the due date of furnishing the said annual return.]
45. Final return.—Every registered person who is required to furnish a return under sub-section (1) of
section 39 and whose registration has been cancelled shall furnish a final return within three months of
the date of cancellation or date of order of cancellation, whichever is later, in such form and manner as
may be prescribed.
46. Notice to return defaulters.—Where a registered person fails to furnish a return under
section 39 or section 44 or section 45, a notice shall be issued requiring him to furnish such return within
fifteen days in such form and manner as may be prescribed.
47. Levy of late fee.—(1) Any registered person who fails to furnish the details of outward 2***
supplies required under section 37 3*** or returns required under section 39 or section 45 4[or
section 52] by the due date shall pay a late fee of one hundred rupees for every day during which such
failure continues subject to a maximum amount of five thousand rupees.
(2) Any registered person who fails to furnish the return required under section 44 by the due date
shall be liable to pay a late fee of one hundred rupees for every day during which such failure continues
subject to a maximum of an amount calculated at a quarter per cent. of his turnover in the State or Union
territory.
48. Goods and services tax practitioners.—(1) The manner of approval of goods and services tax
practitioners, their eligibility conditions, duties and obligations, manner of removal and other conditions
relevant for their functioning shall be such as may be prescribed.
(2) A registered person may authorise an approved goods and services tax practitioner to furnish the
details of outward supplies under section 37, 5*** and the return under section 39 or section 44 or
section 45 6[and to perform such other functions] in such manner as may be prescribed.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), the responsibility for correctness of any
particulars furnished in the return or other details filed by the goods and services tax practitioners shall
continue to rest with the registered person on whose behalf such return and details are furnished.
CHAPTER X
PAYMENT OF TAX
49. Payment of tax, interest, penalty and other amounts.—(1) Every deposit made towards tax,
interest, penalty, fee or any other amount by a person by internet banking or by using credit or debit cards
or National Electronic Fund Transfer or Real Time Gross Settlement or by such other mode and subject to
such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed, shall be credited to the electronic cash ledger of
such person to be maintained in such manner as may be prescribed.

1. Ins. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 144 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).

2. The words “or inward” omitted by Act 6 of 2022, s. 108 (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
3. The words and figures “or section 38” omitted by s. 108, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
4. Ins. by s. 108, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
5. The words and figures “the details of inward supplies under section 38” omitted by s. 109, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
6. Ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 19 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
47
 (2) The input tax credit as self-assessed in the return of a registered person shall be credited to his
electronic credit ledger, in accordance with 1[section 41 2***] to be maintained in such manner as may be
prescribed.

(3) The amount available in the electronic cash ledger may be used for making any payment towards
tax, interest, penalty, fees or any other amount payable under the provisions of this Act or the rules made
thereunder in such manner and subject to such conditions and within such time as may be prescribed.

(4) The amount available in the electronic credit ledger may be used for making any payment towards
output tax under this Act or under the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act in such manner and subject to
such conditions 3[and restrictions] and within such time as may be prescribed.

(5) The amount of input tax credit available in the electronic credit ledger of the registered person on
account of––

(a) integrated tax shall first be utilised towards payment of integrated tax and the amount
remaining, if any, may be utilised towards the payment of central tax and State tax, or as the case may
be, Union territory tax, in that order;

(b) the central tax shall first be utilised towards payment of central tax and the amount remaining, if
any, may be utilised towards the payment of integrated tax;

(c) the State tax shall first be utilised towards payment of State tax and the amount remaining, if
any, may be utilised towards payment of integrated tax;
4
[Provided that the input tax credit on account of State tax shall be utilised towards payment of
integrated tax only where the balance of the input tax credit on account of central tax is not available
for payment of integrated tax;]

(d) the Union territory tax shall first be utilised towards payment of Union territory tax and the amount
remaining, if any, may be utilised towards payment of integrated tax;
4
[Provided that the input tax credit on account of Union territory tax shall be utilised towards
payment of integrated tax only where the balance of the input tax credit on account of central tax is
not available for payment of integrated tax;]

(e) the central tax shall not be utilised towards payment of State tax or Union territory tax; and

(f) the State tax or Union territory tax shall not be utilised towards payment of central tax.

(6) The balance in the electronic cash ledger or electronic credit ledger after payment of tax, interest,
penalty, fee or any other amount payable under this Act or the rules made thereunder may be refunded in
accordance with the provisions of section 54.

(7) All liabilities of a taxable person under this Act shall be recorded and maintained in an electronic
liability register in such manner as may be prescribed.

1. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 20, for “section 41” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

2. The words, figures and letter “or section 43A” omitted by Act 6 of 2022, s. 110 (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
3. Ins. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 110 (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
4. The Proviso ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 20 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
48
 (8) Every taxable person shall discharge his tax and other dues under this Act or the rules made
thereunder in the following order, namely:––
(a) self-assessed tax, and other dues related to returns of previous tax periods;
(b) self-assessed tax, and other dues related to the return of the current tax period;
(c) any other amount payable under this Act or the rules made thereunder including the demand
determined under section 73 or section 74.
(9) Every person who has paid the tax on goods or services or both under this Act shall, unless the
contrary is proved by him, be deemed to have passed on the full incidence of such tax to the recipient of
such goods or services or both.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this section,—
(a) the date of credit to the account of the Government in the authorised bank shall be deemed to
be the date of deposit in the electronic cash ledger;
(b) the expression,—
(i) “tax dues” means the tax payable under this Act and does not include interest, fee and
penalty; and
(ii) “other dues” means interest, penalty, fee or any other amount payable under this Act or
the rules made thereunder.
1 2
[ [ (10) A registered person may, on the common portal, transfer any amount of tax, interest, penalty,
fee or any other amount available in the electronic cash ledger under this Act, to the electronic cash ledger
for,––
(a) integrated tax, central tax, State tax, Union territory tax or cess; or
(b) integrated tax or central tax of a distinct person as specified in sub-section (4) or, as the case
may be, sub-section (5) of section 25,
in such form and manner and subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed and such
transfer shall be deemed to be a refund from the electronic cash ledger under this Act:
Provided that no such transfer under clause (b) shall be allowed if the said registered person has
any unpaid liability in his electronic liability register.]
(11) Where any amount has been transferred to the electronic cash ledger under this Act, the same
shall be deemed to be deposited in the said ledger as provided in sub-section (1).]
3
[(12) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Government may, on the recommendations
of the Council, subject to such conditions and restrictions, specify such maximum proportion of output
tax liability under this Act or under the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017 (13 of 2017) which
may be discharged through the electronic credit ledger by a registered person or a class of registered
persons, as may be prescribed.]

1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 99 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).

2. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 110, for sub-section 10 (w.e.f. 5-7-2022).
3. Ins. by s. 110, ibid. (w.e.f. 5-7-2022).
49
 1
[49A. Utilisation of input tax credit subject to certain conditions.—Notwithstanding anything
contained in section 49, the input tax credit on account of central tax, State tax or Union territory tax shall be
utilised towards payment of integrated tax, central tax, State tax or Union territory tax, as the case may be, only
after the input tax credit available on account of integrated tax has first been utilised fully towards such
payment.

49B. Order of utilisation of input tax credit.—Notwithstanding anything contained in this Chapter and
subject to the provisions of clause (e) and clause (f) of sub-section (5) of section 49, the Government may, on
the recommendations of the Council, prescribe the order and manner of utilisation of the input tax credit on
account of integrated tax, central tax, State tax or Union territory tax, as the case may be, towards payment of
any such tax.]

50. Interest on delayed payment of tax.—(1) Every person who is liable to pay tax in accordance with
the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder, but fails to pay the tax or any part thereof to the
Government within the period prescribed, shall for the period for which the tax or any part thereof remains
unpaid, pay, on his own, interest at such rate, not exceeding eighteen per cent., as may be notified by the
Government on the recommendations of the Council.
2
[Provided that the interest on tax payable in respect of supplies made during a tax period and declared in
the return for the said period furnished after the due date in accordance with the provisions of section 39,
except where such return is furnished after commencement of any proceedings under section 73 or section 74
in respect of the said period, shall be payable on that portion of the tax which is paid by debiting the electronic
cash ledger.]

(2) The interest under sub-section (1) shall be calculated, in such manner as may be prescribed, from
the day succeeding the day on which such tax was due to be paid.
3
[(3) Where the input tax credit has been wrongly availed and utilised, the registered person shall pay
interest on such input tax credit wrongly availed and utilised, at such rate not exceeding twenty-four
per cent. as may be notified by the Government, on the recommendations of the Council, and the interest
shall be calculated, in such manner as may be prescribed.]
51. Tax deduction at source.—(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act,
the Government may mandate,––
(a) a department or establishment of the Central Government or State Government; or
(b) local authority; or
(c) Governmental agencies; or
(d) such persons or category of persons as may be notified by the Government on the
recommendations of the Council,
(hereafter in this section referred to as “the deductor”), to deduct tax at the rate of one per cent. from the
payment made or credited to the supplier (hereafter in this section referred to as “the deductee”) of
taxable goods or services or both, where the total value of such supply, under a contract, exceeds two lakh
and fifty thousand rupees:

1. Ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 21 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

2. Subs. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 112, for the proviso (w.e.f. 1-6-2021), vide Notification S.O. 2129 (E) dated 1-6-2021.
3. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 111, for sub-section (3) (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
50
 Provided that no deduction shall be made if the location of the supplier and the place of supply is in a
State or Union territory which is different from the State or as the case may be, Union territory of
registration of the recipient.
Explanation.––For the purpose of deduction of tax specified above, the value of supply shall be taken
as the amount excluding the central tax, State tax, Union territory tax, integrated tax and cess indicated in
the invoice.
(2) The amount deducted as tax under this section shall be paid to the Government by the deductor
within ten days after the end of the month in which such deduction is made, in such manner as may be
prescribed.
1
[(3) A certificate of tax deduction at source shall be issued in such form and in such manner as may
be prescribed.]
2
* * * * *
(5) The deductee shall claim credit, in his electronic cash ledger, of the tax deducted and reflected in
the return of the deductor furnished under sub-section (3) of section 39, in such manner as may be
prescribed.
(6) If any deductor fails to pay to the Government the amount deducted as tax under sub-section (1),
he shall pay interest in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 50, in addition to the
amount of tax deducted.
(7) The determination of the amount in default under this section shall be made in the manner
specified in section 73 or section 74.
(8) The refund to the deductor or the deductee arising on account of excess or erroneous deduction
shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of section 54:
Provided that no refund to the deductor shall be granted, if the amount deducted has been credited to
the electronic cash ledger of the deductee.
52. Collection of tax at source.—(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act,
every electronic commerce operator (hereafter in this section referred to as the “operator”), not being an
agent, shall collect an amount calculated at such rate not exceeding one per cent., as may be notified by
the Government on the recommendations of the Council, of the net value of taxable supplies made
through it by other suppliers where the consideration with respect to such supplies is to be collected by
the operator.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this sub-section, the expression “net value of taxable supplies”
shall mean the aggregate value of taxable supplies of goods or services or both, other than services
notified under sub-section (5) of section 9, made during any month by all registered persons through the
operator reduced by the aggregate value of taxable supplies returned to the suppliers during the said
month.
(2) The power to collect the amount specified in sub-section (1) shall be without prejudice to any
other mode of recovery from the operator.
(3) The amount collected under sub-section (1) shall be paid to the Government by the operator
within ten days after the end of the month in which such collection is made, in such manner as may be
prescribed.
(4) Every operator who collects the amount specified in sub-section (1) shall furnish a statement,
electronically, containing the details of outward supplies of goods or services or both effected through it,
including the supplies of goods or services or both returned through it, and the amount collected under

1. Subs. by Act 12 of 2020, s. 124, for sub-section (3) (w.e.f. 1-1-2021).

2. Sub-section (4) omitted by s. 124, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-1-2021).
51
sub-section (1) during a month, in such form and manner as may be prescribed, within ten days after the
end of such month.
1
[Provided that the Commissioner may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, by notification, extend
the time limit for furnishing the statement for such class of registered persons as may be specified therein:
Provided further that any extension of time limit notified by the Commissioner of State tax or the
Commissioner of Union territory tax shall be deemed to be notified by the Commissioner.]
(5) Every operator who collects the amount specified in sub-section (1) shall furnish an annual
statement, electronically, containing the details of outward supplies of goods or services or both effected
through it, including the supplies of goods or services or both returned through it, and the amount
collected under the said sub-section during the financial year, in such form and manner as may be
prescribed, before the thirty first day of December following the end of such financial year.
1
[Provided that the Commissioner may, on the recommendations of the Council and for reasons to be
recorded in writing, by notification, extend the time limit for furnishing the annual statement for such
class of registered persons as may be specified therein:
Provided further that any extension of time limit notified by the Commissioner of State tax or the
Commissioner of Union territory tax shall be deemed to be notified by the Commissioner.]
(6) If any operator after furnishing a statement under sub-section (4) discovers any omission or
incorrect particulars therein, other than as a result of scrutiny, audit, inspection or enforcement activity by
the tax authorities, he shall rectify such omission or incorrect particulars in the statement to be furnished
for the month during which such omission or incorrect particulars are noticed, subject to payment of
interest, as specified in sub-section (1) of section 50:
Provided that no such rectification of any omission or incorrect particulars shall be allowed after the
2
[thirtieth day of November] following the end of the financial year or the actual date of furnishing of the
relevant annual statement, whichever is earlier.
(7) The supplier who has supplied the goods or services or both through the operator shall claim
credit, in his electronic cash ledger, of the amount collected and reflected in the statement of the operator
furnished under sub-section (4), in such manner as may be prescribed.
(8) The details of supplies furnished by every operator under sub-section (4) shall be matched with the
corresponding details of outward supplies furnished by the concerned supplier registered under this Act in such
manner and within such time as may be prescribed.
(9) Where the details of outward supplies furnished by the operator under sub-section (4) do not
match with the corresponding details furnished by the supplier under 3[section 37 or section 39], the
discrepancy shall be communicated to both persons in such manner and within such time as may be
prescribed.
(10) The amount in respect of which any discrepancy is communicated under sub-section (9) and
which is not rectified by the supplier in his valid return or the operator in his statement for the month in
which discrepancy is communicated, shall be added to the output tax liability of the said supplier, where
the value of outward supplies furnished by the operator is more than the value of outward supplies
furnished by the supplier, in his return for the month succeeding the month in which the discrepancy is
communicated in such manner as may be prescribed.
(11) The concerned supplier, in whose output tax liability any amount has been added under
sub-section (10), shall pay the tax payable in respect of such supply along with interest, at the rate
specified under sub-section (1) of section 50 on the amount so added from the date such tax was due till
the date of its payment.

1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 101 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).

2. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 112, for “due date for furnishing of statement for the month of September” (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
3. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 22, for “section 37” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
52
 (12) Any authority not below the rank of Deputy Commissioner may serve a notice, either before or
during the course of any proceedings under this Act, requiring the operator to furnish such details relating
to—
(a) supplies of goods or services or both effected through such operator during any period; or
(b) stock of goods held by the suppliers making supplies through such operator in the godowns or
warehouses, by whatever name called, managed by such operator and declared as additional places of
business by such suppliers,
as may be specified in the notice.
(13) Every operator on whom a notice has been served under sub-section (12) shall furnish the
required information within fifteen working days of the date of service of such notice.
(14) Any person who fails to furnish the information required by the notice served under
sub-section (12) shall, without prejudice to any action that may be taken under section 122, be liable to a
penalty which may extend to twenty-five thousand rupees.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, the expression “concerned supplier” shall mean the
supplier of goods or services or both making supplies through the operator.
1
[(15) The operator shall not be allowed to furnish a statement under sub-section (4) after the expiry
of a period of three years from the due date of furnishing the said statement:
Provided that the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, subject
to such conditions and restrictions as may be specified therein, allow an operator or a class of operators to
furnish a statement under sub-section (4), even after the expiry of the said period of three years from the
due date of furnishing the said statement.]
53. Transfer of input tax credit.—On utilisation of input tax credit availed under this Act for
payment of tax dues under the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act in accordance with the provisions
of sub-section (5) of section 49, as reflected in the valid return furnished under sub-section (1) of
section 39, the amount collected as central tax shall stand reduced by an amount equal to such credit so
utilised and the Central Government shall transfer an amount equal to the amount so reduced from the
central tax account to the integrated tax account in such manner and within such time as may be
prescribed.
2
[53A. Transfer of certain amounts.—Where any amount has been transferred from the electronic
cash ledger under this Act to the electronic cash ledger under the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the
Union territory Goods and Services Tax Act, the Government shall, transfer to the State tax account or the
Union territory tax account, an amount equal to the amount transferred from the electronic cash ledger, in
such manner and within such time as may be prescribed.]

CHAPTER XI
REFUNDS
54. Refund of tax.—(1) Any person claiming refund of any tax and interest, if any, paid on such tax
or any other amount paid by him, may make an application before the expiry of two years from the
relevant date in such form and manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that a registered person, claiming refund of any balance in the electronic cash ledger in
accordance with the provisions of sub-section (6) of section 49, may claim such refund in 3[such from and]
manner as may be prescribed.

1. Ins. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 145 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).

2. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 102 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
3. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 113, for “the return furnished under section 39 in such” (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
53
 (2) A specialised agency of the United Nations Organisation or any Multilateral Financial Institution
and Organisation notified under the United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act, 1947 (46 of 1947),
Consulate or Embassy of foreign countries or any other person or class of persons, as notified under
section 55, entitled to a refund of tax paid by it on inward supplies of goods or services or both, may
make an application for such refund, in such form and manner as may be prescribed, before the expiry of
1
[two years] from the last day of the quarter in which such supply was received.
(3) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (10), a registered person may claim refund of any
unutilised input tax credit at the end of any tax period:
Provided that no refund of unutilised input tax credit shall be allowed in cases other than––
(i) zero rated supplies made without payment of tax;
(ii) where the credit has accumulated on account of rate of tax on inputs being higher than the rate
of tax on output supplies (other than nil rated or fully exempt supplies), except supplies of goods or
services or both as may be notified by the Government on the recommendations of the Council:
Provided further that no refund of unutilised input tax credit shall be allowed in cases where the
goods exported out of India are subjected to export duty:
Provided also that no refund of input tax credit shall be allowed, if the supplier of goods or services or
both avails of drawback in respect of central tax or claims refund of the integrated tax paid on such
supplies.
(4) The application shall be accompanied by—
(a) such documentary evidence as may be prescribed to establish that a refund is due to the
applicant; and
(b) such documentary or other evidence (including the documents referred to in section 33) as the
applicant may furnish to establish that the amount of tax and interest, if any, paid on such tax or any
other amount paid in relation to which such refund is claimed was collected from, or paid by, him and
the incidence of such tax and interest had not been passed on to any other person:
Provided that where the amount claimed as refund is less than two lakh rupees, it shall not be
necessary for the applicant to furnish any documentary and other evidences but he may file a declaration,
based on the documentary or other evidences available with him, certifying that the incidence of such tax
and interest had not been passed on to any other person.
(5) If, on receipt of any such application, the proper officer is satisfied that the whole or part of the
amount claimed as refund is refundable, he may make an order accordingly and the amount so determined
shall be credited to the Fund referred to in section 57.
(6) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (5), the proper officer may, in the case of any
claim for refund on account of zero-rated supply of goods or services or both made by registered persons,
other than such category of registered persons as may be notified by the Government on the
recommendations of the Council, refund on a provisional basis, ninety per cent. of the total amount so
claimed, 2***, in such manner and subject to such conditions, limitations and safeguards as may be
prescribed and thereafter make an order under sub-section (5) for final settlement of the refund claim after
due verification of documents furnished by the applicant.
(7) The proper officer shall issue the order under sub-section (5) within sixty days from the date of
receipt of application complete in all respects.
(8) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (5), the refundable amount shall, instead of
being credited to the Fund, be paid to the applicant, if such amount is relatable to—

1. Subs. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 113, for “six months” (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).

2. Certain words omitted by Act 8 of 2023, s. 146 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
54
 (a) refund of tax paid on 1[export] of goods or services or both or on inputs or input services used
in making such 1[exports];
(b) refund of unutilised input tax credit under sub-section (3);
(c) refund of tax paid on a supply which is not provided, either wholly or partially, and for which
invoice has not been issued, or where a refund voucher has been issued;
(d) refund of tax in pursuance of section 77;
(e) the tax and interest, if any, or any other amount paid by the applicant, if he had not passed on
the incidence of such tax and interest to any other person; or
(f) the tax or interest borne by such other class of applicants as the Government may, on the
recommendations of the Council, by notification, specify.
2
[(8A) The Government may disburse the refund of the State tax in such manner as may be prescribed.]
(9) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any judgment, decree, order or direction of
the Appellate Tribunal or any court or in any other provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder or
in any other law for the time being in force, no refund shall be made except in accordance with the
provisions of sub-section (8).
(10) Where any refund is due 3*** to a registered person who has defaulted in furnishing any return
or who is required to pay any tax, interest or penalty, which has not been stayed by any court, Tribunal or
Appellate Authority by the specified date, the proper officer may—
(a) withhold payment of refund due until the said person has furnished the return or paid the tax,
interest or penalty, as the case may be;
(b) deduct from the refund due, any tax, interest, penalty, fee or any other amount which the
taxable person is liable to pay but which remains unpaid under this Act or under the existing law.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this sub-section, the expression “specified date” shall mean the
last date for filing an appeal under this Act.
(11) Where an order giving rise to a refund is the subject matter of an appeal or further proceedings or
where any other proceedings under this Act is pending and the Commissioner is of the opinion that grant of
such refund is likely to adversely affect the revenue in the said appeal or other proceedings on account of
malfeasance or fraud committed, he may, after giving the taxable person an opportunity of being heard,
withhold the refund till such time as he may determine.
(12) Where a refund is withheld under sub-section (11), the taxable person shall, notwithstanding
anything contained in section 56, be entitled to interest at such rate not exceeding six per cent. as may be
notified on the recommendations of the Council, if as a result of the appeal or further proceedings he
becomes entitled to refund.
(13) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this section, the amount of advance tax
deposited by a casual taxable person or a non-resident taxable person under sub-section (2) of section 27,
shall not be refunded unless such person has, in respect of the entire period for which the certificate of
registration granted to him had remained in force, furnished all the returns required under section 39.
(14) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, no refund under sub-section (5) or sub-section (6)
shall be paid to an applicant, if the amount is less than one thousand rupees.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section,––

1. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 23 for “zero-rated supplies” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

2. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 103 (w.e.f. 1-9-2019).
3. The words, brackets and figure “under sub-section (3)” omitted by Act 6 of 2022, s. 113 (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
55
 (1) “refund” includes refund of tax paid on zero-rated supplies of goods or services or both or on
inputs or input services used in making such zero-rated supplies, or refund of tax on the supply of
goods regarded as deemed exports, or refund of unutilised input tax credit as provided under sub-
section (3).
(2) “relevant date” means—
(a) in the case of goods exported out of India where a refund of tax paid is available in
respect of goods themselves or, as the case may be, the inputs or input services used in such
goods,––
(i) if the goods are exported by sea or air, the date on which the ship or the aircraft in
which such goods are loaded, leaves India; or
(ii) if the goods are exported by land, the date on which such goods pass the frontier; or
(iii) if the goods are exported by post, the date of despatch of goods by the Post Office
concerned to a place outside India;
(b) in the case of supply of goods regarded as deemed exports where a refund of tax paid is
available in respect of the goods, the date on which the return relating to such deemed exports is
furnished;
1
[(ba) in case of zero-rated supply of goods or services or both to a Special Economic Zone
developer or a Special Economic Zone unit where a refund of tax paid is available in respect of
such supplies themselves, or as the case may be, the inputs or input services used in such
supplies, the due date for furnishing of return under section 39 in respect of such supplies;]
(c) in the case of services exported out of India where a refund of tax paid is available in
respect of services themselves or, as the case may be, the inputs or input services used in such
services, the date of––
(i) receipt of payment in convertible foreign exchange, 2[or in Indian rupees wherever
permitted by the Reserve Bank of India] where the supply of services had been completed
prior to the receipt of such payment; or
(ii) issue of invoice, where payment for the services had been received in advance prior to
the date of issue of the invoice;
(d) in case where the tax becomes refundable as a consequence of judgment, decree, order or
direction of the Appellate Authority, Appellate Tribunal or any court, the date of communication
of such judgment, decree, order or direction;
3
[(e) in the case of refund of unutilised input tax credit under clause (ii) of the first proviso
to sub-section (3), the due date for furnishing of return under section 39 for the period in which
such claim for refund arises;]
(f) in the case where tax is paid provisionally under this Act or the rules made thereunder, the date
of adjustment of tax after the final assessment thereof;
(g) in the case of a person, other than the supplier, the date of receipt of goods or services or
both by such person; and
(h) in any other case, the date of payment of tax.
55. Refund in certain cases.––The Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by
notification, specify any specialised agency of the United Nations Organisation or any Multilateral
Financial Institution and Organisation notified under the United Nations (Privileges and Immunities)

1. Ins. by Act 6 of 2022, s. 113 (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).

2. Ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 23 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
3. Subs. by s. 23, ibid., for sub-clause (e) (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
56
Act, 1947 (46 of 1947), Consulate or Embassy of foreign countries and any other person or class of
persons as may be specified in this behalf, who shall, subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be
prescribed, be entitled to claim a refund of taxes paid on the notified supplies of goods or services or both
received by them.
56. Interest on delayed refunds.––If any tax ordered to be refunded under sub-section (5) of
section 54 to any applicant is not refunded within sixty days from the date of receipt of application under
sub-section (1) of that section, interest at such rate not exceeding six per cent. as may be specified in the
notification issued by the Government on the recommendations of the Council shall be payable in respect
of such refund 1[for the period of delay beyond sixty days from the date of receipt of such application till
the date of refund of such tax, to be computed in such manner and subject to such conditions and
restrictions as may be prescribed]:
Provided that where any claim of refund arises from an order passed by an adjudicating authority or
Appellate Authority or Appellate Tribunal or court which has attained finality and the same is not
refunded within sixty days from the date of receipt of application filed consequent to such order, interest
at such rate not exceeding nine per cent. as may be notified by the Government on the recommendations
of the Council shall be payable in respect of such refund from the date immediately after the expiry of
sixty days from the date of receipt of application till the date of refund.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this section, where any order of refund is made by an Appellate
Authority, Appellate Tribunal or any court against an order of the proper officer under sub-section (5) of
section 54, the order passed by the Appellate Authority, Appellate Tribunal or by the court shall be
deemed to be an order passed under the said sub-section (5).
57. Consumer Welfare Fund.—The Government shall constitute a Fund, to be called the Consumer
Welfare Fund and there shall be credited to the Fund,—
(a) the amount referred to in sub-section (5) of section 54;
(b) any income from investment of the amount credited to the Fund; and
(c) such other monies received by it,

in such manner as may be prescribed.

58. Utilisation of Fund.—(1) All sums credited to the Fund shall be utilised by the Government for
the welfare of the consumers in such manner as may be prescribed.
(2) The Government or the authority specified by it shall maintain proper and separate account and
other relevant records in relation to the Fund and prepare an annual statement of accounts in such form as
may be prescribed in consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
CHAPTER XII
ASSESSMENT
59. Self-assessment.—Every registered person shall self-assess the taxes payable under this Act and
furnish a return for each tax period as specified under section 39.
60. Provisional assessment.—(1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), where the taxable person
is unable to determine the value of goods or services or both or determine the rate of tax applicable thereto,
he may request the proper officer in writing giving reasons for payment of tax on a provisional basis and the
proper officer shall pass an order, within a period not later than ninety days from the date of receipt of such
request, allowing payment of tax on provisional basis at such rate or on such value as may be specified by
him.
(2) The payment of tax on provisional basis may be allowed, if the taxable person executes a bond in such
form as may be prescribed, and with such surety or security as the proper officer may deem fit, binding the

1. Subs. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 147, for certain words (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).

57
taxable person for payment of the difference between the amount of tax as may be finally assessed and the
amount of tax provisionally assessed.
(3) The proper officer shall, within a period not exceeding six months from the date of the
communication of the order issued under sub-section (1), pass the final assessment order after taking into
account such information as may be required for finalizing the assessment:
Provided that the period specified in this sub-section may, on sufficient cause being shown and for
reasons to be recorded in writing, be extended by the Joint Commissioner or Additional Commissioner
for a further period not exceeding six months and by the Commissioner for such further period not
exceeding four years.
(4) The registered person shall be liable to pay interest on any tax payable on the supply of goods or
services or both under provisional assessment but not paid on the due date specified under sub-section (7) of
section 39 or the rules made thereunder, at the rate specified under sub-section (1) of section 50, from the first
day after the due date of payment of tax in respect of the said supply of goods or services or both till the date of
actual payment, whether such amount is paid before or after the issuance of order for final assessment.
(5) Where the registered person is entitled to a refund consequent to the order of final assessment
under sub-section (3), subject to the provisions of sub-section (8) of section 54, interest shall be paid on
such refund as provided in section 56.
61. Scrutiny of returns.––(1) The proper officer may scrutinize the return and related particulars furnished
by the registered person to verify the correctness of the return and inform him of the discrepancies noticed, if
any, in such manner as may be prescribed and seek his explanation thereto.
(2) In case the explanation is found acceptable, the registered person shall be informed accordingly
and no further action shall be taken in this regard.
(3) In case no satisfactory explanation is furnished within a period of thirty days of being informed by
the proper officer or such further period as may be permitted by him or where the registered person, after
accepting the discrepancies, fails to take the corrective measure in his return for the month in which the
discrepancy is accepted, the proper officer may initiate appropriate action including those under section 65
or section 66 or section 67, or proceed to determine the tax and other dues under section 73 or section 74.
62. Assessment of non-filers of returns.––(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in
section 73 or section 74, where a registered person fails to furnish the return under section 39 or section 45,
even after the service of a notice under section 46, the proper officer may proceed to assess the tax liability of
the said person to the best of his judgment taking into account all the relevant material which is available or
which he has gathered and issue an assessment order within a period of five years from the date specified
under section 44 for furnishing of the annual return for the financial year to which the tax not paid relates.
(2) Where the registered person furnishes a valid return within 1[sixty days] of the service of the
assessment order under sub-section (1), the said assessment order shall be deemed to have been
withdrawn but the liability for payment of interest under sub-section (1) of section 50 or for payment of
late fee under section 47 shall continue.
2
[Provided that where the registered person fails to furnish a valid return within sixty days of the
service of the assessment order under sub-section (1), he may furnish the same within a further period of
sixty days on payment of an additional late fee of one hundred rupees for each day of delay beyond sixty
days of the service of the said assessment order and in case he furnishes valid return within such extended
period, the said assessment order shall be deemed to have been withdrawn, but the liability to pay interest
under sub-section (1) of section 50 or to pay late fee under section 47 shall continue.]
63. Assessment of unregistered persons.––Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in
section 73 or section 74, where a taxable person fails to obtain registration even though liable to do so or
whose registration has been cancelled under sub-section (2) of section 29 but who was liable to pay tax,
the proper officer may proceed to assess the tax liability of such taxable person to the best of his judgment
for the relevant tax periods and issue an assessment order within a period of five years from the date

1. Subs. by Act 3 of 2023, s. 145, for “thirty days” (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).

2. Ins. by s. 145, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
58
specified under section 44 for furnishing of the annual return for the financial year to which the tax not
paid relates:
Provided that no such assessment order shall be passed without giving the person an opportunity of
being heard.
64. Summary assessment in certain special cases.––(1) The proper officer may, on any evidence
showing a tax liability of a person coming to his notice, with the previous permission of Additional
Commissioner or Joint Commissioner, proceed to assess the tax liability of such person to protect the
interest of revenue and issue an assessment order, if he has sufficient grounds to believe that any delay in
doing so may adversely affect the interest of revenue:
Provided that where the taxable person to whom the liability pertains is not ascertainable and such
liability pertains to supply of goods, the person in charge of such goods shall be deemed to be the taxable
person liable to be assessed and liable to pay tax and any other amount due under this section.
(2) On an application made by the taxable person within thirty days from the date of receipt of order
passed under sub-section (1) or on his own motion, if the Additional Commissioner or Joint
Commissioner considers that such order is erroneous, he may withdraw such order and follow the
procedure laid down in section 73 or section 74.
CHAPTER XIII
AUDIT
65. Audit by tax authorities.––(1) The Commissioner or any officer authorised by him, by way of a
general or a specific order, may undertake audit of any registered person for such period, at such
frequency and in such manner as may be prescribed.
(2) The officers referred to in sub-section (1) may conduct audit at the place of business of the
registered person or in their office.
(3) The registered person shall be informed by way of a notice not less than fifteen working days
prior to the conduct of audit in such manner as may be prescribed.
(4) The audit under sub-section (1) shall be completed within a period of three months from the date
of commencement of the audit:
Provided that where the Commissioner is satisfied that audit in respect of such registered person
cannot be completed within three months, he may, for the reasons to be recorded in writing, extend the
period by a further period not exceeding six months.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this sub-section, the expression “commencement of audit” shall
mean the date on which the records and other documents, called for by the tax authorities, are made
available by the registered person or the actual institution of audit at the place of business, whichever is
later.
(5) During the course of audit, the authorised officer may require the registered person,—
(i) to afford him the necessary facility to verify the books of account or other documents as he
may require;
(ii) to furnish such information as he may require and render assistance for timely completion of
the audit.
(6) On conclusion of audit, the proper officer shall, within thirty days, inform the registered person,
whose records are audited, about the findings, his rights and obligations and the reasons for such findings.
(7) Where the audit conducted under sub-section (1) results in detection of tax not paid or short paid
or erroneously refunded, or input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised, the proper officer may initiate
action under section 73 or section 74.
66. Special audit.––(1) If at any stage of scrutiny, inquiry, investigation or any other proceedings before
him, any officer not below the rank of Assistant Commissioner, having regard to the nature and complexity of
the case and the interest of revenue, is of the opinion that the value has not been correctly declared or the credit
availed is not within the normal limits, he may, with the prior approval of the Commissioner, direct such
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registered person by a communication in writing to get his records including books of account examined and
audited by a chartered accountant or a cost accountant as may be nominated by the Commissioner.
(2) The chartered accountant or cost accountant so nominated shall, within the period of ninety days,
submit a report of such audit duly signed and certified by him to the said Assistant Commissioner
mentioning therein such other particulars as may be specified:
Provided that the Assistant Commissioner may, on an application made to him in this behalf by the
registered person or the chartered accountant or cost accountant or for any material and sufficient reason,
extend the said period by a further period of ninety days.
(3) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall have effect notwithstanding that the accounts of the
registered person have been audited under any other provisions of this Act or any other law for the time
being in force.
(4) The registered person shall be given an opportunity of being heard in respect of any material
gathered on the basis of special audit under sub-section (1) which is proposed to be used in any proceedings
against him under this Act or the rules made thereunder.
(5) The expenses of the examination and audit of records under sub-section (1), including the
remuneration of such chartered accountant or cost accountant, shall be determined and paid by the
Commissioner and such determination shall be final.
(6) Where the special audit conducted under sub-section (1) results in detection of tax not paid or
short paid or erroneously refunded, or input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised, the proper officer may
initiate action under section 73 or section 74.
CHAPTER XIV
INSPECTION, SEARCH, SEIZURE AND ARREST
67. Power of inspection, search and seizure.––(1) Where the proper officer, not below the rank of
Joint Commissioner, has reasons to believe that––
(a) a taxable person has suppressed any transaction relating to supply of goods or services or both or
the stock of goods in hand, or has claimed input tax credit in excess of his entitlement under this Act or
has indulged in contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder to evade
tax under this Act; or
(b) any person engaged in the business of transporting goods or an owner or operator of a
warehouse or a godown or any other place is keeping goods which have escaped payment of tax or
has kept his accounts or goods in such a manner as is likely to cause evasion of tax payable under this
Act,
he may authorise in writing any other officer of central tax to inspect any places of business of the taxable
person or the persons engaged in the business of transporting goods or the owner or the operator of
warehouse or godown or any other place.
(2) Where the proper officer, not below the rank of Joint Commissioner, either pursuant to an inspection
carried out under sub-section (1) or otherwise, has reasons to believe that any goods liable to confiscation or
any documents or books or things, which in his opinion shall be useful for or relevant to any proceedings under
this Act, are secreted in any place, he may authorise in writing any other officer of central tax to search and
seize or may himself search and seize such goods, documents or books or things:
Provided that where it is not practicable to seize any such goods, the proper officer, or any officer
authorised by him, may serve on the owner or the custodian of the goods an order that he shall not
remove, part with, or otherwise deal with the goods except with the previous permission of such officer:
Provided further that the documents or books or things so seized shall be retained by such officer only
for so long as may be necessary for their examination and for any inquiry or proceedings under this Act.

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 (3) The documents, books or things referred to in sub-section (2) or any other documents, books or
things produced by a taxable person or any other person, which have not been relied upon for the issue of
notice under this Act or the rules made thereunder, shall be returned to such person within a period not
exceeding thirty days of the issue of the said notice.
(4) The officer authorised under sub-section (2) shall have the power to seal or break open the door of any
premises or to break open any almirah, electronic devices, box, receptacle in which any goods, accounts,
registers or documents of the person are suspected to be concealed, where access to such premises, almirah,
electronic devices, box or receptacle is denied.
(5) The person from whose custody any documents are seized under sub-section (2) shall be entitled to
make copies thereof or take extracts therefrom in the presence of an authorised officer at such place and
time as such officer may indicate in this behalf except where making such copies or taking such extracts
may, in the opinion of the proper officer, prejudicially affect the investigation.
(6) The goods so seized under sub-section (2) shall be released, on a provisional basis, upon
execution of a bond and furnishing of a security, in such manner and of such quantum, respectively, as
may be prescribed or on payment of applicable tax, interest and penalty payable, as the case may be.
(7) Where any goods are seized under sub-section (2) and no notice in respect thereof is given within
six months of the seizure of the goods, the goods shall be returned to the person from whose possession
they were seized:
Provided that the period of six months may, on sufficient cause being shown, be extended by the
proper officer for a further period not exceeding six months.
(8) The Government may, having regard to the perishable or hazardous nature of any goods,
depreciation in the value of the goods with the passage of time, constraints of storage space for the goods
or any other relevant considerations, by notification, specify the goods or class of goods which shall, as
soon as may be after its seizure under sub-section (2), be disposed of by the proper officer in such manner
as may be prescribed.
(9) Where any goods, being goods specified under sub-section (8), have been seized by a proper
officer, or any officer authorised by him under sub-section (2), he shall prepare an inventory of such
goods in such manner as may be prescribed.
(10) The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), relating to search and seizure,
shall, so far as may be, apply to search and seizure under this section subject to the modification that
sub-section (5) of section 165 of the said Code shall have effect as if for the word “Magistrate”, wherever it
occurs, the word “Commissioner” were substituted.
(11) Where the proper officer has reasons to believe that any person has evaded or is attempting to evade
the payment of any tax, he may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, seize the accounts, registers or
documents of such person produced before him and shall grant a receipt for the same, and shall retain the same
for so long as may be necessary in connection with any proceedings under this Act or the rules made
thereunder for prosecution.
(12) The Commissioner or an officer authorised by him may cause purchase of any goods or services
or both by any person authorised by him from the business premises of any taxable person, to check the
issue of tax invoices or bills of supply by such taxable person, and on return of goods so purchased by
such officer, such taxable person or any person in charge of the business premises shall refund the amount
so paid towards the goods after cancelling any tax invoice or bill of supply issued earlier.
68. Inspection of goods in movement.––(1) The Government may require the person in charge of a
conveyance carrying any consignment of goods of value exceeding such amount as may be specified to
carry with him such documents and such devices as may be prescribed.
(2) The details of documents required to be carried under sub-section (1) shall be validated in such
manner as may be prescribed.

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 (3) Where any conveyance referred to in sub-section (1) is intercepted by the proper officer at any
place, he may require the person in charge of the said conveyance to produce the documents prescribed
under the said sub-section and devices for verification, and the said person shall be liable to produce the
documents and devices and also allow the inspection of goods.
69. Power to arrest.––(1) Where the Commissioner has reasons to believe that a person has
committed any offence specified in clause (a) or clause (b) or clause (c) or clause (d) of sub-section (1) of
section 132 which is punishable under clause (i) or (ii) of sub-section (1), or sub-section (2) of the said
section, he may, by order, authorise any officer of central tax to arrest such person.
(2) Where a person is arrested under sub-section (1) for an offence specified under sub-section (5) of
section 132, the officer authorised to arrest the person shall inform such person of the grounds of arrest and
produce him before a Magistrate within twenty-four hours.
(3) Subject to the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974),––
(a) where a person is arrested under sub-section (1) for any offence specified under
sub-section (4) of section 132, he shall be admitted to bail or in default of bail, forwarded to the
custody of the Magistrate;
(b) in the case of a non-cognizable and bailable offence, the Deputy Commissioner or the Assistant
Commissioner shall, for the purpose of releasing an arrested person on bail or otherwise, have the same
powers and be subject to the same provisions as an officer-in-charge of a police station.
70. Power to summon persons to give evidence and produce documents.––(1) The proper officer
under this Act shall have power to summon any person whose attendance he considers necessary either to
give evidence or to produce a document or any other thing in any inquiry in the same manner, as provided
in the case of a civil court under the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908).
(2) Every such inquiry referred to in sub-section (1) shall be deemed to be a “judicial proceedings”
within the meaning of section 193 and section 228 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).
71. Access to business premises.––(1) Any officer under this Act, authorised by the proper officer not
below the rank of Joint Commissioner, shall have access to any place of business of a registered person to
inspect books of account, documents, computers, computer programs, computer software whether installed in
a computer or otherwise and such other things as he may require and which may be available at such place,
for the purposes of carrying out any audit, scrutiny, verification and checks as may be necessary to safeguard
the interest of revenue.
(2) Every person in charge of place referred to in sub-section (1) shall, on demand, make available to
the officer authorised under sub-section (1) or the audit party deputed by the proper officer or a cost
accountant or chartered accountant nominated under section 66—
(i) such records as prepared or maintained by the registered person and declared to the proper
officer in such manner as may be prescribed;
(ii) trial balance or its equivalent;
(iii) statements of annual financial accounts, duly audited, wherever required;
(iv) cost audit report, if any, under section 148 of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013);
(v) the income-tax audit report, if any, under section 44AB of the Income-tax Act, 1961
(43 of 1961); and
(vi) any other relevant record,
for the scrutiny by the officer or audit party or the chartered accountant or cost accountant within a period
not exceeding fifteen working days from the day when such demand is made, or such further period as
may be allowed by the said officer or the audit party or the chartered accountant or cost accountant.

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 72. Officers to assist proper officers.––(1) All officers of Police, Railways, Customs, and those
officers engaged in the collection of land revenue, including village officers, officers of State tax and
officers of Union territory tax shall assist the proper officers in the implementation of this Act.
(2) The Government may, by notification, empower and require any other class of officers to assist
the proper officers in the implementation of this Act when called upon to do so by the Commissioner.
CHAPTER XV
DEMANDS AND RECOVERY
73. Determination of tax not paid or short paid or erroneously refunded or input tax credit
wrongly availed or utilised for any reason other than fraud or any wilful-misstatement or suppression
of facts.––(1) Where it appears to the proper officer that any tax has not been paid or short paid or
erroneously refunded, or where input tax credit has been wrongly availed or utilised for any reason, other
than the reason of fraud or any wilful-misstatement or suppression of facts to evade tax, he shall serve notice
on the person chargeable with tax which has not been so paid or which has been so short paid or to whom
the refund has erroneously been made, or who has wrongly availed or utilised input tax credit, requiring him
to show cause as to why he should not pay the amount specified in the notice along with interest payable
thereon under section 50 and a penalty leviable under the provisions of this Act or the rules made
thereunder.
(2) The proper officer shall issue the notice under sub-section (1) at least three months prior to the
time limit specified in sub-section (10) for issuance of order.
(3) Where a notice has been issued for any period under sub-section (1), the proper officer may serve
a statement, containing the details of tax not paid or short paid or erroneously refunded or input tax credit
wrongly availed or utilised for such periods other than those covered under sub-section (1), on the person
chargeable with tax.
(4) The service of such statement shall be deemed to be service of notice on such person under
sub-section (1), subject to the condition that the grounds relied upon for such tax periods other than those
covered under sub-section (1) are the same as are mentioned in the earlier notice.
(5) The person chargeable with tax may, before service of notice under sub-section (1) or, as the case
may be, the statement under sub-section (3), pay the amount of tax along with interest payable thereon
under section 50 on the basis of his own ascertainment of such tax or the tax as ascertained by the proper
officer and inform the proper officer in writing of such payment.
(6) The proper officer, on receipt of such information, shall not serve any notice under sub-section (1)
or, as the case may be, the statement under sub-section (3), in respect of the tax so paid or any penalty
payable under the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder.
(7) Where the proper officer is of the opinion that the amount paid under sub-section (5) falls short of
the amount actually payable, he shall proceed to issue the notice as provided for in sub-section (1) in
respect of such amount which falls short of the amount actually payable.
(8) Where any person chargeable with tax under sub-section (1) or sub-section (3) pays the said tax
along with interest payable under section 50 within thirty days of issue of show cause notice, no penalty
shall be payable and all proceedings in respect of the said notice shall be deemed to be concluded.
(9) The proper officer shall, after considering the representation, if any, made by person chargeable
with tax, determine the amount of tax, interest and a penalty equivalent to ten per cent. of tax or ten
thousand rupees, whichever is higher, due from such person and issue an order.
(10) The proper officer shall issue the order under sub-section (9) within three years from the due date
for furnishing of annual return for the financial year to which the tax not paid or short paid or input tax
credit wrongly availed or utilised relates to or within three years from the date of erroneous refund.

63
 (11) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (6) or sub-section (8), penalty under
sub-section (9) shall be payable where any amount of self-assessed tax or any amount collected as tax has
not been paid within a period of thirty days from the due date of payment of such tax.
74. Determination of tax not paid or short paid or erroneously refunded or input tax credit
wrongly availed or utilised by reason of fraud or any wilful-misstatement or suppression of facts.––(1)
Where it appears to the proper officer that any tax has not been paid or short paid or erroneously refunded or
where input tax credit has been wrongly availed or utilised by reason of fraud, or any wilful-misstatement or
suppression of facts to evade tax, he shall serve notice on the person chargeable with tax which has not been
so paid or which has been so short paid or to whom the refund has erroneously been made, or who has
wrongly availed or utilised input tax credit, requiring him to show cause as to why he should not pay the
amount specified in the notice along with interest payable thereon under section 50 and a penalty equivalent
to the tax specified in the notice.
(2) The proper officer shall issue the notice under sub-section (1) at least six months prior to the time
limit specified in sub-section (10) for issuance of order.
(3) Where a notice has been issued for any period under sub-section (1), the proper officer may serve
a statement, containing the details of tax not paid or short paid or erroneously refunded or input tax credit
wrongly availed or utilised for such periods other than those covered under sub-section (1), on the person
chargeable with tax.
(4) The service of statement under sub-section (3) shall be deemed to be service of notice under
sub-section (1) of section 73, subject to the condition that the grounds relied upon in the said statement,
except the ground of fraud, or any wilful-misstatement or suppression of facts to evade tax, for periods
other than those covered under sub-section (1) are the same as are mentioned in the earlier notice.
(5) The person chargeable with tax may, before service of notice under sub-section (1), pay the
amount of tax along with interest payable under section 50 and a penalty equivalent to fifteen per cent. of
such tax on the basis of his own ascertainment of such tax or the tax as ascertained by the proper officer
and inform the proper officer in writing of such payment.
(6) The proper officer, on receipt of such information, shall not serve any notice under
sub-section (1), in respect of the tax so paid or any penalty payable under the provisions of this Act or the
rules made thereunder.
(7) Where the proper officer is of the opinion that the amount paid under sub-section (5) falls short of
the amount actually payable, he shall proceed to issue the notice as provided for in sub-section (1) in
respect of such amount which falls short of the amount actually payable.
(8) Where any person chargeable with tax under sub-section (1) pays the said tax along with interest
payable under section 50 and a penalty equivalent to twenty-five per cent. of such tax within thirty days
of issue of the notice, all proceedings in respect of the said notice shall be deemed to be concluded.
(9) The proper officer shall, after considering the representation, if any, made by the person
chargeable with tax, determine the amount of tax, interest and penalty due from such person and issue an
order.
(10) The proper officer shall issue the order under sub-section (9) within a period of five years from
the due date for furnishing of annual return for the financial year to which the tax not paid or short paid or
input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised relates to or within five years from the date of erroneous
refund.
(11) Where any person served with an order issued under sub-section (9) pays the tax along with
interest payable thereon under section 50 and a penalty equivalent to fifty per cent. of such tax within
thirty days of communication of the order, all proceedings in respect of the said notice shall be deemed to
be concluded.
Explanation 1.—For the purposes of section 73 and this section,—
(i) the expression “all proceedings in respect of the said notice” shall not include proceedings
under section 132;
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 (ii) where the notice under the same proceedings is issued to the main person liable to pay tax and
some other persons, and such proceedings against the main person have been concluded under section
73 or section 74, the proceedings against all the persons liable to pay penalty under 1[sections 122 and
125] are deemed to be concluded.
Explanation 2.––For the purposes of this Act, the expression “suppression” shall mean non-declaration
of facts or information which a taxable person is required to declare in the return, statement, report or any
other document furnished under this Act or the rules made thereunder, or failure to furnish any information
on being asked for, in writing, by the proper officer.
75. General provisions relating to determination of tax.—(1) Where the service of notice or
issuance of order is stayed by an order of a court or Appellate Tribunal, the period of such stay shall be
excluded in computing the period specified in sub-sections (2) and (10) of section 73 or sub-sections (2)
and (10) of section 74, as the case may be.
(2) Where any Appellate Authority or Appellate Tribunal or court concludes that the notice issued
under sub-section (1) of section 74 is not sustainable for the reason that the charges of fraud or any
wilful-misstatement or suppression of facts to evade tax has not been established against the person to
whom the notice was issued, the proper officer shall determine the tax payable by such person, deeming
as if the notice were issued under sub-section (1) of section 73.
(3) Where any order is required to be issued in pursuance of the direction of the Appellate Authority
or Appellate Tribunal or a court, such order shall be issued within two years from the date of
communication of the said direction.
(4) An opportunity of hearing shall be granted where a request is received in writing from the person
chargeable with tax or penalty, or where any adverse decision is contemplated against such person.
(5) The proper officer shall, if sufficient cause is shown by the person chargeable with tax, grant time
to the said person and adjourn the hearing for reasons to be recorded in writing:
Provided that no such adjournment shall be granted for more than three times to a person during the
proceedings.
(6) The proper officer, in his order, shall set out the relevant facts and the basis of his decision.

(7) The amount of tax, interest and penalty demanded in the order shall not be in excess of the amount
specified in the notice and no demand shall be confirmed on the grounds other than the grounds specified
in the notice.
(8) Where the Appellate Authority or Appellate Tribunal or court modifies the amount of tax
determined by the proper officer, the amount of interest and penalty shall stand modified accordingly,
taking into account the amount of tax so modified.
(9) The interest on the tax short paid or not paid shall be payable whether or not specified in the order
determining the tax liability.
(10) The adjudication proceedings shall be deemed to be concluded, if the order is not issued within
three years as provided for in sub-section (10) of section 73 or within five years as provided for in
sub-section (10) of section 74.
(11) An issue on which the Appellate Authority or the Appellate Tribunal or the High Court has given
its decision which is prejudicial to the interest of revenue in some other proceedings and an appeal to the
Appellate Tribunal or the High Court or the Supreme Court against such decision of the Appellate Authority

1. Subs. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 113, for the words and figures “sections 122, 125, 129 and 130” (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).
65
or the Appellate Tribunal or the High Court is pending, the period spent between the date of the decision of
the Appellate Authority and that of the Appellate Tribunal or the date of decision of the Appellate
Tribunal and that of the High Court or the date of the decision of the High Court and that of the Supreme
Court shall be excluded in computing the period referred to in sub-section (10) of section 73 or
sub-section (10) of section 74 where proceedings are initiated by way of issue of a show cause notice
under the said sections.
(12) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 73 or section 74, where any amount of self-assessed
tax in accordance with a return furnished under section 39 remains unpaid, either wholly or partly, or any
amount of interest payable on such tax remains unpaid, the same shall be recovered under the provisions of
section 79.
[Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, the expression “self-assessed tax” shall include
1

the tax payable in respect of details of outward supplies furnished under section 37, but not included in
the return furnished under section 39.]
(13) Where any penalty is imposed under section 73 or section 74, no penalty for the same act or
omission shall be imposed on the same person under any other provision of this Act.
76. Tax collected but not paid to Government.—(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary
contained in any order or direction of any Appellate Authority or Appellate Tribunal or court or in any
other provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder or any other law for the time being in force,
every person who has collected from any other person any amount as representing the tax under this Act,
and has not paid the said amount to the Government, shall forthwith pay the said amount to the
Government, irrespective of whether the supplies in respect of which such amount was collected are
taxable or not.
(2) Where any amount is required to be paid to the Government under sub-section (1), and which has
not been so paid, the proper officer may serve on the person liable to pay such amount a notice requiring
him to show cause as to why the said amount as specified in the notice, should not be paid by him to the
Government and why a penalty equivalent to the amount specified in the notice should not be imposed on
him under the provisions of this Act.
(3) The proper officer shall, after considering the representation, if any, made by the person on whom
the notice is served under sub-section (2), determine the amount due from such person and thereupon
such person shall pay the amount so determined.
(4) The person referred to in sub-section (1) shall in addition to paying the amount referred to in
sub-section (1) or sub-section (3) also be liable to pay interest thereon at the rate specified under section
50 from the date such amount was collected by him to the date such amount is paid by him to the
Government.
(5) An opportunity of hearing shall be granted where a request is received in writing from the person
to whom the notice was issued to show cause.
(6) The proper officer shall issue an order within one year from the date of issue of the notice.
(7) Where the issuance of order is stayed by an order of the court or Appellate Tribunal, the period of
such stay shall be excluded in computing the period of one year.
(8) The proper officer, in his order, shall set out the relevant facts and the basis of his decision.
(9) The amount paid to the Government under sub-section (1) or sub-section (3) shall be adjusted
against the tax payable, if any, by the person in relation to the supplies referred to in sub-section (1).
(10) Where any surplus is left after the adjustment under sub-section (9), the amount of such surplus
shall either be credited to the Fund or refunded to the person who has borne the incidence of such amount.

1. The Explanation ins. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 114 (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).

66
 (11) The person who has borne the incidence of the amount, may apply for the refund of the same in
accordance with the provisions of section 54.
77. Tax wrongfully collected and paid to Central Government or State Government.—(1) A
registered person who has paid the Central tax and State tax or, as the case may be, the central tax and the
Union territory tax on a transaction considered by him to be an intra-State supply, but which is
subsequently held to be an inter-State supply, shall be refunded the amount of taxes so paid in such
manner and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed.
(2) A registered person who has paid integrated tax on a transaction considered by him to be an
inter-State supply, but which is subsequently held to be an intra-State supply, shall not be required to pay
any interest on the amount of central tax and State tax or, as the case may be, the Central tax and the
Union territory tax payable.
78. Initiation of recovery proceedings.—Any amount payable by a taxable person in pursuance of
an order passed under this Act shall be paid by such person within a period of three months from the date
of service of such order failing which recovery proceedings shall be initiated:
Provided that where the proper officer considers it expedient in the interest of revenue, he may, for
reasons to be recorded in writing, require the said taxable person to make such payment within such period less
than a period of three months as may be specified by him.
79. Recovery of tax.—(1) Where any amount payable by a person to the Government under any of
the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder is not paid, the proper officer shall proceed to
recover the amount by one or more of the following modes, namely:––
(a) the proper officer may deduct or may require any other specified officer to deduct the amount
so payable from any money owing to such person which may be under the control of the proper
officer or such other specified officer;
(b) the proper officer may recover or may require any other specified officer to recover the amount so
payable by detaining and selling any goods belonging to such person which are under the control of the
proper officer or such other specified officer;
(c) (i) the proper officer may, by a notice in writing, require any other person from whom money is
due or may become due to such person or who holds or may subsequently hold money for or on account
of such person, to pay to the Government either forthwith upon the money becoming due or being held, or
within the time specified in the notice not being before the money becomes due or is held, so much of the
money as is sufficient to pay the amount due from such person or the whole of the money when it is equal
to or less than that amount;
(ii) every person to whom the notice is issued under sub-clause (i) shall be bound to comply with
such notice, and in particular, where any such notice is issued to a post office, banking company or an
insurer, it shall not be necessary to produce any pass book, deposit receipt, policy or any other
document for the purpose of any entry, endorsement or the like being made before payment is made,
notwithstanding any rule, practice or requirement to the contrary;
(iii) in case the person to whom a notice under sub-clause (i) has been issued, fails to make the
payment in pursuance thereof to the Government, he shall be deemed to be a defaulter in respect of
the amount specified in the notice and all the consequences of this Act or the rules made thereunder
shall follow;
(iv) the officer issuing a notice under sub-clause (i) may, at any time, amend or revoke such
notice or extend the time for making any payment in pursuance of the notice;
(v) any person making any payment in compliance with a notice issued under sub-clause (i) shall be
deemed to have made the payment under the authority of the person in default and such payment being
credited to the Government shall be deemed to constitute a good and sufficient discharge of the liability
of such person to the person in default to the extent of the amount specified in the receipt;

67
 (vi) any person discharging any liability to the person in default after service on him of the notice
issued under sub-clause (i) shall be personally liable to the Government to the extent of the liability
discharged or to the extent of the liability of the person in default for tax, interest and penalty, whichever is
less;
(vii) where a person on whom a notice is served under sub-clause (i) proves to the satisfaction of
the officer issuing the notice that the money demanded or any part thereof was not due to the person
in default or that he did not hold any money for or on account of the person in default, at the time the
notice was served on him, nor is the money demanded or any part thereof, likely to become due to the
said person or be held for or on account of such person, nothing contained in this section shall be
deemed to require the person on whom the notice has been served to pay to the Government any such
money or part thereof;
(d) the proper officer may, in accordance with the rules to be made in this behalf, distrain any
movable or immovable property belonging to or under the control of such person, and detain the same
until the amount payable is paid; and in case, any part of the said amount payable or of the cost of the
distress or keeping of the property, remains unpaid for a period of thirty days next after any such distress,
may cause the said property to be sold and with the proceeds of such sale, may satisfy the amount payable
and the costs including cost of sale remaining unpaid and shall render the surplus amount, if any, to such
person;
(e) the proper officer may prepare a certificate signed by him specifying the amount due from
such person and send it to the Collector of the district in which such person owns any property or
resides or carries on his business or to any officer authorised by the Government and the said
Collector or the said officer, on receipt of such certificate, shall proceed to recover from such person
the amount specified thereunder as if it were an arrear of land revenue;
(f) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), the
proper officer may file an application to the appropriate Magistrate and such Magistrate shall proceed
to recover from such person the amount specified thereunder as if it were a fine imposed by him.
(2) Where the terms of any bond or other instrument executed under this Act or any rules or
regulations made thereunder provide that any amount due under such instrument may be recovered in the
manner laid down in sub-section (1), the amount may, without prejudice to any other mode of recovery,
be recovered in accordance with the provisions of that sub-section.
(3) Where any amount of tax, interest or penalty is payable by a person to the Government under any
of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder and which remains unpaid, the proper officer of
State tax or Union territory tax, during the course of recovery of said tax arrears, may recover the amount
from the said person as if it were an arrear of State tax or Union territory tax and credit the amount so
recovered to the account of the Government.
(4) Where the amount recovered under sub-section (3) is less than the amount due to the Central
Government and State Government, the amount to be credited to the account of the respective
Governments shall be in proportion to the amount due to each such Government.
[Explanation.––For the purposes of this section, the word person shall include “distinct persons” as
1

referred to in sub-section (4) or, as the case may be, sub-section (5) of section 25.]
80. Payment of tax and other amount in instalments.—On an application filed by a taxable person,
the Commissioner may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, extend the time for payment or allow payment of
any amount due under this Act, other than the amount due as per the liability self-assessed in any return, by
such person in monthly instalments not exceeding twenty four, subject to payment of interest under section 50
and subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed:

1. The Explanation ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 24 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

68
 Provided that where there is default in payment of any one instalment on its due date, the whole
outstanding balance payable on such date shall become due and payable forthwith and shall, without any
further notice being served on the person, be liable for recovery.
81. Transfer of property to be void in certain cases.—Where a person, after any amount has
become due from him, creates a charge on or parts with the property belonging to him or in his possession
by way of sale, mortgage, exchange, or any other mode of transfer whatsoever of any of his properties in
favour of any other person with the intention of defrauding the Government revenue, such charge or
transfer shall be void as against any claim in respect of any tax or any other sum payable by the said
person:
Provided that, such charge or transfer shall not be void if it is made for adequate consideration, in
good faith and without notice of the pendency of such proceedings under this Act or without notice of
such tax or other sum payable by the said person, or with the previous permission of the proper officer.
82. Tax to be first charge on property.—Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any
law for the time being in force, save as otherwise provided in the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
(31 of 2016), any amount payable by a taxable person or any other person on account of tax, interest or
penalty which he is liable to pay to the Government shall be a first charge on the property of such taxable
person or such person.
83. Provisional attachment to protect revenue in certain cases.—1[(1) Where, after the initiation
of any proceeding under Chapter XII, Chapter XIV or Chapter XV, the Commissioner is of the opinion
that for the purpose of protecting the interest of the Government revenue it is necessary so to do, he may,
by order in writing, attach provisionally, any property, including bank account, belonging to the taxable
person or any person specified in sub-section (1A) of section 122, in such manner as may be prescribed.]
(2) Every such provisional attachment shall cease to have effect after the expiry of a period of one
year from the date of the order made under sub-section (1).
84. Continuation and validation of certain recovery proceedings.—Where any notice of demand in
respect of any tax, penalty, interest or any other amount payable under this Act, (hereafter in this section
referred to as “Government dues”), is served upon any taxable person or any other person and any appeal or
revision application is filed or any other proceedings is initiated in respect of such Government dues, then––
(a) where such Government dues are enhanced in such appeal, revision or other proceedings, the
Commissioner shall serve upon the taxable person or any other person another notice of demand in
respect of the amount by which such Government dues are enhanced and any recovery proceedings in
relation to such Government dues as are covered by the notice of demand served upon him before the
disposal of such appeal, revision or other proceedings may, without the service of any fresh notice of
demand, be continued from the stage at which such proceedings stood immediately before such
disposal;
(b) where such Government dues are reduced in such appeal, revision or in other proceedings––
(i) it shall not be necessary for the Commissioner to serve upon the taxable person a fresh
notice of demand;
(ii) the Commissioner shall give intimation of such reduction to him and to the appropriate
authority with whom recovery proceedings is pending;
(iii) any recovery proceedings initiated on the basis of the demand served upon him prior to the
disposal of such appeal, revision or other proceedings may be continued in relation to the amount so
reduced from the stage at which such proceedings stood immediately before such disposal.

1. Subs. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 115, for sub-section (1) (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).

69
 CHAPTER XVI
LIABILITY TO PAY IN CERTAIN CASES
85. Liability in case of transfer of business.—(1) Where a taxable person, liable to pay tax under
this Act, transfers his business in whole or in part, by sale, gift, lease, leave and license, hire or in any other
manner whatsoever, the taxable person and the person to whom the business is so transferred shall, jointly
and severally, be liable wholly or to the extent of such transfer, to pay the tax, interest or any penalty due
from the taxable person up to the time of such transfer, whether such tax, interest or penalty has been
determined before such transfer, but has remained unpaid or is determined thereafter.
(2) Where the transferee of a business referred to in sub-section (1) carries on such business either
in his own name or in some other name, he shall be liable to pay tax on the supply of goods or services or
both effected by him with effect from the date of such transfer and shall, if he is a registered person under
this Act, apply within the prescribed time for amendment of his certificate of registration.
86. Liability of agent and principal.—Where an agent supplies or receives any taxable goods on
behalf of his principal, such agent and his principal shall, jointly and severally, be liable to pay the tax
payable on such goods under this Act.
87. Liability in case of amalgamation or merger of companies.—(1) When two or more companies
are amalgamated or merged in pursuance of an order of court or of Tribunal or otherwise and the order is to
take effect from a date earlier to the date of the order and any two or more of such companies have supplied
or received any goods or services or both to or from each other during the period commencing on the date
from which the order takes effect till the date of the order, then such transactions of supply and receipt shall
be included in the turnover of supply or receipt of the respective companies and they shall be liable to pay
tax accordingly.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in the said order, for the purposes of this Act, the said two or
more companies shall be treated as distinct companies for the period up to the date of the said order and
the registration certificates of the said companies shall be cancelled with effect from the date of the said
order.
88. Liability in case of company in liquidation.—(1) When any company is being wound up
whether under the orders of a court or Tribunal or otherwise, every person appointed as receiver of any
assets of a company (hereafter in this section referred to as the “liquidator”), shall, within thirty days after
his appointment, give intimation of his appointment to the Commissioner.
(2) The Commissioner shall, after making such inquiry or calling for such information as he may deem
fit, notify the liquidator within three months from the date on which he receives intimation of the appointment
of the liquidator, the amount which in the opinion of the Commissioner would be sufficient to provide for any
tax, interest or penalty which is then, or is likely thereafter to become, payable by the company.
(3) When any private company is wound up and any tax, interest or penalty determined under this Act on
the company for any period, whether before or in the course of or after its liquidation, cannot be recovered,
then every person who was a director of such company at any time during the period for which the tax was due
shall, jointly and severally, be liable for the payment of such tax, interest or penalty, unless he proves to the
satisfaction of the Commissioner that such non-recovery cannot be attributed to any gross neglect, misfeasance
or breach of duty on his part in relation to the affairs of the company.
89. Liability of directors of private company.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the
Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013), where any tax, interest or penalty due from a private company in respect
of any supply of goods or services or both for any period cannot be recovered, then, every person who was a
director of the private company during such period shall, jointly and severally, be liable for the payment of
such tax, interest or penalty unless he proves that the non-recovery cannot be attributed to any gross
neglect, misfeasance or breach of duty on his part in relation to the affairs of the company.
(2) Where a private company is converted into a public company and the tax, interest or penalty in
respect of any supply of goods or services or both for any period during which such company was a private
70
company cannot be recovered before such conversion, then, nothing contained in sub-section (1) shall apply
to any person who was a director of such private company in relation to any tax, interest or penalty in respect
of such supply of goods or services or both of such private company:
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall apply to any personal penalty imposed on
such director.
90. Liability of partners of firm to pay tax.—Notwithstanding any contract to the contrary and any
other law for the time being in force, where any firm is liable to pay any tax, interest or penalty under this
Act, the firm and each of the partners of the firm shall, jointly and severally, be liable for such payment:
Provided that where any partner retires from the firm, he or the firm, shall intimate the date of
retirement of the said partner to the Commissioner by a notice in that behalf in writing and such partner
shall be liable to pay tax, interest or penalty due up to the date of his retirement whether determined or
not, on that date:
Provided further that if no such intimation is given within one month from the date of retirement, the
liability of such partner under the first proviso shall continue until the date on which such intimation is
received by the Commissioner.
91. Liability of guardians, trustees, etc.—Where the business in respect of which any tax, interest or
penalty is payable under this Act is carried on by any guardian, trustee or agent of a minor or other
incapacitated person on behalf of and for the benefit of such minor or other incapacitated person, the tax,
interest or penalty shall be levied upon and recoverable from such guardian, trustee or agent in like manner
and to the same extent as it would be determined and recoverable from any such minor or other incapacitated
person, as if he were a major or capacitated person and as if he were conducting the business himself, and all
the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder shall apply accordingly.
92. Liability of Court of Wards, etc.—Where the estate or any portion of the estate of a taxable person
owning a business in respect of which any tax, interest or penalty is payable under this Act is under the control
of the Court of Wards, the Administrator General, the Official Trustee or any receiver or manager (including
any person, whatever be his designation, who in fact manages the business) appointed by or under any order of
a court, the tax, interest or penalty shall be levied upon and be recoverable from such Court of Wards,
Administrator General, Official Trustee, receiver or manager in like manner and to the same extent as it would
be determined and be recoverable from the taxable person as if he were conducting the business himself, and
all the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder shall apply accordingly.
93. Special provisions regarding liability to pay tax, interest or penalty in certain
cases.—(1) Save as otherwise provided in the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (31 of 2016),
where a person, liable to pay tax, interest or penalty under this Act, dies, then––
(a) if a business carried on by the person is continued after his death by his legal representative or
any other person, such legal representative or other person, shall be liable to pay tax, interest or
penalty due from such person under this Act; and
(b) if the business carried on by the person is discontinued, whether before or after his death, his
legal representative shall be liable to pay, out of the estate of the deceased, to the extent to which the
estate is capable of meeting the charge, the tax, interest or penalty due from such person under this
Act,
whether such tax, interest or penalty has been determined before his death but has remained unpaid or is
determined after his death.
(2) Save as otherwise provided in the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (31 of 2016), where a
taxable person, liable to pay tax, interest or penalty under this Act, is a Hindu Undivided Family or an
association of persons and the property of the Hindu Undivided Family or the association of persons is
partitioned amongst the various members or groups of members, then, each member or group of members
shall, jointly and severally, be liable to pay the tax, interest or penalty due from the taxable person under this
Act up to the time of the partition whether such tax, penalty or interest has been determined before partition
but has remained unpaid or is determined after the partition.

71
 (3) Save as otherwise provided in the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (31 of 2016), where a
taxable person, liable to pay tax, interest or penalty under this Act, is a firm, and the firm is dissolved, then,
every person who was a partner shall, jointly and severally, be liable to pay the tax, interest or penalty due
from the firm under this Act up to the time of dissolution whether such tax, interest or penalty has been
determined before the dissolution, but has remained unpaid or is determined after dissolution.
(4) Save as otherwise provided in the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (31 of 2016), where a
taxable person liable to pay tax, interest or penalty under this Act,––
(a) is the guardian of a ward on whose behalf the business is carried on by the guardian; or
(b) is a trustee who carries on the business under a trust for a beneficiary,
then, if the guardianship or trust is terminated, the ward or the beneficiary shall be liable to pay the tax,
interest or penalty due from the taxable person upto the time of the termination of the guardianship or
trust, whether such tax, interest or penalty has been determined before the termination of guardianship or
trust but has remained unpaid or is determined thereafter.
94. Liability in other cases.––(1) Where a taxable person is a firm or an association of persons or a
Hindu Undivided Family and such firm, association or family has discontinued business––
(a) the tax, interest or penalty payable under this Act by such firm, association or family up to the
date of such discontinuance may be determined as if no such discontinuance had taken place; and
(b) every person who, at the time of such discontinuance, was a partner of such firm, or a member
of such association or family, shall, notwithstanding such discontinuance, jointly and severally, be
liable for the payment of tax and interest determined and penalty imposed and payable by such firm,
association or family, whether such tax and interest has been determined or penalty imposed prior to
or after such discontinuance and subject as aforesaid, the provisions of this Act shall, so far as may
be, apply as if every such person or partner or member were himself a taxable person.
(2) Where a change has occurred in the constitution of a firm or an association of persons, the
partners of the firm or members of association, as it existed before and as it exists after the reconstitution,
shall, without prejudice to the provisions of section 90, jointly and severally, be liable to pay tax, interest
or penalty due from such firm or association for any period before its reconstitution.
(3) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall, so far as may be, apply where the taxable person, being a firm
or association of persons is dissolved or where the taxable person, being a Hindu Undivided Family, has
effected partition with respect to the business carried on by it and accordingly references in that sub-section to
discontinuance shall be construed as reference to dissolution or to partition.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this Chapter,––
(i) a “Limited Liability Partnership” formed and registered under the provisions of the Limited
Liability Partnership Act, 2008 (6 of 2009) shall also be considered as a firm;
(ii) “court” means the District Court, High Court or Supreme Court.
CHAPTER XVII
ADVANCE RULING
95. Definitions.––In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires,––
(a) “advance ruling” means a decision provided by the Authority or the Appellate Authority 1[or the
National Appellate Authority] to an applicant on matters or on questions specified in sub-section (2) of
section 97 or sub-section (1) of section 100, 1[or of section 101C] in relation to the supply of goods or
services or both being undertaken or proposed to be undertaken by the applicant;
(b) “Appellate Authority” means the Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling referred to in
section 99;

1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 104 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).

72
 (c) “applicant” means any person registered or desirous of obtaining registration under this Act;
(d) “application” means an application made to the Authority under sub-section (1) of section 97;
(e) “Authority” means the Authority for Advance Ruling referred to in section 96;
[(f) “National Appellate Authority” means the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling
1

referred to in section 101A.]

96. Authority for advance ruling.––Subject to the provisions of this Chapter, for the purposes of this
Act, the Authority for advance ruling constituted under the provisions of a State Goods and Services Tax Act
or Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act shall be deemed to be the Authority for advance ruling in
respect of that State or Union territory.
97. Application for advance ruling.––(1) An applicant desirous of obtaining an advance ruling
under this Chapter may make an application in such form and manner and accompanied by such fee as
may be prescribed, stating the question on which the advance ruling is sought.
(2) The question on which the advance ruling is sought under this Act, shall be in respect of,––
(a) classification of any goods or services or both;
(b) applicability of a notification issued under the provisions of this Act;
(c) determination of time and value of supply of goods or services or both;
(d) admissibility of input tax credit of tax paid or deemed to have been paid;
(e) determination of the liability to pay tax on any goods or services or both;
(f) whether applicant is required to be registered;
(g) whether any particular thing done by the applicant with respect to any goods or services or
both amounts to or results in a supply of goods or services or both, within the meaning of that term.
98. Procedure on receipt of application.––(1) On receipt of an application, the Authority shall cause
a copy thereof to be forwarded to the concerned officer and, if necessary, call upon him to furnish the
relevant records:
Provided that where any records have been called for by the Authority in any case, such records shall,
as soon as possible, be returned to the said concerned officer.
(2) The Authority may, after examining the application and the records called for and after hearing
the applicant or his authorised representative and the concerned officer or his authorised representative,
by order, either admit or reject the application:
Provided that the Authority shall not admit the application where the question raised in the
application is already pending or decided in any proceedings in the case of an applicant under any of the
provisions of this Act:
Provided further that no application shall be rejected under this sub-section unless an opportunity of
hearing has been given to the applicant:
Provided also that where the application is rejected, the reasons for such rejection shall be specified
in the order.
(3) A copy of every order made under sub-section (2) shall be sent to the applicant and to the
concerned officer.

1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 104 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).

73
 (4) Where an application is admitted under sub-section (2), the Authority shall, after examining such
further material as may be placed before it by the applicant or obtained by the Authority and after providing
an opportunity of being heard to the applicant or his authorised representative as well as to the concerned
officer or his authorised representative, pronounce its advance ruling on the question specified in the
application.
(5) Where the members of the Authority differ on any question on which the advance ruling is sought,
they shall state the point or points on which they differ and make a reference to the Appellate Authority
for hearing and decision on such question.
(6) The Authority shall pronounce its advance ruling in writing within ninety days from the date of
receipt of application.
(7) A copy of the advance ruling pronounced by the Authority duly signed by the members and
certified in such manner as may be prescribed shall be sent to the applicant, the concerned officer and the
jurisdictional officer after such pronouncement.
99. Appellate Authority for advance ruling.––Subject to the provisions of this Chapter, for the
purposes of this Act, the Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling constituted under the provisions of a State
Goods and Services Tax Act or a Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act shall be deemed to be the
Appellate Authority in respect of that State or Union territory.
100. Appeal to Appellate Authority.––(1) The concerned officer, the jurisdictional officer or an
applicant aggrieved by any advance ruling pronounced under sub-section (4) of section 98, may appeal to
the Appellate Authority.
(2) Every appeal under this section shall be filed within a period of thirty days from the date on which
the ruling sought to be appealed against is communicated to the concerned officer, the jurisdictional
officer and the applicant:
Provided that the Appellate Authority may, if it is satisfied that the appellant was prevented by a
sufficient cause from presenting the appeal within the said period of thirty days, allow it to be presented
within a further period not exceeding thirty days.
(3) Every appeal under this section shall be in such form, accompanied by such fee and verified in
such manner as may be prescribed.
101. Orders of Appellate Authority.––(1) The Appellate Authority may, after giving the parties to
the appeal or reference an opportunity of being heard, pass such order as it thinks fit, confirming or
modifying the ruling appealed against or referred to.
(2) The order referred to in sub-section (1) shall be passed within a period of ninety days from the
date of filing of the appeal under section 100 or a reference under sub-section (5) of section 98.
(3) Where the members of the Appellate Authority differ on any point or points referred to in appeal
or reference, it shall be deemed that no advance ruling can be issued in respect of the question under the
appeal or reference.
(4) A copy of the advance ruling pronounced by the Appellate Authority duly signed by the Members
and certified in such manner as may be prescribed shall be sent to the applicant, the concerned officer, the
jurisdictional officer and to the Authority after such pronouncement.
1
[101A. Constitution of National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling.—(1) The Government
shall, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification, constitute, with effect from such date as
may be specified therein, an Authority known as the National Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling for
hearing appeals made under section 101B.

1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 105 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).

74
 (2) The National Appellate Authority shall consist of—
(i) the President, who has been a Judge of the Supreme Court or is or has been the Chief Justice
of a High Court, or is or has been a Judge of a High Court for a period not less than five years;
(ii) a Technical Member (Centre) who is or has been a member of Indian Revenue (Customs and
Central Excise) Service, Group A, and has completed at least fifteen years of service in Group A;
(iii) a Technical Member (State) who is or has been an officer of the State Government not below
the rank of Additional Commissioner of Value Added Tax or the Additional Commissioner of State
tax with at least three years of experience in the administration of an existing law or the State Goods
and Services Tax Act or in the field of finance and taxation.
(3) The President of the National Appellate Authority shall be appointed by the Government after
consultation with the Chief Justice of India or his nominee:
Provided that in the event of the occurrence of any vacancy in the office of the President by the
reason of his death, resignation or otherwise, the senior most Member of the National Appellate Authority
shall act as the President until the date on which a new President, appointed in accordance with the
provisions of this Act to fill such vacancy, enters upon his office:
Provided further that where the President is unable to discharge his functions owing to absence,
illness or any other cause, the senior most Member of the National Appellate Authority shall discharge
the functions of the President until the date on which the President resumes his duties.
(4) The Technical Member (Centre) and Technical Member (State) of the National Appellate
Authority shall be appointed by the Government on the recommendations of a Selection Committee
consisting of such persons and in such manner as may be prescribed.
(5) No appointment of the Members of the National Appellate Authority shall be invalid merely by
the reason of any vacancy or defect in the constitution of the Selection Committee.
(6) Before appointing any person as the President or Members of the National Appellate Authority,
the Government shall satisfy itself that such person does not have any financial or other interests which
are likely to prejudicially affect his functions as such President or Member.
(7) The salary, allowances and other terms and conditions of service of the President and the
Members of the National Appellate Authority shall be such as may be prescribed:
Provided that neither salary and allowances nor other terms and conditions of service of the President
or Members of the National Appellate Authority shall be varied to their disadvantage after their
appointment.
(8) The President of the National Appellate Authority shall hold office for a term of three years from
the date on which he enters upon his office, or until he attains the age of seventy years, whichever is
earlier and shall also be eligible for reappointment.
(9) The Technical Member (Centre) or Technical Member (State) of the National Appellate Authority
shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office, or until he
attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier and shall also be eligible for reappointment.
(10) The President or any Member may, by notice in writing under his hand addressed to the
Government, resign from his office:
Provided that the President or Member shall continue to hold office until the expiry of three months
from the date of receipt of such notice by the Government, or until a person duly appointed as his
successor enters upon his office or until the expiry of his term of office, whichever is the earliest.
(11) The Government may, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, remove from the office
such President or Member, who—
(a) has been adjudged an insolvent; or

75
 (b) has been convicted of an offence which, in the opinion of such Government involves moral
turpitude; or
(c) has become physically or mentally incapable of acting as such President or Member; or
(d) has acquired such financial or other interest as is likely to affect prejudicially his functions as
such President or Member; or
(e) has so abused his position as to render his continuance in office prejudicial to the public
interest:
Provided that the President or the Member shall not be removed on any of the grounds specified in
clauses (d) and (e), unless he has been informed of the charges against him and has been given an
opportunity of being heard.
(12) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (11), the President and Technical Members of
the National Appellate Authority shall not be removed from their office except by an order made by the
Government on the ground of proven misbehaviour or incapacity after an inquiry made by a Judge of the
Supreme Court nominated by the Chief Justice of India on a reference made to him by the Government
and such President or Member had been given an opportunity of being heard.
(13) The Government, with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of India, may suspend from office,
the President or Technical Members of the National Appellate Authority in respect of whom a reference
has been made to the Judge of the Supreme Court under sub-section (12).
(14) Subject to the provisions of article 220 of the Constitution, the President or Members of the
National Appellate Authority, on ceasing to hold their office, shall not be eligible to appear, act or plead
before the National Appellate Authority where he was the President or, as the case may be, a Member.
101B. Appeal to National Appellate Authority.—(1) Where, in respect of the questions referred to
in sub-section (2) of section 97, conflicting Advance Rulings are given by the Appellate Authorities of
two or more States or Union territories or both under sub-section (1) or sub-section (3) of section 101, any
officer authorised by the Commissioner or an applicant, being distinct person referred to in section 25
aggrieved by such Advance Ruling, may prefer an appeal to National Appellate Authority:
Provided that the officer shall be from the States in which such Advance Rulings have been given.
(2) Every appeal under this section shall be filed within a period of thirty days from the date on which
the ruling sought to be appealed against is communicated to the applicants, concerned officers and
jurisdictional officers:
Provided that the officer authorised by the Commissioner may file appeal within a period of ninety
days from the date on which the ruling sought to be appealed against is communicated to the concerned
officer or the jurisdictional officer:
Provided further that the National Appellate Authority may, if it is satisfied that the appellant was
prevented by a sufficient cause from presenting the appeal within the said period of thirty days, or as the
case may be, ninety days, allow such appeal to be presented within a further period not exceeding thirty
days.
Explanation.—For removal of doubts, it is clarified that the period of thirty days or as the case may
be, ninety days shall be counted from the date of communication of the last of the conflicting rulings
sought to be appealed against.
(3) Every appeal under this section shall be in such form, accompanied by such fee and verified in
such manner as may be prescribed.
101C. Order of National Appellate Authority.—(1) The National Appellate Authority may, after
giving an opportunity of being heard to the applicant, the officer authorised by the Commissioner, all
Principal Chief Commissioners, Chief Commissioners of Central tax and Chief Commissioner and
Commissioner of State tax of all States and Chief Commissioner and Commissioner of Union territory tax
of all Union territories, pass such order as it thinks fit, confirming or modifying the rulings appealed
against.
76
 (2) If the members of the National Appellate Authority differ in opinion on any point, it shall be
decided according to the opinion of the majority.
(3) The order referred to in sub-section (1) shall be passed as far as possible within a period of ninety
days from the date of filing of the appeal under section 101B.
(4) A copy of the Advance Ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority shall be duly
signed by the Members and certified in such manner as may be prescribed and shall be sent to the
applicant, the officer authorised by the Commissioner, the Board, the Chief Commissioner and
Commissioner of State tax of all States and Chief Commissioner and Commissioner of Union territory tax
of all Union territories and to the Authority or Appellate Authority, as the case may be, after such
pronouncement.]
102. Rectification of advance ruling.—The Authority or the Appellate Authority 1[or the National
Appellate Authority] may amend any order passed by it under section 98 or section 101 1[or section
101C], so as to rectify any error apparent on the face of the record, if such error is noticed by the
Authority or the Appellate Authority on its own accord, or is brought to its notice by the concerned
officer, the jurisdictional officer, the applicant 2[, appellant, the Authority or the Appellate Authority]
within a period of six months from the date of the order:
Provided that no rectification which has the effect of enhancing the tax liability or reducing the
amount of admissible input tax credit shall be made unless the applicant or the appellant has been given
an opportunity of being heard.
103. Applicability of advance ruling.—(1) The advance ruling pronounced by the Authority or the
Appellate Authority under this Chapter shall be binding only—
(a) on the applicant who had sought it in respect of any matter referred to in sub-section (2) of
section 97 for advance ruling;
(b) on the concerned officer or the jurisdictional officer in respect of the applicant.
3
[(1A) The Advance Ruling pronounced by the National Appellate Authority under this Chapter shall
be binding on—
(a) the applicants, being distinct persons, who had sought the ruling under sub-section (1) of
section 101B and all registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number issued under the
Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961);
(b) the concerned officers and the jurisdictional officers in respect of the applicants referred to in
clause (a) and the registered persons having the same Permanent Account Number issued under the
Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961).]
(2) The advance ruling referred to in sub-section (1) 3[and sub-section (1A)] shall be binding unless
the law, facts or circumstances supporting the original advance ruling have changed.
104. Advance ruling to be void in certain circumstances.—(1) Where the Authority or the Appellate
Authority 4[or the National Appellate Authority] finds that advance ruling pronounced by it under
sub-section (4) of section 98 or under sub-section (1) of section 101 4[or under section 101C] has been
obtained by the applicant or the appellant by fraud or suppression of material facts or misrepresentation of
facts, it may, by order, declare such ruling to be void ab-initio and thereupon all the provisions of this Act or
the rules made thereunder shall apply to the applicant or the appellant as if such advance ruling had never
been made:

1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 106 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).

2. Subs. by s. 106, ibid., for “or the appellant” (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
3. Ins. by s. 107, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
4. Ins. by s. 108, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
77
 Provided that no order shall be passed under this sub-section unless an opportunity of being heard has
been given to the applicant or the appellant.
Explanation.––The period beginning with the date of such advance ruling and ending with the date
of order under this sub-section shall be excluded while computing the period specified in sub-sections (2)
and (10) of section 73 or sub-sections (2) and (10) of section 74.
(2) A copy of the order made under sub-section (1) shall be sent to the applicant, the concerned
officer and the jurisdictional officer.
105. 1[Powers of Authority, Appellate Authority and National Appellate Authority].—(1) The
Authority or the Appellate Authority 2[or the National Appellate Authority] shall, for the purpose of
exercising its powers regarding—
(a) discovery and inspection;
(b) enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath;
(c) issuing commissions and compelling production of books of account and other records,
have all the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908).
(2) The Authority or the Appellate Authority 2[or the National Appellate Authority] shall be deemed
to be a civil court for the purposes of section 195, but not for the purposes of Chapter XXVI of the Code
of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), and every proceeding before the Authority or the Appellate
Authority shall be deemed to be a judicial proceedings within the meaning of sections 193 and 228, and
for the purpose of section 196 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).
106. 3[Procedure of Authority, Appellate Authority and National Appellate Authority].—The
Authority or the Appellate Authority 4[or the National Appellate Authority] shall, subject to the
provisions of this Chapter, have power to regulate its own procedure.
CHAPTER XVIII
APPEALS AND REVISION

107. Appeals to Appellate Authority.—(1) Any person aggrieved by any decision or order passed
under this Act or the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax
Act by an adjudicating authority may appeal to such Appellate Authority as may be prescribed within
three months from the date on which the said decision or order is communicated to such person.
(2) The Commissioner may, on his own motion, or upon request from the Commissioner of State tax or
the Commissioner of Union territory tax, call for and examine the record of any proceedings in which an
adjudicating authority has passed any decision or order under this Act or the State Goods and Services Tax Act
or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, for the purpose of satisfying himself as to the legality or
propriety of the said decision or order and may, by order, direct any officer subordinate to him to apply to the
Appellate Authority within six months from the date of communication of the said decision or order for the
determination of such points arising out of the said decision or order as may be specified by the Commissioner
in his order.
(3) Where, in pursuance of an order under sub-section (2), the authorised officer makes an application
to the Appellate Authority, such application shall be dealt with by the Appellate Authority as if it were an
appeal made against the decision or order of the adjudicating authority and such authorised officer were
an appellant and the provisions of this Act relating to appeals shall apply to such application.

1. Subs. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 109, for “Powers of Authority, Appellate Authority and National Appellate Authority”
(w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
2. Ins. by s. 109, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
3. Subs. by s. 110, ibid., for “Procedure of Authority and Appellate Authority” (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
4. Ins. by s. 110, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).
78
 (4) The Appellate Authority may, if he is satisfied that the appellant was prevented by sufficient cause
from presenting the appeal within the aforesaid period of three months or six months, as the case may be,
allow it to be presented within a further period of one month.
(5) Every appeal under this section shall be in such form and shall be verified in such manner as may
be prescribed.
(6) No appeal shall be filed under sub-section (1), unless the appellant has paid—
(a) in full, such part of the amount of tax, interest, fine, fee and penalty arising from the
impugned order, as is admitted by him; and
(b) a sum equal to ten per cent. of the remaining amount of tax in dispute arising from the said
order, 1[subject to a maximum of twenty-five crore rupees,] in relation to which the appeal has been
filed.
2
[Provided that no appeal shall be filed against an order under sub-section (3) of section 129, unless a
sum equal to twenty-five per cent. of the penalty has been paid by the appellant.]
(7) Where the appellant has paid the amount under sub-section (6), the recovery proceedings for the
balance amount shall be deemed to be stayed.
(8) The Appellate Authority shall give an opportunity to the appellant of being heard.
(9) The Appellate Authority may, if sufficient cause is shown at any stage of hearing of an appeal,
grant time to the parties or any of them and adjourn the hearing of the appeal for reasons to be recorded in
writing:
Provided that no such adjournment shall be granted more than three times to a party during hearing of
the appeal.
(10) The Appellate Authority may, at the time of hearing of an appeal, allow an appellant to add any
ground of appeal not specified in the grounds of appeal, if it is satisfied that the omission of that ground from
the grounds of appeal was not wilful or unreasonable.
(11) The Appellate Authority shall, after making such further inquiry as may be necessary, pass such
order, as it thinks just and proper, confirming, modifying or annulling the decision or order appealed
against but shall not refer the case back to the adjudicating authority that passed the said decision or
order:
Provided that an order enhancing any fee or penalty or fine in lieu of confiscation or confiscating
goods of greater value or reducing the amount of refund or input tax credit shall not be passed unless the
appellant has been given a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the proposed order:
Provided further that where the Appellate Authority is of the opinion that any tax has not been paid or
short-paid or erroneously refunded, or where input tax credit has been wrongly availed or utilised, no
order requiring the appellant to pay such tax or input tax credit shall be passed unless the appellant is
given notice to show cause against the proposed order and the order is passed within the time limit
specified under section 73 or section 74.
(12) The order of the Appellate Authority disposing of the appeal shall be in writing and shall state
the points for determination, the decision thereon and the reasons for such decision.
(13) The Appellate Authority shall, where it is possible to do so, hear and decide every appeal within
a period of one year from the date on which it is filed:
Provided that where the issuance of order is stayed by an order of a court or Tribunal, the period of
such stay shall be excluded in computing the period of one year.

1. Ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 25 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

2. Ins. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 116 (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).
79
 (14) On disposal of the appeal, the Appellate Authority shall communicate the order passed by it to
the appellant, respondent and to the adjudicating authority.
(15) A copy of the order passed by the Appellate Authority shall also be sent to the jurisdictional
Commissioner or the authority designated by him in this behalf and the jurisdictional Commissioner of
State tax or Commissioner of Union Territory Tax or an authority designated by him in this behalf.
(16) Every order passed under this section shall, subject to the provisions of section 108 or
section 113 or section 117 or section 118 be final and binding on the parties.
108. Powers of Revisional Authority.—(1) Subject to the provisions of section 121 and any rules
made thereunder, the Revisional Authority may, on his own motion, or upon information received by him
or on request from the Commissioner of State tax, or the Commissioner of Union territory tax, call for
and examine the record of any proceedings, and if he considers that any decision or order passed under
this Act or under the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax
Act by any officer subordinate to him is erroneous in so far as it is prejudicial to the interest of revenue
and is illegal or improper or has not taken into account certain material facts, whether available at the
time of issuance of the said order or not or in consequence of an observation by the Comptroller and
Auditor General of India, he may, if necessary, stay the operation of such decision or order for such
period as he deems fit and after giving the person concerned an opportunity of being heard and after
making such further inquiry as may be necessary, pass such order, as he thinks just and proper, including
enhancing or modifying or annulling the said decision or order.
(2) The Revisional Authority shall not exercise any power under sub-section (1), if—
(a) the order has been subject to an appeal under section 107 or section 112 or section 117 or
section 118; or
(b) the period specified under sub-section (2) of section 107 has not yet expired or more than
three years have expired after the passing of the decision or order sought to be revised; or
(c) the order has already been taken for revision under this section at an earlier stage; or
(d) the order has been passed in exercise of the powers under sub-section (1):
Provided that the Revisional Authority may pass an order under sub-section (1) on any point which
has not been raised and decided in an appeal referred to in clause (a) of sub-section (2), before the expiry
of a period of one year from the date of the order in such appeal or before the expiry of a period of three
years referred to in clause (b) of that sub-section, whichever is later.
(3) Every order passed in revision under sub-section (1) shall, subject to the provisions of section 113 or
section 117 or section 118, be final and binding on the parties.
(4) If the said decision or order involves an issue on which the Appellate Tribunal or the High Court has
given its decision in some other proceedings and an appeal to the High Court or the Supreme Court against
such decision of the Appellate Tribunal or the High Court is pending, the period spent between the date of the
decision of the Appellate Tribunal and the date of the decision of the High Court or the date of the decision of
the High Court and the date of decision of the Supreme Court shall be excluded in computing the period of
limitation referred to in clause (b) of sub-section (2) where proceedings for revision have been initiated by way
of issue of a notice under this section.
(5) Where the issuance of an order under sub-section (1) is stayed by the order of a court or Appellate
Tribunal, the period of such stay shall be excluded in computing the period of limitation referred to in
clause (b) of sub-section (2).
(6) For the purposes of this section, the term,––
(i) “record” shall include all records relating to any proceedings under this Act available at the
time of examination by the Revisional Authority;
(ii) “decision” shall include intimation given by any officer lower in rank than the Revisional
Authority.
80
 1
[109. Constitution of Appellate Tribunal and Benches thereof.— (1) The Government shall, on the
recommendations of the Council, by notification, establish with effect from such date as may be specified
therein, an Appellate Tribunal known as the Goods and Services Tax Appellate Tribunal for hearing
appeals against the orders passed by the Appellate Authority or the Revisional Authority.
(2) The jurisdiction, powers and authority conferred on the Appellate Tribunal shall be exercised by
the Principal Bench and the State Benches constituted under sub-section (3) and sub-section (4).
(3) The Government shall, by notification, constitute a Principal Bench of the Appellate Tribunal at
New Delhi which shall consist of the President, a Judicial Member, a Technical Member (Centre) and a
Technical Member (State).
(4) On the request of the State, the Government may, by notification, constitute such number of State
Benches at such places and with such jurisdiction as may be recommended by the Council, which shall
consist of two Judical Members, a Technial Member (Centre) and a Technical Member (State).
(5) The Principal Bench and the State Bench shall hear appeals against the orders passed by the
Appellate Authority or the Revisional Authority:
Provided that the cases in which any one of the issues involved relates to the place of supply, shall be
heard only by the Principal Bench.
(6) The President shall, from time to time, by a general or special order, distribute the business of the
Appellate Tribunal among the Benches and may transfer cases from one Bench to another.
(7) The senior-most Judicial Member within the State Benches, as may be notified, shall act as the
Vice-President for such State Benches and shall exercise such powers of the President as may be
prescribed, but for all other purposes be considered as a Member.
(8) Appeals, where the tax or input tax credit involved or the amount of fine, fee or penalty
determined in any order appealed against, does not exceed fifty lakh rupees and which does not involve
any question of law may, with the approval of the President, and subject to such conditions as may be
prescribed on the recommendations of the Council, be heard by a single Member, and in all other cases,
shall be heard together by one Judicial Member and one Technical Member.
(9) If, after hearing the case, the Members differ in their opinion on any point or points, such Member
shall state the point or points on which they differ, and the President shall refer such case for hearing,—
(a) where the appeal was originally heard by Members of a State Bench, to another Member of a
State Bench within the State or, where no such other State Bench is available within the State, to a
Member of a State Bench in another State;
(b) where the appeal was originally heard by Members of the Principal Bench, to another Member
from the Principal Bench or, where no such other Member is available, to a Member of any State
Bench,
and such point or points shall be decided according to the majority opinion including the opinion of the
Members who first heard the case.
(10) The Government may, in consultation with the President, for the administrative efficiency,
transfer Members from one Bench to another Bench:
Provided that a Technical Member (State) of a State Bench may be transferred to a State Bench only
of the same State in which he was originally appointed, in consultation with the State Government.
(11) No act or proceedings of the Appellate Tribunal shall be questioned or shall be invalid merely on
the ground of the existence of any vacancy or defect in the constitution of the Appellate Tribunal.]

1. Subs. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 149, for section 109 (w.e.f. 1-8-2023).

81
1
[110. President and Members of Appellate Tribunal, their qualification, appointment, conditions of
service, etc.— (1) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as—
(a) the President, unless he has been a Judge of the Supreme Court or is or has been the Chief
Justice of a High Court;
(b) a Judicial Member, unless he—
(i) has been a Judge of the High Court; or
(ii) has, for a combined period of ten years, been a District Judge or an Additional District
Judge;
2
[(iii) has been an advocate for ten years with substantial experience in litigation in matters
relating to indirect taxes in the Appellate Tribunal, Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate
Tribunal, State Value Added Tax Tribunal, by whatever name called, High Court or Supreme
Court;]
2
[Provided that a person who has not completed the age of fifty years shall not be eligible for
appointment as the President or Member.]
(c) a Technical Member (Centre), unless he is or has been a member of the Indian Revenue
(Customs and Indirect Taxes) Service, Group A, or of the All India Service with at least three years of
experience in the administration of an existing law or goods and services tax in the Central
Government, and has completed at least twenty-five years of service in Group A;
(d) a Technical Member (State), unless he is or has been an officer of the State Government or an
officer of All India Service, not below the rank of Additional Commissioner of Value Added Tax or
the State goods and services tax or such rank, not lower than that of the First Appellate Authority, as
may be notified by the concerned State Government, on the recommendations of the Council and has
completed twenty-five years of service in Group A, or equivalent, with at least three years of
experience in the administration of an existing law or the goods and services tax or in the field of
finance and taxation in the State Government:
Provided that the State Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by notification,
relax the requirement of completion of twenty-five years of service in Group A, or equivalent, in
respect of officers of such State where no person has completed twenty-five years of service in Group
A, or equivalent, but has completed twenty-five years of service in the Government, subject to such
conditions, and till such period, as may be specified in the notification.
(2) The President, Judicial Member, Technical Member (Centre) and Technical Member (State) shall
be appointed or re-appointed by the Government on the recommendations of a Search-cum-Selection
Committee constituted under sub-section (4):
Provided that in the event of the occurrence of any vacancy in the office of the President by reason of
his death, resignation or otherwise, the Judicial Member or, in his absence, the senior-most Technical
Member of the Principal Bench shall act as the President until the date on which a new President,
appointed in accordance with the provisions of this Act to fill such vacancy, enters upon his office:
Provided further that where the President is unable to discharge his functions owing to absence,
illness or any other cause, the Judicial Member or, in his absence, the senior-most Technical Member of

1. Subs. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 150, for section 110 (w.e.f. 1-8-2023).

2. Ins. by Act 48 of 2023, s. 2 (w.e.f. 28-12-2023).
82
the Principal Bench, shall discharge the functions of the President until the date on which the President
resumes his duties.
(3) While making selection for Technical Member (State) of a State Bench, first preference shall be
given to officers who have worked in the State Government of the State to which the jurisdiction of the
Bench extends.
(4) (a) The Search-cum-Selection Committee for Technical Member (State) of a State Bench shall
consist of the following members, namely:—
(i) the Chief Justice of the High Court in whose jurisdiction the State Bench is located, to be the
Chairperson of the Committee;
(ii) the senior-most Judicial Member in the State, and where no Judicial Member is available, a
retired Judge of the High Court in whose jurisdiction the State Bench is located, as may be nominated
by the Chief Justice of such High Court;
(iii) Chief Secretary of the State in which the State Bench is located;
(iv) one Additional Chief Secretary or Principal Secretary or Secretary of the State in which the
State Bench is located, as may be nominated by such State Government, not in-charge of the
Department responsible for administration of State tax; and
(v) Additional Chief Secretary or Principal Secretary or Secretary of the Department responsible
for administration of State tax, of the State in which the State Bench is located — Member Secretary;
and
(b) the Search-cum-Selection Committee for all other cases shall consist of the following members,
namely:—
(i) the Chief Justice of India or a Judge of Supreme Court nominated by him, to be the
Chairperson of the Committee;
(ii) Secretary of the Central Government nominated by the Cabinet Secretary — Member;
(iii) Chief Secretary of a State to be nominated by the Council—Member;
(iv) one Member, who—
(A) in case of appointment of a President of a Tribunal, shall be the outgoing President of the
Tribunal; or
(B) in case of appointment of a Member of a Tribunal, shall be the sitting President of the
Tribunal; or
(C) in case of the President of the Tribunal seeking re-appointment or where the outgoing
President is unavailable or the removal of the President is being considered, shall be a retired
Judge of the Supreme Court or a retired Chief Justice of a High Court nominated by the Chief
Justice of India; and
(v) Secretary of the Department of Revenue in the Ministry of Finance of the Central
Government—Member Secretary.
(5) The Chairperson shall have the casting vote and the Member Secretary shall not have a vote.

83
 (6) Notwithstanding anything contained in any judgment, order, or decree of any court or any law for
the time being in force, the Committee shall recommend a panel of two names for appointment or
re-appointment to the post of the President or a Member, as the case may be.
(7) No appointment or re-appointment of the Members of the Appellate Tribunal shall be invalid
merely by reason of any vacancy or defect in the constitution of the Search-cum-Selection Committee.
(8) Notwithstanding anything contained in any judgment, order, or decree of any court or any law for
the time being in force, the salary of the President and the Members of the Appellate Tribunal shall be
such as may be prescribed and their allowances and other terms and conditions of service shall be the
same as applicable to Central Government officers carrying the same pay:
Provided that neither the salary and allowances nor other terms and conditions of service of the
President of Members of the Appellate Tribunal shall be varied to their disadvantage after their
appointment:
Provided further that, if the President or Member takes a house on rent, he may be reimbursed a house
rent higher than the house rent allowance as are admissible to a Central Government officer holding the
post carrying the same pay, subject to such limitations and conditions as may be prescribed.
(9) Notwithstanding anything contained in any judgment, order, or decree of any court or any law for
the time being in force, the President of the Appellate Tribunal shall hold office for a term of four years
from the date on which he enters upon his office, or until he attains the age of 1[seventy years, whichever
is earlier and shall be eligible for re-appointment for a period not exceeding two years subject to the age-
limit specified above].
(10) Notwithstanding anything contained in any judgment, order, or decree of any court or any law
for the time being in force, the Judicial Member, Technical Member (Centre) or Technical Member
(State) of the Appellate Tribunal shall hold office for a term of four years from the date on which he
enters upon his office, or until he attains the age of 1[sixty-seven years, whichever is earlier and shall be
eligible for re-appointment for a period not exceeding two years subject to the age-limit specified above].
(11) The President or any Member may, by notice in writing under his hand addressed to the
Government, resign from his office:
Provided that the President or Member shall continue to hold office until the expiry of three months
from the date of receipt of such notice by the Government or until a person duly appointed as his
successor enters upon his office or until the expiry of his term of office, whichever is the earliest.
(12) The Government may, on the recommendations of the Search-cum-Selection Committee, remove
from the office President or a Member, who—
(a) has been adjudged an insolvent; or
(b) has been convicted of an offence which involves moral turpitude; or
(c) has become physically or mentally incapable of acting as such President or Member; or
(d) has acquired such financial or other interest as is likely to affect prejudicially his functions as
such President or Member; or
(e) has so abused his position as to render his continuance in office prejudicial to the public
interest:

1. Subs. by Act 48 of 2023, s. 2, for certain words (w.e.f. 28-12-2023).

84
 Provided that the President or the Member shall not be removed on any of the grounds specified
in clauses (d) and (e), unless he has been informed of the charges against him and has been given an
opportunity of being heard.
(13) The Government, on the recommendations of the Search-cum-Selection Committee, may
suspend from office, the President or a Judicial or Technical Member in respect of whom proceedings for
removal have been initiated under sub-section (12).
(14) Subject to the provisions of article 220 of the Constitution, the President or other Members, on
ceasing to hold their office, shall not be eligible to appear, act or plead before the Principal Bench or the
State Bench in which he was the President or, as the case may be, a Member.]
111. Procedure before Appellate Tribunal.—(1) The Appellate Tribunal shall not, while disposing of
any proceedings before it or an appeal before it, be bound by the procedure laid down in the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), but shall be guided by the principles of natural justice and subject to the other
provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder, the Appellate Tribunal shall have power to regulate its
own procedure.
(2) The Appellate Tribunal shall, for the purposes of discharging its functions under this Act, have the
same powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) while
trying a suit in respect of the following matters, namely:—
(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath;
(b) requiring the discovery and production of documents;
(c) receiving evidence on affidavits;
(d) subject to the provisions of sections 123 and 124 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872
(1 of 1872), requisitioning any public record or document or a copy of such record or document from
any office;
(e) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents;
(f) dismissing a representation for default or deciding it ex parte;
(g) setting aside any order of dismissal of any representation for default or any order passed by it
ex parte; and
(h) any other matter which may be prescribed.
(3) Any order made by the Appellate Tribunal may be enforced by it in the same manner as if it were
a decree made by a court in a suit pending therein, and it shall be lawful for the Appellate Tribunal to
send for execution of its orders to the court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction,—
(a) in the case of an order against a company, the registered office of the company is situated; or
(b) in the case of an order against any other person, the person concerned voluntarily resides or
carries on business or personally works for gain.
(4) All proceedings before the Appellate Tribunal shall be deemed to be judicial proceedings within the
meaning of sections 193 and 228, and for the purposes of section 196 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860),
and the Appellate Tribunal shall be deemed to be civil court for the purposes of section 195 and Chapter XXVI
of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974).
112. Appeals to Appellate Tribunal.—(1) Any person aggrieved by an order passed against him
under section 107 or section 108 of this Act or the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union
Territory Goods and Services Tax Act may appeal to the Appellate Tribunal against such order within
three months from the date on which the order sought to be appealed against is communicated to the
person preferring the appeal.

85
 (2) The Appellate Tribunal may, in its discretion, refuse to admit any such appeal where the tax or
input tax credit involved or the difference in tax or input tax credit involved or the amount of fine, fee or
penalty determined by such order, does not exceed fifty thousand rupees.
(3) The Commissioner may, on his own motion, or upon request from the Commissioner of State tax or
Commissioner of Union territory tax, call for and examine the record of any order passed by the Appellate
Authority or the Revisional Authority under this Act or the State Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union
Territory Goods and Services Tax Act for the purpose of satisfying himself as to the legality or propriety of the
said order and may, by order, direct any officer subordinate to him to apply to the Appellate Tribunal within
six months from the date on which the said order has been passed for determination of such points arising out
of the said order as may be specified by the Commissioner in his order.
(4) Where in pursuance of an order under sub-section (3) the authorised officer makes an application to
the Appellate Tribunal, such application shall be dealt with by the Appellate Tribunal as if it were an appeal
made against the order under sub-section (11) of section 107 or under sub-section (1) of section 108 and the
provisions of this Act shall apply to such application, as they apply in relation to appeals filed under
sub-section (1).
(5) On receipt of notice that an appeal has been preferred under this section, the party against whom
the appeal has been preferred may, notwithstanding that he may not have appealed against such order or
any part thereof, file, within forty-five days of the receipt of notice, a memorandum of cross-objections,
verified in the prescribed manner, against any part of the order appealed against and such memorandum
shall be disposed of by the Appellate Tribunal, as if it were an appeal presented within the time specified
in sub-section (1).
(6) The Appellate Tribunal may admit an appeal within three months after the expiry of the period
referred to in sub-section (1), or permit the filing of a memorandum of cross-objections within forty-five
days after the expiry of the period referred to in sub-section (5) if it is satisfied that there was sufficient
cause for not presenting it within that period.
(7) An appeal to the Appellate Tribunal shall be in such form, verified in such manner and shall be
accompanied by such fee, as may be prescribed.
(8) No appeal shall be filed under sub-section (1), unless the appellant has paid––
(a) in full, such part of the amount of tax, interest, fine, fee and penalty arising from the
impugned order, as is admitted by him; and
(b) a sum equal to twenty per cent. of the remaining amount of tax in dispute, in addition to the
amount paid under sub-section (6) of section 107, arising from the said order, 1[subject to a maximum
of fifty crore rupees,] in relation to which the appeal has been filed.
(9) Where the appellant has paid the amount as per sub-section (8), the recovery proceedings for the
balance amount shall be deemed to be stayed till the disposal of the appeal.
(10) Every application made before the Appellate Tribunal,—
(a) in an appeal for rectification of error or for any other purpose; or
(b) for restoration of an appeal or an application,
shall be accompanied by such fees as may be prescribed.

1. Ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 26 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

86
 113. Orders of Appellate Tribunal.—(1) The Appellate Tribunal may, after giving the parties to the
appeal an opportunity of being heard, pass such orders thereon as it thinks fit, confirming, modifying or
annulling the decision or order appealed against or may refer the case back to the Appellate Authority, or
the Revisional Authority or to the original adjudicating authority, with such directions as it may think fit,
for a fresh adjudication or decision after taking additional evidence, if necessary.
(2) The Appellate Tribunal may, if sufficient cause is shown, at any stage of hearing of an appeal,
grant time to the parties or any of them and adjourn the hearing of the appeal for reasons to be recorded in
writing:
Provided that no such adjournment shall be granted more than three times to a party during hearing
of the appeal.
(3) The Appellate Tribunal may amend any order passed by it under sub-section (1) so as to rectify
any error apparent on the face of the record, if such error is noticed by it on its own accord, or is brought
to its notice by the Commissioner or the Commissioner of State tax or the Commissioner of the Union
territory tax or the other party to the appeal within a period of three months from the date of the order:
Provided that no amendment which has the effect of enhancing an assessment or reducing a refund or
input tax credit or otherwise increasing the liability of the other party, shall be made under this
sub-section, unless the party has been given an opportunity of being heard.
(4) The Appellate Tribunal shall, as far as possible, hear and decide every appeal within a period of
one year from the date on which it is filed.
(5) The Appellate Tribunal shall send a copy of every order passed under this section to the Appellate
Authority or the Revisional Authority, or the original adjudicating authority, as the case may be, the appellant
and the jurisdictional Commissioner or the Commissioner of State tax or the Union territory tax.
(6) Save as provided in section 117 or section 118, orders passed by the Appellate Tribunal on an
appeal shall be final and binding on the parties.
1
[114. Financial and administrative powers of President.— The President shall exercise such
financial and administrative powers over the Appellate Tribunal as may be prescribed.]
115. Interest on refund of amount paid for admission of appeal.—Where an amount paid by the
appellant under sub-section (6) of section 107 or sub-section (8) of section 112 is required to be refunded
consequent to any order of the Appellate Authority or of the Appellate Tribunal, interest at the rate
specified under section 56 shall be payable in respect of such refund from the date of payment of the
amount till the date of refund of such amount.
116. Appearance by authorised representative.—(1) Any person who is entitled or required to
appear before an officer appointed under this Act, or the Appellate Authority or the Appellate Tribunal in
connection with any proceedings under this Act, may, otherwise than when required under this Act to
appear personally for examination on oath or affirmation, subject to the other provisions of this section,
appear by an authorised representative.
(2) For the purposes of this Act, the expression “authorised representative” shall mean a person
authorised by the person referred to in sub-section (1) to appear on his behalf, being—
(a) his relative or regular employee; or
(b) an advocate who is entitled to practice in any court in India, and who has not been debarred
from practicing before any court in India; or
(c) any chartered accountant, a cost accountant or a company secretary, who holds a certificate of
practice and who has not been debarred from practice; or

1. Subs. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 151, for section 114 (w.e.f. 1-8-2023).

87
 (d) a retired officer of the Commercial Tax Department of any State Government or Union territory or
of the Board who, during his service under the Government, had worked in a post not below the rank than
that of a Group-B Gazetted officer for a period of not less than two years:
Provided that such officer shall not be entitled to appear before any proceedings under this Act for a
period of one year from the date of his retirement or resignation; or
(e) any person who has been authorised to act as a goods and services tax practitioner on behalf of
the concerned registered person.
(3) No person,—
(a) who has been dismissed or removed from Government service; or
(b) who is convicted of an offence connected with any proceedings under this Act, the State
Goods and Services Tax Act, the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union Territory
Goods and Services Tax Act, or under the existing law or under any of the Acts passed by a State
Legislature dealing with the imposition of taxes on sale of goods or supply of goods or services or
both; or
(c) who is found guilty of misconduct by the prescribed authority; or
(d) who has been adjudged as an insolvent,
shall be qualified to represent any person under sub-section (1)—
(i) for all times in case of persons referred to in clauses (a), (b) and (c); and
(ii) for the period during which the insolvency continues in the case of a person referred to in
clause (d).
(4) Any person who has been disqualified under the provisions of the State Goods and Services Tax
Act or the Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act shall be deemed to be disqualified under this Act.
117. Appeal to High Court.—(1) Any person aggrieved by any order passed by the 1[State Benches] of
the Appellate Tribunal may file an appeal to the High Court and the High Court may admit such appeal, if it
is satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law.
(2) An appeal under sub-section (1) shall be filed within a period of one hundred and eighty days from
the date on which the order appealed against is received by the aggrieved person and it shall be in such
form, verified in such manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that the High Court may entertain an appeal after the expiry of the said period if it is
satisfied that there was sufficient cause for not filing it within such period.
(3) Where the High Court is satisfied that a substantial question of law is involved in any case, it shall
formulate that question and the appeal shall be heard only on the question so formulated, and the
respondents shall, at the hearing of the appeal, be allowed to argue that the case does not involve such
question:
Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall be deemed to take away or abridge the power of the court
to hear, for reasons to be recorded, the appeal on any other substantial question of law not formulated by it,
if it is satisfied that the case involves such question.
(4) The High Court shall decide the question of law so formulated and deliver such judgment thereon
containing the grounds on which such decision is founded and may award such cost as it deems fit.
(5) The High Court may determine any issue which––
(a) has not been determined by the 1[State Benches]; or

1. Subs. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 152, for “State Bench or Area Benches” (w.e.f. 1-8-2023).
88
 (b) has been wrongly determined by the 1[State Benches], by reason of a decision on such question
of law as herein referred to in sub-section (3).
(6) Where an appeal has been filed before the High Court, it shall be heard by a Bench of not less
than two Judges of the High Court, and shall be decided in accordance with the opinion of such Judges or
of the majority, if any, of such Judges.
(7) Where there is no such majority, the Judges shall state the point of law upon which they differ and the
case shall, then, be heard upon that point only, by one or more of the other Judges of the High Court and such
point shall be decided according to the opinion of the majority of the Judges who have heard the case
including those who first heard it.
(8) Where the High Court delivers a judgment in an appeal filed before it under this section, effect
shall be given to such judgment by either side on the basis of a certified copy of the judgment.
(9) Save as otherwise provided in this Act, the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
(5 of 1908), relating to appeals to the High Court shall, as far as may be, apply in the case of appeals
under this section.
118. Appeal to Supreme Court.––(1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court—
(a) from any order passed by the 2[Principal Bench] of the Appellate Tribunal; or
(b) from any judgment or order passed by the High Court in an appeal made under section 117
in any case which, on its own motion or on an application made by or on behalf of the party
aggrieved, immediately after passing of the judgment or order, the High Court certifies to be a fit
one for appeal to the Supreme Court.
(2) The provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), relating to appeals to the
Supreme Court shall, so far as may be, apply in the case of appeals under this section as they apply in the
case of appeals from decrees of a High Court.
(3) Where the judgment of the High Court is varied or reversed in the appeal, effect shall be given to
the order of the Supreme Court in the manner provided in section 117 in the case of a judgment of the
High Court.
119. Sums due to be paid notwithstanding appeal, etc.––Notwithstanding that an appeal has been
preferred to the High Court or the Supreme Court, sums due to the Government as a result of an order
passed by the 3[Principal Bench] of the Appellate Tribunal under sub-section (1) of section 113 or an
order passed by the 4[State Benches] of the Appellate Tribunal under sub-section (1) of section 113 or an
order passed by the High Court under section 117, as the case may be, shall be payable in accordance
with the order so passed.
120. Appeal not to be filed in certain cases.––(1) The Board may, on the recommendations of the
Council, from time to time, issue orders or instructions or directions fixing such monetary limits, as it
may deem fit, for the purposes of regulating the filing of appeal or application by the officer of the central
tax under the provisions of this Chapter.
(2) Where, in pursuance of the orders or instructions or directions issued under sub-section (1), the
officer of the central tax has not filed an appeal or application against any decision or order passed under
the provisions of this Act, it shall not preclude such officer of the central tax from filing appeal or
application in any other case involving the same or similar issues or questions of law.

1. Subs. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 152, for “State Bench or Area Benches” (w.e.f. 1-8-2023).
2. Subs. by s. 153, ibid., for “National Bench or Regional Benches” (w.e.f. 1-8-2023).
3. Subs. by s. 154, ibid., for “National Bench or Regional Benches” (w.e.f. 1-8-2023).
4. Subs. by s. 154, ibid., for “State Bench or Area Benches” (w.e.f. 1-8-2023).
89
 (3) Notwithstanding the fact that no appeal or application has been filed by the officer of the central
tax pursuant to the orders or instructions or directions issued under sub-section (1), no person, being a
party in appeal or application shall contend that the officer of the central tax has acquiesced in the
decision on the disputed issue by not filing an appeal or application.
(4) The Appellate Tribunal or court hearing such appeal or application shall have regard to the
circumstances under which appeal or application was not filed by the officer of the central tax in
pursuance of the orders or instructions or directions issued under sub-section (1).
121. Non-appealable decisions and orders.––Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any
provisions of this Act, no appeal shall lie against any decision taken or order passed by an officer of central tax
if such decision taken or order passed relates to any one or more of the following matters, namely:—
(a) an order of the Commissioner or other authority empowered to direct transfer of proceedings
from one officer to another officer; or
(b) an order pertaining to the seizure or retention of books of account, register and other
documents; or
(c) an order sanctioning prosecution under this Act; or
(d) an order passed under section 80.
CHAPTER XIX
OFFENCES AND PENALTIES
122. Penalty for certain offences.––(1) Where a taxable person who––
(i) supplies any goods or services or both without issue of any invoice or issues an incorrect or
false invoice with regard to any such supply;
(ii) issues any invoice or bill without supply of goods or services or both in violation of the
provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder;
(iii) collects any amount as tax but fails to pay the same to the Government beyond a period of three
months from the date on which such payment becomes due;
(iv) collects any tax in contravention of the provisions of this Act but fails to pay the same to the
Government beyond a period of three months from the date on which such payment becomes due;
(v) fails to deduct the tax in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 51, or
deducts an amount which is less than the amount required to be deducted under the said sub-section,
or where he fails to pay to the Government under sub-section (2) thereof, the amount deducted as tax;
(vi) fails to collect tax in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 52, or
collects an amount which is less than the amount required to be collected under the said sub-section
or where he fails to pay to the Government the amount collected as tax under sub-section (3) of
section 52;
(vii) takes or utilises input tax credit without actual receipt of goods or services or both either
fully or partially, in contravention of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder;
(viii) fraudulently obtains refund of tax under this Act;
(ix) takes or distributes input tax credit in contravention of section 20, or the rules made
thereunder;
(x) falsifies or substitutes financial records or produces fake accounts or documents or furnishes
any false information or return with an intention to evade payment of tax due under this Act;
(xi) is liable to be registered under this Act but fails to obtain registration;
(xii) furnishes any false information with regard to registration particulars, either at the time of
applying for registration, or subsequently;

90
 (xiii) obstructs or prevents any officer in discharge of his duties under this Act;
(xiv) transports any taxable goods without the cover of documents as may be specified in this
behalf;
(xv) suppresses his turnover leading to evasion of tax under this Act;
(xvi) fails to keep, maintain or retain books of account and other documents in accordance with
the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder;
(xvii) fails to furnish information or documents called for by an officer in accordance with the
provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder or furnishes false information or documents
during any proceedings under this Act;
(xviii) supplies, transports or stores any goods which he has reasons to believe are liable to
confiscation under this Act;
(xix) issues any invoice or document by using the registration number of another registered
person;
(xx) tampers with, or destroys any material evidence or document;
(xxi) disposes of or tampers with any goods that have been detained, seized, or attached under this
Act,
shall be liable to pay a penalty of ten thousand rupees or an amount equivalent to the tax evaded or the tax not
deducted under section 51 or short deducted or deducted but not paid to the Government or tax not collected
under section 52 or short collected or collected but not paid to the Government or input tax credit availed of or
passed on or distributed irregularly, or the refund claimed fraudulently, whichever is higher.
1
[(1A) Any person who retains the benefit of a transaction covered under clauses (i), (ii), (vii) or
clause (ix) of sub-section (1) and at whose instance such transaction is conducted, shall be liable to a
penalty of an amount equivalent to the tax evaded or input tax credit availed of or passed on.]
(2) Any registered person who supplies any goods or services or both on which any tax has not been
paid or short-paid or erroneously refunded, or where the input tax credit has been wrongly availed or
utilised,—
(a) for any reason, other than the reason of fraud or any wilful misstatement or suppression of
facts to evade tax, shall be liable to a penalty of ten thousand rupees or ten per cent. of the tax due
from such person, whichever is higher;
(b) for reason of fraud or any wilful misstatement or suppression of facts to evade tax, shall be
liable to a penalty equal to ten thousand rupees or the tax due from such person, whichever is higher.
(3) Any person who––
(a) aids or abets any of the offences specified in clauses (i) to (xxi) of sub-section (1);
(b) acquires possession of, or in any way concerns himself in transporting, removing, depositing,
keeping, concealing, supplying, or purchasing or in any other manner deals with any goods which he
knows or has reasons to believe are liable to confiscation under this Act or the rules made thereunder;
(c) receives or is in any way concerned with the supply of, or in any other manner deals with any
supply of services which he knows or has reasons to believe are in contravention of any provisions of
this Act or the rules made thereunder;
(d) fails to appear before the officer of central tax, when issued with a summons for appearance to
give evidence or produce a document in an inquiry;

1. Ins. by Act 12 of 2020, s. 126 (w.e.f. 1-1-2021).

91
 (e) fails to issue invoice in accordance with the provisions of this Act or the rules made
thereunder or fails to account for an invoice in his books of account,
shall be liable to a penalty which may extend to twenty-five thousand rupees.
1
[(1B) Any electronic commerce operator who—
(i) allows a supply of goods or services or both through it by an unregistered person other
than a person exempted from registration by a notification issued under this Act to make such
supply;
(ii) allows an inter-State supply of goods or services or both through it by a person who is not
eligible to make such inter-State supply; or
(iii) fails to furnish the correct details in the statement to be furnished under sub-section (4) of
section 52 of any outward supply of goods effected through it by a person exempted from
obtaining registration under this Act,
shall be liable to pay a penalty of ten thousand rupees, or an amount equivalent to the amount of tax
involved had such supply been made by a registered person other than a person paying tax under
section 10, whichever is higher.]
123. Penalty for failure to furnish information return.––If a person who is required to furnish an
information return under section 150 fails to do so within the period specified in the notice issued under
sub-section (3) thereof, the proper officer may direct that such person shall be liable to pay a penalty of one
hundred rupees for each day of the period during which the failure to furnish such return continues:
Provided that the penalty imposed under this section shall not exceed five thousand rupees.
124. Fine for failure to furnish statistics.—If any person required to furnish any information or return
under section 151,—
(a) without reasonable cause fails to furnish such information or return as may be required under
that section, or
(b) wilfully furnishes or causes to furnish any information or return which he knows to be false,
he shall be punishable with a fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees and in case of a continuing
offence to a further fine which may extend to one hundred rupees for each day after the first day during
which the offence continues subject to a maximum limit of twenty-five thousand rupees.
125. General penalty.—Any person, who contravenes any of the provisions of this Act or any
rules made thereunder for which no penalty is separately provided for in this Act, shall be liable to a
penalty which may extend to twenty-five thousand rupees.
126. General disciplines related to penalty.—(1) No officer under this Act shall impose any penalty
for minor breaches of tax regulations or procedural requirements and in particular, any omission or
mistake in documentation which is easily rectifiable and made without fraudulent intent or gross
negligence.
Explanation.––For the purpose of this sub-section,––
(a) a breach shall be considered a ‘minor breach’ if the amount of tax involved is less than five
thousand rupees;
(b) an omission or mistake in documentation shall be considered to be easily rectifiable if the
same is an error apparent on the face of record.
(2) The penalty imposed under this Act shall depend on the facts and circumstances of each case and
shall be commensurate with the degree and severity of the breach.
(3) No penalty shall be imposed on any person without giving him an opportunity of being heard.

1. Ins. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 155 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).

92
 (4) The officer under this Act shall while imposing penalty in an order for a breach of any law,
regulation or procedural requirement, specify the nature of the breach and the applicable law, regulation
or procedure under which the amount of penalty for the breach has been specified.
(5) When a person voluntarily discloses to an officer under this Act the circumstances of a breach of the
tax law, regulation or procedural requirement prior to the discovery of the breach by the officer under this
Act, the proper officer may consider this fact as a mitigating factor when quantifying a penalty for that
person.
(6) The provisions of this section shall not apply in such cases where the penalty specified under this
Act is either a fixed sum or expressed as a fixed percentage.
127. Power to impose penalty in certain cases.—Where the proper officer is of the view that a person is
liable to a penalty and the same is not covered under any proceedings under section 62 or section 63 or
section 64 or section 73 or section 74 or section 129 or section 130, he may issue an order levying such
penalty after giving a reasonable opportunity of being heard to such person.
128. Power to waive penalty or fee or both.—The Government may, by notification, waive in part or
full, any penalty referred to in section 122 or section 123 or section 125 or any late fee referred to in
section 47 for such class of taxpayers and under such mitigating circumstances as may be specified therein on
the recommendations of the Council.
129. Detention, seizure and release of goods and conveyances in transit.––(1) Notwithstanding
anything contained in this Act, where any person transports any goods or stores any goods while they are in
transit in contravention of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder, all such goods and
conveyance used as a means of transport for carrying the said goods and documents relating to such goods
and conveyance shall be liable to detention or seizure and after detention or seizure, shall be released,––
1
[(a) on payment of penalty equal to two hundred per cent. of the tax payable on such goods and,
in case of exempted goods, on payment of an amount equal to two per cent. of the value of goods or
twenty-five thousand rupees, whichever is less, where the owner of the goods comes forward for
payment of such penalty;
(b) on payment of penalty equal to fifty per cent. of the value of the goods or two hundred per
cent. of the tax payable on such goods, whichever is higher, and in case of exempted goods, on
payment of an amount equal to five per cent. of the value of goods or twenty-five thousand rupees,
whichever is less, where the owner of the goods does not come forward for payment of such penalty;]
(c) upon furnishing a security equivalent to the amount payable under clause (a) or clause (b) in
such form and manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that no such goods or conveyance shall be detained or seized without serving an order of
detention or seizure on the person transporting the goods.
2
* * * * *
3
[(3) The proper officer detaining or seizing goods or conveyance shall issue a notice within seven
days of such detention or seizure, specifying the penalty payable, and thereafter, pass an order within a
period of seven days from the date of service of such notice, for payment of penalty under clause (a) or
clause (b) of sub-section (1).]
(4) 4[No penalty] shall be determined under sub-section (3) without giving the person concerned an
opportunity of being heard.
(5) On payment of amount referred in sub-section (1), all proceedings in respect of the notice
specified in sub-section (3) shall be deemed to be concluded.

1. Subs. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 117, for clauses (a) and (b) (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).
2. Sub-section (2) omitted by s. 117, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).
3. Subs. by s. 117, ibid., for sub-section (3) (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).
4. Subs. by s. 117, ibid., for “No tax, interest or penalty” (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).
93
 1
[(6) Where the person transporting any goods or the owner of such goods fails to pay the amount of
penalty under sub-section (1) within fifteen days from the date of receipt of the copy of the order passed
under sub-section (3), the goods or conveyance so detained or seized shall be liable to be sold or disposed
of otherwise, in such manner and within such time as may be prescribed, to recover the penalty payable
under sub-section (3):
Provided that the conveyance shall be released on payment by the transporter of penalty under
sub-section (3) or one lakh rupees, whichever is less:
Provided further that where the detained or seized goods are perishable or hazardous in nature or are
likely to depreciate in value with passage of time, the said period of fifteen days may be reduced by the
proper officer.]
130. Confiscation of goods or conveyances and levy of penalty.––(1) 2[Where] any person—
(i) supplies or receives any goods in contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or the rules
made thereunder with intent to evade payment of tax; or
(ii) does not account for any goods on which he is liable to pay tax under this Act; or
(iii) supplies any goods liable to tax under this Act without having applied for registration; or
(iv) contravenes any of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder with intent to
evade payment of tax; or
(v) uses any conveyance as a means of transport for carriage of goods in contravention of the
provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder unless the owner of the conveyance proves that it
was so used without the knowledge or connivance of the owner himself, his agent, if any, and the
person in charge of the conveyance,
then, all such goods or conveyances shall be liable to confiscation and the person shall be liable to penalty
under section 122.
(2) Whenever confiscation of any goods or conveyance is authorised by this Act, the officer
adjudging it shall give to the owner of the goods an option to pay in lieu of confiscation, such fine as the
said officer thinks fit:
Provided that such fine leviable shall not exceed the market value of the goods confiscated, less the
tax chargeable thereon:
Provided further that the aggregate of such fine and penalty leviable shall not be less than the
3
[penalty equal to hundred per cent. of the tax payable on such goods]:
Provided also that where any such conveyance is used for the carriage of the goods or passengers for
hire, the owner of the conveyance shall be given an option to pay in lieu of the confiscation of the
conveyance a fine equal to the tax payable on the goods being transported thereon.
4
* * * * *
(4) No order for confiscation of goods or conveyance or for imposition of penalty shall be issued
without giving the person an opportunity of being heard.
(5) Where any goods or conveyance are confiscated under this Act, the title of such goods or
conveyance shall thereupon vest in the Government.
(6) The proper officer adjudging confiscation shall take and hold possession of the things confiscated
and every officer of Police, on the requisition of such proper officer, shall assist him in taking and holding
such possession.

1. Subs. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 117, for sub-section (6) (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).

2. Subs. by s. 118, ibid., for “Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, if” (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).
3. Subs. by s. 118, ibid., for “amount of penalty leviable under sub-section (1) of section 129” (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).
4. Sub-section (3) omitted, by s. 118, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).
94
 (7) The proper officer may, after satisfying himself that the confiscated goods or conveyance are not
required in any other proceedings under this Act and after giving reasonable time not exceeding three
months to pay fine in lieu of confiscation, dispose of such goods or conveyance and deposit the sale
proceeds thereof with the Government.
131. Confiscation or penalty not to interfere with other punishments.––Without prejudice to the
provisions contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), no confiscation made or penalty
imposed under the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder shall prevent the infliction of any other
punishment to which the person affected thereby is liable under the provisions of this Act or under any other
law for the time being in force.
132. Punishment for certain offences.––(1) 1[Whoever commits, or causes to commit and retain the
benefits arising out of, any of the following offences], namely:—
(a) supplies any goods or services or both without issue of any invoice, in violation of the
provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder, with the intention to evade tax;
(b) issues any invoice or bill without supply of goods or services or both in violation of the
provisions of this Act, or the rules made thereunder leading to wrongful availment or utilisation of
input tax credit or refund of tax;
2
[(c) avails input tax credit using the invoice or bill referred to in clause (b) or fraudulently avails
input tax credit without any invoice or bill;]
(d) collects any amount as tax but fails to pay the same to the Government beyond a period of three
months from the date on which such payment becomes due;
(e) evades tax 3*** or fraudulently obtains refund and where such offence is not covered under
clauses (a) to (d);
(f) falsifies or substitutes financial records or produces fake accounts or documents or furnishes
any false information with an intention to evade payment of tax due under this Act;
4
* * * * *
(h) acquires possession of, or in any way concerns himself in transporting, removing, depositing,
keeping, concealing, supplying, or purchasing or in any other manner deals with, any goods which he
knows or has reasons to believe are liable to confiscation under this Act or the rules made thereunder;
(i) receives or is in any way concerned with the supply of, or in any other manner deals with any
supply of services which he knows or has reasons to believe are in contravention of any provisions of this
Act or the rules made thereunder;
4
* * * * *
4
* * * * *
(l) attempts to commit, or abets the commission of any of the offences mentioned in 5[clauses (a)
to (f) and clauses (h) and (i)] of this section,
shall be punishable––
(i) in cases where the amount of tax evaded or the amount of input tax credit wrongly availed or
utilised or the amount of refund wrongly taken exceeds five hundred lakh rupees, with imprisonment
for a term which may extend to five years and with fine;
(ii) in cases where the amount of tax evaded or the amount of input tax credit wrongly availed or
utilised or the amount of refund wrongly taken exceeds two hundred lakh rupees but does not exceed

1. Subs. by Act 12 of 2020, s. 127, for “Whoever commits any of the following offences” (w.e.f. 1-1-2021).
2. Subs. by s. 127, ibid., for clause (c) (w.e.f. 1-1-2021).
3. The words “, fraudulently avails input tax credit” omitted by s. 127, ibid., (w.e.f. 1-1-2021).
4. Clauses (g), (j) and (k) omitted by Act 8 of 2023, s. 156, (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
5. Subs. by s. 156, ibid., for the words brackets and letters “clauses (a) to (k)” (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
95
 five hundred lakh rupees, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and with
fine;
(iii) in the case of 1[an offence specified in clause (b)] where the amount of tax evaded or the
amount of input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised or the amount of refund wrongly taken exceeds
one hundred lakh rupees but does not exceed two hundred lakh rupees, with imprisonment for a term
which may extend to one year and with fine;
(iv) in cases where he commits or abets the commission of an offence specified in clause (f) 2***, he
shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months or with fine or with
both.
(2) Where any person convicted of an offence under this section is again convicted of an offence
under this section, then, he shall be punishable for the second and for every subsequent offence with
imprisonment for a term which may extend to five years and with fine.
(3) The imprisonment referred to in clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) of sub-section (1) and sub-section (2)
shall, in the absence of special and adequate reasons to the contrary to be recorded in the judgment of the
Court, be for a term not less than six months.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), all
offences under this Act, except the offences referred to in sub-section (5) shall be non-cognizable and
bailable.
(5) The offences specified in clause (a) or clause (b) or clause (c) or clause (d) of sub-section (1) and
punishable under clause (i) of that sub-section shall be cognizable and non-bailable.
(6) A person shall not be prosecuted for any offence under this section except with the previous
sanction of the Commissioner.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, the term “tax” shall include the amount of tax evaded or
the amount of input tax credit wrongly availed or utilised or refund wrongly taken under the provisions of
this Act, the State Goods and Services Tax Act, the Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act or the Union
Territory Goods and Services Tax Act and cess levied under the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to
States) Act.
133. Liability of officers and certain other persons.—(1) Where any person engaged in connection
with the collection of statistics under section 151 or compilation or computerisation thereof or if any
officer of central tax having access to information specified under sub-section (1) of section 150, or if any
person engaged in connection with the provision of service on the common portal or the agent of common
portal, wilfully discloses any information or the contents of any return furnished under this Act or rules
made thereunder otherwise than in execution of his duties under the said sections or for the purposes of
prosecution for an offence under this Act or under any other Act for the time being in force, he shall be
punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months or with fine which may extend
to twenty-five thousand rupees, or with both.
(2) Any person—
(a) who is a Government servant shall not be prosecuted for any offence under this section except
with the previous sanction of the Government;
(b) who is not a Government servant shall not be prosecuted for any offence under this section
except with the previous sanction of the Commissioner.
134. Cognizance of offences.—No court shall take cognizance of any offence punishable under this
Act or the rules made thereunder except with the previous sanction of the Commissioner, and no court
inferior to that of a Magistrate of the First Class, shall try any such offence.

1. Subs. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 156, for “any other offence” (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
2. The words, brackets and letters “or clause (g) or clause (j)” omitted by s. 156, ibid., (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
96
 135. Presumption of culpable mental state.—In any prosecution for an offence under this Act
which requires a culpable mental state on the part of the accused, the court shall presume the existence of
such mental state but it shall be a defence for the accused to prove the fact that he had no such mental
state with respect to the act charged as an offence in that prosecution.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section,––
(i) the expression “culpable mental state” includes intention, motive, knowledge of a fact, and
belief in, or reason to believe, a fact;
(ii) a fact is said to be proved only when the court believes it to exist beyond reasonable doubt
and not merely when its existence is established by a preponderance of probability.
136. Relevancy of statements under certain circumstances.—A statement made and signed by a
person on appearance in response to any summons issued under section 70 during the course of any
inquiry or proceedings under this Act shall be relevant, for the purpose of proving, in any prosecution for
an offence under this Act, the truth of the facts which it contains,––
(a) when the person who made the statement is dead or cannot be found, or is incapable of giving
evidence, or is kept out of the way by the adverse party, or whose presence cannot be obtained
without an amount of delay or expense which, under the circumstances of the case, the court
considers unreasonable; or
(b) when the person who made the statement is examined as a witness in the case before the court and
the court is of the opinion that, having regard to the circumstances of the case, the statement should be
admitted in evidence in the interest of justice.
137. Offences by companies.—(1) Where an offence committed by a person under this Act is a
company, every person who, at the time the offence was committed was in charge of, and was responsible
to, the company for the conduct of business of the company, as well as the company, shall be deemed to be
guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where an offence under this Act has been
committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been committed with the consent or
connivance of, or is attributable to any negligence on the part of, any director, manager, secretary or other
officer of the company, such director, manager, secretary or other officer shall also be deemed to be guilty
of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
(3) Where an offence under this Act has been committed by a taxable person being a partnership firm
or a Limited Liability Partnership or a Hindu Undivided Family or a trust, the partner or karta or
managing trustee shall be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against
and punished accordingly and the provisions of sub-section (2) shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to such
persons.
(4) Nothing contained in this section shall render any such person liable to any punishment provided
in this Act, if he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he had exercised all
due diligence to prevent the commission of such offence.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this section,––
(i) “company” means a body corporate and includes a firm or other association of individuals;
and
(ii) “director”, in relation to a firm, means a partner in the firm.
138. Compounding of offences.—(1) Any offence under this Act may, either before or after the
institution of prosecution, be compounded by the Commissioner on payment, by the person accused of the
offence, to the Central Government or the State Government, as the case may be, of such compounding
amount in such manner as may be prescribed:
97
 Provided that nothing contained in this section shall apply to—
1
[(a) a person who has been allowed to compound once in respect of any of the offences specified
in clauses (a) to (f), (h), (i) and (l) of sub-section (1) of section 132;]
2
* * * * *
3
[(c) a person who has been accused of committing an offence under clause (b) of sub-section (1)
of section 132;]
(d) a person who has been convicted for an offence under this Act by a court;
4
* * * * *
(f) any other class of persons or offences as may be prescribed:
Provided further that any compounding allowed under the provisions of this section shall not affect
the proceedings, if any, instituted under any other law:
Provided also that compounding shall be allowed only after making payment of tax, interest and
penalty involved in such offences.
(2) The amount for compounding of offences under this section shall be such as may be prescribed,
subject to the minimum amount not being less than 5[twenty-five per cent. of the tax involved and the
maximum amount not being more than one hundred per cent. of the tax involved].
(3) On payment of such compounding amount as may be determined by the Commissioner, no further
proceedings shall be initiated under this Act against the accused person in respect of the same offence and
any criminal proceedings, if already initiated in respect of the said offence, shall stand abated.
CHAPTER XX
TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
139. Migration of existing taxpayers.—(1) On and from the appointed day, every person registered
under any of the existing laws and having a valid Permanent Account Number shall be issued a certificate
of registration on provisional basis, subject to such conditions and in such form and manner as may be
prescribed, which unless replaced by a final certificate of registration under sub-section (2), shall be liable
to be cancelled if the conditions so prescribed are not complied with.
(2) The final certificate of registration shall be granted in such form and manner and subject to such
conditions as may be prescribed.
(3) The certificate of registration issued to a person under sub-section (1) shall be deemed to have not
been issued if the said registration is cancelled in pursuance of an application filed by such person that he
was not liable to registration under section 22 or section 24.
140. Transitional arrangements for input tax credit.—(1) A registered person, other than a person
opting to pay tax under section 10, shall be entitled to take, in his electronic credit ledger, the amount of
CENVAT credit 6[of eligible duties] carried forward in the return relating to the period ending with the day
immediately preceding the appointed day, furnished by him under the existing law 7[within such time and] in
such manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that the registered person shall not be allowed to take credit in the following
circumstances, namely:—
(i) where the said amount of credit is not admissible as input tax credit under this Act; or

1. Subs. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 157, for clause (a) (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).

2. Clause (b) omitted by s. 157, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
3. Subs. by s. 157, ibid., for clause (c) (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
4. Clause (e) omitted by s. 157, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
5. Subs. by s. 157, ibid., for certain words (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
6. Ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 28 (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
7. Ins. by Act 12 of 2020, s. 128 (w.e.f. 18-05-2020).
98
 (ii) where he has not furnished all the returns required under the existing law for the period of six
months immediately preceding the appointed date; or
(iii) here the said amount of credit relates to goods manufactured and cleared under such
exemption notifications as are notified by the Government.
(2) A registered person, other than a person opting to pay tax under section 10, shall be entitled to
take, in his electronic credit ledger, credit of the unavailed CENVAT credit in respect of capital goods,
not carried forward in a return, furnished under the existing law by him, for the period ending with the
day immediately preceding the appointed day 1[within such time and] in such manner as may be
prescribed:
Provided that the registered person shall not be allowed to take credit unless the said credit was admissible
as CENVAT credit under the existing law and is also admissible as input tax credit under this Act.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this sub-section, the expression “unavailed CENVAT credit”
means the amount that remains after subtracting the amount of CENVAT credit already availed in respect
of capital goods by the taxable person under the existing law from the aggregate amount of CENVAT
credit to which the said person was entitled in respect of the said capital goods under the existing law.
(3) A registered person, who was not liable to be registered under the existing law, or who was engaged
in the manufacture of exempted goods or provision of exempted services, or who was providing works
contract service and was availing of the benefit of notification No. 26/2012—Service Tax, dated the 20th
June, 2012 or a first stage dealer or a second stage dealer or a registered importer or a depot of a
manufacturer, shall be entitled to take, in his electronic credit ledger, credit of eligible duties in respect of
inputs held in stock and inputs contained in semi-finished or finished 2[goods held in stock on the appointed
day, within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed, subject to] the following conditions,
namely:––
(i) such inputs or goods are used or intended to be used for making taxable supplies under this
Act;
(ii) the said registered person is eligible for input tax credit on such inputs under this Act;
(iii) the said registered person is in possession of invoice or other prescribed documents
evidencing payment of duty under the existing law in respect of such inputs;
(iv) such invoices or other prescribed documents were issued not earlier than twelve months
immediately preceding the appointed day; and
(v) the supplier of services is not eligible for any abatement under this Act:
Provided that where a registered person, other than a manufacturer or a supplier of services, is not in
possession of an invoice or any other documents evidencing payment of duty in respect of inputs, then,
such registered person shall, subject to such conditions, limitations and safeguards as may be prescribed,
including that the said taxable person shall pass on the benefit of such credit by way of reduced prices to
the recipient, be allowed to take credit at such rate and in such manner as may be prescribed.
(4) A registered person, who was engaged in the manufacture of taxable as well as exempted goods
under the Central Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944) or provision of taxable as well as exempted services under
Chapter V of the Finance Act, 1994 (32 of 1994), but which are liable to tax under this Act, shall be
entitled to take, in his electronic credit ledger,—
(a) the amount of CENVAT credit carried forward in a return furnished under the existing law by
him in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (1); and
(b) the amount of CENVAT credit of eligible duties in respect of inputs held in stock and inputs
contained in semi-finished or finished goods held in stock on the appointed day, relating to such
exempted goods or services, in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (3).

1. Ins. by Act 12 of 2020, s. 128 (w.e.f. 18-05-2020).

2. Subs. by s. 128, ibid., for “goods held in stock on the appointed day subject to” (w.e.f. 18-5-2020).
99
 (5) A registered person shall be entitled to take, in his electronic credit ledger, credit of eligible duties
and taxes in respect of inputs or input services received on or after the appointed day but the duty or tax in
respect of which has been paid by the supplier under the 1[existing law, within such time and in such
manner as may be prescribed], subject to the condition that the invoice or any other duty or tax paying
document of the same was recorded in the books of account of such person within a period of thirty days
from the appointed day:
Provided that the period of thirty days may, on sufficient cause being shown, be extended by the
Commissioner for a further period not exceeding thirty days:
Provided further that said registered person shall furnish a statement, in such manner as may be
prescribed, in respect of credit that has been taken under this sub-section.
(6) A registered person, who was either paying tax at a fixed rate or paying a fixed amount in lieu of
the tax payable under the existing law shall be entitled to take, in his electronic credit ledger, credit of
eligible duties in respect of inputs held in stock and inputs contained in semi-finished or finished 2[goods
held in stock on the appointed day, within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed, subject to]
the following conditions, namely:––
(i) such inputs or goods are used or intended to be used for making taxable supplies under this
Act;
(ii) the said registered person is not paying tax under section 10;
(iii) the said registered person is eligible for input tax credit on such inputs under this Act;
(iv) the said registered person is in possession of invoice or other prescribed documents
evidencing payment of duty under the existing law in respect of inputs; and
(v) such invoices or other prescribed documents were issued not earlier than twelve months
immediately preceding the appointed day.
(7) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, the input tax credit on account of
any services received prior to the appointed day by an Input Service Distributor shall be eligible for
distribution as 3[credit under this Act, within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed, even if]
the invoices relating to such services are received on or after the appointed day.
(8) Where a registered person having centralised registration under the existing law has obtained a
registration under this Act, such person shall be allowed to take, in his electronic credit ledger, credit of
the amount of CENVAT credit carried forward in a return, furnished under the existing law by him, in
respect of the period ending with the day immediately preceding the appointed day 4[within such time and
in such manner] as may be prescribed:
Provided that if the registered person furnishes his return for the period ending with the day
immediately preceding the appointed day within three months of the appointed day, such credit shall be
allowed subject to the condition that the said return is either an original return or a revised return where the
credit has been reduced from that claimed earlier:
Provided further that the registered person shall not be allowed to take credit unless the said amount is
admissible as input tax credit under this Act:
Provided also that such credit may be transferred to any of the registered persons having the same
Permanent Account Number for which the centralised registration was obtained under the existing law.
(9) Where any CENVAT credit availed for the input services provided under the existing law has
been reversed due to non-payment of the consideration within a period of three months, such 5[credit can

1. Subs. by Act 12 of 2020, s. 128, for “existing law” (w.e.f. 18-5-2020).

2. Subs. by s. 128, ibid., for “goods held in stock on the appointed day subject to” (w.e.f. 18-5-2020).
3. Subs. by s. 128, ibid., for “credit under this Act even if” (w.e.f. 18-5-2020).
4. Subs. by s. 128, ibid., for “in such manner” (w.e.f. 18-5-2020).
5. Subs. by s. 128, ibid., for “credit can be reclaimed subject to” (w.e.f. 18-5-2020).
100
be reclaimed within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed, subject to] the condition that the
registered person has made the payment of the consideration for that supply of services within a period of
three months from the appointed day.
(10) The amount of credit under sub-sections (3), (4) and (6) shall be calculated in such manner as
may be prescribed.
Explanation 1.—For the purposes of 1[sub-sections (1), (3), (4)] and (6), the expression “eligible
duties” means––
(i) the additional duty of excise leviable under section 3 of the Additional Duties of Excise (Goods
of Special Importance) Act, 1957 (58 of 1957);
(ii) the additional duty leviable under sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Customs Tariff
Act, 1975 (51 of 1975);
(iii) the additional duty leviable under sub-section (5) of section 3 of the Customs Tariff
Act, 1975 (51 of 1975);
2
* * * * *
(v) the duty of excise specified in the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff
Act, 1985 (5 of 1986);
(vi) the duty of excise specified in the Second Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(5 of 1986); and
(vii) the National Calamity Contingent Duty leviable under section 136 of the Finance Act, 2001
(14 of 2001),
in respect of inputs held in stock and inputs contained in semi-finished or finished goods held in stock on
the appointed day.
Explanation 2.—For the purposes of 3[sub-sections (1) and (5)], the expression “eligible duties and
taxes” means––
(i) the additional duty of excise leviable under section 3 of the Additional Duties of Excise
(Goods of Special Importance) Act, 1957 (58 of 1957);
(ii) the additional duty leviable under sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975
(51 of 1975);
(iii) the additional duty leviable under sub-section (5) of section 3 of the Customs Tariff Act,
1975 (51 of 1975);
4
* * * * *
(v) the duty of excise specified in the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(5 of 1986);
(vi) the duty of excise specified in the Second Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985
(5 of 1986);
(vii) the National Calamity Contingent Duty leviable under section 136 of the Finance Act, 2001
(14 of 2001); and
(viii) the service tax leviable under section 66B of the Finance Act, 1994 (32 of 1994),
in respect of inputs and input services received on or after the appointed day.
5
[Explanation 3.—For removal of doubts, it is hereby clarified that the expression “eligible duties
and taxes” excludes any cess which has not been specified in Explanation 1 or Explanation 2 and any
cess which is collected as additional duty of customs under sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Customs
Tariff Act, 1975 (51 of 1975).]

1. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 28, for “sub-section (3), (4)” (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
2. Clause (iv) omitted by s. 28, ibid, (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
3. Subs. by s. 28, ibid., for “sub-section (5)” (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
4. Clause (iv) omitted by s. 28, ibid., (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
5. The Explanation ins. by s. 28, ibid., (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
101
 141. Transitional provisions relating to job work.––(1) Where any inputs received at a place of
business had been removed as such or removed after being partially processed to a job worker for further
processing, testing, repair, reconditioning or any other purpose in accordance with the provisions of
existing law prior to the appointed day and such inputs are returned to the said place on or after the
appointed day, no tax shall be payable if such inputs, after completion of the job work or otherwise, are
returned to the said place within six months from the appointed day:
Provided that the period of six months may, on sufficient cause being shown, be extended by the
Commissioner for a further period not exceeding two months:
Provided further that if such inputs are not returned within the period specified in this sub-section, the
input tax credit shall be liable to be recovered in accordance with the provisions of clause (a) of
sub-section (8) of section 142.
(2) Where any semi-finished goods had been removed from the place of business to any other
premises for carrying out certain manufacturing processes in accordance with the provisions of existing
law prior to the appointed day and such goods (hereafter in this section referred to as “the said goods”)
are returned to the said place on or after the appointed day, no tax shall be payable, if the said goods, after
undergoing manufacturing processes or otherwise, are returned to the said place within six months from
the appointed day:
Provided that the period of six months may, on sufficient cause being shown, be extended by the
Commissioner for a further period not exceeding two months:
Provided further that if the said goods are not returned within the period specified in this
sub-section, the input tax credit shall be liable to be recovered in accordance with the provisions of
clause (a) of sub-section (8) of section 142:
Provided also that the manufacturer may, in accordance with the provisions of the existing law,
transfer the said goods to the premises of any registered person for the purpose of supplying therefrom on
payment of tax in India or without payment of tax for exports within the period specified in this
sub-section.
(3) Where any excisable goods manufactured at a place of business had been removed without
payment of duty for carrying out tests or any other process not amounting to manufacture, to any other
premises, whether registered or not, in accordance with the provisions of existing law prior to the appointed
day and such goods, are returned to the said place on or after the appointed day, no tax shall be payable if
the said goods, after undergoing tests or any other process, are returned to the said place within six months
from the appointed day:
Provided that the period of six months may, on sufficient cause being shown, be extended by the
Commissioner for a further period not exceeding two months:
Provided further that if the said goods are not returned within the period specified in this
sub-section, the input tax credit shall be liable to be recovered in accordance with the provisions of
clause (a) of sub-section (8) of section 142:
Provided also that the manufacturer may, in accordance with the provisions of the existing law,
transfer the said goods from the said other premises on payment of tax in India or without payment of tax
for exports within the period specified in this sub-section.
(4) The tax under sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) shall not be payable, only if the manufacturer and the
job worker declare the details of the inputs or goods held in stock by the job worker on behalf of the
manufacturer on the appointed day in such form and manner and within such time as may be prescribed.
142. Miscellaneous transitional provisions.––(1) Where any goods on which duty, if any, had been
paid under the existing law at the time of removal thereof, not being earlier than six months prior to the
appointed day, are returned to any place of business on or after the appointed day, the registered person shall
be eligible for refund of the duty paid under the existing law where such goods are returned by a person, other
than a registered person, to the said place of business within a period of six months from the appointed day
and such goods are identifiable to the satisfaction of the proper officer:
102
 Provided that if the said goods are returned by a registered person, the return of such goods shall be
deemed to be a supply.
(2) (a) where, in pursuance of a contract entered into prior to the appointed day, the price of any goods
or services or both is revised upwards on or after the appointed day, the registered person who had
removed or provided such goods or services or both shall issue to the recipient a supplementary invoice or
debit note, containing such particulars as may be prescribed, within thirty days of such price revision and
for the purposes of this Act such supplementary invoice or debit note shall be deemed to have been issued
in respect of an outward supply made under this Act;
(b) where, in pursuance of a contract entered into prior to the appointed day, the price of any goods or
services or both is revised downwards on or after the appointed day, the registered person who had removed
or provided such goods or services or both may issue to the recipient a credit note, containing such
particulars as may be prescribed, within thirty days of such price revision and for the purposes of this Act
such credit note shall be deemed to have been issued in respect of an outward supply made under this Act:
Provided that the registered person shall be allowed to reduce his tax liability on account of issue of
the credit note only if the recipient of the credit note has reduced his input tax credit corresponding to
such reduction of tax liability.
(3) Every claim for refund filed by any person before, on or after the appointed day, for refund of any
amount of CENVAT credit, duty, tax, interest or any other amount paid under the existing law, shall be
disposed of in accordance with the provisions of existing law and any amount eventually accruing to him
shall be paid in cash, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained under the provisions of existing law
other than the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 11B of the Central Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944):
Provided that where any claim for refund of CENVAT credit is fully or partially rejected, the amount
so rejected shall lapse:
Provided further that no refund shall be allowed of any amount of CENVAT credit where the balance
of the said amount as on the appointed day has been carried forward under this Act.
(4) Every claim for refund filed after the appointed day for refund of any duty or tax paid under existing
law in respect of the goods or services exported before or after the appointed day, shall be disposed of in
accordance with the provisions of the existing law:
Provided that where any claim for refund of CENVAT credit is fully or partially rejected, the amount
so rejected shall lapse:
Provided further that no refund shall be allowed of any amount of CENVAT credit where the balance
of the said amount as on the appointed day has been carried forward under this Act.
(5) Every claim filed by a person after the appointed day for refund of tax paid under the existing law in
respect of services not provided shall be disposed of in accordance with the provisions of existing law and
any amount eventually accruing to him shall be paid in cash, notwithstanding anything to the contrary
contained under the provisions of existing law other than the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 11B
of the Central Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944).
(6) (a) every proceeding of appeal, review or reference relating to a claim for CENVAT credit initiated
whether before, on or after the appointed day under the existing law shall be disposed of in accordance with
the provisions of existing law, and any amount of credit found to be admissible to the claimant shall be
refunded to him in cash, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained under the provisions of existing
law other than the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 11B of the Central Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944)
and the amount rejected, if any, shall not be admissible as input tax credit under this Act:
Provided that no refund shall be allowed of any amount of CENVAT credit where the balance of the
said amount as on the appointed day has been carried forward under this Act;
103
 (b) every proceeding of appeal, review or reference relating to recovery of CENVAT credit initiated
whether before, on or after the appointed day under the existing law shall be disposed of in accordance with
the provisions of existing law and if any amount of credit becomes recoverable as a result of such appeal,
review or reference, the same shall, unless recovered under the existing law, be recovered as an arrear of tax
under this Act and the amount so recovered shall not be admissible as input tax credit under this Act.
(7) (a) every proceeding of appeal, review or reference relating to any output duty or tax liability
initiated whether before, on or after the appointed day under the existing law, shall be disposed of in
accordance with the provisions of the existing law, and if any amount becomes recoverable as a result of
such appeal, review or reference, the same shall, unless recovered under the existing law, be recovered
as an arrear of duty or tax under this Act and the amount so recovered shall not be admissible as input
tax credit under this Act.
(b) every proceeding of appeal, review or reference relating to any output duty or tax liability initiated
whether before, on or after the appointed day under the existing law, shall be disposed of in accordance with
the provisions of the existing law, and any amount found to be admissible to the claimant shall be refunded to
him in cash, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained under the provisions of existing law other
than the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 11B of the Central Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944) and the
amount rejected, if any, shall not be admissible as input tax credit under this Act.
(8) (a) where in pursuance of an assessment or adjudication proceedings instituted, whether before,
on or after the appointed day, under the existing law, any amount of tax, interest, fine or penalty becomes
recoverable from the person, the same shall, unless recovered under the existing law, be recovered as an
arrear of tax under this Act and the amount so recovered shall not be admissible as input tax credit under
this Act;
(b) where in pursuance of an assessment or adjudication proceedings instituted, whether before, on or after
the appointed day, under the existing law, any amount of tax, interest, fine or penalty becomes refundable to the
taxable person, the same shall be refunded to him in cash under the said law, notwithstanding anything to the
contrary contained in the said law other than the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 11B of the Central
Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944) and the amount rejected, if any, shall not be admissible as input tax credit under
this Act.
(9) (a) where any return, furnished under the existing law, is revised after the appointed day and if,
pursuant to such revision, any amount is found to be recoverable or any amount of CENVAT credit is found to
be inadmissible, the same shall, unless recovered under the existing law, be recovered as an arrear of tax under
this Act and the amount so recovered shall not be admissible as input tax credit under this Act;
(b) where any return, furnished under the existing law, is revised after the appointed day but within the
time limit specified for such revision under the existing law and if, pursuant to such revision, any amount is
found to be refundable or CENVAT credit is found to be admissible to any taxable person, the same shall be
refunded to him in cash under the existing law, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the said
law other than the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 11B of the Central Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944) and
the amount rejected, if any, shall not be admissible as input tax credit under this Act.
(10) Save as otherwise provided in this Chapter, the goods or services or both supplied on or after the
appointed day in pursuance of a contract entered into prior to the appointed day shall be liable to tax
under the provisions of this Act.
(11) (a) notwithstanding anything contained in section 12, no tax shall be payable on goods under this
Act to the extent the tax was leviable on the said goods under the Value Added Tax Act of the State;
(b) notwithstanding anything contained in section 13, no tax shall be payable on services under this
Act to the extent the tax was leviable on the said services under Chapter V of the Finance Act, 1994
(32 of 1994);
(c) where tax was paid on any supply both under the Value Added Tax Act and under Chapter V of the
Finance Act, 1994 (32 of 1994), tax shall be leviable under this Act and the taxable person shall be entitled to
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take credit of value added tax or service tax paid under the existing law to the extent of supplies made after
the appointed day and such credit shall be calculated in such manner as may be prescribed.
(12) Where any goods sent on approval basis, not earlier than six months before the appointed day,
are rejected or not approved by the buyer and returned to the seller on or after the appointed day, no tax
shall be payable thereon if such goods are returned within six months from the appointed day:
Provided that the said period of six months may, on sufficient cause being shown, be extended by the
Commissioner for a further period not exceeding two months:
Provided further that the tax shall be payable by the person returning the goods if such goods are
liable to tax under this Act, and are returned after a period specified in this sub-section:
Provided also that tax shall be payable by the person who has sent the goods on approval basis if such
goods are liable to tax under this Act, and are not returned within a period specified in this sub-section.
(13) Where a supplier has made any sale of goods in respect of which tax was required to be deducted
at source under any law of a State or Union territory relating to Value Added Tax and has also issued an
invoice for the same before the appointed day, no deduction of tax at source under section 51 shall be
made by the deductor under the said section where payment to the said supplier is made on or after the
appointed day.
Explanation.––For the purposes of this Chapter, the expressions “capital goods”, “Central Value
Added Tax (CENVAT) credit”, “first stage dealer”, “second stage dealer”, or “manufacture” shall have
the same meaning as respectively assigned to them in the Central Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944) or the
rules made thereunder.
CHAPTER XXI
MISCELLANEOUS
143. Job work procedure.––(1) A registered person (hereafter in this section referred to as the
“principal”) may under intimation and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed, send any inputs or
capital goods, without payment of tax, to a job worker for job work and from there subsequently send to
another job worker and likewise, and shall,––
(a) bring back inputs, after completion of job work or otherwise, or capital goods, other than moulds
and dies, jigs and fixtures, or tools, within one year and three years, respectively, of their being sent out,
to any of his place of business, without payment of tax;
(b) supply such inputs, after completion of job work or otherwise, or capital goods, other than moulds
and dies, jigs and fixtures, or tools, within one year and three years, respectively, of their being sent out
from the place of business of a job worker on payment of tax within India, or with or without payment of
tax for export, as the case may be:
Provided that the principal shall not supply the goods from the place of business of a job worker in
accordance with the provisions of this clause unless the said principal declares the place of business of the
job worker as his additional place of business except in a case—
(i) where the job worker is registered under section 25; or
(ii) where the principal is engaged in the supply of such goods as may be notified by the
Commissioner.
1
[Provided further that the period of one year and three years may, on sufficient cause being
shown, be extended by the Commissioner for a further period not exceeding one year and two years
respectively.]
(2) The responsibility for keeping proper accounts for the inputs or capital goods shall lie with the
principal.
(3) Where the inputs sent for job work are not received back by the principal after completion of job
work or otherwise in accordance with the provisions of clause (a) of sub-section (1) or are not supplied from

1. The proviso ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 29 (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

105
the place of business of the job worker in accordance with the provisions of clause (b) of sub-section (1)
within a period of one year of their being sent out, it shall be deemed that such inputs had been supplied
by the principal to the job worker on the day when the said inputs were sent out.
(4) Where the capital goods, other than moulds and dies, jigs and fixtures, or tools, sent for job work
are not received back by the principal in accordance with the provisions of clause (a) of sub-section (1) or
are not supplied from the place of business of the job worker in accordance with the provisions of
clause (b) of sub-section (1) within a period of three years of their being sent out, it shall be deemed that
such capital goods had been supplied by the principal to the job worker on the day when the said capital
goods were sent out.
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-sections (1) and (2), any waste and scrap generated
during the job work may be supplied by the job worker directly from his place of business on payment of
tax, if such job worker is registered, or by the principal, if the job worker is not registered.
Explanation.––For the purposes of job work, input includes intermediate goods arising from any treatment
or process carried out on the inputs by the principal or the job worker.
144. Presumption as to documents in certain cases.––Where any document––
(i) is produced by any person under this Act or any other law for the time being in force; or
(ii) has been seized from the custody or control of any person under this Act or any other law for
the time being in force; or
(iii) has been received from any place outside India in the course of any proceedings under this
Act or any other law for the time being in force,
and such document is tendered by the prosecution in evidence against him or any other person who is
tried jointly with him, the court shall—
(a) unless the contrary is proved by such person, presume—
(i) the truth of the contents of such document;
(ii) that the signature and every other part of such document which purports to be in the
handwriting of any particular person or which the court may reasonably assume to have been
signed by, or to be in the handwriting of, any particular person, is in that person’s
handwriting, and in the case of a document executed or attested, that it was executed or
attested by the person by whom it purports to have been so executed or attested;
(b) admit the document in evidence notwithstanding that it is not duly stamped, if such
document is otherwise admissible in evidence.
145. Admissibility of micro films, facsimile copies of documents and computer printouts as
documents and as evidence.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time
being in force,—
(a) a micro film of a document or the reproduction of the image or images embodied in such
micro film (whether enlarged or not); or
(b) a facsimile copy of a document; or
(c) a statement contained in a document and included in a printed material produced by a
computer, subject to such conditions as may be prescribed; or
(d) any information stored electronically in any device or media, including any hard copies made
of such information,
shall be deemed to be a document for the purposes of this Act and the rules made thereunder and shall be
admissible in any proceedings thereunder, without further proof or production of the original, as evidence
of any contents of the original or of any fact stated therein of which direct evidence would be admissible.

106
 (2) In any proceedings under this Act or the rules made thereunder, where it is desired to give a
statement in evidence by virtue of this section, a certificate,—
(a) identifying the document containing the statement and describing the manner in which it was
produced;
(b) giving such particulars of any device involved in the production of that document as may be
appropriate for the purpose of showing that the document was produced by a computer,
shall be evidence of any matter stated in the certificate and for the purposes of this sub-section it shall be
sufficient for a matter to be stated to the best of the knowledge and belief of the person stating it.
146. Common Portal.—The Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, notify the
Common Goods and Services Tax Electronic Portal for facilitating registration, payment of tax, furnishing of
returns, computation and settlement of integrated tax, electronic way bill and for carrying out such other
functions and for such purposes as may be prescribed.
147. Deemed exports.—The Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, notify
certain supplies of goods as deemed exports, where goods supplied do not leave India, and payment for
such supplies is received either in Indian rupees or in convertible foreign exchange, if such goods are
manufactured in India.
148. Special procedure for certain processes.—The Government may, on the recommendations of
the Council, and subject to such conditions and safeguards as may be prescribed, notify certain classes of
registered persons, and the special procedures to be followed by such persons including those with regard
to registration, furnishing of return, payment of tax and administration of such persons.
149. Goods and services tax compliance rating.—(1) Every registered person may be assigned a
goods and services tax compliance rating score by the Government based on his record of compliance
with the provisions of this Act.
(2) The goods and services tax compliance rating score may be determined on the basis of such
parameters as may be prescribed.
(3) The goods and services tax compliance rating score may be updated at periodic intervals and
intimated to the registered person and also placed in the public domain in such manner as may be
prescribed.
150. Obligation to furnish information return.—(1) Any person, being—
(a) a taxable person; or
(b) a local authority or other public body or association; or
(c) any authority of the State Government responsible for the collection of value added tax or
sales tax or State excise duty or an authority of the Central Government responsible for the collection
of excise duty or customs duty; or
(d) an income tax authority appointed under the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961
(43 of 1961); or
(e) a banking company within the meaning of clause (a) of section 45A of the Reserve Bank of
India Act, 1934 (2 of 1934); or
(f) a State Electricity Board or an electricity distribution or transmission licensee under the
Electricity Act, 2003 (36 of 2003), or any other entity entrusted with such functions by the Central
Government or the State Government; or
(g) the Registrar or Sub-Registrar appointed under section 6 of the Registration Act, 1908
(16 of 1908); or
(h) a Registrar within the meaning of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013); or
(i) the registering authority empowered to register motor vehicles under the Motor Vehicles
Act, 1988 (59 of 1988); or
107
 (j) the Collector referred to in clause (c) of section 3 of the Right to Fair Compensation and
Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (30 of 2013); or
(k) the recognised stock exchange referred to in clause (f) of section 2 of the Securities Contracts
(Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956); or
(l) a depository referred to in clause (e) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Depositories
Act, 1996 (22 of 1996); or
(m) an officer of the Reserve Bank of India as constituted under section 3 of the Reserve Bank of
India Act, 1934 (2 of 1934); or
(n) the Goods and Services Tax Network, a company registered under the Companies Act, 2013
(18 of 2013); or
(o) a person to whom a Unique Identity Number has been granted under sub-section (9) of
section 25; or
(p) any other person as may be specified, on the recommendations of the Council, by the
Government,
who is responsible for maintaining record of registration or statement of accounts or any periodic return or
document containing details of payment of tax and other details of transaction of goods or services or both or
transactions related to a bank account or consumption of electricity or transaction of purchase, sale or
exchange of goods or property or right or interest in a property under any law for the time being in force, shall
furnish an information return of the same in respect of such periods, within such time, in such form and
manner and to such authority or agency as may be prescribed.
(2) Where the Commissioner, or an officer authorised by him in this behalf, considers that the
information furnished in the information return is defective, he may intimate the defect to the person who
has furnished such information return and give him an opportunity of rectifying the defect within a period of
thirty days from the date of such intimation or within such further period which, on an application made in
this behalf, the said authority may allow and if the defect is not rectified within the said period of thirty days
or, the further period so allowed, then, notwithstanding anything contained in any other provisions of this
Act, such information return shall be treated as not furnished and the provisions of this Act shall apply.
(3) Where a person who is required to furnish information return has not furnished the same within
the time specified in sub-section (1) or sub-section (2), the said authority may serve upon him a notice
requiring furnishing of such information return within a period not exceeding ninety days from the date of
service of the notice and such person shall furnish the information return.
1
[151. Power to call for information.—The Commissioner or an officer authorised by him may, by
an order, direct any person to furnish information relating to any matter dealt with in connection with this
Act, within such time, in such form, and in such manner, as may be specified therein.]
152. Bar on disclosure of information.—(1) No information 2*** with respect to any matter given for
the purposes of section 150 or section 151 shall, without the previous consent in writing of the concerned
person or his authorised representative, be published in such manner so as to enable such particulars to be
identified as referring to a particular person and no such information shall be used for the purpose of any
proceedings under this Act 3[without giving an opportunity of being heard to the person concerned].
4
* * * * *
(3) Nothing in this section shall apply to the publication of any information relating to a class of taxable
persons or class of transactions, if in the opinion of the Commissioner, it is desirable in the public interest to
publish such information.

1. Subs. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 119, for section 151 (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).

2. The words “of any individual return or part thereof” omitted by s. 120, ibid., (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).
3. Ins. by s. 120, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).
4. Sub-section (2) omitted by s. 120, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).
108
 153. Taking assistance from an expert.—Any officer not below the rank of Assistant Commissioner
may, having regard to the nature and complexity of the case and the interest of revenue, take assistance of
any expert at any stage of scrutiny, inquiry, investigation or any other proceedings before him.
154. Power to take samples.—The Commissioner or an officer authorised by him may take samples
of goods from the possession of any taxable person, where he considers it necessary, and provide a receipt
for any samples so taken.
155. Burden of proof.—Where any person claims that he is eligible for input tax credit under this
Act, the burden of proving such claim shall lie on such person.
156. Persons deemed to be public servants.—All persons discharging functions under this Act shall
be deemed to be public servants within the meaning of section 21 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).
157. Protection of action taken under this Act.—(1) No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings
shall lie against the President, State President, Members, officers or other employees of the Appellate
Tribunal or any other person authorised by the said Appellate Tribunal for anything which is in good faith
done or intended to be done under this Act or the rules made thereunder.
(2) No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall lie against any officer appointed or
authorised under this Act for anything which is done or intended to be done in good faith under this Act
or the rules made thereunder.
158. Disclosure of information by a public servant.—(1) All particulars contained in any statement
made, return furnished or accounts or documents produced in accordance with this Act, or in any record of
evidence given in the course of any proceedings under this Act (other than proceedings before a criminal
court), or in any record of any proceedings under this Act shall, save as provided in sub-section (3), not be
disclosed.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), no court shall,
save as otherwise provided in sub-section (3), require any officer appointed or authorised under this Act
to produce before it or to give evidence before it in respect of particulars referred to in sub-section (1).
(3) Nothing contained in this section shall apply to the disclosure of,––
(a) any particulars in respect of any statement, return, accounts, documents, evidence, affidavit or
deposition, for the purpose of any prosecution under the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) or the
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (49 of 1988), or any other law for the time being in force; or
(b) any particulars to the Central Government or the State Government or to any person acting in
the implementation of this Act, for the purposes of carrying out the objects of this Act; or
(c) any particulars when such disclosure is occasioned by the lawful exercise under this Act of any
process for the service of any notice or recovery of any demand; or
(d) any particulars to a civil court in any suit or proceedings, to which the Government or any
authority under this Act is a party, which relates to any matter arising out of any proceedings under
this Act or under any other law for the time being in force authorising any such authority to exercise
any powers thereunder; or
(e) any particulars to any officer appointed for the purpose of audit of tax receipts or refunds of
the tax imposed by this Act; or
(f) any particulars where such particulars are relevant for the purposes of any inquiry into the
conduct of any officer appointed or authorised under this Act, to any person or persons appointed as
an inquiry officer under any law for the time being in force; or
(g) any such particulars to an officer of the Central Government or of any State Government, as may
be necessary for the purpose of enabling that Government to levy or realise any tax or duty; or
(h) any particulars when such disclosure is occasioned by the lawful exercise by a public servant
or any other statutory authority, of his or its powers under any law for the time being in force; or

109
 (i) any particulars relevant to any inquiry into a charge of misconduct in connection with any
proceedings under this Act against a practising advocate, a tax practitioner, a practising cost accountant, a
practising chartered accountant, a practising company secretary to the authority empowered to take
disciplinary action against the members practising the profession of a legal practitioner, a cost
accountant, a chartered accountant or a company secretary, as the case may be; or
(j) any particulars to any agency appointed for the purposes of data entry on any automated
system or for the purpose of operating, upgrading or maintaining any automated system where such
agency is contractually bound not to use or disclose such particulars except for the aforesaid
purposes; or
(k) any particulars to an officer of the Government as may be necessary for the purposes of any
other law for the time being in force; or
(l) any information relating to any class of taxable persons or class of transactions for publication,
if, in the opinion of the Commissioner, it is desirable in the public interest, to publish such
information.
1
[158A. Consent based sharing of information furnished by taxable person.— (1)
Notwithstanding anything contained in sections 133, 152 and 158, the following details furnished by a
registered person may, subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), and on the recommendations of the
Council, be shared by the common portal with such other systems as may be notified by the Government,
in such manner and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed, namely:—
(a) particulars furnished in the application for registration under section 25 or in the return filed
under section 39 or under section 44;
(b) the particulars uploaded on the common portal for preparation of invoice, the details of
outward supplies furnished under section 37 and the particulars uploaded on the common portal for
generation of documents under section 68;
(c) such other details as may be prescribed.
(2) For the purposes of sharing details under sub-section (1), the consent shall be obtained, of—
(a) the supplier, in respect of details furnished under clauses (a), (b) and (c) of sub-section (1);
and
(b) the recipient, in respect of details furnished under clause (b) of sub-section (1), and under
clause (c) of sub-section (1) only where such details include identity information of the recipient,
in such form and manner as may be prescribed.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force, no action shall lie
against the Government or the common portal with respect to any liability arising consequent to
information shared under this section and there shall be no impact on the liability to pay tax on the
relevant supply or as per the relevant return.]
159. Publication of information in respect of persons in certain cases.—(1) If the Commissioner,
or any other officer authorised by him in this behalf, is of the opinion that it is necessary or expedient in
the public interest to publish the name of any person and any other particulars relating to any proceedings
or prosecution under this Act in respect of such person, it may cause to be published such name and
particulars in such manner as it thinks fit.
(2) No publication under this section shall be made in relation to any penalty imposed under this Act
until the time for presenting an appeal to the Appellate Authority under section 107 has expired without
an appeal having been presented or the appeal, if presented, has been disposed of.

1. Ins. by Act 8 of 2023, s. 158 (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).

110
 Explanation.––In the case of firm, company or other association of persons, the names of the partners
of the firm, directors, managing agents, secretaries and treasurers or managers of the company, or the
members of the association, as the case may be, may also be published if, in the opinion of the
Commissioner, or any other officer authorised by him in this behalf, circumstances of the case justify it.
160. Assessment proceedings, etc., not to be invalid on certain grounds.—(1) No assessment,
re-assessment, adjudication, review, revision, appeal, rectification, notice, summons or other proceedings
done, accepted, made, issued, initiated, or purported to have been done, accepted, made, issued, initiated in
pursuance of any of the provisions of this Act shall be invalid or deemed to be invalid merely by reason of
any mistake, defect or omission therein, if such assessment, re-assessment, adjudication, review, revision,
appeal, rectification, notice, summons or other proceedings are in substance and effect in conformity with or
according to the intents, purposes and requirements of this Act or any existing law.
(2) The service of any notice, order or communication shall not be called in question, if the notice, order
or communication, as the case may be, has already been acted upon by the person to whom it is issued or
where such service has not been called in question at or in the earlier proceedings commenced, continued or
finalised pursuant to such notice, order or communication.
161. Rectification of errors apparent on the face of record.—Without prejudice to the provisions of
section 160, and notwithstanding anything contained in any other provisions of this Act, any authority, who
has passed or issued any decision or order or notice or certificate or any other document, may rectify any
error which is apparent on the face of record in such decision or order or notice or certificate or any other
document, either on its own motion or where such error is brought to its notice by any officer appointed under
this Act or an officer appointed under the State Goods and Services Tax Act or an officer appointed under the
Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act or by the affected person within a period of three months from
the date of issue of such decision or order or notice or certificate or any other document, as the case may be:
Provided that no such rectification shall be done after a period of six months from the date of issue of
such decision or order or notice or certificate or any other document:
Provided further that the said period of six months shall not apply in such cases where the
rectification is purely in the nature of correction of a clerical or arithmetical error, arising from any
accidental slip or omission:
Provided also that where such rectification adversely affects any person, the principles of natural justice
shall be followed by the authority carrying out such rectification.
162. Bar on jurisdiction of civil courts.—Save as provided in sections 117 and 118, no civil court
shall have jurisdiction to deal with or decide any question arising from or relating to anything done or
purported to be done under this Act.
163. Levy of fee.—Wherever a copy of any order or document is to be provided to any person on an
application made by him for that purpose, there shall be paid such fee as may be prescribed.
164. Power of Government to make rules.—(1) The Government may, on the recommendations of
the Council, by notification, make rules for carrying out the provisions of this Act.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (1), the Government may make
rules for all or any of the matters which by this Act are required to be, or may be, prescribed or in respect of
which provisions are to be or may be made by rules.
(3) The power to make rules conferred by this section shall include the power to give retrospective
effect to the rules or any of them from a date not earlier than the date on which the provisions of this Act
come into force.
(4) Any rules made under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) may provide that a contravention thereof
shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding ten thousand rupees.

111
 165. Power to make regulations.—The Board may, by notification, make regulations consistent with
this Act and the rules made thereunder to carry out the provisions of this Act.
166. Laying of rules, regulations and notifications.—Every rule made by the Government, every
regulation made by the Board and every notification issued by the Government under this Act, shall be laid,
as soon as may be after it is made or issued, before each House of Parliament, while it is in session, for a total
period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions, and if,
before the expiry of the session immediately following the session or the successive sessions aforesaid, both
Houses agree in making any modification in the rule or regulation or in the notification, as the case may
be, or both Houses agree that the rule or regulation or the notification should not be made, the rule or
regulation or notification, as the case may be, shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be
of no effect, as the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without
prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule or regulation or notification, as the
case may be.
167. Delegation of powers.—The Commissioner may, by notification, direct that subject to such
conditions, if any, as may be specified in the notification, any power exercisable by any authority or officer
under this Act may be exercisable also by another authority or officer as may be specified in such
notification.
168. Power to issue instructions or directions.—(1) The Board may, if it considers it necessary or
expedient so to do for the purpose of uniformity in the implementation of this Act, issue such orders,
instructions or directions to the central tax officers as it may deem fit, and thereupon all such officers and
all other persons employed in the implementation of this Act shall observe and follow such orders,
instructions or directions.
(2) The Commissioner specified in clause (91) of section 2, sub-section (3) of section 5, clause (b)
of sub-section (9) of section 25, sub-sections (3) and (4) of section 35, sub-section (1) of section 37,
1
*** sub-section (6) of section 39, 2[ 3[section 44], sub-sections (4) and (5) of section 52,] 4[sub-section
(1) of section 143, except the second proviso thereof], 5*** clause (l) of sub-section (3) of section 158
and section 167 shall mean a Commissioner or Joint Secretary posted in the Board and such
Commissioner or Joint Secretary shall exercise the powers specified in the said sections with the
approval of the Board.
6
[168A. Power of Government to extend time limit in special circumstances.—(1)
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Government may, on the recommendations of the
Council, by notification, extend the time limit specified in, or prescribed or notified under, this Act in
respect of actions which cannot be completed of complied with due to force majeure.
(2) The power to issue notification under sub-section (1) shall include the power to give retrospective
effect to such notification from a date not earlier than the date of commencement of this Act.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, the expression “force majeure” means a case of war,
epidemic, flood, drought, fire, cyclone, earthquake or any other calamity caused by nature or otherwise
affecting the implementation of any of the provisions of this Act.]
169. Service of notice in certain circumstances.—(1) Any decision, order, summons, notice or other
communication under this Act or the rules made thereunder shall be served by any one of the following
methods, namely:—

1. The words, brackets and figures “sub-section (2) of section 38,” omitted by Act 6 of 2022, s. 114 (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
2. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 111 (w.e.f. 1-10-2022).
4. Subs. by Act 13 of 2021, s. 121, for the words, brackets and figures “sub-section (1) of section 44” (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).
3. Subs. by Act 12 of 2020, s. 129, for words, brackets and figures “sub-section (5) of section 66, sub-section (1) of section 143”
(w.e.f. 30-6-2020).
5. The words, brackets and figures “sub-section (1) of section 151,” omitted by s. 121, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).
6. Ins. by Act 38 of 2020, s. 7 (w.e.f. 31-3-2020).
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 (a) by giving or tendering it directly or by a messenger including a courier to the addressee or the
taxable person or to his manager or authorised representative or an advocate or a tax practitioner
holding authority to appear in the proceedings on behalf of the taxable person or to a person regularly
employed by him in connection with the business, or to any adult member of family residing with the
taxable person; or
(b) by registered post or speed post or courier with acknowledgment due, to the person for whom
it is intended or his authorised representative, if any, at his last known place of business or residence;
or
(c) by sending a communication to his e-mail address provided at the time of registration or as
amended from time to time; or
(d) by making it available on the common portal; or
(e) by publication in a newspaper circulating in the locality in which the taxable person or the
person to whom it is issued is last known to have resided, carried on business or personally worked
for gain; or
(f) if none of the modes aforesaid is practicable, by affixing it in some conspicuous place at his last
known place of business or residence and if such mode is not practicable for any reason, then by affixing a
copy thereof on the notice board of the office of the concerned officer or authority who or which passed
such decision or order or issued such summons or notice.
(2) Every decision, order, summons, notice or any communication shall be deemed to have been
served on the date on which it is tendered or published or a copy thereof is affixed in the manner provided
in sub-section (1).
(3) When such decision, order, summons, notice or any communication is sent by registered post or
speed post, it shall be deemed to have been received by the addressee at the expiry of the period normally
taken by such post in transit unless the contrary is proved.
170. Rounding off of tax, etc.—The amount of tax, interest, penalty, fine or any other sum payable,
and the amount of refund or any other sum due, under the provisions of this Act shall be rounded off to
the nearest rupee and, for this purpose, where such amount contains a part of a rupee consisting of paise,
then, if such part is fifty paise or more, it shall be increased to one rupee and if such part is less than fifty
paise it shall be ignored.
171. Anti-profiteering measure.—(1) Any reduction in rate of tax on any supply of goods or
services or the benefit of input tax credit shall be passed on to the recipient by way of commensurate
reduction in prices.
(2) The Central Government may, on recommendations of the Council, by notification, constitute an
Authority, or empower an existing Authority constituted under any law for the time being in force, to
examine whether input tax credits availed by any registered person or the reduction in the tax rate have
actually resulted in a commensurate reduction in the price of the goods or services or both supplied by him.
(3) The Authority referred to in sub-section (2) shall exercise such powers and discharge such
functions as may be prescribed.
1
[(3A) Where the Authority referred to in sub-section (2), after holding examination as required under
the said sub-section comes to the conclusion that any registered person has profiteered under
sub-section (1), such person shall be liable to pay penalty equivalent to ten per cent. of the amount so
profiteered:
Provided that no penalty shall be leviable if the profiteered amount is deposited within thirty days of
the date of passing of the order by the Authority.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, the expression "profiteered" shall mean the amount
determined on account of not passing the benefit of reduction in rate of tax on supply of goods or services

1. Ins. by Act 23 of 2019, s. 112 (w.e.f. 1-1-2020).

113
or both or the benefit of input tax credit to the recipient by way of commensurate reduction in the price of
the goods or services or both.]
172. Removal of difficulties.—(1) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to any provisions of this
Act, the Government may, on the recommendations of the Council, by a general or a special order
published in the Official Gazette, make such provisions not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act or
the rules or regulations made thereunder, as may be necessary or expedient for the purpose of removing
the said difficulty:
Provided that no such order shall be made after the expiry of a period of 1[five years] from the date of
commencement of this Act.
(2) Every order made under this section shall be laid, as soon as may be, after it is made, before each
House of Parliament.
173. Amendment of Act 32 of 1994.—Save as otherwise provided in this Act, Chapter V of the
Finance Act, 1994 shall be omitted.
174. Repeal and saving.—(1) Save as otherwise provided in this Act, on and from the date of
commencement of this Act, the Central Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944) (except as respects goods included in
entry 84 of the Union List of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution), the Medicinal and Toilet
Preparations (Excise Duties) Act, 1955 (16 of 1955), the Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special
Importance) Act, 1957 (58 of 1957), the Additional Duties of Excise (Textiles and Textile Articles)
Act, 1978 (40 of 1978), and the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (5 of 1986) (hereafter referred to as the
repealed Acts) are hereby repealed.
(2) The repeal of the said Acts and the amendment of the Finance Act, 1994 (32 of 1994) (hereafter
referred to as “such amendment” or “amended Act”, as the case may be) to the extent mentioned in the
sub-section (1) or section 173 shall not—
(a) revive anything not in force or existing at the time of such amendment or repeal; or
(b) affect the previous operation of the amended Act or repealed Acts and orders or anything duly
done or suffered thereunder; or
(c) affect any right, privilege, obligation, or liability acquired, accrued or incurred under the
amended Act or repealed Acts or orders under such repealed or amended Acts:
Provided that any tax exemption granted as an incentive against investment through a notification
shall not continue as privilege if the said notification is rescinded on or after the appointed day; or
(d) affect any duty, tax, surcharge, fine, penalty, interest as are due or may become due or any
forfeiture or punishment incurred or inflicted in respect of any offence or violation committed against
the provisions of the amended Act or repealed Acts; or
(e) affect any investigation, inquiry, verification (including scrutiny and audit), assessment proceedings,
adjudication and any other legal proceedings or recovery of arrears or remedy in respect of any such duty,
tax, surcharge, penalty, fine, interest, right, privilege, obligation, liability, forfeiture or punishment, as
aforesaid, and any such investigation, inquiry, verification (including scrutiny and audit), assessment
proceedings, adjudication and other legal proceedings or recovery of arrears or remedy may be instituted,
continued or enforced, and any such tax, surcharge, penalty, fine, interest, forfeiture or punishment may be
levied or imposed as if these Acts had not been so amended or repealed;
(f) affect any proceedings including that relating to an appeal, review or reference, instituted before on,
or after the appointed day under the said amended Act or repealed Acts and such proceedings shall be
continued under the said amended Act or repealed Acts as if this Act had not come into force and the said
Acts had not been amended or repealed.

1. Subs. by Act 12 of 2020, s. 130, for “three years” (w.e.f. 30-6-2020).

114
 (3) The mention of the particular matters referred to in sub-sections (1) and (2) shall not be held to
prejudice or affect the general application of section 6 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897) with
regard to the effect of repeal.

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 SCHEDULE I
[See section 7]

ACTIVITIES TO BE TREATED AS SUPPLY EVEN IF MADE WITHOUT CONSIDERATION

1. Permanent transfer or disposal of business assets where input tax credit has been availed on such
assets.

2. Supply of goods or services or both between related persons or between distinct persons as
specified in section 25, when made in the course or furtherance of business:

Provided that gifts not exceeding fifty thousand rupees in value in a financial year by an employer to an
employee shall not be treated as supply of goods or services or both.

3. Supply of goods—

(a) by a principal to his agent where the agent undertakes to supply such goods on behalf of the
principal; or

(b) by an agent to his principal where the agent undertakes to receive such goods on behalf of the
principal.

4. Import of services by a 1[person] from a related person or from any of his other establishments
outside India, in the course or furtherance of business.

1. Subs. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 30 for “taxable person” (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).

116
 SCHEDULE II
[See section 7]
ACTIVITIES 1[OR TRANSACTIONS] TO BE TREATED AS SUPPLY OF GOODS OR SUPPLY OF
SERVICES
1. Transfer
(a) any transfer of the title in goods is a supply of goods;
(b) any transfer of right in goods or of undivided share in goods without the transfer of title
thereof, is a supply of services;
(c) any transfer of title in goods under an agreement which stipulates that property in goods shall
pass at a future date upon payment of full consideration as agreed, is a supply of goods.
2. Land and Building
(a) any lease, tenancy, easement, licence to occupy land is a supply of services;
(b) any lease or letting out of the building including a commercial, industrial or residential
complex for business or commerce, either wholly or partly, is a supply of services.
3. Treatment or process
Any treatment or process which is applied to another person's goods is a supply of services.
4. Transfer of business assets
(a) where goods forming part of the assets of a business are transferred or disposed of by or under
the directions of the person carrying on the business so as no longer to form part of those assets, 2***,
such transfer or disposal is a supply of goods by the person;
(b) where, by or under the direction of a person carrying on a business, goods held or used for the
purposes of the business are put to any private use or are used, or made available to any person for use,
for any purpose other than a purpose of the business, 2***, the usage or making available of such
goods is a supply of services;
(c) where any person ceases to be a taxable person, any goods forming part of the assets of any
business carried on by him shall be deemed to be supplied by him in the course or furtherance of his
business immediately before he ceases to be a taxable person, unless—
(i) the business is transferred as a going concern to another person; or
(ii) the business is carried on by a personal representative who is deemed to be a taxable person.
5. Supply of services
The following shall be treated as supply of services, namely:—
(a) renting of immovable property;
(b) construction of a complex, building, civil structure or a part thereof, including a complex or
building intended for sale to a buyer, wholly or partly, except where the entire consideration has been

1. Ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 31 (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).

2. The words “whether or not for a consideration” omitted by Act 12 of 2020, s. 131 (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
117
 received after issuance of completion certificate, where required, by the competent authority or after
its first occupation, whichever is earlier.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause—
(1) the expression “competent authority” means the Government or any authority authorised to
issue completion certificate under any law for the time being in force and in case of non-requirement
of such certificate from such authority, from any of the following, namely:—
(i) an architect registered with the Council of Architecture constituted under the Architects
Act, 1972 (20 of 1972); or
(ii) a chartered engineer registered with the Institution of Engineers (India); or
(iii) a licensed surveyor of the respective local body of the city or town or village or
development or planning authority;
(2) the expression “construction” includes additions, alterations, replacements or remodelling of
any existing civil structure;
(c) temporary transfer or permitting the use or enjoyment of any intellectual property right;
(d) development, design, programming, customisation, adaptation, upgradation, enhancement,
implementation of information technology software;
(e) agreeing to the obligation to refrain from an act, or to tolerate an act or a situation, or to do an
act; and
(f) transfer of the right to use any goods for any purpose (whether or not for a specified period)
for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration.
6. Composite supply
The following composite supplies shall be treated as a supply of services, namely:—
(a) works contract as defined in clause (119) of section 2; and
(b) supply, by way of or as part of any service or in any other manner whatsoever, of goods, being
food or any other article for human consumption or any drink (other than alcoholic liquor for human
consumption), where such supply or service is for cash, deferred payment or other valuable
consideration.
1
* * * * *

1. Paragraph 7 omitted by Act 13 of 2021, s. 122 (w.e.f. 1-1-2022).

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 SCHEDULE III

[See section 7]
ACTIVITIES OR TRANSACTIONS WHICH SHALL BE TREATED NEITHER AS A SUPPLY OF GOODS
NOR A SUPPLY OF SERVICES
1. Services by an employee to the employer in the course of or in relation to his employment.
2. Services by any court or Tribunal established under any law for the time being in force.
3. (a) the functions performed by the Members of Parliament, Members of State Legislature,
Members of Panchayats, Members of Municipalities and Members of other local authorities;
(b) the duties performed by any person who holds any post in pursuance of the provisions of the
Constitution in that capacity; or
(c) the duties performed by any person as a Chairperson or a Member or a Director in a body
established by the Central Government or a State Government or local authority and who is not
deemed as an employee before the commencement of this clause.
4. Services of funeral, burial, crematorium or mortuary including transportation of the deceased.
5. Sale of land and, subject to clause (b) of paragraph 5 of Schedule II, sale of building.
6. Actionable claims, other than 1[specified actionable claims].
2
[7. Supply of goods from a place in the non-taxable territory to another place in the non-taxable
territory without such goods entering into India.
8. (a) Supply of warehoused goods to any person before clearance for home consumption;
(b) Supply of goods by the consignee to any other person, by endorsement of documents of title to
the goods, after the goods have been dispatched from the port of origin located outside India but before
clearance for home consumption.]
[Explanation 1.]—For the purposes of paragraph 2, the term “court” includes District Court, High
3

Court and Supreme Court.

[Explanation 2.––For the purposes of paragraph 8, the expression “warehoused goods” shall have
4

the same meaning as assigned to it in the Customs Act, 1962 (52 of 1962).]

1. Subs. by Act 30 of 2023, s. 4, for “lottery, betting and gambling” (w.e.f. 1-10-2023).
2. Ins. by Act 31 of 2018, s. 32 (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).
3. Explanation numbered as Explanation 1 by s. 32, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-2-2019).
4. Explanation 2 ins. by s. 32, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-7-2017).

119