Electric Current

Electric Current
The rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor is called electric current.
• Elecrtric current, I =(q/t)=(Ne/t)
where q is the electric charge and N is the number of free electrons passing through a cross-
section of a conductor in time t.
• If electric current flowing through a conductor is not steady, then I =(dq/dt)
• S.I. unit of electric current is ‘ampere’ which is denoted as ‘A’
Flow Of Electric Charges In A Metallic Conductor

• In solid conductors, free electrons move randomly in different directions nullifying their net
effect and hence preventing any current flow.
• A steady electric current is established in the conductor with the application of constant electric
field across it and this field is provided by cells or batteries.
Drift Velocity
Drift velocity of electrons,
Vd=−eE⃗mτVd=m−eE
where e is the charge on electron, m is the mass,
E⃗E
is the electric field applied and τ is the time of relaxation.
• Negative sign shows that drift velocity of electrons is in a direction opposite to the direction of
applied electric field.
Mobility
Mobility is defined as the magnitude of drift velocity of charge carrier per unit electric field. It is
given as,
μ=∣Vd∣E=qEτ/mE=qτmμ=E∣Vd∣=EqEτ/m=mqτ
where q, τ and m are charge, relaxation time and mass of a charge carrier respectively.
• SI unit of mobility is m2v-1s- 1.
Relation Between Current And Drift Velocity

Electric current and drift velocity are related as I = neAvd where n is the number density of
electrons, A is the area of cross-section of the conductor.
Ohm’s Law
According to Ohm’s law, the potential difference applied across the ends of a conductor is
directly proportional to the current.
V ∝ I or V = IR
where R is the resistance of the conductor.
• Another form of Ohm’s law is,
J⃗=σE⃗J
=σE
Electrical Resistance
• The opposition offered by the conductor to the flow of electric current through it, is called its
resistance.
• Resistance is measured in `Ohm’ and is denoted by ‘Ω’.
Vi Characteristics (Linear And Non-linear)

Under constant physical conditions, VI-graph of such substances is a straight line and resistance
of conductor can be obtained using the slope of VI-graph.
• Ohm’s law is valid for good conductors. Semiconductor does not show linear behaviour
between V and I.
R= (ΔV/ΔI)=(1/tanθ)
Electrical Energy And Power

• Electric power =(Electric work done/Time taken)
• P = VI = I2R =(V 2/R)
• Electrical energy = Electric power × time E = P × t
• SI unit of power is watt (W)
• The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt-hour (kWh),
1 kWh = 1000Wh = 3.6 × 106 J = one unit of electricity consumed
Electrical Resistivity And Conductivity

• Resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length l and inversely porportional to its
cross-sectional area A i.e., R ∝(l/A) or R=p(l/A)
where p is a constant of material of the conductor which is known as its ‘resistivity’ or ‘specific
resistance’.
 The reciprocal of resistivity is know as conductivity or specific conductance. σ =(1/p)

 Resistivity of a conductor is measured in Ω - m
 The SI unit of conductivity is Ω-1 m-1 or Sm-1 or mho m-1
Series And Parallel Combination Of Resistors

• For series combination, net resistance is Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
• For parallel combination net resistance is (1/RP)=(1/R1)+(1/R2)+(1/R3)
• For series combination of resistors, net resistance is more than the largest value of any
resistance in the group.
• For parallel combination of resistors, net resistance is less than the smallest value of resistance
in the group.
Temperature Dependence Of Resistance

• Resistance of a conductor at temperature t°C is Rt = R0 [1 + αt]
where α is the temperature coefficient of resistance and R0 is the at 0°C.
• For metal α is positive, i.e., resistance increases with rise in temperature.
• For insulators and semiconductors α is negative i.e., resistance decreases with rise in
temperature.
Internal Resistance Of A Cell
• Internal resistance of a cell, r =(ε-IR/I) or r=R((ε/V)-1)
where ε is the emf of the cell, and R is the external resistance.
Potential Difference And Emf Of A Cell

• Electromotive force or emf of a cell is defined as the potential difference between two terminals
of a cell in an open circuit i.e. when no current flows through the cell.
• Terminal potential difference of a cell is defined as the potential difference between terminals
of a cell in a closed circuit i.e., when some current is drawn from the cell.
V = ε – Ir
• The SI unit of emf is joule/coulomb or volt (V).
Combination Of Cells In Series And In Parallel

• For series combination of cells, εs = ε1 + ε2 and rs = r1 + r2
• For parallel combination of cells, εp =(ε1r2+ε2r1/r1+r2) and rp=(r1r2r1+r2)
Kirchhoff’s Laws And Simple Applications

Kirchhoff’s first law
• It states that the algebraic sum of the currents at a junction is zero. It is also known as
Kirchhoff’s junction law or current law.
 Kirchhoff’s first law supports law of conservation of charge.
Kirchhoff’s second law

• It states that in a closed loop, the algebraic sum of the emf’s is equal to the algebraic sum of
products of the resistance and the respective currents flowing through them, Σε = Σ IR
• Kirchhoff’s second law supports law of conservation of energy.
Wheatstone Bridge
For a balanced Wheatstone bridge, current through the galvanometer is zero.
∴ (R1/R2)=(R3/R4)
Concept Of Magnetic Field

Magnetic field is a region or space around a magnet or a current carrying conductor or a moving
charge, in which its magnetic effect can be felt.
 Magnetic field is a vector quantity.

 SI unit of magnetic field is tesla (T).
Oersted’s Experiment
 Oersted’s experiment verified that a current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field
around it and this magnetic field can be detected by bringing a magnetic needle in the
vicinity of the current carrying conductor.
 The strength and the direction of the magnetic field depend on the magnitude and
direction of the current.
Biot-savart Law
Biot-Savart law states that magnitude of intensity of small magnetic field dB⃗ due to current I car
rying current element dl⃗ at any point P at distance r from it is given byBiot-Savart law states tha
t magnitude of intensity of small magnetic field dB
due to current I carrying current element dl

at any point P at distance r from it is given by
∣dB⃗∣=μ04π.I1∣dl⃗×r⃗∣r3∣dB
∣=4πμ0.r3I1∣dl×r
where θ is the angle between r and dl⃗ and μ0=4π×10−7Tm A−1 is called permittivity of free sp
ace.where θ is the angle between r and dl
and μ0=4π×10−7Tm A−1 is called permittivity of free space.
Application Of Biot-savart Law TO Current Carrying

Circular Loop
 Magnetic field at the centre of a circular current carrying coil of radius a is B =(µ 0/4π).
(2πI/a)=(µ0I/2a)
 Magnetic field at a point on the axis of the circular current carrying coil of radius a is B
=(µ0/4π).(2πIa2/(a2+r2)3/2)
Ampere’s Law
∮B⃗.dl⃗=μ0I∮B
.dl
=μ0I
Ampere’s circuital law is analogous to Gauss law in electrostatics.
Application Of Ampere’s Law To Infinitely Long Straight

Wire
 Magnetic field due to an infinitely long straight solid cylindrical wire of radius a and
carrying current I.
 Magnetic field at a point outside the wire i.e., (r > a), is B =(µ0I/2πr)
 Magnetic field at a point inside the wire i.e., (r < a), is B =(µ0Ir/2πa2)
 Magnetic field at a point on the surface of the wire i.e., (r = a), is B =(µ0Ir/2πa)
Force On A Moving Charge In Uniform Magnetic And

Electric Fields
Force observed by Lorentz in electric and magnetic field on a moving charge is given by,
F⃗=q(E⃗+V⃗+B⃗)=F⃗e+F⃗mF
=q(E+V+B)=Fe+F
where Fe⃗ is the electric force, F⃗mwhere Fe
is the electric force, F
is the magnetic force and v is the velocity with which the charge is moving.
Force On A Current Carrying Conductor In A Uniform

Magnetic Field
Force experienced by a straight conductor of length l carrying current I when placed in a uniform
magnetic
field B is, F⃗=I(l⃗×B⃗)=BIl sin θfield B is, F
=I(l×B
)=BIl sin θ
where θ is the angle between l and B.
Direction of this force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule.
Force Between Two Parallel Current Carrying Conductors

Definition Of Ampere
 When two parallel conductors separated by a distance r carry currents I1 and I2, the
magnetic field of one
will exert a force on the other. The force per unit length on either conductor is F =(µ0/4π)(2I1I2/r)
It gives definition of one ampere and force experienced by each wire in this case is 2 × 107 N m-1.
 Parallel currents attract and antiparallel currents repel.

Torque Experienced By A Current Loop In Uniform
Magnetic Field
Torque on a coil of area A, having n turns, carrying current I, when suspended in a magnetic
field of strength B is given by τ = nIBA sin θ where θ is the angle which a normal drawn on the
plane of the coil makes with the direction of magnetic field.
Moving Coil Galvanometer

 It is an instrument used for the detection and measurement of small currents.
 It is based on the principle that, when a current carrying coil is placed in magnetic field, it
experiences a torque.
 where G =(K/NAB)=galvnometer constant
A = area of the coil
N = number of turns in the coil
B = strength of magnetic field
K = torsional constant of the spring i.e., restoring torque per unit twist.
Current Sensitivity Of A Galvanometer

 It is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer, when unit current flow
through it.
Is =(θ/I)=(NAB/k)
 The unit of current sensitivity is rad A-1 or div A-1.
Conversion Of Galvanometer Into An Ammeter

 A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter of given range by connecting a
suitable low resistance S called shunt in parallel to the given galvanometer, whose value
is given by S =(Ig/I-Ig)G
 where Ig is the current for full scale deflection of galvanometer, I is the current to be
measured by the galvanometer and G is the resistance of galvanometer.
 Voltmeter is a high resistance instrument and is always connected in parallel with the
circuit element across which potential difference is to be measured.
 An ideal voltmeter has infinite resistance.

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Electric Current

• Elecrtric current, I =(q/t)=(Ne/t)

• If electric current flowing through a conductor is not steady, then I =(dq/dt)

• S.I. unit of electric current is ‘ampere’ which is denoted as ‘A’

Flow Of Electric Charges In A Metallic Conductor

where e is the charge on electron, m is the mass,

is the electric field applied and τ is the time of relaxation.

• SI unit of mobility is m2v-1s- 1.

Relation Between Current And Drift Velocity

where R is the resistance of the conductor.

• Another form of Ohm’s law is,

• Resistance is measured in `Ohm’ and is denoted by ‘Ω’.

Vi Characteristics (Linear And Non-linear)

Electrical Energy And Power

• P = VI = I2R =(V 2/R)

• Electrical energy = Electric power × time E = P × t

• SI unit of power is watt (W)

• The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt-hour (kWh),

1 kWh = 1000Wh = 3.6 × 106 J = one unit of electricity consumed

Electrical Resistivity And Conductivity

 The reciprocal of resistivity is know as conductivity or specific conductance. σ =(1/p)

Series And Parallel Combination Of Resistors

• For parallel combination net resistance is (1/RP)=(1/R1)+(1/R2)+(1/R3)

Temperature Dependence Of Resistance

Internal Resistance Of A Cell

• Internal resistance of a cell, r =(ε-IR/I) or r=R((ε/V)-1)

where ε is the emf of the cell, and R is the external resistance.

Potential Difference And Emf Of A Cell

• The SI unit of emf is joule/coulomb or volt (V).

Combination Of Cells In Series And In Parallel

Kirchhoff’s Laws And Simple Applications

 Kirchhoff’s first law supports law of conservation of charge.

Kirchhoff’s second law

• Kirchhoff’s second law supports law of conservation of energy.

Concept Of Magnetic Field

 Magnetic field is a vector quantity.

due to current I carrying current element dl

and μ0=4π×10−7Tm A−1 is called permittivity of free space.

Application Of Biot-savart Law TO Current Carrying

Ampere’s circuital law is analogous to Gauss law in electrostatics.

Application Of Ampere’s Law To Infinitely Long Straight

Force On A Moving Charge In Uniform Magnetic And

where Fe⃗ is the electric force, F⃗mwhere Fe

is the electric force, F

Force On A Current Carrying Conductor In A Uniform

field B is, F⃗=I(l⃗×B⃗)=BIl sin θfield B is, F

where θ is the angle between l and B.

Direction of this force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule.

Force Between Two Parallel Current Carrying Conductors

 Parallel currents attract and antiparallel currents repel.

Moving Coil Galvanometer

A = area of the coil

N = number of turns in the coil

B = strength of magnetic field

Current Sensitivity Of A Galvanometer

 The unit of current sensitivity is rad A-1 or div A-1.

Conversion Of Galvanometer Into An Ammeter

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