The Structural Use

of Concrete
1987

p
624.1834
C66

HONGKONG
UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG
LIBRARIES
LIBRARIES

imSIeSi
 PRACTICE
CODE OF PRACTICE
FOR THE STRUCTURAL USE
CONCRETE—1987
OF CONCRETE—1987
(REPRINTED 1992)
(REPRINTED

BUILDING AUTHORITY
BUILDING AUTHORITY
HONG KONG
KONG

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 FOREWORD
FOREWORD

c
This Code of Practice was originated
originated on the basis of being ‘deemed-to-satisfy'
deemed-to-satisfy' the
the Building (Construction)
Building (Construction)
Regulations
Regulations as far as concrete
far as concrete design is concerned, and as
as such replaces the reinforced concrete design rules from
from
the Building (Construction)
(Construction) Regulations issued in 1976.
1976. However, this Code includes a wider range of concrete
concrete
contained in the Building (Construction) Regulations issued in 1976.
construction than was contained 1976. Prestressed
Prestressed and
included with the reinforced
precast concrete are included concrete design rules to form a unified
reinforced concrete Code of Practice
unified Code Practice for
concrete design.

British Standard
Standard Codes of Practice BS CPCP 1114,
14, BS CP 1115,
15, BS CP 1116,
16, BS CP 1110
10 and BS 81
8110
10 have been used as
the basis for drafting this document, although,
although, only those rules
rules necessary for design and load testing are included.
Technical provisions for material quality and workmanship are still covered in the Building (Construction)
(Construction)
Regulations.
Regulations.

A draft of this Code

Code ofof Practice
Practice was circulated to selected practising engineers, members of the construction
industry and various Government
Government Departments.
Departments. All comments and views expressed have been taken into
consideration in the preparation
preparation of this code
code now published.

It is acknowledged, that preparation Code of Practice

preparation of this Code Practice owes a great
great deal to the time and effort
effort freely
freely given by
Dr. H. C.C. Chan,
Chan, Mr. K. M. Cheung,
Cheung, Dr. H. W. Chung, Mr. H. C. C. Ho, Mr. S. L. Hsu,
Hsu, Mr. C. K. Leung, Mr. Y. W.
Liu, Mr. R. L.L. C.
C. Tsao
Tsao and Mr. P. C.
C. N. Yim under the direction of Mr. P. L. Wong.

3
 CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Page
1.
1. GENERAL 7
11.1
. 1 Scope 7
11.2 British Standards & Codes
.2 British Codes of
of Practice
Practice 7
2. DESIGN: OBJECTIVES
DESIGN: OBJECTIVES AND GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 7
2.11 Basic Requirements
2. Requirements 7
Loads
2.2 Loads 8
2.3 Materials 8
3. DESIGN
DESIGN AND DETAILING:
DETAILING: REINFORCED CONCRETE
REINFORCED CONCRETE 10
3.11 General
3. General 10
3.2 Beams andand Slabs
Slabs 15
3.3 Columns 27
Walls
3.4 Walls 31
3.5 Bases and Pile Caps
Caps 32
Staircases
3.6 Staircases 32
3.7 Flat
Flat Slabs 32
Stability Requirements
3.8 Stability Requirements 38
4. DETAILING: PRESTRESSED
DESIGN AND DETAILING: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 39
General
4.1 General 39
Permissible Stresses
4.2 Permissible 40
Prestress other
4.3 Loss of Prestress other than Friction
Friction Losses 41
4.4 Losses due to Friction
Friction 45
4.5 TransmissionLengthinPre-
Transmission Length in Pre-tensioned Members
tensioned Members 46
4.6 End Blocks in Post-tensioned Members
Post-tensioned Members 47
Spacing of Tendons
4.7 Spacing Tendons 48
Prestressing Tendons
4.8 Cover to Prestressing Tendons 49
and Other Members
4.9 Beams and Members in Bending
Bending 49
Compression Members
4.10 Compression Members 58
Other Structures
4.11 Other Structures 59
5. DESIGN
DESIGN ANDAND DETAILING:
DETAILING: PRECAST
PRECAST CONCRETE
CONCRETE 59
5.11 General
5. General 59
5.2 Bearings for Precast
Precast Members
Members 60
5.3 Joints
Joints between Precast
Precast Members
Members 61
6. TESTING
LOAD TESTING 63
7. ALTERNATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS 63

5
1. GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE
LI SCOPE
This Code of Practice deals with the structural use of concrete in buildings. In the case of service reservoirs
and tanks
tanks used for
for the storage of aqueous liquids the recommendations ofof this
this code should
should be modified by the
specific requirements given in BS 5337. This code covers the structural use of reinforced concrete, prestressed
specific
concrete and precast
concrete precast concrete, the component materials of which are explicitly specified
specified in the Building
(Construction) Regulations. Two design options, namely namely the working
working stress method as
as specified
specified in this Code
limit state
or the.limit, statemethod
method as as given in the alternative recommendations of Clause 7. However, recommenda-
tions for
for the limit state method should not be used with recommendations
recommendations for working
working stress
stress design in the
same building unless compatibility of the two designs
designs can be demonstrated.
It has been assumed in the drafting of of this Code that the design of reinforced, prestressed precast
prestressed and precast
concrete is entrusted to registered structural engineers, for whose
concrete whose guidance it has been prepared, and that the
execution of
of the work is carried out under proper supervision.
1.2 BRITISH
1.2 STANDARDS AND
BRITISH STANDARDS CODES OF
AND CODES OF PRACTICE
PRACTICE
Any reference
reference to a British
British Standards Institution publication should be construed as
as follows:—
included in the reference, the reference
(1) where a date is included reference is to the edition of that date, together with any
amendments, supplements and addenda published
published at 30th June, 1986;
(2) where no date is included in the reference, the reference
reference is to the edition current at 30th June, 1986
together with any amendments, supplements and addenda published at that date;
(3) any reference to any
any publication is a reference to so much only
only as
as is relevant in the
the context
context in which such
is quoted.
a publication is quoted.

2.
2, DESIGN: OBJECTIVES
DESIGN: OBJECTIVES AND
AND GENERAL
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
The purpose of design is to ensure
ensure an
an adequate
adequate factor of safety
safety against
against the structure that is being
being designed
becoming unfit
unfit for the use for which it is being designed.
designed.
2.1 BASIC REQUIREMENTS
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
STABILITY
2.1.1 STABILITY
The strength of the
The the structure should be sufficient
sufficient to withstand the design loads
loads taking due account of
the possibility of overturning or buckling caused by elastic
elastic or plastic
plastic instability, having due regard
regard to
effects of sway when appropriate.
the effects appropriate.
The structure should be designed
The designed to support
support loads caused
caused by normal function, but there should be a
reasonable probability
reasonable probability that it will not collapse
collapse catastrophically
catastrophically under the effect
effect of misuse or accident.
accident.
The layout of the structure on plan, and the interaction
The interaction between
between the structural members, should
should be
such as to ensure
ensure a robust
robust and stable
stable design. No structure
structure can be expected
expected to be resistant to excessive
loads or forces
loads forces that could arise
arise due to an
an extreme cause,
cause, but it should
should not be damaged
damaged to an extent
extent
disproportionate to the original
disproportionate original cause.
cause.
In addition, due toto the
the nature of a particular occupancy
occupancy or use of a structure
structure it may be necessary
necessary in
the design concept or aa design reappraisal
the reappraisal to consider the effect
effect of a particular hazard and to ensure
ensure
that, in the event of an
an accident,
accident, there is an acceptable
acceptable probability of the structure
structure remaining after the
the
damaged condition.
event, even if in a damaged
STIFFNESS
2.1.2 STIFFNESS '
Structural members should possess adequate
Structural adequate stiffness
stiffness to prevent such deflection or deformation
deformation as
might impair the strength or efficiency
efficiency of
of the structure, or produce
produce cracks in finishes or in partitions.
The structure as
The as aa whole
whole should possess adequate stiffness
stiffness such that the maximum
maximum lateral deflection
due solely to wind forces
forces does not exceed 1/500
1/500 of the building height.
height.
2.1.3 FIRE RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE
members should possess the following
Structural members following properties
properties when subjected to to fire: retention
retention of
strength, resistance to penetration
structural strength, of flames, and resistance to heat transmission.
penetration of transmission.

1
 DURABILITY
2.1.4 DURABILITY
The concrete cover to the reinforcement
reinforcement and the cement content of the concrete should meet the
durability requirements of the structures. Where exceptionally
exceptionally severe environments are encountered,
however,
however, additional precautions may be necessary, and specialist literature should be consulted with
respect to each particular environment.
2.1.5 VIBRATION
there is a likelihood of a structure being subjected to vibration from causes such
Where there such as wind forces
measures should be taken to prevent
or machinery, measures prevent discomfort or alarm, damage to the structure or
interference with its proper function. Limits to the levellevel of vibration that may be acceptable are
certain circumstances, it may be necessary to isolate the source
described in specialised literature. In certain source of
vibration or, alternatively, to isolate a part or the whole of the structure. Special consideration may be
necessary for flexible elements
elements of the structure.
2.1.6
2. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE,
1.6 EFFECTS TEMPERATURE, CREEP, SHRINKAGE
SHRINKAGE AND DIFFERENTIAL MOVEMENT
given
Where the environment or the material of a structure so demands, due consideration should be given
to the effects
effects of temperature, differential movement.
temperature, creep, shrinkage and differential
FATIGUE
2.1.7 FATIGUE
When the imposed loadload on a structure is predominantly cyclic in character,
character, it may be necessary to
effects of fatigue.
consider the effects
OTHER REQUIREMENTS
2.1.8 OTHER REQUIREMENTS
Structures designed for unusual or special functions should comply with any
any additional requirements
pertaining to the proper
proper functioning
functioning of the structures.
OF DESIGN
2.1.9 BASIS OF DESIGN
The
The method of design should accord with the laws of mechanics and the general
general principles relating
to the design of
of reinforced or prestressed concrete.
concrete. Due account should be taken of the worst
combination of loads,
combination loads, stresses
stresses and deformations
deformations at
at different
different construction
construction stages.
stages.
2.2 LOADS
The design dead, imposed and wind loads should be in accordance
accordance with the Building (Construction)
Regulations. Other loads such as
as floatation
floatation and earth pressure should be adequately designed for.
For ordinary construction reinforced or prestressed concrete may be taken as 2 400 kg/m 3,
construction the density of reinforced
but where the amount of steel exceeds 2% some greater
greater weight may be more appropriate.
2.3 MATERIALS
MATERIALS
The properties used for
The material properties for the purpose of design should be obtained from Fig. 2.
2.11 to Fig. 2.3 and Table
Table
2.1. Idealised
Idealised properties
properties adopted
adopted in subsequent
subsequent clauses may also be used.

Table
Table 2.1
2.1 Short
Short term elastic
elastic modulus
modulus of
of concrete
concrete

Strength
Strength of
of Concrete
Concrete at the
at the ,, , r ? T .. ., -
Appropriate Age or Modulus
Modulus ofrtEiastlClty
of ElasticityECEc
Appropriate or Stage Considered
MPa MPa
20 18900
18 900
25 20200
20 200
30 21700
21 700
35 22 900
40 24 000
45 26000
26 000

8
 0.67fcu
0,67fcu
T

Note: Units of feu, uw

Note: Units
Elastic Modulus
and Elastic Modulus
in MPa

Compressive
Compressive
Stress
Stress

Strain 0.0035
0,0035

2.11 Short term

Fig. 2, term stress-strain
stress-strain curve for normal weight concrete
concrete (bracketed values apply to Clause
Clause 7)

Stress
Tension
Tension
1.8 Pst

200000 MPa

Strain

Compression
1.8 Psc

Short term
Fig. 2.2 Short design stress-strain
term design stress-strain curve
curve for
for reinforcement
reinforcement

9
 characteristic fu
0.8 fu strength
/ strength
/ /
I
/
/
Stress
(tensile)
(tensile)
!
I 205 000 MPa for wire to section
section two of BS 5896;
5896:1980
1980
I 195 000 MPa for strand
195 strand to section three
three ofBS
of BS 5896:1980
I rolled or rolled, stretched
stretched and
/ 206 000 MPa for roiled
/ / tempered bars
tempered bars to BS 4486
/ 165 000 MPa for
165 for rolled and stretched
stretched bars
bars to
to BS 4486

0.005 Strain
Strain

Fig. 2.3 Short term design stress-strain

stress-strain curve for prestressing tendons

3. DESIGN
3. DESIGN AND DETAILING: REINFORCED
AND DETAILING: REINFORCED CONCRETECONCRETE
GENERAL
3.1 GENERAL
SCOPE
3.1.1 SCOPE
section gives methods of analysis and design which will
This section will in general
general ensure that, for reinforced
structures, the objectives set
concrete structures, set out in Section 2 are met. Other methods may
may be used provided
provided
that they can be shown to be satisfactory for the type of structure or member
member considered. In certain
cases, the assumptions
assumptions made
made in this Section may be inappropriate and a more
more suitable method should
be adopted
adopted having regard to the nature of the structure in question.
NOTATION
3.1.2 NOTATION
The notations
The notations used in this Code have the
the following meanings unless otherwise
otherwise defined:
b is the breadth
breadth of the compression flange,
of the section,
d is the overall depth of
ECc is the modulus of elasticity of concrete,
E
Ess is the modulus of elasticity of steel,
ratio == ESs /ECc ,
m is the modular ratio
the moment of resistance of the
Mrr is the the section, •
u ww is the specified grade
grade strength of concrete,
concrete,
ut is the specified
specified minimum
minimum cube
cube strength at transfer for concrete
concrete cubes
cubes made in accordance
accordance with the
requirements of BS1881,
BS1881, but cured under similar conditions
conditions to the concrete
concrete in the works.
3.1.3 ELASTIC METHODMETHOD AND LOAD FACTOR FACTOR METHOD
METHOD OF DESIGNDESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECT SUBJECT
TO BENDING
TO BENDING AND DIRECT FORCE FORCE
The elastic theory is concerned with the equilibrium at working stresses of the forces and moments due
to the actual loads,
loads, the working stresses being thethe ultimate stresses reduced by a factor of safety.
The joad
The load Jactor method is concerned
factor method concerned with the equilibrium
equilibrium at ultimate stresses of the
the forces and
moments due to the actual loads multiplied by a load load factor. In order
order to avoid
avoid the confusion
confusion of having
different from the elastic
loads and stresses different elastic method, the loadload factor method was modified
modified and
introduced in terms of working stresses specified for
introduced for the elastic theory with the difference
difference that the
plastic relations for
plastic stress-strain relations for ultimate conditions
conditions were to be assumed in place of the elastic relation
of Hooke’s
Hooke's law appropriate
appropriate to working loads in the elastic theory.
The method of design should accord with with the laws of mechanics and the general principles relating
to the design of reinforced concrete.
concrete.
It may be assumed that:
at any cross-section plane sections remain plane,
(1) at plane, and
(2) all tensile stresses are taken by the reinforcement concrete may be assumed to
reinforcement except that the concrete
resist diagonal
diagonal tension
tension within the limits of shear stress specified
specified for
for concrete
concrete in Clause
Clause 3.1.4.

10
10
 The strength of members may be assessed by the commonly employed elastic theory which makes
The
the further assumption that steel and concrete are elastic within the range of the permissible stresses
stresses
Clauses 3.1.4 and 3.1.5, and that the modular ratio m is equal to 15.
given in Clauses
Alternatively an inelastic analysis based on the short-term stress-strain curves derived derived from the
design strengths of materials given in Clause 2.3 2,3 or the load-factor method described
described in Clause 3.2.6
Sub-clause 3.
and Sub-clause 3.3.2(4)
3.2(4) may be adopted,
adopted, in which the basic requirement
requirement is that there
there should be a
suitable load factor (i.e. the ratio
ratio of the ultimate
ultimate strength of the member to its design load). The design
recommendations given in this Code may be taken as applicable whichever
recommendations whichever method is used except
except
where indicated otherwise.
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
3.1.4 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETECONCRETE
The compressive, shear and bond
The stresses in reinforced
bond stresses reinforced concrete should not exceed those shown as as
appropriate for
appropriate for each grade of concrete
concrete in Table
Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Permissible

Table Permissible stresses
stresses in concrete
concrete

Compressive Shear Bond

Grade of
Concrete
Concrete Due to
Direct Flexural Torsional Average Local
bending
Pec
Pcc Pcb Pv
Pv Pt Pba Pbl
Pbi
MPa
MPa MPa
MPa MPa
MPa MPa
MPa MPa
MPa MPa
20 5.0 6.7 0.67 0.16 0.80 1.20
1.20
25 6.3 8.3 0.77 0.17 0.90 1.34
1.34
30 7.5 10.0
10.0 0.87 0.18 1.00
1.00 1.47
1.47
35 8.8 11.7
11.7 0.90 0.19 1.00
1.00 1.50
1.50
40 10.0
10.0 13.3
13.3 0.90 0.20 1.00 1.50
1.50
45 11.3
11.3 15.0
15.0 0.90 0.21 1.00
1.00 1.50
1.50
For modifications
For modifications to
to. the permissible stresses
stresses given in this Table
Table see:
forces
Clause 3.1.6 for wind forces
Sub-clause 3.1.10(10) for
Sub-clause for bond
bond stresses where deformed bars are used
Sub-clause 3.2.
Sub-clause 3.2.1(2) for slender
1(2) for slender beams
beams
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
3.1.5 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN REINFORCEMENT
REINFORCEMENT
General
(1) General
The tensile and compressive stresses in steel reinforcement
The reinforcement should
should not exceed those
those shown as
appropriate for
appropriate for each designation
designation of stress in Table
Table 3.2.
stress
(2) Tensile stress
In determining the permissible tensile stress, regard should be given to the the need for
for avoiding
undesirable cracking.
undesirable cracking. Lower
Lower limits than thosethose given in TableTable 3.2
3.2 may have to be adopted
adopted in
circumstances of exposure
circumstances exposure to corrosive
corrosive influences.
(3) Compressive stresses
stresses
reinforcement in beams
Compressive stresses in reinforcement beams or slabs may may be calculated
calculated as
as follows:
assistance to the concrete,
(a) As giving assistance concrete, using the elastic theory or, alternatively, on a
load-factor basis. In the former case the steel stress should be 15
load-factor 15 times the stress
stress in the
concrete at thethe same distance
distance from
from the
the neutral axis provided
provided the
the steel stress does not exceed
set out in Table
that set Table 3.2. For
For steel stresses when the load-factor basis of calculation is used, used,
3.2.6.
see Clause 3.2.6.
(b) As taking
(b) taking the whole compression,
compression, when the the stresses given in Table
Table 3.2
3.2 should be used.
3.1.6 INCREASE
INCREASE OF PERMISSIBLEPERMISSIBLE STRESSESSTRESSES DUE SOLELY SOLELY TO TO WIND
WIND FORCES
FORCES
The
The permissible stresses in concrete
concrete and in the reinforcement
reinforcement may exceed those given in Clauses Clauses 3.1.3
3.1.3
and 3.1.4 respectively
respectively by not moremore than 25% provided that:
(1) such excess
excess is solely due to stresses induced by wind wind loading,
loading, and
(2) in no case does the stress in the reinforcement exceed 250 MPa.
the reinforcement MPa.
Where
Where thethe stress-strain curves in Figs.
Figs. 2.
2.11 and 2.2
2.2 are used to assess the the strength
strength of
of the
the section,
section, uww, pscsc
and
and pstst may
may be replaced by 1.25 1.25 uww, 1.25
1.25 p sc and 1.25
1.25 ppstst respectively
respectively provided that 1.251.25 ppstst will not
not
exceed 250 MPa.
exceed MPa.

11
11
Table 3.2
Table 3.2 Permissible stresses in
Permissible stresses steel reinforcement
in steel reinforcement

Grade 460/425 steel

to BS 4449 and
Stress
Type of Stress Grade 250 steel to BS 4449 all steel complying
with BS 4461
or BS 4482
MPa MPa
Tensile stress other than in shear
shear
reinforcement (psEtt)) 140
140 230
Tensile stress in shear reinforcement ((ppsv ) 140
140 175
175
(psc)
Compressive stress (psJ 125 175

For modifications
For modifications to the permissible tensile stresses given above, see:
Clause 3.1.6 for wind forces.
modifications to the permissible compressive stresses given above, see:
For modifications
3.1.5(3)
Sub-clause 3. 1.5(3) for beams or slabs designed on elastic theory,
Clause 3.1.6
3.1.6 for wind forces,
forces,
Clause 3.2.6 for beam or slab sections designed on a load-factor basis.
COVER
3.1.7 COVER
Subject to fire resistance other statutory requirements, reinforcement should have
resistance requirements or other
concrete cover and the thickness of such cover (exclusive of plaster or other decorative finish) should
be:
for each end of a reinforcing
(1) for bar, not less than 25 mm nor less than 2 times the diameter of
reinforcing bar,
such bar;
(2) for a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column, not less than 40 mm nor less than the diameter of
such bar. In the case of columns with a minimum dimension
dimension of 200 mm or under, whose bars do
not exceed 12 mm diameter, 25 mm cover may be used;
bar in a beam, not less
(3) for a longitudinal reinforcing bar less than 25 mm nor
nor less than the diameter of
bar;
such bar;
compressive, shear or other reinforcement in a slab, not less than 1155 mm nor less than
(4) for tensile, compressive,
the diameter of such reinforcement;
(5) for any other reinforcement not less than 1155 mm nor less
less than the diameter of such reinforcement;
3.1.8 DISTANCE
3.1.8 DISTANCE BETWEEN
BETWEEN BARS
horizontal distance
The horizontal distance between two parallel steel reinforcements in reinforced concrete should
usually, except at splices,
splices, be not less than the greatest
greatest of the three following distances:
distances:
(1) the diameter of either bar if their diameters be equal;
(2) the diameter of the larger bar if their diameters be unequal;
(3) 5 mm more than the nominal maximum size
size, of the coarse aggregate
aggregate used in the concrete.
concrete.
A greater distance
distance should be provided where convenient. Where immersion vibratorsvibrators are intended
to be used, however, the horizontal
horizontal distance between bars of a group
group may be reduced to 2/3 of the
2/3,of
nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregate provided that a sufficient
sufficient space
space is left between-
between\ groups
of bars to enable the vibrator to be inserted;
inserted; this would normally be a space
space of
of 75 mm.
The vertical distance between two horizontal
horizontal main steel reinforcements, or the corresponding
corresponding distance
at right angles to two inclined main steel reinforcements, should be not less than 115
5 mm or the nominal
maximum size of aggregate, whichever is the greater, greater, except at splices or where one of such
reinforcements is transverse
reinforcements transverse to the other.
When the overall depth
depth of a beam exceeds
exceeds 750 mm, longitudinal bars should be provided over a
distance of 2/3 of the overall depth
depth from
from the tension face. This reinforcement should be positioned
near the side faces and be spaced
spaced at not more than 250 mm. The The area of these side bars at each face
should not be less
less than 0.2% for Grade 250 steel and 0.12% for Grade 460/425 steel, of the
area of the beam. The cross-sectional
cross-sectional area cross-sectional area of the beam may be taken as the overall
depth times the breadth
breadth of the rib.

12
12
 The pitch of the main
main bars in a reinforced
reinforced concrete solid slab should
should be not more than 3 times the
effective depth of such slab.
effective
The pitch of distribution bars in aa reinforced concrete
concrete solid
solid slab should be not more than 5 times the
effective depth of such slab.
effective
3.1.9 STIFFNESS
3.1.9 STIFFNESS OF MEMBERS
(1)) General
(1 General
Reinforced concrete
concrete should possess adequate stiffness
stiffness to prevent
prevent such deflection or deformation
efficiency of the structure, or produce cracks in finishes or in
as might impair the strength or efficiency
partitions.
For all normal cases it may be assumed
For assumed that the stiffness
stiffness will
will be satisfactory if, for members with
steel stresses not more than 140
140 MPa
MPa and concrete stresses not more than 10 10 MPa, the ratio of
span to overall depth does not exceed the values given in Table 3.3; if, for for members
members with steel
greater than 140
stresses greater 140 MPa stresses greater than 10
MPa or concrete stresses 10 MPa, the ratio of of span to
overall depth does not
not exceed 90% of the values given in Table 3.3; and if, for members with steel
stresses greater
stresses greater than 140
140 MPa concrete stresses
MPa and concrete stresses greater than 10 10 MPa, the
the ratio of span to
Table 3.3.
overall depth does not exceed 85% of the values given in Table

Table 3.3
Table 3.3 Permissible values
Permissible values of
of span/depth
span/depth ratio
ratio of
of beams and slabs
beams and slabs

overall depth
Ratio of span to overall
Beams
beams
Simply supported beams 20
Continuous beams 25
beams
Cantilever beams 10
10
Slabs
Slabs
spanning in one direction,
Slabs spanning direction, simply supported 30
direction, continuous
Slabs spanning in one direction, continuous 35
Slabs spanning in two direction,
Slabs direction, simply supported
supported 35
Slabs spanning in two direction,
Slabs direction, continuous 40
Cantilever slabs
Cantilever slabs 12
12

(2) Moment of inertia

For the purposes
purposes of calculating bending moments in continuous structures, the moment of inertia
may.be
may estimated by considering:
be estimated considering:
(a) the
(a) the entire concrete
concrete section, ignoring the reinforcement; or
or
(6) the entire concrete
(b) concrete section,
section, including the reinforcement,
reinforcement, on the basis of
of the modular ratio, or
compression area
(c) the compression area of the concrete
concrete section,
section, combined with the reinforcement on the basis
basis
the modular ratio.
of the ratio.
method is adopted
Whichever method adopted for the beams
beams the same method should be used for the columns.
3 J. 10 BOND
3.1.10 BOND AND
AND ANCHORAGE
ANCHORAGE
(1) Bars in tension
tension
A bar in tension
tension should extend from
from any
any section for
for a distance
distance to the
the end
end of the bar such that the
average bond
bond stress does not exceed the the permissible bond stress given in Clause
bond stress Clause 3.1.3. This
condition will be satisfied
condition satisfied if the length measured from such
such section is not less than:
the tensile stress in the bar
the bar diameter x
bar diameter the tensile stress in the bar --------
the permissible average
4 times the average bond stress
stress
The
The bar should
should extend
extend at least
least 12
12 bar diameters beyond
beyond the point at which it is no longer required
required
to resist stress.
For the
the purpose
purpose of this clause, the length
length of the bar so
the bar so determined
determined may
may have deducted from
from it aa length
length
equivalent
equivalent to the value of
of the hook as
as given in Sub-clause
Sub-clause 3.1,10(5)
3.LI0(5) but no deduction should then bebe
made for
made for the
the length
length of
of the bar contained
contained in the
the hook.

13
13
(2) Local bond stress
The local bond
bond stress
stress may exceed the permissible
permissible average bond stress
stress given in Clause 3,1.4,
3.1.4, but
should not at any point exceed the permissible local bond stress
stress given in that clause.
clause.
V
Local bond stress
stress fy
fw = ——
——
djo
d[O
Where V is the total shear across the section,
effective depth to the tensile reinforcement;
di is the effective reinforcement;
the perimeters
o is the sum of the perimeters of the bars in the tensile
tensile reinforcements.
In members of variable depth the effect
effect of the change in depth should
should be taken into account in
stress.
calculating the bond stress,
anchorages
(3) Hooks and other anchorages
Hooks
Hooks and other anchorages of reinforcement
reinforcement should be of such
such form, dimensions
dimensions and
arrangement as will ensure their adequacy without over-stressing
over-stressing the concrete or other anchorage
material.
(4) Dimensions of hooks
Where hooks are formed in Grade 250 steel bars; the internal radius of the bend should be at least
the diameter
2 times the diameter of the
the bar except where
where the hook fits over a main
main reinforcing
reinforcing or other
adequate anchor bar, when the radius
radius of the bend may be reduced to that of such
such bar. The
The length
of straight bar beyond
beyond the end of the curve should be at least 4 times the diameter of the bar.
bar.
formed in Grade 460/425
Where hooks are formed 460/425 bars,
bars, the internal radius
radius of the bend should be at least
diameter for
3 times the diameter for bars less than 25 mm in diameter and 4 times the diameter for for bars of
25mm or more in diameter.
diameter. The length of straight bar beyond the end of the curve should be at
least 4 times the diameter of the bar.
(5) Anchorage value of bends
A bend in a reinforcing bar may be assumed
assumed to have an anchorage value equivalent to a length of
bar equal to 4 times the diameter of the bar for each 45 degrees through which the bar is bent;
provided that:
(a) the radius of the bend be not
not less than 2 times the diameter
diameter of the bar;
bar;
(b) the length of the straight part of the bar beyond the end of
(b) of the curve be at least 4 times the
bar;
diameter of the bar;
(c) whatever be the angle
(c) angle through which the bar is bent, the assumed
assumed anchorage
anchorage value should
more than equivalent
not be taken as more equivalent to a length of bar equal to 16
16 times the
the diameter
diameter of the
bar.
Thus, a U-hook
U-hook may be credited with a resistance
resistance equivalent
equivalent to that of a straight bar of a length
length of
16 bar diameters, and an L-hook
L-hook with
with 88 diameters.
diameters.
(6) Bearing stresses in bends
In.bends
In bends in reinforcing bars, the local stress on the concrete may be increased to 3 times the
bars, the the value
permitted in Clause 3.L4
3.1.4 for the concrete in direct
direct compression.
compression.
(7) Links in beams and transverse ties in columns
Notwithstanding
Notwithstanding anyany of the provisions of this
this Code,
Code, in the case of links and transverse ties,
bond length and anchorage may be deemed to have been provided
complete bond provided when the bar is bent
through anan angle of at least 90° round a bar of at least its own
own diameter;
diameter; and the link or tie is
continued beyond the end of the curve for
continued for aa length of at least 8 diameters
diameters or, alternatively,
alternatively,
180° with the link or tie continued
through an angle of 180° continued beyond
beyond the end of
of the curve for
for aa length of
at least 4 bar diameters.
at diameters.
compression
(8) Bars in compression
should extend from any section for a distance
A bar in compression should distance such that the average
average bond
bond
stress does not exceed the permissible bond
bond stress given in Clause
Clause 3.1.4 by more
more than 25%. This
This
condition will be satisfied if the length
length measured
measured from such section is not
not less than:
the com ressive stress in the bar
the bar
the bar diameter
diameter xx P
the compressive stress in the bar
average bond
5 times the permissible average bond stress
stress
The
The bar should
should extend at least 1122 bar
bar diameters
diameters beyond the point
point at
at which it is no longer
longer required
to resist stress.
resist stress.

14
14
 (9) Laps
Laps in bars
(a)
(а) General. Laps
Laps in bars in any member
member should be staggered.
staggered.
(b)
(б) Bars
Bars in tension. The length of laps in bars
bars in tension should be not less than:
should than:
i l, ., t.
j. ± the
the tensile stress
stress in the bar
diameter x —~ -------------r-— -------------------------
the bar diameter
average bond stress
4 times the permissible average
or 30 bar diameters,
diameters, whichever is the greater.
greater.
(c)
(C) Bars
Bars in
in compression.
compression. The length
length of lap in bars
bars in compression
compression should be not
not less than:
, , ,. „ the
the compressive stress
stress in
in the
the bar
the bar
the — ^ .— , - - - -■-------r — ; -------
diameter xx — -------——
bar diameter
the permissible
5 times the permissible average
average bond
bond stress
or 24
or 24 bar
bar diameters,
diameters, whichever
whichever is the greater.
greater.
(10) Deformed bars
Deformed bars
For deformed
For deformed bars, the bond
bars, the bond stresses
stresses given in Clause
Clause 3.
3.1.4 may be increassed by 25%.
1.4 may
(11) Shear
Shear reinforcement
reinforcement
All bent
All bent up bars acting
up bars acting as
as shear
shear reinforcement
reinforcement should
should be fully
fully anchored
anchored in both flanges of the
the
beam,
beam, the anchorage length
the anchorage length being measured
measured from
from the end of the sloping portion of the bar.
3.1.11 CONTINUITY
3.1.11 CONTINUITY JOINTS JOINTS IN REINFORCEMENT
REINFORCEMENT
General
(1) General
Reinforcement
Reinforcement may may be jointed
jointed by welding provided
provided that the types of steel (including
(including ‘weldable’
'weldable'
and ‘readily
and 'readily weldable’
weldable' reinforcement
reinforcement at defined in BS 4449 and BS 4461) have the required required
welding properties,
welding properties, oror with
with aa mechanical
mechanical device. The joints should should occur,
occur, if possible, away fromfrom
points
points ofof high
high stress
stress or
or at bends in reinforcement,
reinforcement, and should preferably
preferably be staggered so that not
more than
more than 50%
50% of of the
the joints occur at any one point.
joints occur point. For
For joints to be considered
joints to considered as as staggered,
staggered, the
distance between
distance between them
them must
must not
not be less than
than the
the end anchorage
anchorage length
length of the bar.
bar. Welded joints
joints
should not
should not be used where
where the imposed load is predominantly nature. Where
predominantly cyclic in nature. Where the the stress in
the bar
bar atat the
the joint entirely compressive, the load
joint is entirely load may
may be transferred
transferred by end bearing
bearing of square
square
sawn-cut ends
sawn-cut ends held
held in concentric
concentric contact
contact by suitable
suitable sleeves or mechanical devices.
(2) Welded joints
joints
Where the strength of the
Where the strength the weld had
had been proved
proved by tests toto be
be at
at least as
as strong asas the parent
parent bar,
the permissible tensile and compressive
the compressive forces of joints
joints may be taken respectively as as 80%
80% of thethe
permissible tensile force and 100% 100% of of the
the permissible compressive
compressive force of the bar provided
provided thatthat
the welding
the operations are
welding operations are carried
carried out under strict supervision
under strict supervision or special welding technique
technique are
employed. In both cases
employed. cases notnot more
more than 20% 20% of of the
the tensile reinforcement
reinforcement at any cross-section
cross-section
should be welded.
should welded. Special consideration
consideration should
should be given to the design of welded lapped lapped joints.
joints.
(3) Mechanical
Mechanical devices
The detailed
The detailed design
design of
of the sleeve and the method
method of manufacture and assembly should should be such
such asas
to ensure that the endsends of thethe two bars cancan be accurately
accurately aligned intointo the sleeve.
sleeve. The
The strength
strength and
deformation characteristics
deformation characteristics should
should be determined
determined by tests the results of which should should be used as as
basis for
basis for assessment
assessment of of permissible loads.
loads. Where there
there is aa risk of threaded
threaded connection
connection working
working
loose, e.g.
loose, e.g. during
during vibration
vibration of in-situ
in-situ concrete,
concrete, aa locking
locking device should
should be provided.
provided. The concrete
concrete
cover provided
provided for the the sleeve should
should not be less than
than that specified forfor normal
normal reinforcement.
reinforcement.
3.2 BEAMS AND SLABS
3.2 SLABS
GENERAL
3.2.1 GENERAL
Effective span
(1) Effective span
The effective
The effective span,
span, L, of a beam or slabslab should
should be taken
taken asas the
the lesser of
of the two following:
following:
(a)
(fl) the distance
distance between
between the centres of bearings; or
the centres
(b) the clear
(b) clear distance
distance between
between supports
supports plus the
the effective
effective depth of the beam
beam or slab,
slab, the
the effective
effective
depth being the
depth the distance
distance between
between the
the centre
centre of tension
tension and
and the
the edge of the the compression
compression
section.
Slender beams
(2) Slender beams
Where thethe length
length L L of
of aa beam between lateral
lateral restraints
restraints exceeds 30 30 times the
the breadth
breadth b ofof its
its
compression flange, the the maximum depthdepth of beam
beam which may may be considered in design should should not
exceed 88 times this
this breadth,
breadth, andand the maximum
maximum compressive
compressive stress in the the concrete
concrete should
should not
the product
exceed the product of thethe permissible compressive
compressive stress
stress due toto bending
bending given in Clause 3.1.43.1.4 and
and
the appropriate
the appropriate coefficient given in Table 3.4. Intermediate
Intermediate values of of the
the coefficient
coefficient may
may be
obtained by linear
obtained linear interpolation.
interpolation,

15-
15
Table 3.4
Table 3.4 Stress reduction
Stress reduction coefficient
coefficient for
for slender
slender beams
beams

Slenderness ratio L/b 30 40 50 60

Coefficient
Coefficient 1.00
1.00 0.75
0.75 0.50 0.25
0.25

The permissible reinforcement should be reduced

permissible stresses in compression reinforcement reduced in the same ratio.
Where a beam is subjected
subjected to load in the direction
direction of its length, the reduction coefficient
coefficient should be
modified as follows. If the ratio of the bending moment to the load is less than 5d (where d is the
modified
coefficient should be that given for columns in Table 3.9; if this ratio is greater
overall depth) the coefficient
or equal to 5d the coefficient
coefficient should
should be that for beams given in Table
Table 3.4;
In slender beams, resistance of the
beams, the shear resistance the concrete should be ignored, the whole shearing
resistance being provided by shear reinforcement.
reinforcement.
Minimum reinforcement in slabs
(3) Minimum
reinforced concrete slabs the area of tensile
In solid reinforced tensile reinforcement,
reinforcement, expressed as
as a percentage of
the gross
gross cross-sectional
cross-sectional area of the
the concrete, should not be less than:
0.25 where plain bars are used; or
0.15 where deformed
0.15where deformed bars, or
high-yield wire-mesh, are used.
reinforcement provided
The amount of reinforcement at right angles to the main reinforcement, expressed as
provided at
percentage of
a percentage of the
the gross cross-sectional
cross-sectional area
area of the concrete, should not be less than:
than:
0.15 where plain bars are used; or
0.12 where deformed bars,
bars, or
high-yield wire-mesh, are used.
Compression reinforcement
(4) Compression reinforcement in beams
compression reinforcement
The compression reinforcement should be effectively
effectively anchored
anchored in two directions at right angles
over the distance
distance where it is required to act in compression,
compression, at points not
not further apart, centre to
centre, than 1122 times the diameter of the anchored bar. The subsidiary reinforcement
centre, reinforcement used for this
purpose should pass round,
round, or be hooked over,
over, both the compressive
compressive and tensile reinforcement.
reinforcement.
compression should preferably not exceed 4% but, if it does, only 4%
The amount of steel in compression
should be allowed for in the calculation of the resistance moment of
of the beam. This percentage
calculated as follows:
should be calculated
(a) in rectangular beams, on the total cross-sectional
cross-sectional area;
(b) in T-beams or L-beams, on an
(b) an area equal to the total depth multiplied
multiplied by width of the rib.
(5) T-Beams
In T-beams the breadth
breadth of the flange assumed as
as taking
taking compression should not exceed the least
of the following:
(a) 1/3
(a) 1/3 of the
the effective
effective span
span of the T-beam;
T-beam;
(b) the distance between the centres of the ribs of the T-beams;
(b) T-beams;
(c) the breadth of the rib plus 12
12 times the thickness of the slab.
(6) L-beams
In L-beams, the breadth of the flange assumed as taking compression
compression should not
not exceed the least
of
of the following:
(a) 1/6
1/6 of the effective
effective span of the L-beams;
L-beams;
(b) the breadth of the rib plus 11/2
(b) /2 of the clear distance
distance between ribs;
(c)
(c) the breadth of the rib plus 4 times the thickness of the slab.
slab.
When a part
part of a slab is considered
considered as the flange of
of a T-beam or L-beaxn,
L-beam, the reinforcement
reinforcement in the
slab
slab transverse to the beam should cross the full
full breadth of the flange. Where the
the slab is assumed
to be spanning independently in the samesame direction as as the beam,
beam, such transverse
transverse reinforcement
reinforcement
should.be
should be near
near the top
top surface of the slab.
slab.
The quantity of such reinforcement
reinforcement should
should be related to the shear
shear stress
stress in the slab produced
produced by
its acting
acting as
as the
the compression member
member ofof the T-beam oror L-beam and should
should not be less than 0.3%
of the longitudinal
longitudinal cross-sectional area
area of the flange.

16
 Effect of wear
(7) Effect
If the surface of a concrete slab is not adequately
adequately protected by a suitable finish against the effect
effect of
of
wear, an
wear, an appropriate
appropriate addition should be made to the structural thickness
thickness required.
BENDING MOMENTS
3.2.2 BENDING MOMENTS
Bending moments in beams and slabs should be calculated for
for the effective
effective span
span and all loading
thereon.
thereon.
The bending moments to be provided for
The for at a cross-section of a continuous beam or slab should be the
maximum positive and negative moments at such cross-section, allowing,
allowing, in both cases, if so desired,
for the reduced moments due to the width of the supports, for
for the following arrangements of imposed
loadings:
loadings:
(1) alternate spans loaded and all other spans unloaded;
other spans unloaded;
(2) any two adjacent spans loaded and all other unloaded;
Nevertheless,
Nevertheless, except where the approximate values for for bending moments given in assumption (3) of
Clause 3.2.3 are used, the negative
negative moments at the supports for any assumed arrangement of loading
may each be increased
increased or decreased
decreased by not more
more than 1010 per cent, provided
provided that these modified
negative moments are used for
for the
the calculation
calculation of the corresponding
corresponding moments in the spans.
The computation of bending moments in beams and slabs is dealt with in Clauses 3.2.3 and 3.2.4.

BENDING MOMENTS
3.2.3 BENDING MOMENTS IN BEAMS AND SLABS SPANNING IN ONE DIRECTION
DIRECTION
beams and slabs spanning in one direction
The bending moments in beams direction may be calculated on one of the
assumptions:
following assumptions:
(1) Beams may be designed as members of a continuous framework, with monolithic connection
connection
between the
the beams and columns, and the bending moments
moments calculated taking into account the
resistance of the
the columns to bending. Where beams
beams are framed into external columns they should
should
be designed to resist bending moments in combination with the columns in conformity with
Sub-clause 3.3.2(2).
designed as
(2) Beams and slabs may be designed as continuous over supports and capable of free
free rotation about
about
them. Nevertheless,
Nevertheless, where the supports
supports to beams or slabs
slabs are
are monolithic with them and stiff
stiff in
relation to them, it is preferable to design the beams
relation beams or slabs
slabs with due regard to such stiffness.
stiffness.
(3) Unless more exact estimates are made, the bending moments in uniformly loaded beams and slabs
more approximately equal spans may be assumed to
continuous over three or more to have the values
Table 3.5.
given in Table
spans may be considered
Two spans considered as
as approximately equal when they do not differ
differ by more
more than 15%
15% of
the longer
the longer span.
span.
For the
the purpose calculating moments in beams or slabs
purpose of calculating slabs in a monolithic structure, itit will usually be
sufficiently accurate
sufficiently accurate to assume that members
members connected to the
the ends of
of such beams or slabs are fixed in
position direction at the
position and direction the ends of such members remote from their connections with the beam beam or
slab.

Table 35
Table 3.5 Approximate values
Approximate of bending
values of bending moments
moments in uniformly
uniformly loaded
loaded beams and
and slabs
slabs continuous
continuous
three or
over three or more
more approximately
approximately equal
equal spans
spans

At support At middle
At At other
Near
Near middle next to end of interior interior
span
of end span support spans supports
support spans supports
■
|WWddLL WddL
W WdL WddL
W L
Moment due to dead load 1
12 10 24 12
12
,, W L
WSSL WSL . WSL L
W SL
Moment
Moment due to imposed load
load + +1
10 9 12
2“ 9

Where Wdd is the total dead load per

total dead per span;
Wss is the total imposed load per span.
W span;

17
3 2 4 BENDING
3.2.4 BENDING MOMENTS
MOMENTS IN IN SLABS
SLABS SPANNING
SPANNING IN IN TWO
TWO DIRECTIONS
DIRECTIONS AT AT RIGHT
RIGHT ANGLES
ANGLES
WITH UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS
The design
The design of
of solid
solid slabs
slabs spanning
spanning in
in two
two directions
directions at
at right
right angles,
angles, and
and of
of their
their supporting
supporting beams,
beams,
should be based on one of the three methods given below.
(1) Method 1
A purely theoretical
theoretical analysis based on elastic theory may be made.
The bending moments in the slabsslabs and beams may be calculated
calculated on the assumption that the slabs
as perfectly elastic thin plates, Poisson’s
act as Poisson's ratio being assumed equal to zero. The resistance
resistance
sections should also be calculated by the commonly employed
moment of the slabs and beam sections employed
elastic theory with m = 15.
(2) Method 2
In this method the assessment of bending moments in slabs and beams is based on theoretical
analysis amplified and adjusted in the light of experimental data, the resistance
analysis resistance moments of the
slab and beam sections
sections being calculated
calculated by the commonly employed elastic theory, with m = 15.15.
The recommendations
recommendations given in (a),
(a), (6)
(b) and (c) below may be adopted.
(a) Slabs simply
(a) supported on four
simply supported four sides. Where in the case of a simply supported slab, adequate
provision is not made to resist torsion at the
the comers
corners of the slab and to prevent the corners
from lifting, the bending moments at mid-span should be assumed to have the values given
by the following equations:
equations:
Mxx =
M = aaxxwwL
L xx2-
M
My
y wLx 2
== aOCyy WLX
2

Where M Mxx and My

M y are the bending moments at mid-span
mid-span on strips of unit width and spans Lx
and Ly Ly respectively,
the total load per unit area,
w is the
Ly is the
Ly the length of the longer side,
L is the
Lxx is the length
length of the
the shorter
shorter side,
aaxx and cty
ccy are coefficients
coefficients shown in Table
Table 3.6.

Table 3.6
Table 3.6' Bending
Bending moment
moment coefficients
coefficients for
for slabs
slabs spanning
spanning in two
two directions
directions at right
right angles
angles simply
supported on four sides
sides

Ly/L
Ly/L x
X 1.0
1.0 1,1
1.1 .1.2
1.2 1.3
1.3 1.4
1.4 1.5
1.5 1.75
1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0
ax 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118 0.122 0.124
ay 0.062
0,062 0.061 0.059
0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.020 0.014

(b)
(b) Slabs restrained on four
four sides.
(i) Where the comers
corners of a slab are prevented from lifting and adequate
adequate provision for
accordance with (v) below is made, the bending moments may be assumed to
torsion in accordance
have the values given in (iii) below,
below.
(ii) Slabs are considered as
as being divided in each direction
direction into middle strips and edge strips,
the middle strip
strip having a width
width of 3/4 of the width of the slab and each edge strip having
a width of 1/8
1/8 of the width of the
the slab,
slab, except that, for
for slabs
slabs for
for which the
the ratio of the
sides Ly/U
Ly/Lx exceeds 4.0, the middle strip in the
the short direction
direction should be taken to have a
width of LLy-L
y-Lxx and each edge strip a width of L Lx/2.
x/2.

(iii) The maximum bending moments

moments per unit width in the middle strip of a slab are given by
the following
following equations:
Mxx ==jS wLxx 22
J8xx wL
2
My =
My /?yWL
= £ yWL x 2 X

Where Mxx and M Myy are

are the maximum bending
bending moments on strips
strips of unit width in
the direction
direction of spans L xx and Ly
Ly respectively,
w is the total load per unit area,
Ly is the length of the longer side,
side,
Lxx is
is the
the length of
of the shorter
shorter side;
j8xx and
/? and /?y are coefficients
coefficients given in Table 3.7.

18
 (iv)
(i v) No reinforcement
reinforcement parallel to the adjacent edges of the slab need be inserted in the edge
edge
above that required
strips above required to' comply with Clause 3.1.8, Sub-clauses
Sub-clauses 3.2.
3.2.1(3)
1(3) and (v)
below.
(v) Torsion reinforcement should be provided at the comers of a slab except at corners
edges over both of which the slab is continuous.
contained by edges continuous.

Table 3.7
Table Bending moment
3.7 Bending moment coefficients
coefficients for rectangular
rectangular panels
panels supported on four sides
sides with provision
provision
storsion at corners
for storsion corners

coefficients j5
Short span coefficients j6xx Long span
span
— “ ' ” ‘ L ' co-efficients
-------- ---------------------- co-efficients
Type ooff panel and
panel and of -^
Values of —b /Jyfor
/L for
moments considered
considered Lx all values
L
2.0 or
2.0 r >
ofi
1.0
1.0 1.1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
1.5 1.75
1.75 more Lx

Case 1I. .Interior

Case Interior panels.
panels.
Negative moment at
Negative at
edge
continuous edge 0.033
0.033 0.040
0.040 0.045
0.045 0.050
0.050 0.054
0.054 0.059 0.071 0.083
0.083 0.033
0.033
Positive moment at
mid-span
mid-span 0.025
0.025 0.030
0.030 0.034
0.034 0.038
0.038 0.041
0.041 0.045
0.045 0.053 0.062 0.025
Case 22,. One
Case One short
short or long
edge discontinuous.
edge discontinuous.
Negative
Negative moment at
moment at
edge
continuous edge 0.041
0.041 0.047
0.047 0.053 0.057 0.061 0.065
0.065 0.075 0.085
0.085 0.041
Positive moment at
Positive
mid-span
mid-span 0.031
0.031 0.035
0.035 0.040
0.040 0.043
0.043 0.046
0.046 0.049
0.049 0.056 0.064
0.064 0.031
Case 3.
Case 3. Two
Two adjacent
adjacent
edges discontinuous.
edges discontinuous.
Negative at
Negative moment at
edge
continuous edge 0.049
0.049 0.056
0.056 0.062
0.062 0.066
0.066 0.070 0.073 0.082
0.082 0.090
0.090 0.049
0.049
Positive
Positive moment at
at
mid-span
mid-span 0.037
0.037 0.042
0.042 0.047
0.047 0.050
0.050 0.053
0.053 0.055
0.055 0.062
0.062 0.068
0.068 0.037
0.037
Case 4.
Case Two short edges
4. Two edges
discontinuous.
Negative moment at
Negative at
edge
continuous edge 0.056
0.056 0.061
0.061 0.065
0.065 0.069
0.069 0.071 0.073 0.077 0.080
0.080
Positive moment at
Positive at
mid-span
mid-span 0.044
0.044 0.046
0.046 0.049
0.049 0.051
0.051 0.053
0.053 0.055
0.055 0.058
0.058 0.060
0.060 0.044
0.044
Case 5.
Case 5. Two
Two long
long
edges discontinuous.
edges discontinuous.
Negative
Negative moment
moment at
continuous edge
continuous edge 0.056
0.056
Positive moment at
Positive
mid-span
mid-span 0.044
0.044 0.053
0.053 0.060
0.060 0.065 0.068
0.068 0.071 0.077
0.077 0.080
0.080 0.044
0.044
Case 6.
Case 6. Three
Three edges
edges
discontinuous (one
discontinuous (one short
short
edge continuous).
or long edge continuous).
Negative moment at
Negative moment
continuous edge
continuous edge 0.058
0.058 0.065
0.065 0.071
0.071 0.077 0.081
0.081 0.085
0.085 0.092
0.092 0.098
0.098 0.058
0.058
Positive
Positive moment at
moment at
mid-span
mid-span 0.044 0.049
0.049 0.054 0,058
0.058 0.061 0.064
0.064 0.069
0.069 .0.074.
0.074 0.044
0.044
Case 7.
Case 7. Four
Four edges
edges
discontinuous.
discontinuous.
Positive at
Positive moment at
mid-span
tnid-span 0.050
0.050 0.057
0.057 0.062
0.062 0.067
0.067 0.071 0.075
0.075 0.081
0.081 0.083
0.083 0.050
0.050

At corners contained by edges

At edges over
over neither
neither of
of which the
the slab is continuous,
continuous, top and
bottom reinforcement provided for
reinforcement should be provided for torsion at the corners
corners of
of the slabs. Both
top and bottom reinforcement should
should consist
consist of two layers of bars
bars placed parallel to the
the
sides of
of the
the slab and extending
extending in these
these directions for a distance of 1/5
1/5 of the shorter
span. The
span. The area of the
the bars in each
each of the 4 layers,
layers, per unit width of the slab,
slab, should be
the area required
3/4 of the required for the
the maximum positive
positive moment in the slab.
At comers
At corners contained
contained by edges over
over only one of
of which
which the
the slab is continuous,
continuous, the
torsional reinforcement
torsional may be reduced
reinforcement may reduced to 1/2
1/2 of that required
required by the
the preceeding
proceeding
paragraph.
paragraph.

19.
19
 Any
Any reinforcement
reinforcement provided for the
provided for the purpose of complying
purpose of complying with other clauses
with other clauses of
of this
this
Code may
Code may be included as
be included as part of the
part of the reinforcement
reinforcement required to comply
required to comply with this clause.
with this clause.
(vi) Where a slab ends and there is monolithic connection between the slab and the
supporting beam or wall, provision should be made for the negative moments that may
occur in the slab at such support. The
occur The negative moment to be assumed in these cases
depends on the degree of fixity afforded to the edge of the slab, but for
for general purposes
it may be taken as
as 2/3 of the moment given in Table 3.7 forfor the mid-span of the slab.
(c) Loads on supporting
(<?) supporting beams. The loads on the supporting beams may be assumed to be in
accordance with Fig. 3.1
accordance

A
45°

Lt
Load included in this
Load included this
area to be carried
shaded area carried
by beam
beam A --------------

included in this
Load included
shaded area to be carried
shaded carried
by beam B

supporting beams
Fig. 3.1 Diagram showing the load carried by supporting beams

(3) Method3
load-factor method of design. The slabs and beams
This method is based on the load-factor beams may be designed
to have a load factor generally of 1.8;
1.8; in the calculations of the ultimate
ultimate strength, however, the
cube strength
cube strength of the concrete should be taken as only 3/5 of the the actual
actual cube strength.
strength. This
requirement
requirement should be complied with in the following way. The ultimate
ultimate bending moments
moments to be
allowed for should
should be deduced from analysis
analysis in which the load is 1.8 times the working (dead and
load and due regard is given to redistribution of moments that would occur before
imposed) load
failure of the slab or beam, by the use of Johansen’s
Johansen's yield-line
yield-line theory or other acceptable
acceptable method;
the resistance moments of the slab and beam sections should be calculated in accordance
accordance with the
recommendations
recommendations of Clause 3.2.6; and these resistance moments should be equal to at least 55%
of the ultimate bending moments
moments at failure.
failure.
TRIMMING TO
3.2.5 TRIMMING TO OPENINGS
openings in floors or roofs are required such openings should be trimmed where necessary by
When openings
special beams or reinforcement so
so that the designed strength of the surrounding floor is not impaired
impaired
by the opening. Due regard should
should be paid to the possibility of diagonal
diagonal cracks
cracks developing at the
corners of openings.
comers openings.
RESISTANCE TO
3.2.6 RESISTANCE TO BENDING
BENDING
The strength of
of aa section should
should be assessed by an elastic analysis as
as described in Clause 33.1.3,
.1.3, or by an
inelastic analysis based on the short-term stress-strain
stress-strain curves derived from the design strengths of
materials given in Clause 2.3, or by the load factor method described below. Where an an inelastic
employed, the depth of the compression zone should not be assumed
analysis is employed, assumed to exceed 11/2 /2 of the
effective
effective depth
depth of the beam or slab,
slab, and the load factor (i.e. the ratio
ratio of the ultimate strength of the
beam or slab to its working
working load) should
should not
not be less than 1.8.

20
(1) Basis of load factor method
method
The basic requirement of this method is a suitable load load factor. This method does
does not involve aa
knowledge of or use of the modular ratio and does not assume assume a linear relationship between the the
stress and strain in the concrete.
stress concrete. It assumes instead that, as failure is approached,
approached, the compressive
compressive
stresses
stresses will adjust
adjust themselves to give a total compression
compression greater
greater than that deduced
deduced from the
elastic theory, the extent of this adjustment
elastic adjustment having
having been determined
determined from tests toto destruction.
destruction.
These
These tests have
have shown that the stress
stress distribution in the
the concrete
concrete at failure may be assumed to be
equivalent to a constant
constant compressive
compressive stress of 2/3 of the cube strength of the concrete
concrete acting over
depth of the beam or slab sufficient
a depth sufficient to provide
provide aa total compression
compression which,
which, if no compressive
compressive
reinforcement is provided,
reinforcement provided, is equal to the total tension afforded by the tensile reinforcement
acting at its yield stress
acting stress provided
provided that this depth is not assumed to exceed 1/2 1/2 of the effective
effective
depth of the beam
depth beam or slab.
slab.
The resistance
The resistance moments of of beam and slabslab sections
sections may be calculated
calculated to have
have aa load factor
factor
1.8; in the calculations
generally of 1.8; calculations of the ultimate strength,
strength, however, the cube strength of the the
concrete should
should be taken asas only 3/5 of the
the actual
actual cube
cube strength. It is necessary also
also to ensure that
that
the stresses at working loads
loads are not such as as to cause
cause excessive cracking. These requirements
requirements
should be complied with by calculating
calculating the
the resistance
resistance moment (corresponding
(corresponding to thethe working
loads) at
loads) at any cross-section
cross-section on the
the following assumptions:
assumptions:
(a) The stress in the
(u) the tensile
tensile reinforcement
reinforcement does
does not exceed the permissible stress appropriate
appropriate to
the particular Clause 3.1.5.
particular steel, given in Clause
(b) The compressive
(b) compressive stress
stress in the concrete
concrete is 2/3 of the permissible compressive
compressive stress
stress in the
the
concrete in bending considered
concrete considered to be uniform
uniform over the whole part of the
the area
area of the concrete
concrete
section which is in compression.
compression. TheThe depth of concrete
concrete in compression
compression should
should not, however,
considered to exceed 1/2
be considered 1/2 of the
the effective
effective depth.
depth.
stress in the compressive
(c) The stress compressive reinforcement does not exceed the
reinforcement does the permissible stress,
stress,
appropriate to the particular
appropriate particular steel, given in Clause
Clause 3.
3.1.5
1.5 nor does
does it exceed:

390(1 - )MPa,
ddnn
where d2
&2 denotes the depth to the compressive
compressive reinforcement
reinforcement and dttn denotes
denotes the depth
depth of
of the
concrete in compression.*
concrete compression.*
** At
At aa failure of
of aa beam
beam ofof slab,
slab, the
the maximum compressive
compressive strain
strain in
in the
the concrete
concrete has
has been shown
shown byby tests to be
be such
such that
aa reinforcing
reinforcing bar
bar at
at the
the surface
surface of the
the beam would develop
develop aa stress
stress ofof 700
700 MPa
MPa with
with steel of
of the
the requisite
requisite yield stress.
stress.
With aa load
load factor
factor ofof 1.8,
1.8, the limiting
limiting stress
stress to be used in design Is is thus 390 MPa
thus 390 MPa at
at the compressive
compressive surface.
surface. Since
Since tests
show that the
show the strain
strain is roughly linear across
roughly linear across the section,
section, the
the limiting
limiting compressive
compressive stress at the
the depth d&%2 is therefore
therefore

390(1-— ) MPa.
390(1 MPa.
dn
On

Simplified formulae
(2) Simplified formulae for
for rectangular
rectangular beam and slab
slab sections
sections
For beams and solid slabs
For slabs of rectangular
rectangular cross-section without
without compressive reinforcement
reinforcement and
concrete and steel within the range
for qualities of concrete range permitted
permitted by this
this Code, these requirements
requirements
may be
may be deemed to be satisfied if the
the resistance moment
moment M Mrr (corresponding
(corresponding to the working
working loads)
loads)
is assumed to be the lesser of
of the
the two values calculated
calculated from
from the
the following equations:
equations:
Based on the tensile reinforcement:
reinforcement:
M
Mrr == A
Assttppssttll aa
Based on the strength
strength of
of the
the concrete
concrete in compression:
compression:

Mrr == M bbdi
M dl22

Where laa is the

Where the lever arm
arm which may by taken
taken as:
as:
□
d _ 3A
3A5tstppstst
11 4bpcbcb
4bp
Where Ast is the area
Where area of
of tensile reinforcement,
reinforcement,
pst is the 'permissible
pst permissible tensile stress
stress in the reinforcement,
reinforcement,
Pbb is the permissible compressive stress in the concrete
Pcb concrete in bending,
bending,
bbis the breadth of
is the of the
the section;
section;
dj is the effective
d[ effective depth
depth to the tensile reinforcement.
reinforcement.
•.•••••• ' ' •; • • . . ' ." • • ' . ' : 21
21 " ' ' . . -• ' . . . •
 2
Where it
Where it is
is necessary
necessary for
for the
the resistance
resistance moment to exceed
moment to bd t 2>, compressive
exceed -2~-bdi compressive reinforcement
reinforcement
that:
should be provided so that;

M
Mrr = d i 22
= s M b bdj +
+ A s c p s c(di
AscPjc (d 1--d2)t
d 2 )t

Where A
Ascsc is the area of compressive reinforcement,
psc is the permissible compressive stress in the reinforcement as given in assumption (c) of
Psc
Sub-clause (1),
and the
and the area
area of
of tensile reinforcement should
tensile reinforcement should be such that
be such that the
the stress
stress in
in this steel does
this steel does not
not exceed
exceed the
the
stress.
permissible stress.
tf No
No allowance
allowance has
has been
been made
made in
in this
this formula
formula for
for the
the small
small reduction
reduction in
in concrete
concrete area
area by the amount desplaced by the
2 by the amount desplaced by the
compressive reinforcement,
compressive reinforcement, having
having regard to the
regard to fact that
the fact that the
the coefficient
coefficient to
to ppcbbdj
c t,bd| I is
is deduced
deduced from
from experiments,
experiments, the
the
results of
results of which
which are
are always
always somewhat
somewhat variable.
variable.

T-beams or L-beams
(3) Simplified formulae for T-beams L-beams
For T-beams or L-beams
For T-beams L-beams with a breadth
breadth of flange
flange b, a rib width
width bbrr and a depth of slab
slab forming
forming the
flange dds, the resistance moment when compressive reinforcement is not provided
flange provided may by
assumed to be the lesser of the two values given by the following
following equations:
equations:
Based on the tensile reinforcement:
reinforcement:

M r = A stPst (d I - )

Based on the strength

strength of the concrete in compression;
compression:
M rr == Mpp bd! 22
Mppcbbdi
Where the factor My
Mp has the values given in Table 3.8.

Table 3.8
Table 3.8 Values of
Values of Mp*
M-p* for computing
computing moment
moment of
of resistance
resistance based
based on the strength
strength of
of the concrete
concrete in
compression
compression

Mp for dj/d
di/dss
b/b
b/b r r
2 or less 3
Values of M
4
f for

5 6 co
00

11 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

2 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.185 0.175 0.125
4 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.062
6 0.25 0.195 0.165 0.14 0.125 0.042
8 0.25 0.19 0.16 0.135 0.12 0.031
Ct?
00
0.25 0.185
0.185 0.145 0.12 0.10 0

Where it is necessary
necessary for bdi 22, compressive reinforcement
for the resistance moment to exceed Mpp cbbdi reinforcement
should be provided so that:
that:
Mrr == M F pcb bdi 22 +-f A
Asc
scpsc (di- -- dd22)t
sc (d[ )t
and the area
area of tensile reinforcement should be such that the stress in this steel does not exceed the
permissible stress.
permissible stress.
For intermediate values of
* For of b/b
b/brr and
and di/d ss,, the value
value of
of M
MFF can be calculated
calculated from
from the following
following formula;
formula:

4D 3 D Qi di
t No
No allowance has been made in this formula
formula for
for the small reduction
reduction in concrete
concrete area
area
2
by the amount
amount displaced by the
compressive reinforcement, having regard
regard to the fact that the coefficient
coefficient to Pcbbdj
Pcbbdj 2 is deduced
deduced from
from experiments, the
somewhat variable.
results of which are always somewhat variable.
(4) Deflection
Deflection of beams and slabs
slabs
The use of the
the method of design permitted
permitted by this clause can lead to reduced depths of beam and
slab sections as compared with those determined
determined from
from the method
method based on the elastic theory.
theory. It is
particularly important
therefore particularly important to check that the members possess adequate stiffness
stiffness as
as provided
for in Sub-clause 3.1.9(I).
3.1.9(1).

22
 RESISTANCE TO
3.2.7 RESISTANCE TO SHEAR
SHEAR
(1) General
General
(a)
(a) The
The shear stress, v, at any cross-section
cross-section in a reinforced
reinforced concrete beam or slab is given bj
b}
equation:

v = V
V
bdi
Where V is the total shearing force across the section,
b is the breadth of a rectangular beam which for a T-beam or L-beam
bis L-beam should be
be
replaced by the breadth of the rib br ;
ddjj is the effective
effective depth to the tensile reinforcement.
reinforcement.
(b) Where
(t>) Where at any cross-section the shear stress,
stress, v, exceeds the permissible shear stress for
for the
concrete, the whole shearing force at that cross-section should be provided for by the tensile
concrete, tensile
resistance of the shear reinforcement acting in proper combination with the compression in in
concrete. Moreover, even with the whole shearing
the concrete. shearing force so provided for, the shear stress
stress v\
should not exceed 3.5 times the permissible
should stress for the concrete.
permissible shear stress
(c) Where at any cross-section
(c) cross-section the shear stress v is less than the permissible
permissible shear stress
stress p v, foi
the concrete
the concrete but is greater
greater than 0.5pvv, reinforcement should be provided at that cross-sectior
cross-sectior
to resist 1/2
1/2 of the shear
shear force
force V.
(d) Where
(cZ) Where at any cross-section
cross-section the shear stress v is less than 0.5pvv, nominal shear reinforcemen
should be provided at that cross-section.
cross-section. Neither
Neither the longitudinal spacing nor the latera
spacing of the
spacing the vertical legs of the shear reinforcement should exceed a distance equal tc t<
0.75di.. The
0.75di The cross-sectional
cross-sectional area of the
the nominal shear
shear reinforcement at any particular sectior
of a member should be not less than 0.2% (0.12% for Grade 460/425 steel) of the horizonta
horizonta
area of the concrete
area concrete at that section.
(e) Nominal shear
(e) shear reinforcement need not be provided
provided in slabs, footings,
footings, bases, pile-caps andanc
members of minor importance
members importance provided cross-section, the shear stress, v, is les;
provided that, at every cross-section, less
than 0.5pvv. Shear reinforcement should be provided for
for other values of shear stress as given
given
above.
Shear reinforcement
(2) Shear reinforcement
(a) A link in reinforced concrete should pass round, or be otherwise adequately secured to, the
(а)
appropriate tensile reinforcement, and such link should be anchored adequately in the
appropriate
compression zone.
compression
(b) Tensile reinforcement which is inclined and carried through a depth
(б) depth of beam equal to the
arm of the resistance moment will act as shear
will also act shear reinforcement provided it is anchored
anchored
sufficiently.
sufficiently.
(c) Where
(c) Where two or more types of shear reinforcement are used in conjunction,
conjunction, the total shearing
resistance of the beam may be assumed to be the sum of the shearing resistances
resistances computed
for each type separately.
separately.
(d) The
(d) The spacing
spacing of links when required
required to resist shear should not be less than 8 times the
diameter of the link, or 75 mm whichever is the greater.
diameter greater. The
The resistance to shear
shear V is given by
equation:
equation:
y _= PsvA sv d |
V
s
Where psvsv is the permissible
Where permissible tensile stress
stress in the
the shear reinforcement,
Asv sv is the area of cross-section of the links per unit spacing,
spacing,
d'i is the effective
di effective depth
depth of the section;
ssis the spacing
is the spacing of the links.
(e) The
(e) The resistance toto shear at any section of aa beam, reinforced with inclined bars, bars, may be
the assumption that
calculated on the that the
the inclined bars
bars form the tension members
members of
of one
one or more
single systems of lattice
lattice girders in which the
the concrete
concrete forms the compression members.
members. The
shear resistance at any vertical section should then be taken as as the sum of the vertical
vertica
components of the tension and
components and compression
compression forces
forces cut by the section.
section. Care must
must be taker
that such assumptions
assumptions do not involve greatergreater stresses in the horizontal
horizontal bars than the
than th<
permissible stresses.
:
' • ' - " ' - : ' ' - • ' ' " ' • • " • " : • ' " • ' ^ ' . ' ' • 23 ; :
' :
: '-' ' •
3.2.8 RESISTANCE
3.2.8 RESISTANCE TO TO TORSION
TORSION
(1)
(I) General
(a) The
(a) The torsional
torsional shear
shear stress
stress vvtt at
at any
any section
section should
should be calculated assuming
be calculated assuming aa plastic stress
plastic stress
distribution. For
distribution. For rectangular
rectangular sections vtt is given by equation:
equation:
2T
vt == -----------
b22(d -- |)~
Where T T is the torsional
torsional moment,
b is the smaller dimension of the section;
larger dimension of the section.
d is the larger
T-,
T-, L- or I- sections may be treated by dividing them into their component
component rectangles. This
should normally be done so as to maximise the function S(b Z(b33 d) which
which will generally be
will generally
achieved if the widest rectangle is made as long as possible. The torsional shear stress carried
by each
each component
component rectangle may be calculated
calculated by treating them asas rectangular sections
subjected to a torsional moment
moment of:
of:

T ( )

Box sections in which wall thickness exceed 11/4 thickness of the member in the
/4 of the overall thickness
direction of measurement
measurement may be treated as solid rectangular sections.
sections. For
For other sections
specialist literature should be consulted.
(b) Where the torsional
(b) torsional shear stress vtt exceeds the value p
ptt from Table 3.1, reinforcement should
be provided.
provided. In no case should the sum of the shear stresses resulting from shear force and
torsion ((vv + v tt) exceed 3.5 times the permissible shear stress pv for
for the concrete nor, in the
case of small sections ((B< B < 550 mm) should the torsional shear stress, vtt, exceed 3.5pv B/550
mm, where B is the larger dimension of a link.
reinforcement
(2) Torsion reinforcement
(a) Torsion
(a) Torsion reinforcement
reinforcement should consist of rectangular closed links together
together with longitudinal
reinforcement.
reinforcement. This reinforcement
reinforcement is additional to any requirement for shear or bending and
should be such that:
As v > T
0.8ABpsvsv
s "'0.8ABp
Atl > Y_ (.Psv.)
( _Psv.) (A
(A ++ B)
B)
s Pst
Pst
Where Asv is the area of the legs of closed links at aa section,
Ati is the area of longitudinal reinforcement,
ppsv is the permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement (see Table
Table 3.2),
ppst is the permissible tensile stress other than
than in shear reinforcement
reinforcement (see Table 3.2),
s is the spacing of of the links,
A is the smaller dimension of the links;
B is the larger dimension
dimension of the links.
(b)
(*>) The spacing
spacing of links should not exceed the least of A, B/2 or 200 mm and the links should
be of aa closed type
type as
as shown in Fig. 3.2.

for torsional
Fig. 3.2 Closed type link for torsional reinforcement
reinforcement

longitudinal reinforcement
(c) The extra longitudinal distributed evenly round the inside perimeter
reinforcement should be distributed
of the links. The
of The clear distance
distance between these bars should not exceed 300 mm and at at least 4
bars, corner of the links, should be used. Additional longitudinal
bars, one in each corner longitudinal reinforcement
required at the lever of the tension or compression
compression reinforcement may be provided
provided by using
bars than
larger bars for bending alone. The
than those required forbending The torsion reinforcement extend a
reinforcement should extend
distance at least equal to the largest
largest dimension of the
the section beyond where
where it ceases to be
required.

24
 (d) In the component rectangles of T-, L-, or I- sections, the reinforcement cages should be
(cZ)
so that they interlock and tie the component rectangles of the section
detailed so section together.
together.
Where the torsional
torsional shear stress in a minor component rectangle is less than the permissible
permissible
stress, no torsion reinforcement
torsional shear stress, reinforcement need be provided in that rectangle.
OF CONCENTRATED LOADS ON SLABS
3.2.9 DISTRIBUTION OF
Allowance should be made for the bending moments due to concentrated
Allowance concentrated loads,
loads, using methods based
based
on the elastic
elastic theory, such as
as those of Pigeaud or Westergaard, or other acceptable method.
Alternatively, allowance should be based on the load-factor method of design on the same basis as
Alternatively, allowance
slabs with uniform loading in Sub-clause 3.2.4(3).
given for slabs
If aa slab is simply supported
supported on two opposite edges and carries one or more concentrated loads
loads in a
line in the direction of the span, it should be designed to resist the maximum bending moment caused
by the loading system. Such bending moment may be assumed to be resisted by an effective
effective width of
slab (measured parallel to the supports) as
slab as follows:
(1) For solid slabs, the
the effective
effective width may be taken as the sum of the load width and 2.4x(l -— x/L)
where x is the distance from the nearer support to the section under consideration and L is the
span.
(2) For
For other slabs, except where specially provided
provided for, the effective
effective width will depend on the ratio of
the transverse and longitudinal flexural
the flexural rigidities of the slab. Where these are approximately
effective width as given for solid slabs
equal, the value for the effective slabs may be used, but asas the ratio
decreases a smaller value should be taken. The minimum value which need be taken, however, is
(1 — x/L) metres where x and L have the same meanings as
the load width plus 4(x/L) (I as in (1); so
for a section at midspan, the effective
that, for effective width is equal to 11 m plus the load width.
concentrated load is near an unsupported
(3) Where the concentrated unsupported edge of a slab the effective
effective width should not
not
exceed the value in (1) or (2) above as appropriate,
appropriate, nor 1/2
1/2 that value plus the distance
distance of the
centre of the load from the unsupported
centre as shown in Fig. 3.3.
unsupported edge as
The critical
The critical sections
sections for shear should be taken to be at a distance from the edges of the concentrated
load equal to the
load the effective
effective depth of the slab.
slab. Due allowance should be made forfor openings
openings or
unsupported edges close to the
unsupported the critical section.

Load
Load
Slab
Slab

Unsupported edge
Unsupported edge Effective width

Load
" width

Fig. 3.3 Effective width of solid slab carrying

carrying a concentrated load near unsupported edge
near an unsupported edge

FLOORS AND ROOFS

3.2.10 FLOORS ROOFS OF RIBBED
RIBBED AND HOLLOW
HOLLOW BLOCK
BLOCK CONSTRUCTION
General
(1) Genera]
construction consists of aa series of reinforced
This type of construction concrete ribs cast in-situ between
reinforced concrete between
blocks
blocks which remain
remain part
part of
of the completed
completed floor
floor or on forms which may be removed after the
concrete has set.
set.

' '." ' ' • - ' • \ ; . • ' . ' , - • / '' ' • ' '. •.'• . ' - 25
25
(2) Blocks and forms
Blocks and forms may be of any suitable material which will retain its shape and dimensions and
is strong enough to support the concrete when placed.
Blocks which areare required to remain as part of the slab and to contribute
contribute to its structural strength
should be of concrete or burnt clay and should have a crushing strength of at least 17.5 17.5 MPa
measured on the net section when axially
axially loaded in a direction corresponding
corresponding with that in which
which
they will
will function in the floor slab. Burnt clay blocks should also comply with BS 3921, ‘Clay 'Clay
bricks and blocks’.
blocks'.
Topping
(3) Topping
The tops
tops of the ribs may be connected by a topping of concrete cast
cast in-situ
in-situ over the blocks or
forms. The concrete used for the topping
topping should be of the same quality as that used for the ribs.
(4) Calculation
Calculation of resistance moments
In determining
determining the bending resistance of hollow block construction, the blocks may be neglected.
Alternatively, they may be assumed to act in structural combination with the ribs and topping
(when used), provided
provided that the blocks are properly jointed with aa 1:3
1:3 cement-sand mortar or that
at least 30 mm is used.
a topping of at
Where the thickness of the top of hollow blocks composed of material other than concrete is
Where
regarded as contributing
regarded contributing to the structural
structural strength of the floor slab, the permissible working stress
the blocks should
on the should not exceed
exceed.1/5
1/5 of their crushing strength.
For the purpose of calculation,
For calculation, the elastic modulus of the material forming the block may be
assumed to be the same as
as for concrete.
(5) Resistance to shear
to shear
Where the blocks are considered as adding to the strength of the floor,
floor, the thickness of one wall of
the block may be added
added to the thickness of the rib.
rib. Alternatively,
Alternatively, the walls of both the adjacent
blocks may be taken into account, using a shear stress appropriate
appropriate to the material.
(6) Thickness of topping
When topping
topping is used the thickness, after allowance has been made for the effect effect of wear if
necessary, should not (c) below for various conditions:
not be less than the thicknesses given in (a) to (c)
(a) In floors
(«) floors with permanent
permanent blocks regarded as
as contributing to the strength of the
the construction,
and with a clear distance between the ribs not exceeding 450 mm, 30 mm.
When the blocks are properly jointed the minimum thickness
thickness may be reduced
reduced to 25 mm.
(b)
(b) In floors with permanent blocks not regarded as contributing to the strength of the
construction, 40 mm or 1/12
1/12 the clear distance between the ribs, whichever is the greater.
greater.
(c) In all other cases,
(c) cases, 50 mm.
mm.
(7) Size and spacing of rib
The width of the rib should be not less than 65 mm. The depth, excluding
excluding any topping,
topping, should not
be more than four times the width. The spacing should be not more than 11m m centre
centre to centre.
(8) Reinforcement of in ribs
(u)
(a) General. At least 50% of the total main tensile reinforcement should be carried through at
the bottom
bottom on to the bearing and effectively
effectively anchored.
anchored.
In floors continuous over supports, it may sometimes be impracticable
impracticable to provide sufficient
sufficient
reinforcement to develop the full
full support moment on the basis of continuity. Such floors may
be treated as simply supported and and die
the reinforcement
reinforcement in the span determined
determined accordingly.
accordingly. If
so
so treated,
treated, it is desirable to provide reinforcement over the support to prevent
prevent cracking; it is
recommended
recommended that such reinforcement
reinforcement should have a cross-sectional
cross-sectional area
area of not less than 11/4
/4
of that in the middle of the adjoining bays and should extend at least 1/101/10 of the clear spans
into the
the adjoining
adjoining bays.
(i)
(b) Spacing. Provided that both the permissible bond and compressive stresses in the rib (below
the topping
topping where used) are reduced
reduced by 40%, the lateral spacing
spacing of bars
bars running parallel in
the concrete ribs may be reduced to 12
12 mm or the diameter
diameter of the bar, whichever is greater.
greater,
(c)
(c) Cover
Cover to reinforcement.
reinforcement. For
For hollow tile slabs having slip tiles not
not less than 1122 mm thick under
reinforced
reinforced ribs, a cover of 112
2 mm should be given to the bars
bars above
above the tiles.

26
26
 (9) Supports parallel to ribs
Where a slab reinforced
reinforced in one direction only is built into a wall, or rests on a beam, parallel to the
ribs,
ribs, a rib should
should be placed along the wall or beam, the minimum width of such rib being that of
the bearing.
bearing. Consideration
Consideration should be given to the necessity for some reinforcement
reinforcement at right angles
to the ribs.
Where a slab butts against a wall parallel with the ribs, there should be a rib against the wall at
least 50 mm wide.
COLUMNS
3.3 COLUMNS
REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMNS
3.3.1 REINFORCEMENT COLUMNS
(1) Longitudinal reinforcement
reinforcement
A reinforced
reinforced concrete column should have longitudinal steel reinforcement, and the cross-
cross-
sectional area
area of such reinforcement
reinforcement should not be less than 1%
1% nor more than 8% of the gross
cross-sectional
cross-sectional area of the
the column required to transmit all the loading in accordance with this
Code.
Code.
It should be noted that the use of 8% of steel may involve
involve serious
serious practical difficulties
difficulties in the
placing
placing and compacting
compacting of concrete and a lower percentage would be recommended. Where bars
from the column below have
have to be lapped with those
those in the column, the percentage of steel should
usually not exceed 4%,
4%.
A reinforced
reinforced concrete
concrete column having helical reinforcement should
should have at least six Bars
bars of
reinforcement within this helical reinforcement. The longitudinal bars should be in
longitudinal reinforcement
contact
contact with the helical reinforcement and equidistant around its inner circumference.
circumference. Circular
columns should have similar arrangement of reinforcement.
For laps in spliced longitudinal bars
For bars see Sub-clause 3.1.10(9).
The bars
The should be not less than 12
bars should 12 mm in diameter.
diameter.
(2) Transverse
Transverse reinforcement
reinforcement
(a) General.
(a) General. A reinforced
reinforced concrete
concrete column should have
have transverse
transverse reinforcement so disposed
disposed as
as
provide restraint
to provide restraint against
against the buckling of each
each of the longitudinal reinforcements. Links
should be soso arranged
arranged that every comer
corner and alternate bar in an outer layer of reinforcement
reinforcement
supported by aa link passing
is supported passing round the bar and having an included angle of not more than
135°. All other bars within a compression
135°. compression zone
zone should be "Within 150 mm of a restrained
within 150 restrained bar.
For circular
For circular columns, where
where the longitudinal
longitudinal reinforcement
reinforcement is located
located round the periphery of
adequate lateral support
a circle, adequate support is provided
provided by aa circular
circular tie passing
passing round the bars.
(b) Pitch. The
(b) The pitch of transverse reinforcement not more
reinforcement should be not more, than the least
least of the
the 3
distances:
following distances:
1. the least lateral
1. lateral dimension
dimension of column;
column;
12 times the diameter
2. 12 diameter of the smallest longitudinal reinforcement
reinforcement in the column;
3. 300
300mm.
mm.
(c) Helical reinforcement.
(<?) reinforcement. Helical reinforcement should be of regular formation, with the turns
of the
the helix spaced evenly, and its ends should be anchored anchored properly.
properly. Where an increased
increased
load on the column on account of the helical reinforcement
load reinforcement is allowed for for under Sub-clause
Sub-clause
3.3.2(l)(c)? the pitch of the helical turns should
3.3.2(l)(c), should be not more more than 75 mm mm or more than 1/61/6 of
diameter of the
the core diameter the column, nor less than 25 25 mm nor less than 3 times times the diameter of the
steel bar forming the helix. In other cases the requirements of lb)
bar forming (A) above should be complied
complied
. ".• ' ' ' " '.with/.'.
with. •' • • " ' ' ' : • • .' ' • /.: ' ' ' • . '•• ' , .' ' . . .. .. ' , ' .. .. . . ••
(d)
(d) Diameter. The diameter of the transverse reinforcements
reinforcements should be not less than .1/4
1/4 the
diameter of the largest
diameter largest main bar, and in no case less than 5 mm.
3.3.2 PERMISSIBLE
PERMISSIBLE LOADS
LOADS ON COLUMNS
columns
(1) Axially loaded columns
Short columns defined.
(a) Short defined. Columns may be treated the
treated as short columns where the ratio of the
effective column length to least lateral
effective lateral dimension does not exceed 15. 15. The
The maximum
maximum
permissible stresses for these should be as specified in Clauses 3.1.4 and 3.1.5.
3.1.5.

•• • ' • • . •••• • : •• ' ,./ ' • -: ' • 27

21 • - • • '
 (b) Short
(b) Short columns
columns with with lateral
lateral ties.
ties. The
The axial
axial load
load PPo0 permissible
permissible on on aa short
short column
column reinforced
reinforced
with longitudinal bars and lateral ties should not exceed
with longitudinal bars and lateral ties should not exceed that given by equation (1): that given by equation
PO ~= Pec
Po Pec AcAC 4-
+ Psc
Psc A
Asc 0)
sc ................................................... (1)
Where
Where p is the permissible stress for
p cc is for the concrete in direct compression, compression,
Ac is
Ac is the
the cross-sectional
cross-sectional area of concrete excluding any any finishing
finishing material and
reinforcing steel,
ppsc
sc is the permissible compression
compression stress for column bars;
Asc is tne
4c the cross-sectional
cross-sectional area area of the longitudinal
longitudinal steel. steel.
(c) Short columns
(c) Short columns with helical reinforcement.
reinforcement. Where helical reinforcement is used, the axial load
permissible on
permissible on aa short
short column should not exceed that given by equations (1) or (2) whichever whichever
greater:
is the greater;
PO == Pcc
Po Pcc AAk k 4-+ psc
PscAAcsc 4~+ 185Ab
185Ab...... ...... ........ (2) (2)
Where A^is A k is the cross-sectional
cross-sectional area of concrete in the core excluding the area of
longitudinal reinforcement,
Ab is the equivalent
equivalent area of helical reinforcement (volume of helix per unit length of
the column);
the column);
185 is the stress
185 stress in MPa.
MPa.
The sum of the the terms p ccccAk
Ak 4- + 185Ab should not exceed 0.5 uwwA cc where uww is the specified specified
grade strength
grade strength of the concrete.
concrete.
(d) Long columns. The axial load permissible on a reinforced concrete
(d) concrete column or part thereof,
having a ratio of effective effective length to least least lateral dimension
dimension between 15 15 and 57, should not
exceed that which results from the multiplication of the appropriate permissible load
specified for a short
specified short column in (b) or (c) above by the coefficient coefficient shown as appropriate for
each ratio of effectiveeffective column length to to. least lateral dimension in Table 3.9. Intermediate
values of the coefficient
coefficient may be obtained
obtained by linear interpolation.
interpolation.
When,
When, in a column having
having helical reinforcement,
reinforcement, the permissible load is based on the core
area; the
area; the least lateral dimension should be taken as the diameter of the the core.
core.
Table 3.9
Table 3.9 Reduction coefficient for loads
Reduction loads on
on long
long columns
columns

Ratio
Ratio of effective
effective length to least lateral
dimension of column Coefficient
Coefficient
dimension
15
15 1.0
1.0
18
18 0.9
21 0.8
24 0.7
27 0.6
30 0.5
33 0.4
36 0.35
39 0.3
42 0.25
45 0.2
48 0.15
51 0.1
54 0.05
57 0.0

Table
Table 3.10 column length
Effective column length

Type of column Effective column

Effective column length
restrained at both ends in position and
Properly restrained 0.75L.
direction
Properly restrained at both ends in position and A value intermediate between 0.75 and L
imperfectly restrained in direction at one end or
imperfectly depending upon the efficiency
efficiency of the directional
both ends
ends restraint.
restraint.
Properly restrained at
Properly at one end in position
position and A value intermediate
intermediate between L and 2L
direction and imperfectly restrained in both both depending upon the efficiency
depending efficiency of the imperfect
position and direction at
at the
the other end restraint.
restraint.

28
28
 (e)
(e) Determination of ratio of effective
effective length to least lateral dimension
dimension of a column. ForFor the
the
purpose of this clause, the effective
effective column
column length given in Table 3.10 should
should be used, where
L is
is the
the length of the column from floor to floor,
floor, or between
between adequately
adequately restrained supports.
supports.
The
The effective
effective column length values given in thes table are in respect of typical cases only and
embody the general principles which should be employed
employed in assessing the appropriate
appropriate value
for any particular column.
(2) Bending moments in columns
Bending moments in internal columns supporting an approximately
approximately symmetrical arrangement of
beams and loading need not be calculated.
Bending
Bending moments in external columns and in internal columns supporting
supporting an arrangement of
beams and loading not approximately symmetrical
symmetrical should be calculated and provided
provided for.
The expressions given in Table
The Table 3.11 below may be used for estimating the moments:

Table 3.11
Table Moments in
Moments In columns
columns

Moments for frames of Moments for frames of two

one bay or more bays
External (and
(and similarly
similarly loaded)
loaded) Ku
M6 u
M ee ---------- Me
columns Moment at foot of
columns KLL ++ K
K Kuu ++ 0.5K
0.5Kbb Kl
KL ++ K
Kuu + Kbb
+ K
upper column
Moment at
Moment at head of lower Me KLl
^ Me Vr 4. KL
Kl
column K L +i K
.K-L -K^uu +
~r 0.5K
U.3lx.bb Kl + K
KL
Q
K + Kbb
Uu + K

Internal columns Moment at

Internal Ku
foot of upper column K L +
JV.L ~r K + Kbi ++ K
u +
K.JJ Kbb22
Moment at head of lower
Moment ]Lfes ____K ..4*
L __
column Kl + K u ++ K Kbi +K
b j + Kbb22

Mee is the bending moment at the end of

Where M of the beam
beam framing into the column, assuming
fixity at both
fixity ends of the
both ends the beam,
beam,
Mesis the maximum difference
M difference between the moments at the ends of the two beamsbeams
framing into opposite
opposite sides of the column, each
each calculated
calculated on the
the assumption
assumption that
the ends of of the
the beams are fixed and assuming one of the beams unloaded,
Kb is the stiffness
Kb stiffness of the beam,
beam,
Kbi is the the stiffness
stiffness of the beam on one side of the column,
K bb22 is the stiffness
stiffness ofof the
the beam on the other side of the column,
K
KLl is.the
is the stiffness
stiffness of the column;
lower column;
KUu is the stiffness
K stiffness of the upper column.
For the purposes
For the stiffness
purposes of this table, the stiffness of aa member
member may be obtained
obtained by dividing the moment
of inertia of a cross-section by the length
of length of the member, provided that the member is of constant
constant
cross-section throughout its length.
for the moment at the head of the
The equations for the lower column may be used forfor columns in a
topmost Kuu as zero.
topmost storey by taking K zero.
Where the bending
Where bending moment is calculated
calculated in the internal columns it is permissible to take into
account the reduction
account reduction in load resulting
resulting from the beam on one side of the column being fully fully
loaded and the beam on the other side being
loaded being loaded with dead load only.
Columns subject
(3) Columns subject to both direct
direct load
load and bending
combinations of direct
The permissible combinations direct load and bending moment to which a short column may
be subjected
subjected should be determined
determined on the the basis of either the commonly employed
employed elastic
elastic theory,
with a modular ratio of 15,15, and the permissible stresses in bending given in Clauses 3,1.4 3.1.4 and
and
3.1.5; or by an inelastic analysis
analysis based on the the short-term
short-term stress-strain
stress-strain curves derived
derived from
from the
design strengths of materials given in Clause 2.3 with a load factor not less than 1.8 1.8 or the
load-factor method described
load-factor method described in d below.
The permissible combination
The combination of direct
direct load and bending moment to which a long column may may
subjected should
be subjected should not exceed
exceed the values appropriate to a short column multiplied
multiplied by thethe
coefficient from
appropriate reduction coefficient from Table
Table 3.9,
3.9;

29
 Where, due to bending, the maximum
maximum stresses in the column occur
occur at the
the ends of the column, the
permissible load may be determined
determined without reference
reference to the reduction
reduction coefficient
coefficient for
for sections
1/8 of the column length L from
within 1/8 from the centre
centre line of the beams.
When the elastic
elastic theory is used the load
load on aa column
column subject
subject to both direct load
both direct load and bending
moment should not exceed that permissible
permissible for
for an axially
axially loaded
loaded column.
column.
Lpjd-factor method
(4) Load-factor method of design for
for short columns
columns subject
subject to both
both direct
direct load
load and
and bending
In the load-factor method
method the column
column is designed to have
have aa load
load factor generally
generally of 1.8;
1.8;ininthe
the
calculations however, the cube strength
strength calculations strength of the concrete
concrete should be taken
taken as only 0.67
times the actual cube
cube strength. It should be assumed that the maximum concrete strain in
compression does not exceed 0.0035 at at failure;
failure; that the compressive
compressive stress distribution in the
concrete at
concrete at failure is rectangular,
rectangular, parabolic such other shape
parabolic or such shape as
as is shown by tests to be
reasonable; that
reasonable; that the maximum
maximum stress in the concrete at at failure
failure does not exceed 2/3 of of the cube
strength of the
the concrete; and
and that
that the maximum
maximum stresses in the reinforcement
reinforcement at at failure
failure do not
exceed 11.8
.8 times the premissible stresses. It is necessary also to ensure
ensure that the stresses at working
working
loads are
loads are not
not such
such as
as to cause
cause excessive cracking.
cracking.
requirements will be satisfied, for columns
These requirements columns of rectangular section with symmetrical
rectangular section
reinforcement and placed only in the faces parallel to the axis of bending, the following
bending, if the following rules
are adopted:
are adopted:
The section
section should
should be assumed to be controlled
controlled by compression
compression when
when the load exceeds Pb
the load P^, given
given
by equation
equation (3):
(3):
Pb ~= PccbdiX
Pb pccbdiX'-
—AAsc
sc(psstt ~ Psc)............................................
— pgc) (3)
............................................. P)
Where pcc is the
Where Pcc the permissible stress for the concrete
concrete in direct compression
compression given in in Clause 3.1.4,
3. 1 .4,
b is the breadth
breadth of the
the column,
column,
ddi; is theeifective
the effective depth
depth to the tensile reinforcement,
Aso
A sc is the area
is the area of the
the compressive reinforcement,
reinforcement, which for for the
the conditions
conditions of bending
bending is
equal to to 1/2
1 /2of
ofthe
thetotal
totalarea
areaof
ofreinforcement
reinforcement ininthe
thecolumn,
column,
P sc and pst
Pgc st are the permissible stresses in the reinforcement
reinforcement given in Clause 3.1.5 3.1.5for for
compression and tension, respectively;
compression
xx = -
595
595
700-hl.8p
700 + 1.8psstt
the load
At the load Pb as
as defined
defined by equation (3)
(3) the corresponding
corresponding eccentricity of load eg
% relative to
to the
centre of the section is given
centre given by equation
equation (4):
(4):
dl
Pb(eb ++
Pb(eb ^d2) =
= Pccbdj
Pcqbdi 2X(1
2X(1 - ~ X) +'
yX) + AscpgcCdr
A di -
- d22 )).................................. (4)
................................... (4)

Where
Where dd2
2 is the depth
depth to
to the compressive reinforcement.
When
When the
the section
section is controlled by compression, the permissible load load P on the column is related to
the permissible load
load PP o0 for
for an
an axially loaded column,
column, as
as given by equation
equation (I)
(1) and the eccentricity
eccentricity
e of
of the load
load PP relative to the centre
centre of
of the section, given by equation (5):
(5):

= -PoPQ
PP = ...........................................................................................
(5) (5)
“b
When the applied load is less than
than Pb
P^ the section is controlled by tension
tension and the permissible
permissible load
is given by equation:
equation:

P= Pcc bd (0.5 — y — Y)-f-

d2
-g--Y)2 + r- ( ) + Y(2~ — Y)
d Pec d d

in which Y
Y -= -— (Pst ~"~ psc ))
- (P ;
2 Pcc
Pcc
Where = total
Where rr — tOta
area
area of reinforcement
re n
' fo rcealent
bd
bd
and d is the
the overall depth
depth of
of the
the column
column section.
section.

30
 The above
above rules may be modified as as follows to give greater p remissible loads
greater premissible loads when the section
section is
controlled by compression.
compression. The relationship
relationship between
between permissible loads and bending momentsmoments
may be assumed to be linear between the load PPo0 for for an axially
axially loaded
loaded column and aa load PPb iI ==
0.59p
0.59pccccbdi; and linear
linear between this latter load load and the load
load PPbb given by equation (3). The
eccentricity
eccentricity c%i
b i corresponding
corresponding to the load
load PP bbli may be obtained
obtained from equation
equation (4) replacing Pb
(4) by replacing Pb
by ?bb
Pbi, % by ee b ij and X by 0.59 (and the the same substitutions
substitutions in equation (5)) may be used to
obtain the permissible loadsloads for
for the range PPo0 >> P >> PPbbll ). For loads
loads between PPbbll and PPbb the
the
permissible load
load is given by equation:
equation:
e e
p = bl ~ b
(ebl - e ) pp
-(eb-e)-L
'Pbl
bl b
For
For columns of rectangular section
section with symmetrical
symmetrical reinforcement subject to axial compression
compression
and biaxial bending,
bending, the permissible axial
axial compression
compression is given by equation:
equation:
_£== _JL_
JL L+ ,J±___±L
P “ P Pxx PPyy Po
PO
Where P is the permissible axial compression
Where compression under biaxial bending,
bending,
PPxx is the
the permissible
permissible axial compression
compression when only eccentricity
eccentricity eexx is present,
present,
PPyy is the permissible axial compression
compression when only eccentricity eeyy is present;
present;
PPo0 is the
the permissible
permissible axial compression.
compression.
This relation
relation is adequate provided that P is not less than
than 10% of PPo0. If it is less, sufficient
sufficient
accuracy is obtained by designing
accuracy designing the
the member
member for
for flexure only.
only.

WALLS
4 WALLS
GENERAL
3.4.1 GENERAL
reinforced wall is a vertical load
A reinforced load bearing concrete member whose greatest
bearing concrete greatest lateral
lateral dimension
dimension is more
more
than 4 times its least lateral
than lateral dimension.
dimension. Reinforced
Reinforced concrete
concrete walls should be designed generally
generally in
accordance with the recommendations
accordance recommendations given for for columns. The The cross-sectional area
area of the vertical
reinforcement should
reinforcement should not be less than 0.4% 0.4% ofof the gross
gross cross-sectional
cross-sectional area
area of the wall. TheThe bars
bars
should not be less thanthan 1010 mm
mm in diameter
diameter and the distance
distance between two vertical bars should not
bars should
exceed 300 mm.mm. The
The cross-sectional
cross-sectional area
area of the lateral
lateral reinforcement
reinforcement parallel to the wall face should
not be less than 0.25%
not 0.25% in in the case ofof Grade 460/426
460/426 or 0.3% in the case of of Grade
Grade 250 steel of the the
gross cross-sectional area
gross area of the wall. TheThe bars
bars should
should not be less than 1/4 1/4 of the size of the vertical
vertical
bars
bars nor 6 mm, diameter. The
mm, in diameter. The vertical
vertical distance between two two horizontal bars
bars should not exceed 300
mm. TheThe provisions of Sub-clause
Sub-clause 3.3.
3.3.1(2)
1(2) with regard to to transverse
transverse reinforcement
reinforcement to restrain
restrain the
the
vertical bars against
vertical against buckling
buckling need not be takentaken to apply to walls in which the vertical bars bars are not
resisting compression.
assumed to assist in resisting compression. Where
Where transverse
transverse links are required, the vertical and
required, the and
horizontal spacing
horizontal spacing of links should
should not exceed 400 xnm mm or 22 times the wall thickness, whichever is the the
lesser. Any vertical compression
compression bar bar not enclosed by aa link should
should be within 200 mm mm of aa restrained
restrained
bar. The
The vertical spacing should
vertical spacing should not exceed 16 16 times the diameter
diameter ofof the
the smallest vertical
vertical
reinforcement. The
reinforcement The links
links should not be less thanthan 1/4
1/4 of the size of the largest compression bar nor 66
mm inin diameter.
diameter. The
The wall thickness
thickness should not be less than 125 125 mm.
PERMISSIBLE LOADS
3.4.2 PERMISSIBLE
The permissible load on any storey
The storey height should
should be calculated
calculated in the
the general manner specified for
for
columns (omitting,
columns (omitting, however, the
the contribution
contribution of the vertical
vertical reinforcement transverse reinforcement
reinforcement if transverse reinforcement
satisfying Sub-clause
satisfying Sub-clause 3.3.
3.3.1(2) provided).
1(2) is not provided).
When thethe effective
effective height of the wall
wall exceeds 15
15 times the wall thickness, the permisible load should
pennisible load should be
reduced to
reduced to allow for
for the
the effect
effect of
of slenderness of the wall. The
The reduction coefficients given in Table
reduction coefficients Table 3.9
for columns should
for should be used for for this
this purpose, value of
purpose, the value of the slenderness ratio
ratio to be adopted
adopted in the
the
first column ofof this table being the
the ratio
ratio between the effective
effective height of the
the wall and the
the wall thickness.
thickness.
The effective
The effective height of the wall should
should be determined
determined as forfor columns
columns in accordance
accordance with Sub-clause
Sub-clause
Where, as
3.3.2(2)(e). Where, as may occasionally happen,
happen, the wall is stiffened
stiffened by closely spaced
spaced cross walls such
such
that ffie
that the length
length of wall between adjacent
adjacent cross walls is les than
than the
the effective
effective height,
height, the
the slenderness ratio
may be assumed to be the ratio
may ratio of this length to the
the wall thickness.
thickness.
The effective
The effective width of a reinforced concrete wall subjected
subjected to
to concentrated
concentrated loads,
loads, should
should not exceed
not exceed
the distance measured
the distance measured from
from centre
centre to centre
centre between the concentrated
concentrated loads
loads or the
the width of bearing
bearing
plus 4 times the
plus the wall thickness on each
each side of
of the
the concentrated
concentrated load,
load, whichever is the smaller
smaller
dimension.
• ' . - • .-."•'• " ' • - . ' " • • • ' .' ;: ";-'" • - • ' • - - • • . / :
31
31
 A wall should
A wall should be
be effectively
effectively supported
supported laterally
laterally to
to prevent
prevent buckling
buckling by horizontal reinforced
by horizontal reinforced concrete
concrete
slabs of
slabs of adequate
adequate thickness; or or beams spaced
spaced with
with aa clear
clear spacing
spacing of
of not
not more
more than aa distance
distance ofof 8
times
times the
the thickness of the
thickness of the wall;
wall; or
or reinforced
reinforced concrete
concrete cross
cross walls.
walls. Where
Where the
the wall is stiffened
wall is stiffened by
by closely
closely
spaced cross walls such that the length of wall between effective
between adjacent cross walls is less than the effective
slenderness ratio should be assumed
height, the slenderness assumed to be the ratio of this length of the wall thickness.
thickness.

3.5 BASES
BASES AND PILE CAPS
PILE CAPS
3.5.1 BENDING
BENDING MOMENTS
MOMENTS
The bending moments at any section of aa base or pile cap for
The for a reinforced concrete
concrete column or wall
wall
should be taken to be the moment of the forces over the entire areaarea on one side of the section. The
for bending in the base or pile cap
critical section for cap should be taken at the face of the column or wall.
wall.
REINFORCEMENT
3.5.2 REINFORCEMENT
The reinforcement provided to resist the bending moments specified specified in Clause 3.5.1 should be
distributed uniformly across the full
distributed full width of the section;
section; except that, in rectangular bases or pile caps
columns, the
for columns, the reinforcement parallel
parallel to the short edge should be moremore closely spaced
spaced near
near the
column.
SHEAR
3.5.3 SHEAR
The critical sections for shear
The shear in bases should be taken to be at a distance
distance from the column faces equal
to the effective
effective depth of the base. The shear resistance of pile caps should be checked for corbel action
accordance with Clause
in accordance Clause 5.2.1.
BOND
3.5.4 BOND
The critical
The critical section for local bond stress
stress should be taken to be the same section
section as the critical section
for bending moment, at the face of the column or wall.
moment, i.e. at
STAIRCASES
3.6 STAIRCASES
OF LOADING
3.6.1 DISTRIBUTION OF
In general the load
load should be assumed to be uniformly
uniformly distributed
distributed over the plan area of a staircase.
When, however,
When, however, staircases surrounding open wells include two spans
spans which intersect at right angles,
the load on the areas
the areas common to both spans may be assumed
assumed to be divided
divided equally between the two
spans.
spans.
When staircases or landings, which span in the direction of the flight, are built at least
least 1110
10 mm into
along part
walls along part or all of their length, a 150
150 mm strip adjacent to the wall may be deducted
deducted from the
loaded area.
area.
EFFECTIVE BREADTH
3.6.2 EFFECTIVE BREADTH OF STAIRCASES
STAIRCASES
The effective
The effective breadth of a staircase without stringer
stringer beams should
should normally be taken as the actual
actual
breadth of the staircase.
staircase. When a staircase is built into a wall along part or all of its span, 2/3 of the
embedded breadth up to a maximum of 80 mm should be included in the effective
effective breath.
EFFECTIVE SPAN
3.6.3 EFFECTIVE SPAN OF STAIRCASE
staircase without stringer
When a staircase stringer beams is built monolithically at its ends into structural members
spanning at right angles to the span
span of the staircase,
staircase, the effective
effective span should
should be taken as the sum of
the clear horizontal
horizontal distance
distance between the
the supporting
supporting members and and 1/2
1/2 the breadths of the
the breadths the supporting
supporting
members subject
subject to maximum
maximum additions of 900 mm at both ends.
staircase without stringer
When a staircase stringer beams is simply
simply supported the effective
effective span should be taken as the
horizontal distance
horizontal distance between the centre lines of the supports.
For the purpose
For purpose of this sub-clause a staircase
staircase may be taken to include a section
section of landing spanning in
the
the same direction
direction and continuous with thethe stair flight.
3.7 FLAT SLAB
FLATSLAB
GENERAL
3.7.1 GENERAL
The
The term flat slab
slab means aa reinforced
reinforced concrete
concrete slab with or without drops,
drops, supported,
supported, generally
without
without beams, by columns
columns with or without flared column headsheads (see Fig. 3.4). A flat
flat slab may be a
solid slab
slab or may have recesses
recesses formed on the soffit
soffit so that
that the soffit
soffit comprises
comprises a series of ribs two
directions. The
The recesses
recesses may be formed
formed by removable or permanent
permanent filler blocks.
blocks.

• ' ' . .•• •. : .' '•;•• 32 '. • v • • •-.. ' . - . • • •. • • • • • ".

3.7.2 METHODS
3.7.2 OF DESIGN
METHODS OF DESIGN
Flat slabs may be designed:
designed:
(1) as continuous frames using the method described in Clause 3.7.10 or by any other method
statics and continuity;
satisfying the principles of statics continuity; or
(2) by the empirical method described in Clauses 3.7. 11 to 3.7.16 which is applicable only to the more
3.7.11
common forms of this construction described in Clause 3.7.
common 3.7.11.
11.
In both methods Clauses
Clauses 3.7.3 to 3.7.9 apply.
apply,
3.7.3 DIVISION
3.7.3 DIVISION OF PANELS
PANELS (See Fig. 3.5).
3.5).
Flat slab
slab panels
panels should be assumed
assumed to be divided
divided into strips as follows:—

Critical sections for

shear immediately
adjacent to
adjacent to column Critical section
Critical Critical sections for
Critical
for shear shear immediately
shear immediately
Mid-depth adjacent to column
adjacent
of slab _ Thickness
of drop

40 mm 40 mm
D Mid-depth
Mid-depth
Mid-depth of drop
drop
of slab
D ++ thickness
thickness D+ -I- thickness
of slab
of slab off sslab
o [a b concrete in
Any concrete m D -I-
+ thickness
thickness
this area
this area is to at drop
drop
be neglected in at
calculations
the calculations

a.
a. Slab without drop and b. Slab without drop and
Slab and c. with drop and
Slab with
column without column column
column with column column with column
head
head head head
head

Fig. 3.4 Critical

Critical sections
sections for
for shearing stresses in flat slabs

Column strip. The

(1) Column The width of the column strip
strip should be taken as 1/2
1/2 of the width of the panel,
except that, where drops
drops are used, it may be taken as the width of the drop;
strip. The
(2) Middle strip. The width of the middle strip should be taken asas 1/2
1/2 of the width of the
the panel,
panel,
used, and the column strip is taken
except that, where drops are used, taken as
as the width of the drop, the
the
width of the middle strip
strip should
should be taken as
as the difference
difference between
between the width of the panel and
that of the drop.
drop,
3.7.4 NOTATION
3.7.4 CONSTRUCTION
NOTATION FOR FLAT SLAB CONSTRUCTION
In the
In the following
following clauses
clauses and
and formulae
formulae relating
relating to
to flat slabs,
slabs,
LI is the length of the panel in the direction of the span,
L[
width of
L2 is the width of the panel at right angles,
angles,
Lis
L the average
is the average of LI L2,
Li and L2,
D is the diameter
diameter of the
the column head (see Fig. 3.4 and ClauseClause 3.7.9),
the total load per unit area on the panel,
w is the panel,
bss is the length of a shear perimeter,
perimeter,
di is the effective
effective depth
depth of
of the
the slab
slab at
at the
the shear perimeter,
the length
c is the length ofof the
the side of
of the
the perimeter
perimeter parallel to the axis of
of bending,
V isis the total shear force
force on a column,
M is the moment being being transferred
transferred through the column/slab junction.
THICKNESS OF
3.7.5 THICKNESS OF FLAT
FLAT SLAB
The total
The total thickness
thickness of
of the slab should
the slab should in
in no case be
no case be less
less than
than the greatest of
the greatest of the following values:—
the following values:—
" ' ; . 1.
1. 125 nun; . . • " . . " • : '-','.- : • . . ' • ' . • . ' . ' . . . ' . . . . . . ' : /'..-. . ' . . . . • . " ' ' •
125mm; , . . ' .'.
2. L/32 for
L/32 for end
end panels
panels without drops; drops;

33
 3.
3. L/36 for
L/36 for interior
interior panels, fully continuous,
panels, fully continuous, without drops, and
without drops, and for
for end
end panels
panels with
with drops;
drops;
4. L/40 for
L/40 for interior
interior panels, fully continuous, with drops.
STRESSES IN FLAT SLABS
3.7.6 SHEARING STRESSES SLABS
At any section
section on a perimeter
perimeter at
at a distance
distance farther away than 1/2 1/2 the
the slab
slab thickenss
thickenss from the
periphery of the column,
column, column head or drop panel,
panel, see Fig. 3.4 the nominal shear
shear stress
stress v should be
calculated by the appropriate
appropriate equations:
Internal columns:
V „ 1.5M
+
bs d/ Vc
corner columns:
Edge or comer columns:
V „ 1.5M.
v-
b s d 1 (L25 +
Vc }
Where V is the total shear
shear force,
force,
M is the
M the total moment being transferred
transferred to the column(s),
b length of the
b ss is the length the shear perimeter,
perimeter,
di is the
the effective
effective depth
depth of the slab at the
the shear perimeter;
cc is the
the length of the
the side of
of the
the perimeter
perimeter parallel to the axis of bending.
bending. (For
(For the
the purpose
purpose of
calculating c, non-rectangular
calculating non-rectangular columns
columns may be taken
taken as square
square columns of equivalent
equivalent area).
area).
For sections without
For sections shearing resistance offered
without shearing offered by reinforcement,
reinforcement, v should
should not exceed 0.8 times the
shear stress pvv given in Clause 3.1.4.
permissible shear 3. 1 .4.
For slabs
For slabs less than 250 mm thick reinforcement
reinforcement should
should be assumed not to contribute
contribute to the shearing
resistance. For slabs slabs of thickness 250 mm and over, reinforcement
reinforcement should
should be provided
provided to resist
0.5 v bss dj di for
for 0.8
0.8 pv < v < 1.01.0 p reinforcement should
pyv and reinforcement should be provided
provided to resist v bbss dj
di for
for
1 .0 ppvv << vv <^ 3.5
1.0 3.5py.
pv. In
In no
no case
case should
should vv exceed
exceed 3.5
3.5ppvv..
In the calculation
calculation of
of shear
shear stress or design of shear reinforcement:—
reinforcement: —

The factor
The factor (1 ++ —™— ) should
should be taken as
as not less than 1.15.
1.15.
’c

Where bending about an axis parallel to the free edge is being considered,
Where considered, the factor
factor (1.25 +H—'•—— )
Vcc
may be
be taken as
as 11.25.
.25.
factor may be taken
Alternatively, this factor taken as 11.4.4for
forapproximately
approximatelyequal
equalspans.
spans.
Design of shear reinforcement may be in accordance with Clause 3.2.7.
3,2.7.
3.7.7
3.7.7 OPENINGS
OPENINGS IN PANELS
PANELS
for openings
Except for openings complying with (1), (2) or (3) below, openings
openings should be completely framed on all
beams to
sides with beams to carry
carry the loads
loads to the
the columns,
columns, and an opening
opening should
should not encroach
encroach upon
upon aa
column head or drop.
drop.
(1) Openings of
of aa size such that the greatest
greatest dimension in a direction
direction parallel
parallel to aa centre-line of the
panel does
does not exceed 0.4L may be formed in the areaarea common
common to two intersecting
intersecting middle strips,
provided that the total positive and negative moments specified in Sub-clause
moments specified Sub-clause 3.7.10(5)
3.7.10(5) or Clause
3.7.13 are redistributed
redistributed between the remaining
remaining principal
principal design sections
sections to
to meet the changed
conditions.
(2) Openings of aggregate length oror width not
not exceeding
exceeding 1/10
1/10 of the
the width
width of
of the column
column strip
strip may
be made in the area common
common to two column strips,
strips, provided that
that the
the reduced sections
sections are capable
of carrying
carrying the
the appropriate
appropriate moments
moments specified in Sub-clause 3.7.10(5)
3.7.10(5) or Clause
Clause 3.7.13 and
provided that the perimeter for
for calculating shear
shear stress is reduced if appropriate.
appropriate.
(3) Openings of aggregate
aggregate length or width
width not exceeding 11/4
/4 of the width
width of the
the strip
strip may
may be made
made in
any area common
common to one column
column strip and
and one
one middle strip,
strip, provided
provided that
that the
the reduced sections
are capable of carrying
carrying the appropriate moments specified in Sub-clause
appropriate moments Sub-clause 3.7.10(5) of Clause
Clause
3.7.13.
3.7.13.

34
34
 L ps
i

—-"^ rJ\ ^ 7\
n ^*i
J\
L/4 1
;tfc
L/4
3.
L/4 | L/4 •H$\ «•-
^ widths ^ drop width
HalN-
drop
tf L width

Half ,
Half
_j I f Centre line and —$_\_
*- positio.
position of max. positive moment -£"
_._
ialf
column 1J
column I1 I Half I ) Half | column
strip II
strip Middle strip
Middle sirip column |
|«*LW | column [ Midd le strip
strip

Si t
6
J
I
>
Pt
' . . of maximum _
osition
/
negative moment
negative moment

a.
a. Where drops
Where drops are
are not
not used
used b.
b. Where drops are
Where drops are used
used

Fig.
Fig. 3.5 Division
Division of flat slab panels into column and middle strips
strips

3.7.8 BENDING MOMENTS

MOMENTS IN PANELS
PANELS WITH MARGINAL BEAMS OR WALLS
Where the slab is supported by a marginal beam with a depth greater than 1.5
Where 1.5 times the thickness of
slab, or by aa wall then:
the slab,
the total
(1) the total load
load to be carried by the beam or wall should comprise those loads directly
directly on the wall or
beam plus a uniformly
beam uniformly distributed load equal to 11/4
/4 of the total load on the slab; and
(2) the bending moments on the half-column strip
strip adjacent
adjacent to the beam or wall should be 11/4
/4 of the
bending moments specified in Sub-clause 3.7.10(5) or Clause
bending moments Clause 3.7.13.
COLUMN HEADS
3.7.9 COLUMN HEADS
Where column heads
heads are provided,
provided, the heads
heads of interior columns and such portions of the heads
heads of
exterior columns
exterior columns as will lie within the building should satisfy
satisfy the following requirements:—
requirements:—
of greatest
(1) The angle of greatest slope
slope of
of the head should not
not exceed 45° from the vertical;
The diameter of the column head, D, should be taken as its diameter
(2) The diameter measured at a distance of 40
mm below the underside of the slab or the underside of
of the drop where provided, as shown in Fig.
3.4(6) and (c);
3.4(A) (c);
diameter D
(3) The diameter D should be not more than 0.25L;
(4) Where the column and column headhead are not of circular cross-section
cross-section the term diameter
diameter used in
deemed to mean the
this clause should be deemed the diameter of the largest circle which can be drawn within
within
section.
the section.
DESIGN OF FLAT
3.7.10 DESIGN FLAT SLABS AS CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS FRAMES
General
(1) General
Flat slabs may be designed as
Flat as continuous frames on the assumptions
assumptions given in (2), (3), (4), (5) and
(6), below. Clauses 3.7.3 to 3.7.9 are also
also applicable
applicable to this method of design.
(2) Bending moments and shearing forces
forces
The bending moments and shearing
The shearing forces may be determined by an analysis
analysis of the structure as
as a
continuous frame
continuous frame and the following assumptions
assumptions may be made:
made:
(a) The structure may be considered
considered to be divided longitudinally
longitudinally and transversely
transversely into frames
frames
consisting of a row of columns and strips
consisting strips of slab with aa width equal to the distance
distance between
between
the centre-lines of the panels on each side of the row of columns;
each frame
(b) each frame may be analysed
analysed by Hardy Cross,
Cross, or other suitable methods, in its entirety; or
each strip of floor
each floor and roof may be analysed
analysed as a separate
separate frame with the
the columns above
above and
below assumed fixed at at their
their extremities.
extremities. The
The spans used in thethe analyses should be thethe
distances
distances between the centres
centres of the supports except where the slab is supported by a wall,
span should be the distance
when the span distance to the
the face of the wall plus 1/2
1/2 the
the depth of the slab.
slab.
Stiffness of members
(3) Stiffness
For the purpose of
For of determining
determining the relative
relative stiffnesses
stiffnesses of the members, the moment ofof inertia of
slab or column may
any section of a slab may be assumed
assumed to be that of the gross cross-section
cross-section of the
the
concrete alone. Variations
concrete Variations of the moment of inertiainertia along the axes of the slabs and columns
columns
should be taken into account. The
The joints
joints between thethe columns and slabs
slabs may be
be assumed
assumed to have
have
moment of inertia
an infinite moment inertia

35
 Maximum bending moments on slabs
(4) Maximum
The maximum bending moments near near the mid-span of a slab and at the centre-line of the supports
should be calculated
should calculated for
for the following
following arrangements
arrangements of
of the
the imposed
imposed loads:
loads:—
—
(a) alternate spans loaded and all other spans unloaded;
(a)
(b) any two adjacent
(b) adjacent spans loaded and all other spans unloaded.
(5) Design moments forfor flat slabs
The
The slab should be designed for the bending moments so calculated at any section, except that
provision
provision need not be made for for greater negative moments than those
those at the critical sections for
adjacent to a column, as shown in Fig,
shear immediately adjacent Fig. 3.4. In all cases the sum of the
maximum positive bending moment and the average of the negative bending moments, used in
the design of any one span of the slab should, for the whole panel with, be not less than:

load per unit area

where w is the total load area on the panel and D is the diameter
diameter of the column heads
supporting the slab concerned see Clause
supporting Clause 3.7.9. Where
Where the diameters of the column heads
supporting the slab are
supporting are not equal, D should be assumed to be the average
average of the two diameters.
The bending moments for which provision is made should be divided between the column and the
The
strips in the proportion
middle strips proportion given in Table 3.12.

Distribution of bending
Table 3.12 Distribution bending moments
moments in panels
panels of flat slabs designed
designed as continuous
continuous frames
frames

Apportionment between column and middle strip expressed as

percentages of
of the total negative or positive moment*
strip
Column strip Middle strip
Negative moments 75 25
Positive moments 55 45
** Where
Where thethe column
column strip
strip is
is taken as
as equal
equal to the width of the drop, and
and the middle strip
strip is
is thereby increased
increased in
in width to aa value
greater than
greater than 1/2 of
of the width of the panel, the moments to be resisted
resisted by the middle
middle strip
strip should be increased in proportion to
increased width. The moments
its increased moments to be resisted
resisted by the column
column strip may then
then be decreased by an amount such that there is no
reduction in either
reduction either the total
total positive or the total negative
negative moments
moments resisted
resisted by the
the column
column strip
strip and middle strip
strip together.

(6) Design moments in columns

The maximum bending moments in the columns may be assumed to occuroccur when the imposed load
is applied to alternate panels. The
The columns
columns should
should be designed to resist that
that combination of
bending moment and direct load consistent
consistent therewith which produces
produces the
the greatest stresses in a
column.
3.7.11 EMPIRICAL
3.7.11 DESIGN OF
EMPIRICAL DESIGN OF FLAT
FLAT SLABS
General
(1) General
3,7.12 to 3.7.16. Clause
This empirical method is described in Clauses 3.7.12 Clause 3.7.3 to 3.7.9 are also
applicable.
applicable.
method
(2) Applicability of method
The bending moments
moments given in Clause 3.7.13 apply only when conditions (a) (a) and (6)
(b) below are
satisfied.
satisfied.
(a) Limitations regarding
(a) Limitations regarding numbers and shapeshape of a series
series of panels.
panels. The
The slabs
slabs should
should comprise a
series of rectangular panels of approximately
approximately constant
constant thickness, arranged
arranged in at least 33 rows
in two directions
directions at right angles, and the
the ratio of the length of
of a panel to its width should not not
exceed 4:3. The
exceed The lengths and/or
and/or widths of any 2 adjacent panels
panels in a series should not differ
differ by
more than 115% the greater length or width. End
5% of the End spans may
may be shorter,
shorter, but not longer,
than interior spans.
than spans. Where adjacent
adjacent spans differ,
differ, the length should
should always be taken as as that of
the longer span
span in calculating the bending
bending moments. Stability of the structure
structure is provided by
bracing or shear walls designed to resist all the lateral force;
(i>)
(b) Limitations regarding
regarding drops.
drops. The
The drops
drops should be rectangular
rectangular on plan,
plan, and have a length in
direction not less than 1/3
each direction 1/3 of the
the panel length
length in that direction.
direction. For
For exterior
exterior panels the
of drop at
width of at right angles to the
the non-continuous measured from the centre line
non-contixiuous edge and measured
of the columns
columns should be equal to to 11/2
/2 of the width of drop forfor interior
interior panels.
panels.

34
36
3.7.12 CRITICAL SECTIONS
SECTIONS FOR BENDING
BENDING MOMENTS IN FLAT SLABS
FFor
or interior panels, fully
interior panels, fully continuous, the critical sections
sections for
for the bending
bending moments
moments given in Clause
Clause
Fig. 3.5:
3.7.13 are as follows, see Fig,
(1) Positive
Positive moment along the centre lines of the panel;
(2) Negative moment along the edges of the panel on lines joining
joining the centres
centres of the columns
columns and
and
around the perimeter
perimeter of the column
column heads.
3.7.13 BENDING MOMENTS
MOMENTS IN FLAT SLAB PANELS
The bending moments for which
The bending provision is made should he
which provision be divided between the column and middle
divided between middle
strips as shown in Table
strips Table 3.13, where:
where:

1
M. - 4 <L > - 2
o J

WIDTHS.OF
3.7.14 WIDTHS OF REINFORCING BANDS
In slabs
slabs reinforced
reinforced in two directions only, the reinforcement
reinforcement should be so disposed
disposed that each strip is
reinforced over its full
reinforced full width.

Table 3.13
Table 3.13 Distribution of
Distribution of bending
bending moments
moments in panels
panels of
of flat slabs
slabs designed
designed by the empirical
empirical method
method

Apportionment of moments between the column

column and
strip expressed as
middle strip as percentages of Mo0
strip
Column strip Middle strip
strip
Interior panels
Interior panels
With drops
Negative moments 50 115
5
Positive moments 20 15
I5
Without drops
Negative moments 446
6 1166
Positive
Positive moments 222
2 I166
Column Wall Column Wall
Supports Supports Supports Supports
panels
Exterior panels
With drops
Exterior negative
Exterior negative moments 45 6 10
10 6
Positive moments
moments 25 36 19
19 26
Interior negative
Interior negativeltnoments
moments 50 72 15
15 22
Without drops
Exterior negative moments 41 6 10
10 6
Positive moments
Positive 28 40 20 28
Interior negative moments
moments 46 66" 16
16 24

Note 1.
L Where the column strip is taken
taken as equal to the width of the drop, and the middle strip is
thereby increased in width to a value
value greater
greater than 1/2
1/2 of the width
width of the panel, the moments
to be resisted by the middle strip should be increased
increased in proportion increased width.
proportion to its increased
The moments to be resisted by the column strip may then
The then be decreased by an amount such
that there is no reduction
reduction in either
either the total positive or the total negative moments resisted
resisted
strip and middle
by the column strip middle strip together.
together.
Note 2.
2. Where
Where end
end spans are shorter
shorter than interior
interior spans,
spans, the moments given in this table may be
modified.
suitably modified.
3.7.15 ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCEMENT
ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCEMENT IN FLAT
FLAT SLABS
SLABS
(1) Slabs reinforced
(I) reinforced in two directions
(a) In each
(a) each strip
strip or band 40% of the positive reinforcement should extend in the lower part of
reinforcement should
distance of 0.
the slab to within a distance 0.125L,
125L, measured
measured from the line joining the centres of the
columns;
columns;

37
 (b) The
(b) The negative reinforcement in
negative reinforcement in the top of
the top of the
the slab
slab should
should extend
extend into
into adjacent
adjacent panels
panels for
for an
an
average distance, measured from the line joining the centres of
of the columns, of
of not less than
0.25L, and no bar should extend less than Q.2L
0.25L, 0.2L from this
this line;
(c) The
(e) The full
full area
area ofof negative reinforcement
reinforcement should
should be provided
provided for
for aa distance
distance of
of not less
less than
than
0.2L, measured from the line joining the centres of the columns. The full area of positive
reinforcement should be provided
reinforcement provided for a distance of not less than 0.25L measured from the
centre line ofof the panel;
panel;
(d) In flat slabs
(d) slabs supported on columns without heads,
heads, oorr when the diameter of the head is less
than 2 times the average width of the top ooff the column, 2/3 of the amount of of reinforcement
required to resist the negative moment in the column strip should be placed
placed in aa width equal
to 11/2
/ 2 that of
of the column strip and central with the column;
(2) Slabs with discontinuous
discontinuous edges
edges
edges the positive
At all discontinuous edges positive and negative reinforcement should extend to within 75 mm
negative reinforcement
edge of
of the edge of the panel, and should be provided with U-hooks.
3.7.16 BENDING
BENDING MOMENTS
MOMENTS IIN COLUMNS
N COLUMNS
(1) Internal and external columns should be designed
designed to resist
resist bending moments equal to 50 50 and
and'90%
90%ro
respectively of the negative
negative moment in the column strip specified in Clause 3.7.13. These
These moments
should be
be apportioned between
between the upper and lower columns in proportion to their stiffness. IInn
the direct
internal columns, the direct load acting with
with the moment may be be reduced
reduced to allow for
for the panel on
side being
one side free of
being free of imposed
imposed load;
case of
(2) In the case of external columns carrying portions of
of the
the floors
floors and walls as
as aa cantilevered load,
the specified
specified column moments may be reduced by the moment due to t o the dead load
load on the
portion.
cantilevered portion.
STABILITY REQUIREMENTS
3.8 STABILITY REQUIREMENTS
3.8.1 GENERAL
3.8.1 GENERAL
The overall stability of
The of the building including the stability during the period
period of construction should be
considered in the design.
considered design. The
The recommendations givengiven in this Clause on tying the structure together,
and on the plan form of of the building, aim
aim at enabling the structure to accommodate
the structure accommodate aa limited
limited amount
of accidental
of accidental loading which maymay occur as as a result of
of causes
causes such
such as
as construction loading, differential
differential
explosions, accidental impact etc., which
settlement of the supports, thermal movements, explosions, which are not
defined as
defined as normal loading. These
These accidental
accidental loadings
loadings may produce local damage, but the recom-
mendations have as
mendations as their objective
objective the
the limitation of
of the extent of
of such damage.
damage.
.3.8.2 PLAN FORM
3.8.2 PLAN FORM
The choice
The choice of plan
plan form is a most important consideration for for ensuring stability and, as as far
far as
practicable, the various elements
elements of of aa building
building should be arranged
arranged in such aa way way asas to reduce
reduce the effect
effect
local accident.
of any local accident.
3,8.3 VEHICLE IMPACT
3.8.3 IMPACT
The provision of bollards, walls retaining earth banks, etc.,
The etc., should be be considered to obviate the
possibility of vehicles
possibility vehicles running
running into and damaging or removing vital load bearing members of the
floor.
structure in the ground floor.
3.8.4. TIES
3.8.4 TIES
General
(1) General
The recommendations of of this Clause
Clause may be considered to satisfy satisfy the general
general stability require-
require-
ment that in addition to safely supporting all appropriate dead, imposed and wind loads,
ment loads,
should be
buildings should be designed
designed and constructed so that if any one structural member (other than
one purposely designed
designed to to resist
resist initial damage) were considered
damage) were considered to have been been removed, the
failure would affect only
consequent structural failure only aa small
small part ofof the building.
(2) Interaction of of members in the horizontal plane
horizontal plane
To
To ensure aa degree
degree ofof interaction between
between members in the horizontal plane, plane, every
every building should
should
be provided
provided with ties in accordance
accordance with (3), (4) (4) and (5)
(5) below.
below. In general,
general, these ties can be provided
these ties provided
by effectively
effectively connecting together part of of the reinforcement provided in the members members to to support
support
loads caused
loads caused by by normal
normal function. It may be be assumed,
assumed, when calculating the area area of
of the
the tie
tie required,
required,
that the tie has
that only to resist the stated
has only stated horizontal force
force and that the steel
steel is otherwise unstressed.
unstressed.
The
The ties should
should be be so placed as
so placed as to provide the best
best assistance
assistance in resisting by cantilever, catenary or
other action, the
other possible results
the possible of accidental
results of accidental damage to aa part of of the
the building. At re-entrant
re-entrant
comers, or
corners, or at
at substantial
substantial changes
changes in construction, care care should be be taken ensure that the ties
taken to ensure ties are
adequately anchored
adequately anchored intointo the adjacent floor
the adjacent floor or otherwise made effective.
effective.

38
 (3) Peripheral
Peripheral tie
At each floor and roof level
level an effectively uninterrupted peripheral
effectively uninterrupted peripheral tie should be provided, located
within 11.2
,2 m of the edge of the building
building or perimeter
perimeter wall. This tie should
should be capable of resisting
resisting a
horizontal
horizontal tensile force of 40 kN without
without exceeding
exceeding the permissible
permissible stress in the steel.
(4) Internal ties
In addition to the peripheral
peripheral tie, internal ties should be provided at each floor
floor and roof level in
two directions approximately at right angles. The internal
internal ties should be effectively uninterrupted
effectively uninterrupted
throughout their length and should, unless they continue as column or wall ties (5) below, be
anchored to the peripheral
peripheral tie at both ends. Provided that the beam or slab spans do not exceed 5
gross weight of the construction and imposed loads does not exceed 7.5 kPa, the ties in
m and the gross
each direction should be capable
each capable of resisting a horizontal tensile force of 25 kN per metre width
width
exceeding the permissible stress in the steel. For construction involving greater beam or
without exceeding
spans, and/or supporting greater
slab spans, greater gross weights, the
the ties should be proportionately
proportionately larger; the
span to be considered for
span for this purpose may, however, be limited to 5 times the clear storey height
height
under the beam or slab.
Part or all of the internal ties may be spread
spread evenly over the width
width of the structure or may be
grouped at beams, walls or other appropriate intervals.
intervals. The ties may be in the slabs,
slabs, beams
beams or
walls; where they are
are in walls they should be located
located within 0.5 m of the top or bottom of the floor
slab.
(5) Horizontal
Horizontal column and wall ties
All external load
load bearing vertical
vertical members should be anchored or tied horizontally
horizontally into the
structure at each floor
structure floor and roof level with a tie capable of resisting, without exceeding thethe
permissible stress in the steel, a horizontal
horizontal force equal to the greater
greater of:
(a) 25 kN for each column, or 25 kN per metre length of load bearing wall;
wall; or
(b) 3% of the total vertical
(b) vertical load in the column or wall at floor level.
The figures given in (a) relate to aa floor
The floor to ceiling
ceiling height not exceeding 2.5 m and should be
increased in proportion
increased greater heights;
proportion for greater heights; the increase may,
may, however, be limited to 100%.
Corner columns should be tied into the structure at each floor
Comer floor and roof level in each of two
directions
directions approximately at right
right angles, with
with ties capable of resisting a force
force equal to the greater
of (a) or (b) above.
of above. Column and wall ties may be partly or, wholly the same reinforcement
reinforcement as that
provided for the peripheral
peripheral or internal
internal ties. Column and wall ties should not rely solely on the
bond of a plain straight bar for
for their anchorage at either end. Plain bar should be bent or hooked
so as
so as to provide
provide the required anchorage
anchorage in bearing
bearing on sound
sound concrete
concrete unless welded or
mechanically anchored
mechanically anchored to the main reinforcement.
reinforcement.
(6) Vertical column and wall ties
Vertical ties
Vertical ties should
should be
be provided
provided inin all
all columns
columns andand walls.
walls. The
The area
area of
of these
these ties should be
ties should at least
be at least
equal to
equal to the
the minima given
given in
in Clauses
Clauses 3.3.1
3.3.1 and
and 3.4
3.4 for
for their
their main
main reinforcement
reinforcement as as reinforced
reinforced
concrete members.
concrete members. Each
Each tie should be
tie should effectively uninterrupted
be effectively uninterrupted from
from foundation
foundation toto roof
roof level.
level.

4
4. DESIGN AND
DESIGN AND DETAILING:
DETAILING: PRESTRESSED
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
CONCRETE
GENERAL
4.1 GENERAL
SCOPE
4.1.1 SCOPE
This section
This section gives
gives methods
methods ofof analysis
analysis and
and design
design which
which will in general
will in general ensure
ensure that,
that, for
for prestressed
prestressed
concrete structures,
concrete structures, the
the objectives
objectives set
set out
out in
in Section
Section 22 are
are met.
met. Other
Other methods
methods may
may bebe used
used provided
provided
that they can
that they can be
be shown
shown toto be satisfactory for
be satisfactory for the
the type of structure
type of structure or
or member considered. In
member considered. In certain
certain
cases, the
cases, the assumptions
assumptions made
made in
in this
this Section
Section may
may be inappropriate and
be inappropriate and aa more
more suitable
suitable method
method should
should
be adopted
be adopted having
having regard to the
regard to the nature
nature ofof the
the structure
structure in
in question.
question,
DEFINITIONS
4.1.2 DEFINITIONS
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Concrete in
Concrete in which effective internal
which effective internal stresses
stresses are
are induced
induced artificially,
artificially,
usually by means
usually means of
of tensioned
tensioned steel,
steel, prior
prior to
to loading
loading the structure.
structure.
TENDON
TENDON A stretched element
A stretched element used
used in
in aa concrete
concrete member
member oror structure
structure to
to
impart prestress to the concrete. For
the concrete. For the purpose
purpose of this Code
tendons are assumed
tendons assumed to be of steel.
steel.

39
 TRANSFER
TRANSFER transferring load in the prestressing tendons to the
The action of transferring
concrete.
PRE-TENSIONING A method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned before the
concrete is placed.
concrete
POST-TENSIONING prestressing in which
A method of prestressing which tendons are tensioned after the
concrete has hardened.
4.1.3 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
4.13 ASSUMPTIONS
Computation of stresses should accordaccord with the laws of mechanics and the recognized
recognized general
principles relating to the design of prestressed concrete.
concrete.
HANDLING STRESSES
4.1.4 HANDLING STRESSES
effects of handling and construction on the stresses in members should be considered at the
The effects the design
Consideration should also be given to the secondary
stage. Consideration secondary effects
effects due to prestress.
4.2 PERMISSIBLE
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
STRESSES
4.2.1 GENERAL
4.2.1 GENERAL
Clause 4.2.2 and 4.2.3 are for the purpose of the design of structures
The permissible stresses given in Clause
beams, permissible stresses may require further limitation
generally. In beams, limitation to comply with the requirement
of Clause 4.9.1 as regards ultimate strength, which is an over-riding consideration, or with the
Clause 4.9.11
requirements of Clause 4,9.11 as to deflections.
PERMISSIBLE STRESS IN CONCRETE
4.2.2 PERMISSIBLE CONCRETE
Compressive stress
(1) Compressive stress
compressive stresses in concrete
The compressive concrete should
should not exceed those
those given in Table 4.
4.1.
1.

Table 4.1
Table Permissible compressive
Permissible compressive stresses
stresses in concrete
concrete

Nature of loading
loading compressive stress
Permissible compressive stress
Maximum working load
load
Intending
In bending 0.33 u,
0.33 u•w
w

In continuous beams and other statically indeterminate

structures this may be increased to 0.4
0.4 uww within the
range of support moments.
range
In direct compression 0.25 uww
0.25
Wind loading As for
for maximum
maximum working load plus 25%, provided
provided the
excess is solely due to wind forces.
excess forces.
Transfer*
Transfer* 0.5 u tt for a triangular or roughly triangular distribution
of prestress, but not greater
greater than 0.33 uww or 0.4 uww as
described above
0.4 uutt for a uniform or approximately uniform distribu-
tion of prestress, but not greater
greater than 0.25 uww
** Where the stress
stress at
at transfer
transfer approaches
approaches the
the limit
limit given
given in
in Table
Table 4.1, the allowances
4.1, allowances for
for losses
losses must be carefully
carefully considered
considered and
and
working
working stresses restricted
restricted to proper values.
values.

(2) Tensile stresses due to bending

The tensile stresses due to bending under maximum working load
load should not exceed those given
Table 4.2.
in Table
appropriate to a member
These stress are appropriate member or structure which acts
acts as
as if monolithic, but no tension
is permissible at
at mortar or concrete joints ofof members
members made
made up of precast
precast units.
The stresses given in Table 4.2 may be increased
increased by up to 1.75 MPa provided that it is shown by
1,75 MPa provided
tests that such enhanced
enhanced stress does
does not exceed 75%
75% of the tensile stress calculated
calculated from the
loading in the
the performance
performance test corresponding
corresponding to the appearance
appearance of the first crack. Where
Where such
increase is permitted,
permitted, prestress in the concrete
concrete should be at least 10 MPa.
MPa.
should be well distributed
Pre-tensioned steel should distributed throughout the tensile zone of the section; and
post-tensioned should be supplemented,
post-tensioned steel should supplemented, if necessary, by additional
additional steel which need not be
prestressed, located near the tension
located near tension face of the
the member.
member.

40
40
 When the maximum working load to be considered
considered is of a temporary nature and is exceptionally
exceptionally
high in comparison with the load normally carried, a higher calculated
calculated tensile stress
stress than that
given in Table 4.2 is permissible provided that under normal conditions the stress
stress is compressive
to ensure that any cracks which might have occurred
occurred close up.
The
The tensile stresses at transfer should not in general exceed the permissible
permissible stresses given in
Table 4.3.
Table

Table 4.2 Permissible

Table Permissible stresses in concrete in tension due
due to bending
bending

Pre-tensioning
Pre- tensioning Post-tensioning with adequate grouting
grouting
and bonding
bonding
Occurance and duration
Occurance duration Specified grade strength
Specified
of loading of concrete
concrete Specified grade strength
Specified strength of concrete
concrete
MPa MPa
MPa
40 30 40
Maximum working load
occuring often and/or
occuring and/or
for long durations 2.0 1.2 1.4
1.4
Maximum working load load
rarely and/or
occuring rarely and/ or
durations e.g. wind
short durations
loading 3.0 1.9
1.9 2.0

Table 4.3 Permissible

Table Permissible stresses in concrete
concrete in tension
tension at transfer
transfer

Cube strength of concrete

Cube concrete at
at transfer Permissible tensile stress
MPa
MPa MPa
20 1.0
1.0
30 1.2
1.2
40 1.4
1.4
45 1.45
1.45

Direct tensile stress

(3) Direct stress
The permissible stress in direct
The direct tension 50% of
tension should not exceed 50% of the permissible bending tensile
stress given in Table
stress Table 4.2 for the appropriate conditions of loading and specified
specified grade
grade strength of
the concrete.
4.23 MAXIMUM
4.2.3 MAXIMUM INITIAL
INITIAL PRESTRESS IN PRESTRESSING TENDON
PRESTRESSING TENDON
The jacking force shall not normally
jacking force 70% of the characteristic strength of the tendon.
normally exceed 70%
SEQUENCE OF PRESTRESSING
4.2.4 SEQUENCE
The order in which prestressing
The prestressing tendons in a structure are to be stressed should be such
such that the
stresses permitted
stresses permitted by Clauses
Clauses 4.2.2(1), 4.2.2(2) and 4.2.2(3)
4.2.2(3) are not at any stage exceeded. The order
order
should be specified on the working drawings.
should
4.3 LOSS OF
OF PRESTRESS THAN FRICTION
PRESTRESS OTHER THAN LOSSES
FRICTION LOSSES
GENERAL
4.3.1 GENERAL
Allowance should be made when calculating the forces
forces in tendons at the various stages considered
considered in
design for
for the appropriate
appropriate losses of prestress resulting from:
prestress resulting from:
(1) relaxation of the steel comprising the tendons;
tendons;
subsequent shrinkage and creep
(2) the elastic deformation and subsequent creep of
of the concrete;
concrete;
(3) slip or movement
movement of tendons
tendons at
at anchorage during anchoring, and
other causes
(4) other causes in special
special circumstances as
as for
for example when steam curing is used with pre-tensioning.
pre-tensioning.

41
 If experimental
experimental evidence on performance is not available,
available, account should be taken of the properties of
the steel and of the concrete
concrete when calculating the losses of prestress from these causes.
4.3.2
4.3.2 OF PRESTRESS
LOSS OF PRESTRESS DUE
DUE TO
TO RELAXATION
RELAXATION OF STEEL
STEEL
The loss of force in tendon allowed for in the design should be the maximum relaxation after 11 000
hour duration,
duration, for a jacking force equal to that imposed at transfer, as given by the British Standard
Standard
appropriate for that type of tendon.
The loss of prestress given by the above British Standard will
will be for a jacking force of 70%, but when
the jacking force
force in a tendon is less than 70% of its characteristic
characteristic strength and there is no experimental
experimental
evidence available, the relaxation loss may be assumed to decrease linearly from 88% for an initial
% for
prestress of 70%, to zero for an initial
initial prestress
prestress of 50% of the characteristic strength of the tendon.
No reduction in the value of the relaxation loss should be made for a tendon when a load equal to or
greater than the relevant jacking force has been applied for a short time prior to the anchoring of the
greater
tendon.
In special cases, such asas tendons at high temperatures or subjected
subjected to large lateral loads, greater
relaxation losses will occur. Due consideration
will occur. consideration should be given to the relaxation losses in these cases.
4.3.3 LOSS OF PRESTRESS
PRESTRESS DUE TO
TO ELASTIC
ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF
OF THE CONCRETE
Calculation of the immediate loss of
Calculation offeree elastic deformation of the concrete at
force in the tendon due to elastic
transfer may be based on the values for the modulus of elasticity of the concrete given in Table 2.1. The
transfer
modulus of elasticity of the tendons may be taken as:
Es == 200 000 MPa for
for wire and strands to BS 5896
Es == 175
175 000 MPa
MPa for
for alloy bars to BS 4486 and nineteen-wire strand to BS 4757.
For pre-tensioning, the loss of prestress
For prestress in the tendons at transfer should be calculated on a modular
ratio basis
basis using the
the stress
stress in the adjacent
adjacent concrete.
concrete.
For members with post-tensioning tendons which are not stressed
For stressed simultaneously,
simultaneously, there is a
progressive loss of prestress
prestress during
during transfer due to the gradual application of the prestressing
prestressing force.
force.
The resulting loss of prestress in the tendons should be calculated on the basis of 50% the product of
The
the modular ratio
ratio and the stress in the concrete adjacent to the tendons averaged
averaged along their length;
alternatively, the loss of prestress may be exactly computed based on the sequence of tensioning.
In making these calculations,
calculations, it may usually
usually be assumed that the
the tendons are located
located at their centroid.
OF PRESTRESS
4.3.4 LOSS OF TO SHRINKAGE OF
PRESTRESS DUE TO OF CONCRETE
The loss of prestress in the tendons due to shrinkage of the concrete
concrete should be calculated
calculated from the
modulus of elasticity for the tendons given in Clause 4.3.3, assuming that the shrinkage strain of
AcsS at
concrete Ac at any instant is given by the product
product of five partial coefficients:
partial coefficients:

Acs = Cs K l Kc K e Kj
Css == 4.0,
Where C
K
KL depends on the environment (Fig. 4.1a),
l depends 4. 1 a),
Kc depends on the composition
Kc composition of the
the concrete
concrete (Fig. 4.1b),
4. 1 b),
Kee depends on the effective
effective thickness of the member (Fig. 4.1c);
KJ defines
Kj defines the development of shrinkage as a function
function of time (Fig. 4. Id).
The shrinkage
shrinkage to be expected over an an interval of time should be taken as the difference
difference between the
shrinkage
shrinkage calculated for
for the beginning and the end of the interval. The
The values of shrinkage
shrinkage which are
for plain concrete, should be multiplied by the reinforcement coefficient
coefficient K ss to obtain
obtain the corresponding
corresponding
values for reinforced concrete:
concrete:

Ks = r—J - - - -
1 ++' pm
. • ' • • .. ' A
A ' '•'' . ' ' .
Where p-is
p is the steel ratio == —A —,".
'. • ' ' , .'• '-.'• •'• ' • . . . • ' -. Acc • ' . ; ' •'
Ass is the
the area
area of
of longitudinal reinforcement,
Ac
AC is the area
area of concrete; concrete;
p
m is the modular
modular ratio
ratio == —.
—.
: [ :;
• ' ' ''.-•'••:• • • • • • " . • • : / • ' . . ' • EC'.
Ec • ' , ' ' . ' • • -' . • ' • '

42
 5
►v
* 5
*»
j

Normal ai
>380
Shrinkage K L x 106

>275 2.0
1
— Cement content kg/m 3
z:f zy
Very moist
ater storage

7/
// / y

Shi nk age K c
IP15
*/ ff 1.0

’ 4

--100
100 0
100
100 90 80
80 70
70 60
60 50
50 40
40 0.2
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.8
Relative humidity
Relative humidity of
of air,
air, %
% Water/cement
Water/cement radio
radio

Fig. 4.1.
4.1.a. Coefficient Kl
a. Coefficient KL (environment) Fig. 4.1.
Fig, 4.1.b. Coefficient K cc
b. Coefficient
for calculating shrinkage
for shrinkage (composition of the concrete)
(composition concrete)
shrinkage
for calculating shrinkage

1.20
1.20

1.00

0.80
o.s
Shrinkage K c

0.65

0.55

Effective thickness
Ac mm
Shrinkage Kj

0 o
2 3
1100
00 200
200 300
300 400
400 500 1 i10
o 10
10* i10
o3 10“
Effective section thickness,
Effective section thickness, h
h e, mm
mm Time since
Time since loading,
loading, days
days

Fig. .4.1,0;
4.1.c. Coefficient Ke (effective
(effective thickness)
thickness) 4.1.d.
Fig. 4.1. Coefficient Kj
d. Coefficient KJ
for calculating
for calculating shrinkage
shrinkage (variation as a function of time)
(variation
calculating shrinkage
for calculating

43
3.5

Normal air
1.8
Very moist air -

Very dry air

><?
Water storage
i

Creep K
1.0

O
0.75
i

0.5
1.0
0
1 33 77 14 28
14 28 56 90
56 90 180
180 360
360 days
days
0.5
0.5 Age of concrete
Age of concrete at
at time of
of loading
loading ((T
T == 20°C)
20°C)

I i I i t in i i i I i11 \\ i i i I i i ii|
100
100 90
90 80
80 70
70 60 50 40
40 30 30 100
100 1000
1000 10000
10000
Relative humidity of
Relative of air %
% Degree of
Degree of hardening, 5m
<5m

4.11,e.
Fig. 4. .e. Coefficient
Coefficient Kl
KL Fig. 4.
4.1.f. Coefficient Kmm
1.f. Coefficient
(environmental conditions)
(environmental (hardening (maturity)
(maturity) at the age of loading)
calculating creep
for calculating creep creep
for calculating creep

1.20
1.20
1.2

1.0
VI1.00

0.85
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.72
0.70

0.6

0.4

0.2
0.2

100
100 200
200 300 400
400 500
500
Effective section
Effective section thinkness,
thinkness, he, mm
mm

4.1,g. Coefficient
Fig. 4.1.g. Coefficient K
Kee (effective
(effective thickness)
creep
for calculating creep

44
44
 4.3.5 LOSS OF PRESTRESS TO CREEP OF CONCRETE
PRESTRESS DUE TO CONCRETE
The loss of prestress
prestress in the tendons due to creep of the concrete should be calculated calculated on the
assumption
assumption that creep is proportional to the stress in the concrete for stressstress up to 1/3
1/3 of the cube
strength at transfer. The loss of prestress
prestress is obtained from the product of the modulus
modulus of elasticity
elasticity of
the tendon see Clause 4.3.3
4,3.3 and the creep of the concrete
concrete adjacent to the tendon. Usually it is sufficient
sufficient
assume, in calculating this loss,
to assume, loss, that the tendons are located
located at their centroid.
centroid.
creep strain of concrete is given by equation:
The ultimate creep

4cc
Ace = Jk- x 0
” la ”
Where Acc
Where Ace is the ultimate creep
creep strain,
stress in concrete adjacent to tendons,
f cc is the stress
E28 is the 28-day value of concrete secant modulus which may be taken from Table 2.1;
00 is the creep
creep factor.
The value of the creep factor is given by equation:
00 == K
KLL K
Kmm Kcc K
IQe K
Kjj
Where Kl
Where KL depends on the environmental conditions (Fig. (Fig. 4.
4.1e),
le),
Kmm depends
K depends on the
the hardening (maturity) of the concrete
concrete (Fig. 4.1If),
f),
(Fig. 4.1b),
K cc depends on the composition of the concrete (Fig. 4.1b),
Ke depends on the effective
Ke effective section
section thickness which
which is defined for
for uniform sections as
as twice
the cross-sectional
cross-sectional area
area divided
divided by the exposed
exposed perimeter (Fig.
(Fig. 4.1g);
KJ defines the development of creep with time (Fig.
Kj (Fig. 4. Id).
The values derived for Ace
Acc should be multiplied by the reinforcement coefficient
coefficient K
Ks from Clause 4.3.4
to obtain the corresponding values for reinforced
reinforced concrete.
concrete.
Where the maximum stress anywhere in the section at transfer exceeds 11/3
Where /3 of the cube strength of the
concrete the value for
concrete for the creep per unit length used in calculations should be increased. When the
maximum stress at transfer is 1/2
1/2 the cube strength, the values for
for creep are 11.25
.25 times the values given
above; at intermediate stresses, the
above; the values should be interpolated linearly.
linearly,
4.3.6 LOSS OF PRESTRESS DURING ANCHORING
PRESTRESS DURING ANCHORING
In post-tensioning systems allowance shall be made for any movement of the tendon at at. the anchorage
anchorage
when the prestressing force
force is transferred from
from the tensioning equipment to the anchorage.
anchorage.
4.3.7 LOSSES OF PRESTRESS
PRESTRESS DUE TO
TO STEAM CURING
employed in the manufacture of prestressed concrete
Where steam curing is employed concrete units, changes
changes in the
the
behaviour of the material at higher than normal temperatures will need to be considered.
considered. In addition,
where the
the long-line method of pre-tensioning
pre-tensioning is used there may be additional losses as
as a result of bond
bond
developed between the tendon and the the concrete when the tendon is hot and relaxed.
4.4 LOSSES DUE TO
TO FRICTION
FRICTION
4A1 GENERAL
4.4.1 GENERAL
In post-tensioning
post-tensioning systems there will be movement of the greater part of the tendon relative to the
surrounding duct during the
surrounding the tensioning
tensioning operation,
operation, and if the tendon is in contact with either
either the duct
spacers provided, friction
or any spacers friction will cause a reduction in the
the prestressing as the distance
prestressing force as distance from
from
the jack
jack increases. In addition, a certain
certain amount of friction will be developed in the jack itself and in
the anchorage
anchorage through which the tendon passes.
established evidence, the stress
In the absence of established stress variation likely to be expected along the
the design profile
should be assessed
assessed in accordance
accordance with Clauses 4.4.2
4.4.2 to 4.4.5 in order
order to obtain the prestressing force at
pre stressing force
the critical
the critical sections
sections considered in design. The
The extension
extension of the tendon should be calculated allowing
allowing for
the variation
the variation in tension along
along its length.
length.
FRICTION IN THE JACK AND ANCHORAGE
4.4.2 FRICTION
This is
This is directly
directly proportional
proportional to
to the
the jack
jack pressure,
pressure, but it will
but it will vary
vary considerably
considerably between
between systems
systems and
and
should be ascertained
should ascertained for
for the type of jack and the anchorage
anchorage system to be used.

•"' ; : . : • ' ' • • ' ' • ' • • . ' ' - . ' ' ' - ' ' 4455 • - . . ' . - • . -
 4.4.3 FRICTION
4.4.3 FRICTION IN
IN THE
THE DUCT
DUCT DUE
DUE TO
TO UNINTENTIONAL
UNINTENTIONAL VARIATION
VARIATION FROM
FROM THE
THE
SPECIFIED PROFILE
SPECIFIED
Whether the
Whether the desired
desired duct
duct profile is straight
profile is straight or
or curved
curved or
or aa combination
combination of
of both,
both, there
there will be slight
will be slight
variations in the actual line of the duct, which may cause
cause additional points of contact between the
tendon and the sides of the duct, and so produce friction.
friction. The prestressing force PPxx in the tendon
during tensioning
during tensioning at any distance
distance x from the jack is given by equation:
Px == PPojje-Kx
Px e Kl
0 "
and where Kx <0.2, e~ Kx may be taken as
0.2, e-K* as 1-Kx
1-Kx
Where POJj is the prestressing
prestressing force in the tendon at the jacking end,
base of Napierian logarithms (2.718);
e is the base (2.718);
K is the constant depending on the type of duct, or sheath employed, the nature of its inside
surface, the method of forming it and the degree of vibration employed in placing the
concrete.
concrete.
The value of K per metre length in the above formula should generally be taken as not less than 33 x
1(H4 but where strong rigid sheaths
IO* sheaths or duct formers are used closely supported so
so that they are not
displaced during
during the concreting
concreting operation, the value of K may be taken lO™4. Other values
taken as 17 x KM.
may be used provided
may provided they have been established by tests.
4.4.4 FRICTION IN THE DUCT TO CURVATURE
DUCT DUE TO CURVATURE OF THE TENDON
When a tendon is curved, the loss of tension due to friction
When friction is dependent on the angle turned through
and the coefficient
and coefficient of friction
friction fj.ft between the tendon and
and its supports.
The prestressing force in the tendon during tensioning
prestressing force tensioning at any distance x along the curve from the
tangent point is given by equation:
P x = P o te-W R
Where PPotot is the prestressing force in the tendon at the tangent point near the jacking
jacking end;
R is the radius of curvature of the tendon.
Where /a/R^0.2, e~^ x / R may be taken as 11-gx/R.
x/R 0.2, e~/tx/R -jux/R.
Where (Kx ++ /rx/Rj
Where /xx/R)<0.2, - ( Kx ++ /^x/R)
O.2, ee~(Kx X R
may be
/ ) may be taken
taken as 1 —
-(Kx
(Kx ++ /rx/R).
/a/R).
Values of p.ft may be taken as:
for steel moving on concrete,
0.55 for
for steel moving on steel,
0.30 for
for steel moving on lead.
0.25 for lead.
The value of \ift may be reduced where special precautions are taken and where results are available to
justify the values
values assumed.
assumed.
4.4.5 FRICTION IN CIRCULARCIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION
Where circumferential
circumferential tendons are tensioned by means of jacks the losses due to friction may be
calculated from the formula in Clause 4.4.4, but the values of p,fi may be taken as:
for steel moving on smooth
0.45 for smooth concrete
concrete
for steel moving on steel bearers
0.25 for bearers fixed to the concrete
concrete
0.10 for steel moving on steel rollers.
4.5 TRANSMISSION
TRANSMISSION LENGTH LENGTH IN PRE-TENSIONED
PRE-TENSIONED MEMBERS MEMBERS
The transmission
The transmission length is defined as
as being the length of member required to transmit the initial prestressing
the concrete.
force in a tendon to the concrete.
depends on a number
The transmission length depends number of variables,
variables, the most important being: the the degree of
compaction of the
compaction the concrete,
concrete, the size and type of tendon, the
the strength of the concrete,
concrete, and the deformation,
deformation,
e.g. crimp of the tendon.
e.g. tendon,
The transmission length
The length can vary
vary aa great
great deal for different factory or site conditions; for example, it has been
shown that the transmission length for wire can vary vary between 50 and 160 160 diameters.
diameters. As far
far as
as possible,
therefore, the transmission
transmission length should be based on experimental evidence for for known site or factory
conditions,
conditions.
The following
following general recommendations,
recommendations, based on research, should be considered in relation to the known
site or factory conditions.
conditions.
For factory
4.5.1 For factory produced using plain or indented
produced units using indented wire with a small offset
offset crimp
crimp (e.g. 0.3 mm offset,
offset,
40 mm pitch),
pitch), a transmission length of 100
100 diameters
diameters may be assumed
assumed when the ends of the units are
fully
fully compacted
compacted and the cube strength
strength of the concrete
concrete at transfer is not less than 35 MPa.

46
 4.5.2 For units using wire of a considerable crimp (e.g. 1.0
1.0 mm offset,
offset, 40 mm pitch), a bond length of 65
diameters
diameters may be assumed when the ends of the units are fully
fully compacted and the cube strength of the
not less than 35 MPa.
concrete at transfer is not
stress from the end of the unit to the point of maximum stress is such that it may
4.5.3 The development of stress
be assumed that 80% of the maximum stress
stress is developed
developed in a length
length of 70 diameters
diameters for the conditions
mentioned
mentioned in Clause 4.5.1 and in a length of 54 diameters
diameters for the conditions mentioned in Clause 4.5.2.
conditions mentioned
4.5.4 When the cube strength of the concrete at transfer is less than 35 MPa, the transmission lengths are
likely to be greater.
4.5.5 The transmission length for tendons near the top of a beam may wellwell be greater than that for identical
identical
tendons placed lower in the beam, concrete near the top is less likely to be as well compacted.
beam, since the concrete
4.5.6 The sudden release of tendons leads to a great increase
increase in the transmission lengths in the units near the
the transmission
releasing end of the bed.
bed.
4.5.7 From the available experimental data, the transmission length for small diameter strand is not
proportional to the diameter of the tendon, nor is the scatter of results so great as it is for wire. Table
4.4 gives values for absence of more exact data, these values
for the transmission length for strand; in the absence
may be used in design.
prevented from bonding to the concrete near the ends of the members by the use of
4.5.8 If the tendons are prevented
sleeves or tape, the values given in Table 4.4 for transmission length may be used, it being assumed that
tape, the
the point where the de-bonding process has been stopped.
the transmission zone starts at the
the

Table 4.4 Transmission

Transmission lengths
lengths for small diameter
diameter strand
strand

Transmission length
Transmission
strand
Diameter of strand
Diameter
(range of results given in brackets)
(range
mm mm
9.3 ± 25)
200 ((± 25)
12.5
12.5 ± 25)
330 ((± 25)
18
18 + 50)
500 ((±

required the transmission

Where required confirmed by tests.
transmission lengths used in designs should be confirmed
BLOCKS IN POST-TENSIONED
4.6 END BLOCKS MEMBERS
POST-TENSIONED MEMBERS
bursting tensile forces in the end blocks, or regions of bonded post-
The bursting
The post-tensioned should be
tensioned members, should
1.15 times of the tendon jacking load. For unbonded members, the bursting tensile
assessed on the basis of 1.15
forces should preferably be assessed on the basis of 11.15 the tendon jacking
. 15 times of the load in the
jacking load or the load
ultimate load
at ultimate
tendon at greater.
calculated from Table 4.9, whichever is the greater.
load condition, calculated
bursting tensile force, Fbst,
The bursting
The end block loaded by a symmetrically placed
individual square end
Fbst, existing in an individual
square anchorage or bearing plate may be derived from Table Table 4.5,
4.5.

Table
Table 4.5 Design bursting
bursting tensile
tensile forces
forces in end blocks
blocks

Ypo/Yoo
ypo/y 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Fbst/Pk 0.23 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.11

the end block,

Where y00 is half the side of the
y po is half the side of loaded
ypo area,
loaded area,
load in the tendon assessed as
Pk is the load above;
as above;
force.
bursting tensile force.
Fbstst is the bursting
be distributed
Ft,stst, will be
This force, Ffc region extending
distributed in a region 2y00 from
0.2yo0 to 2y
extending from 0.2y loaded face of the end
from the loaded
reinforcement in the form
should be resisted by reinforcement
block, and should spirals or closed links, uniformly distributed
form of spirals
throughout this region, and acting at a stress not exceeding 200 MPa.
throughout MPa.
circular anchorage
When circular bearing plates
anchorage or bearing derived.
of the equivalent square area should be derived.
plates are used, the side of
anchorages or bearing
Where groups of anchorages
Where end blocks should be divided into a series of
plates occur, the end
bearing plates
loaded prisms and each prism treated
symmetrically loaded the above manner.
treated in the
Special attention
Special should be paid
attention should end blocks having
paid to end the
having a cross-section different in shape from that of the
made to specialist literature.
should be made
general cross-section of the beam, reference should

47
 Compliance with
Compliance the above
with the above requirements
requirements will generally ensure
will generally ensure that
that bursting tensile forces
bursting tensile forces along
along the
the load
load axis
axis
are provided
are for. Alternative
provided for. Alternative methods
methods ooff design
design which make allowance
which make allowance forfor the
the tensile strength of
tensile strength of the
the concrete
concrete
may be
may be used,
used, in
in which
which case
case reference
reference should
should bebe made to specialist
made to specialist literature.
literature.
Consideration should also be given given to the spalling tensile stresses
stresses that occur in end blocks where the
anchorages or bearing
bearing plates are highly eccentric;
eccentric; these reach
reach a maximum
maximum at the loaded
loaded face.
1.7 SPACING OF TENDONS
1.7 TENDONS
4.7.1 TENDONS
4.7.1 TENDONS IIN DUCT
N DUCT
In
In post-tensioned members
post-tensioned members where
where tendons are normally
tendons are normally placed
placed in
in ducts,
ducts, the
the clear
clear distance
distance between
between
ducts oorr between ducts and other tendons should be be not less than the following, whichever
whichever is the
greatest:
greatest:
(1)
(1) h
hagg + 75 mm,
agg + mm, where
where hhagg is the
agg is the nominal
nominal maximum
maximum sizesize of
of the coarse aggregate;
the coarse aggregate;
(2)
(2) in the
in the vertical
vertical direction;
direction: the
the vertical
vertical internal
internal dimension
dimension of of the duct;
duct;
(3) in the horizontal direction: the horizontal internal dimension ooff the duct. Where internal
vibrators are used space should be provided
used sufficient space provided between ducts to enable the vibrator to be
between ducts
inserted.
Where
Where two or or more rows
rows ofof ducts
ducts are
are used
used the
the horizontal gaps
gaps between
between thethe ducts
ducts should
should be
be vertically
in line.
4.7.2 CURVED
4.7.2 CURVED TENDONS TENDONS IN DUCTS DUCTS
IInn order
order to prevent
prevent crushing of the concrete between ducts for for curved tendons in post-tensioned
post-tensioned
members,
members, the minimum spacing spacing should be as as follows:
(1) In the place
place of curvature: the values given given in Table 4.6 or the the value required by Clause 4,7.1 4.7,1
whichever is the greater.
greater.
(2) Perpendicular
Perpendicular to to the plane of curvature: the requirement
requirement of of Clause 4.7.1.
Where tendon profilers or spacers spacers are provided
provided in the ducts and these are of a type which which will
concentrate the radial
concentrate radial force,
force, the values
values given in Table 4.6 will need need to be increased. If necessary,
necessary,
reinforcement should be provided between ducts.
reinforcement
The distance for for aa given
given combination of of duct internal diameter and radius of curvature shown in Table
4.6 may
4.6 may be reduced
reduced pro rata with the tendon
with the tendon force
force when
when this is
is less
less than
than the
the value
value tabulated,
tabulated, subject
subject to
to
the requirements
the requirements of of Clause 4.7.1.
4.7.1.
4.7.3 PRE-TENSIONED
4.7.3 PRE-TENSIONED MEMBERS
In pre-tensioned members, there should be
pre-tensioned members, be sufficient gaps
gaps between the tendons or groups of of tendons to
largest size of
allow the largest of aggregate
aggregate used
used to move, under vibration, to allall parts of
of the mould. In addition, the
spacing of
spacing of the wires or strands in the ends of the members should be such as to allow the transmission
lengths to bebe developed.
developed. If If the tendons are positioned in two or more widelywidelyspaced
spaced groups, the possibility
of longitudinal splitting of
of of the members should be considered.

Table 4.6
Table 4.6 distance between centre
Minimum distance centre lines
lines of
of ducts
ducts in plane of
of curvature, in millimetres
millimetres

Radius
Radius Duct internal
Duct internal diameter
diameter (mm)
(mm)
of
of 20
20 30
30 40
40 50
SO 60
60 70
70 80
80 90
90 100
100 110
110 120
120 130
130 140
140 150
150 160
160 170
170
curvature
curvature
of ducts
of ducts Tendon force
Tendon force (kN)
(kN)
(m)
(m) 296
296 387 960
960 1337 1920
1920 2640
2640 3360 4320
4320 5183
5183 6019
6019 7200
7200 8640
8640 9424 10336
9424 10336 11248
11248 13200
13200
2 110 140 350 485 700 960 Radii
Radu not
not
4 55 70 175 245 350 480 610 785 940 normally
normally
6 40 60 120 165 235 320 410 525 630 730
730 870
870 1045
1045 used
used
8 90 125 175 240 305 395 470 545
545 655
655 785
785 8855
55 940
940
10 80 100 120 195 245 315 375 440
440 525
525 630
630 685
685 750
750 815
815
12 160 205 265 315 365
365 435
435 525
525 570
570 625
625 680
680 800
800
14 140 175 225 270 315
315 375
375 450
450 490
490 535 585
585 785
785
16 160 195 235 275
275 330
330 395
395 430
430 470
470 510
510 600
600
18 180 210 245
245 290
290 350
350 380
380 420
420 455
455 535
535
20 200 220
220 265
265 315
315 345
345 375
375 410
410 480
480
22 240
240 265
265 310
310 340
340 370 435
435
24 260
260 285
285 315 340
340 400
400
26 280
280 300
300 320
320 370
370
28 345
345
30 340
340
32
34
36
38
40 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
220 240
240 260
260 280
280 300
300 320
320 340
340

Note 1I The
The tendon
tendon force
force shown
shown isis the
the maximum
maximum normally
normally available
available for
for the
the given
given size
size of
of duct.
duct.
Note
/Vote 2
2 Values less than
Values less than 22 xx duct
duct internal
internal diameter
diameter are
are not included.
included.

48
48
4.8 COVER TO
TO PRESTRESSING TENDONS
PRESTRESSING TENDONS
4.8.1 GENERAL
4.8.1 GENERAL
The concrete
concrete cover to the tendons and the cement
cement content of the concrete should meet the statutory
requirements of the structure, as
durability requirements and fire resistance requirements as well
well as the following
requirements.
4.8.2 COVER TO
4.8.2 TO CURVED TENDONS
TENDONS IN DUCTS DUCTS
In order
order to prevent bursting of the cover:
(1) perpendicular to the plane of curvature; and
(2) In the plane of curvature, e.g. where the curved
curved tendons run close to and approximately
approximately parallel
parallel
to the surface of a member.
The cover should be in accordance
accordance with the values given in Table 4.7. Where tendon profilers or
spacers are provided
provided in the ducts, and these are of a type which will concentrate
concentrate the radial force, the
values given in Table 4.7. will need to be increased.

Table 4.7
Table 4.7 Minimum cover
Minimum cover to ducts
ducts perpendicular
perpendicular to
to plane of curvature,
plane of curvature, in millimetres
millimetres

Radius
Radius Duct internal diameter (mm)
Duct (mm)
of
of 20
20 30
30 40 50
50 60
60 70
70 80 90
90 100
100 110
110 120
120 130
130 140 150 160 170
170
curvature
curvature
of ducts
of Tendon force
Tendon force (kN)
(kN)
(m)
(m) 296
296 387
387 960
960 1337
1337 1920
1920 2640
2640 3360
3360 4320
4320 5183 6019
6019 7200
7200 8640
8640 9424 10336
9424 10336 11248
11248 13200
13200
22 50
50 55
55 155
155 220
220 320 445
445 Radii not
44 50
50 70
70 100
100 145
145 205
205 265
265 350
350 420
420 normally
66 50
50 65
65 90
90 125
125 165
165 220
220 265
265 310
310 375
375 460
460 used
88 55 75 95 115
115 150
150 185
185 220
220 270
270 330
330 360
360 395
10
10 50
50 65
65 885
5 100
100 120
120 140
140 165 205
205 250
250 275
275 300
300 330
330
12
12 60
60 75 90
90 110
HO 125 145
145 165
165 200
200 215
215 240
240 260
260 315
14
14 55 70
70 85
85 100 115
115 130
130 150 170
170 185
185 200
200 215 260
260
16 55 65
65 80
80 95 n110
o 125
125 140
140 160
160 175
175 190
190 205
205 225
225
18
18 50
50 65
65 75 90
90 105
105 115 135
135 150
150 165
165 180
180 190
190 215
215
20
20 60
60 70
70 85
85 100
100 110
110 125
125 145
145 155 170 180
180 205
205
22
22 55 70 80
80 95 105
105 120
120 140
140 150
150 160
160 175
175 195
195
24
24 5555 65
65 80 90
90 100
100 115
115 130 145
145 155 165 185
26 50
50 65
65 75
75 85
85 100
100 110
110 125
125 135
135 150 160 180
180
28
28 60
60 75
75 85
85 95
95 105
105 120
120 130
130 145
145 155
155 170
170
30
30 60 70
70 80
80 90
90 105 120
120 130
130 140
140 150
150 165
165
32
32 55 70
70 80
80 90
90 100
100 115
115 125
125 135
135- 145
145 160
160
34
34 55
55 65
65 75
75 85 100
100 110
110 120
120 130
130 140
140 155
155
36
36 55
55 65
65 75
75 85
85 95
95 110
110 115 125
125 140
140 150
150
38
38 50
50 60
60 70
70 80 90
90 105 115
115 125
125 135
135 150
150
40 50
50 50 50
50 50
50 50
50 50
50 50 60
60 70
70 80
80 90
90 100
100 110
110 120 130
130 145

Note The tendon

Note The tendon force
force shown
shown is
is the maximum normally
the maximum normally available
available for
for the
the given
given size
size of
of duct.
duct.
combination of duct internal diameter
The cover for a given combination diameter and radius of curvature shown in Table Table
4.9, may be reduced pro rata rata with the square root of the tendon force
force when this is less than the value
tabulated, subject to a minimum
tabulated, minimum value of 50 mm.
the tendon develops radial
In the case of (2) above, if the radial forces
forces perpendicular
perpendicular to the exposed
exposed surface of of the
concrete, the duct
concrete, duct should be restrained
restrained by stirrup reinforcement
reinforcement anchored
anchored into the members.
4.9 BEAMS'AND
BEAMS AND OTHEROTHER MEMBERS
MEMBERS IN BENDING BENDING
49,1
4.9.1 BASIS OF OF DESIGN
DESIGN
The design of prestressed
prestressed concrete
concrete beams and other members in bending
bending should conform with the two
following requirements:
following requirements:
computed stresses in the concrete
(1) the computed concrete and in the steel should not exceed the permissible stresses
stresses
given in Clause 4.2 during transfer, handling and construction, and under working loads;
(2) the member should
should be capable
capable of carrying without collapse
collapse the following ultimate loads:
loads:
Dead and imposed
(a) Dead imposed load:
load:
1.5 x dead
1.5 dead load
load +-h 2.5 x imposed load,
or 2.0 xx (dead
or (dead load
load ++ imposed load)
whichever is the lesser
Dead and wind load:
(b) Dead load:
1.0 x deadload
1.0 dead load ++ 2.0 x wind load.
Dead, imposed
(c) Dead, imposed and wind load: load:
1.6 x (dead
1.6 (dead load
load ++ imposed load +4- wind load)
; :
'. . ' • ' - . ' . - - . ' ' - • ; • ' • • • - '" ' - ' - - ' • • • • '' ' . 49. " - ' ' .'' •'-
49
 effect of these loads on the structure as a whole, or on any part or section of the
In assessing the effect
structure, the arrangement of the loads should be such as to cause the most severe effects.
effects.
Under load
load combination (a), a dead load
load factor of 11.0
.0 should be applied to such parts of the structures
as may result in the most unfavourable condition.
The design of the whole, or of any part or section
section of a structure, may be controlled
controlled by any of the load
(a) to (<?);
combinations (a) (c); each should be considered
considered in design, and the most severe adopted.
adopted.
In general, for the ultimate load condition, the effects
effects of creep, shrinkage and temperature will be of
secondary order
secondary order and no specific
specific calculations will be necessary.
4.9.2 EFFECTIVE SPAN
4.9.2 SPAN
For the purpose of calculating bending moments,
For moments, the effective
effective span L of a simply supported beam
should be taken as the lesser of the two following:
(1) the distance between the centres of supports,
supports, or
distance between supports,
(2) the clear distance supports, plus the depth of the beam.
beam.
4.9.3 DESIGN
4.9.3 DESIGN FOR WORKING LOADS
WORKING LOADS
Computation of stresses for the conditions
Computation conditions of loading defined
defined in the first requirement of Clause
Clause 4.9.
4.9.11
should accord
above should accord with the laws
laws-of
of mechanics. In making these calculations
calculations it may be assumed that:
(1) plane sections remain plane;
plane;
(2) after the initial
initial stressing of the tendons which may be subject to relaxation of stress
stress see Clause
4.3.2, the behaviour
behaviour of the steel is otherwise elastic within the limits of permissible stress given in
Clause 4.2.2,
(3) shrinkage
shrinkage of the concrete,
concrete, for which values are given in Clause 4,3.4,
4.3.4, is uniform across
across the section
affects the distribution
and affects distribution of stress in the concrete only by its influence on the stress in the
tendons,
tendons,
(4) concrete, when stressed within
within the limits of permissible stress given in Clause
Clause 4.2.2, exhibits an
elastic strain,
immediate elastic strain, which may be calculated from the values for the modulus of elasticity for
concrete given in Table
concrete Table 2.1; this elastic strain is followed
followed by creep, which at any time is
proportional
proportional to the applied stress and may be calculated,
calculated, see Clause
Clause 4,3.5,
4.3.5,
complete adhesion between the tendons and the concrete only where the steel is
(5) there is complete
pre-tensioned or where the steel is post-tensioned
post-tensioned and properly
properly grouted and bonded with cement
bonded with
grout, or in the case of external tendons where adequate shear bars and concrete cover are
provided.
CALCULATION OF
4.9.4 CALCULATION OF ULTIMATE
ULTIMATE FLEXURAL
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF BEAMS
(1) General
The design of prestressed concrete
concrete beams for working load conditions normally leads to the
selection of sections in which the proportions of prestressing steel are relatively small. For For steel
effectively bonded to the concrete, these proportions are such that the
effectively the tensile strength
strength of the steel
approached when the loading is sufficient
is closely approached sufficient to cause bending failure. For these sections,
the distribution
distribution of
of stress in the concrete
concrete of the compression zone and its maximum value, assumed
influence on the computed
in calculation, have little influence computed failing moment. WhereWhere greater
greater proportions
of prestressing steel are used, or in the unusual circumstances
circumstances where this steel is not bonded to the
concrete, the stress in the tendons at failure is not likely to reach its tensile strength,
strength.
(2) Assumptions
When analysing sections under ultimate loads
loads the following assumptions should be made:
(a)
(a) The
The strain distribution
distribution in the concrete
concrete in compression
compression is derived from
from the assumption
assumption that
plane sections
plane sections remain
remain plane.
(b)
(b) The stresses
stresses tn
in the concrete in compression
compression are either derived from
from the stress —strain curve
stress—strain
the compression
given in Fig. 2.1, or, where the compression zone is of rectangular
rectangular section above
above the neutral
0.4uw over the whole zone with the resultant acting at a
axis at failure, may be taken to be 0.4u
depth
depth ofof 0.4 times the depth of the neutral
neutral axis. In both cases the
the strain at the
the outermost
compression fibre taken to be 0.0035.
fibre is taken
(c)
(c) The
The tensile strength
strength of the concrete
concrete is ignored.
ignored.

, • • • , • - . •. ., • • • . 50
'50. •,:: • , • • • .. , • • . . • • ' . . ' • •
 (d) tendons and in any additional reinforcement,
prestressing tendons
(d) The strains in loaded prestressing whether in
reinforcement, whether
derived from the assumption
tension or compression, are derived
tension sections remain plane.
assumption that plane sections
The tensile stresses in bonded prestressing tendons, whether
0) The
(e) un tensioned,
whether initially tensioned or untensioned,
derived from the appropriate stress-strain
reinforcement, are derived
and in additional reinforcement, curves; the
stress-strain curves;
stress-strain curves for prestressing
stress-strain Fig.2.3 and those for reinforcement
prestressing tendons are given in Fig.
Fig. 2.2.
in Fig. In the case of a rectangular
2.2. In above the neutral axis at failure
compression zone above
rectangular compression failure
bonded prestressing tendons may be obtained from Clause 4.9.4(3) and Table
stresses in bonded 4.8.
Table 4.8.
post- tensioned members where the tendons
(/) In post-tensioned
if) does
unbonded, the stress in the tendons does
tendons are unbonded,
value given in Table
not exceed the value justified on the basis of
Table 4.9 unless a higher stress can be justified
tests.
(g) The size and number of prestressing
(g) cracking of the concrete
prestressing tendons should be such that cracking
of the beam.
would precede failure of
(3) Design formula
The resistance beam, or of a flanged beam in which the neutral
resistance moment of a rectangular beam, neutral axis lies
equation:
flange, is given by equation;
within the flange,
M fmA
Muu == fm Asspp (di
(dj — 0.4 dnn )
-0.4d
Where A
Where cross-sectional area of the prestressing tendons,
ASIsp, is the cross-sectional
stress in the
f mm is the tensile stress failure,
the tendon at failure,
dj is the distance of the
di the centroid tendons in the tensile zone from the outer
centroid of the tendons
surface under ultimate load conditions;
compression surface
compression
of the neutral axis from the surface
distance of
ddnn is the distance load conditions.
ultimate load
surface under ultimate
for f mm and ddnn may be derived from
Values for Table 4.8 for pre-tensioned members
from Table members and for for
post-tensioned members
post-tensioned members with effective effective
concrete and tendons. The effective
effective bond between the concrete
not less than 0.45 f u where f u is the characteristic strength of the
prestress after all losses should be not
prestress
compression zone
prestressing tendon. Prestressing tendons and additional reinforcement in the compression
prestressing
ignored in calculating the ultimate flexural
should be ignored strength by this method.
flexural strength

Table 4,8
Table Conditions at
4.8 Conditions for beams
failure for
at failure pre-tensioned steel,
beams with pre-tensioned or with post-tensioned
steel, or having
steel having
post-tensioned steel
effective bond
effective

Ratios of depth of neutral axis

tendons at failure as
Stress in tendons to that of the centroid of
a proportion of thethe tensile strength
•C 1C tendons in the tensile zone
fuA
fuAsp fm/fu
fm/fu dn/dt
,, r. J
dn/di
QI
uuww b di
Post-tensioning Post-tensioning
Pre-tensioning
Pre-tensioning effective bond
with effective Pre-tensioning
Pre-tensioning effective
with effective
(Upper limit)
(Upper bond
0.025 1.0
1.0 1.0 0.06 0.06
0.05 1.0
1.0 1.0 0.125 0.125
0.10 1.0
1.0 1.0
1.0 0.25 0.25
0.15 1.0
1.0 1.0
1.0 0.375 0.375
0.20 1.0
1.0 0.95 0.50 0.475
0.25 1.0
1.0 0.90 0.625 0.56
0,30
0.30 1.0
1.0 0.85 0.75 0.64
0.40 0.9 0.75 0.90 0.75

there is doubt as to the efficiency

Where there
Where post-tensioned steel,
bond likely to be attained with post-tensioned
efficiency of the bond
stress in the tendons at failure should normally be related
the stress effective prestress Pe (that is,
related to the effective
allowing for
prestress in the tendons after allowing
the remaining prestress 4.9. This
for all losses) as given in Table 4.9.
relationship corresponds to the condition of no bond, and is based on the following
relationship corresponds assumptions:
following assumptions;
The effective
(d) The
(a) prestress Pe does not exceed 0.55
effective prestress 0.55ffuu.
tendons are either in ducts or, if they are free as in hollow
(b) The tendons
(h) sections, diaphragms are
hollow sections,
provided
provided to prevent
prevent aa reduction of the effective
the effective depth.
(c)
(c) The effective depth is determinded
effective depth determinded by that the tendons
assuming that top
the top
tendons are in contact with the
diaphragms.
soffit of the diaphragms.
the duct or the soffit
of the ^ QF

51
if
/ 3»
 (d) The compression block is rectangular with a uniform stress of 0.4
(d) 0.4 uww.
post-tensioned steel which is intermediate between the upper
In special circumstances a stress for post-tensioned
and lower limits corresponding to effective
effective bond and no bond, respectively, may be adopted.
adopted.

Table 4.9
Table 4.9 Conditions at failure
Conditions failure for beams
beams with post-tensioned
post-tensioned steel
steel without
without bond

Stress in tendons at failure

Stress failure Ratio of depth of neutral axis to
PeA
P e A sp
sp as aa proportion of the
as that of the centroid of tendons
uww b di effective prestress
effective prestress in the tension zone
fm/Pe
WPe ddn/di
n /di

0.025 1.7
1.7 0.11
0.05 1.6
1.6 0.20
0.10 1.4
1.4 0.35
0.15 1.3
1.3 0.49
0.20 1.2
1.2 0.60

(4) Allowance for steel reinforcement

reinforcement
reinforcement in the tensile zone may be taken into consideration in the calculation of
Steel reinforcement
cross-sectional area of the tendons may then be increased
ultimate strength. The cross-sectional increased by the addition
of the effective
effective area
area of the steel reinforcement
reinforcement as given by equation:

Effective area ==
Effective
fu
Where Asu su is the cross-sectional area of the steel reinforcement in the tensile zone;
the specified
f y is the specified characteristic
characteristic strength
strength of the reinforcement,
reinforcement.
Proportion of prestressing steel in beams
(5) Proportion
The size and number of prestressing
The prestressing tendons concrete would
tendons should be such that cracking of the concrete
precede failure of the beam.
satisfied for under-reinforced
This requirement will be satisfied under-reinforced beams, where failure would be due to
the tendons,
fracture of the percentage of steel, calculated
tendons, if the percentage calculated on an area equal to the width of the
soffit multiplied
beam soffit multiplied by its overall depth, is not less than 0.15. For
For over-reinforced beams, where
failure would be due to crushing
crushing of the concrete, the maximum
maximum number and size of tendons will
will be
governed by strain compatibility
compatibility considerations see Clause 4.9.4(2).
RESISTANCE OF
4.9.5 SHEAR RESISTANCE OF BEAMS
Calculations for
Calculations for shear are only required
required for
for the ultimate load condition.
condition. At any section
section the ultimate
shear resistance of the concrete
concrete alone, Vcc, should be considered for
for the section both uncracked, Clause
4.9.5(1) and cracked
cracked Clause
Clause 4.9.5(2) in flexure, the lesser value taken and, if necessary, shear shear
reinforcement Clause 4.4.9.5(3)
9.5(3) provided.
For a cracked section the conditions of maximum shear with co-existent
co-existent bending moment and
maximum bending moment with co-existent shear should both be considered.
considered.
(I)
(1) Sections uncracked
uncracked in flexure
The ultimate shear
shear resistance of a section uncracked
uncracked in flexure, Vco
co, corresponds
corresponds to the occurance
of a maximum principal tensile stress f t?t , at
at the centroidal
centroidal axis of the section.
section. The
The value of
of Vco
co is
given by equation:
V co =
Vwco = 0.67 bd Vf t 2 4- f cp f t

^/uw> taken as positive,

Where f t is 0.294 ,/u positive,
fcp is the
fq, the compressive
compressive stress
stress at the
the centroidal axis due to prestress,
prestress, taken as positive,
positive,
b is the breadth of the member which for for T-,
T-, I- and L-beams
L-beams should be replaced by the
breadth of the
breadth the rib bbww, where
where the
the position of a duct co-incides with the position of
principal tensile stress,
maximum principal stress, e.g. at or near
near a support, the value of b should be
reduced by the full diameter
diameter of the duct if ungrouted
ungrouted and by 2/3 of the diameter if
grouted; >
grouted;
the overall
d is the overall depth of the member.
member.

52
 In flanged members where the centroidal
centroidal axis occurs in the flange the principal
principal tensile stress
stress
should be limited to 0.294 Vu Tat the intersection
^fu^at intersection of the flange and web.
For a section uncracked in flexure and with inclined tendons or vertical prestress the component
vertical prestress
of prestressing
prestressing force
force after all losses, Vpp, normal to the longitudinal
longitudinal axis of the member,
member, may be
added to Vcoco.

cracked in flexure
(2) Section cracked
resistance of a section cracked in flexure, Vcrcr, is given by equation:
The ultimate shear resistance

Vcrcr == 0.045 b
bdj - V
M
Where d;
di is the distance from the extreme compression fibre to the centroid
centroid of the tendons at
considered;
the section considered;
Mtt is the cracking moment at the section considered.
M
M t = (0.45 7 " + fpt) y,
ffpt compressive stress taken as positive,
pt is the compressive positive, due solely to prestress,
prestress, at the extreme
applied loading causes tensile cracks, this fibre being at a distance y
fibre at which applied
from the centroid of the section which
which has a second moment of area I,
V and M are the shear force and bending moment at the section considered due to
ultimate loads;
Vcrcr should be taken as
V as not less than 0. 112bdi
2bd i >/uwT
The value
The value of Vcrcr calculated
calculated at a particular section
section may be assumed to be constant for a distance
di/2, measured
equal to dj/2, measured in the direction of increasing moment, from that particular section. FFor
ora
inclined tendons, the component of prestressing force
section cracked in flexure and with inclined force normal
to the longitudinal axis of the member should be ignored.
(3) Shear reinforcement
When V, the shear
shear force
force due to the ultimate load, is less than Vcc, the shear
shear force which can
be carried
carried by the concrete, shear reinforcement need not be provided under the following
circumstances:
circumstances:
(a) where V is less than 0.5V
(a) 0.5 Vcc; and
and
(b) in members of minor importance;
(£>) importance;
In all other members minimum shear reinforcement
reinforcement should be provided
provided in the from of links such
that:
that:

Ay_ x Jsc =
= o.4 MPa
o.4MPa
s b
f yv is the characteristic
Where fyy characteristic strength of the reinforcement
reinforcement which should
should be taken as
as not greater
MPa;
than 425 MPa;
Asvsv is the area of cross-section of the links(s) per spacing
A spacing interval, s.
When the shear force
force V, due to the ultimate loads,
loads, exceeds Vcc?, the shear reinforcement provided
should in addition be such that:
:
: A V ~ V • ' • • ' • ' " • • ' ' ' - • •
Asv V — Vc
S fyv 2

In rectangular beams, at both comers

rectangular beams, corners on the tensile zone, aa link should pass round a longitudinal
bar, a tendon, or a group of
bar, of tendons having a diameter not less than the link diameter. In this
clause on shear
shear reinforcement,
reinforcement, the depth, d2,
d2» should be taken as as the depth from the extreme
extreme
compression fibre either to these longitudinal bars or to the centroid of the
compression the tendons,
tendons, whichever
whichever is
greater. A link should extend as
greater. as close to the tension and compression
compression faces as as possible, with due
regard to cover. The links provided
regard provided at a cross section
section should between them enclose all the tendons
additional reinforcement
and additional reinforcement provided
provided at the cross-section and should be adequately anchored.
anchored.
The spacing of links
The links along aa member
member should
should not exceed 0.75d2, nor 4 times the web
web thickness for
for
flanged members. When V exceeds 1.8V 1.8VC, the maximum spacing
spacing should be reduced to 0.5d
0.5d2- The
2 . The
lateral spacing
lateral spacing of
of the individual legs of the links provided
provided at a cross-section should not
not exceed
0,75d22.
0.75d

53
 (4) Maximum shear force
force
circumstances should
In no circumstances should the shear force
force V, due to ultimate
ultimate loads, exceed the appropriate value
given by Table 4.10 multiplied by bd?
bd2 where b is as defined
defined in 4.9.
4.9.5(1)
5(1) and dj
d2 is the depth from the
extreme compression fibre either to the centroid of the longitudinal bars or tendons enclosed by
whichever is the greater.
the shear links or to the centroid of all tendons, whichever
The shear force V should include an allowance for prestress for sections
prestress only for sections uncracked in flexure
Clause 4.9.5(1).

Table 4,10
Table 4.10 Maximum shear
Maximum shear stress
stress

Grade of concrete
30 40
MPa MPa
shear stress
Maximum torsional shear stress 0.45 0.52
Maximum shear stress 5.0 5.8

TORSIONAL RESISTANCE
4.9.6 TORSIONAL RESISTANCE OF BEAMS
BEAMS
where the torsional
In general where stiffness of members has not been taken into account in the
torsional resistance or stiffness
analysis of the structure, no specific
specific calculations for torsion will be necessary, adequate control of any
torsional cracking being provided
torsional cracking provided by the required nominal shear reinforcement.
When it is considered
When considered that torsional
torsional resistance stiffness of members at the ultimate limit state should
resistance or stiffness
be taken into account
account in the analysis
analysis and design of a structure
structure the method adopted for reinforced
reinforced
concrete beams in Clause
concrete Clause 3.2.8 may generally be used.
In the application
application of Clause
Clause 3.2.8, the following sub
sub-clauses
-clauses should be modified as
as below:—
(a) TT should be taken
(1) (u) moment due to ultimate loads.
taken as the torsional moment
(b) Where vt
(b) maximum torsional shear stress
vt exceeds the maximum stress in Table 4.10, torsional reinforcement
reinforcement
should be provided. In no case should the sum of the shear stresses resulting from shear force
should force
and torsion (v +-f vt ) exceed the maximum shear
shear stress in Table 4.10, nor
nor in the case of small
sections (B<550 mm) should the torsional shear stress, stress, vtt, exceed B/550 mm times the the
maximum shear stress in TableTable 4.10, where B is the larger dimension of aa. link. The
The shear
stress vy should be taken as V/bd2 where V is the shear force due to ultimate loads
loads and bd2
bdj is
the area
area defined
defined in Clause 4.9.
4.9.5(4).
5(4).
(2) (a)
(a) p sv and pstst should
should be taken as
as the characteristic strength of the links and longitudinal
longitudinal
reinforcement respectively, where the numerical
reinforcement numerical value of ppsv
sv should not be taken to exceed
exceed
MPa.
350 MPa.
4.9.7 REINFORCEMENT IN BEAMS
BEAMS
Reinforcement
Reinforcement may, in certain circumstances, be desirable in prestressed
certain circumstances, pf estressed concrete
concrete beams.
beams.
It should be noted
noted that steel reinforcement
reinforcement lying parallel to the axis of prestress
prestress in a prestressed
concrete member may
may at some time act as longitudinal reinforcement
reinforcement in compression.
compression. Transverse
Transverse
binding may be required
required to prevent
prevent buckling of this reinforcement
reinforcement particularly if its diameter is large.
Reinforcement will often be required
required at the ends of members to take
take the
the tensile stresses that may be
induced near the ends by the prestressing force, and particularly stresses caused during
during transfer.
Reinforcement may be necessary, particularly where post- tensioning systems are used, to control any
post-tensioning
cracking resulting from
from restraint
restraint to longitudinal shrinkage of members provided by the
members provided the formwork
during die
the time before
before the prestress is applied.
applied.
The amount and
and disposition
disposition of links in rectangular beams and in the
the webs of
of flanged beams will
will
normally be governed by considerations of shear Clause 4.9.5.
Links to resist the bursting tensile forces in the end
end zones of post-tensioned
post-tensioned members should be
provided in accordance
accordance with Clause
Clause 4.6.
4.6,
Links should
should be provided in the transmission
transmission length of pre-tensioned niembers in accordance
pre-tensioned members accordance with the
the
requirements of Clause
requirements Clause 4.9.5 and using the information given in Clause
Clause 4,5.
4.5.

54
54
 When a pre stressed concrete beam may be required
prestressed required to resist shock loading, it should be reinforced
with closed links and longitudinal reinforcement
reinforcement preferably of Grade 250,
250. Other methods of design
design
and detailing may be used, provided
provided it can be shown
shown that the beam
beam can develop the required ductility.
SLENDER BEAMS
4.9.8 SLENDER BEAMS
The problems associated with slender prestressed concrete beams are different
The different from those encountered
reinforced concrete
in reinforced concrete beams. Two sets of conditions are likely to be experienced:
experienced:
(1) During erection
When a prestressed member is being erected, the stresses
stresses at the top surface are usually small while
the compressive stresses at the bottom surface may be large. When the span/breadth
span/breadth ratio does
does
not exceed 60, it is normally safe to erect
erect such beams without any limitation of stress, provided
care is taken during erection. (For
reasonable care (For effective
effective span see Clause 4.9.2). Greater span/
breadth
breadth ratios
ratios may be used provided adequate temporary lateral support is given during hoisting
and erection and until the permanent lateral support becomes effective. effective. If the depth is large
large
compared with the breadth
compared breadth (say 4 times), particular care care should be taken, even when the
span/breadth ratio is less than 60. In these cases little restraint is exercised by the stressed portion
of the beam on the relatively
relatively unstressed
unstressed portion, and a small lateral movement
movement could create
failure.
conditions which might lead to torsional failure.
(2) After erection and under design load
When aa prestressed
prestressed beam is in position and carrying its design
design load, the compressive
compressive stresses
stresses at
the top surface of the beam
beam may be large while the stresses
stresses at the bottom surface are usually small.
forces occur and the depth of the beam does
If no transverse forces does not exceed 2.5 times its breadth b, no
decrease need be made in the permissible stresses given in Clause
Clause 4.2, provided that the ratio of
the length between effective
effective lateral supports to the breadth of the section does not exceed 30.
Where this ratio exceeds 30, it may be necessary to reduce the working stresses unless some special
precautions
precautions are taken to provide the beam with adequate
adequate lateral support or lateral stiffeners.
stiffeners.
4.9.9 BEAM AND SLAB
SLAB CONSTRUCTION
In beam and slab construction, the effective
effective width of
of the slab for
for internal beams
beams should be taken as the
least of the following:
least
spacing of the beams;
(1) the spacing beams;
(2) 1/3
1/3 of the effective
effective span;
(3) the width of the beam plus 112
2 times the thickness of
of the slab;
slab;
For edge beams beyond which
For which the
the slab does not extend, the effective
effective width of the slab should be
taken as the least of the following:
(4) 1/2 the spacing
spacing of the beams;
beams;
1/6 of the effective
(5) 1/6 effective span;
span;
(6) the width of the beam plus 6 times the thickness
thickness of the slab;
should not
The stresses at transfer should the permissible
not exceed the permissible values, either when the width of the slab is
assumed to be the
assumed the.-effective
effective width, or when the width of the slab
slab is assumed to be the spacing of the
beams for
beams for internal beams or 1/2
1/2 the spacing
spacing of the beams for edge beams, if these latter widths are
greater than
greater than the effective
effective width,
width.
FLOORING SYSTEMS
4.9.10 CONTINUOUS FLOORING SYSTEMS
continuous floor
Where a continuous floor system
system consists
consists of precast prestressed concrete
concrete units together with in-situ
reinforced concrete over the supports,
supports, any compression
compression in the ends
ends of the prestressed units may be
ignored, provided
ignored, provided that the width of the
the unit does not exceed 1/3 ofof the distance
distance between the
the centres
centres of
the units,
the units, and the intervening spaces between the the units at the ends are filled
filled with structural concrete.
concrete.
Where, with pretensioning, 1/3, account should be taken
pretensioning, it exceeds 1/3, taken of the fact that it builds up to a
maximum in the transmission
maximum transmission length,
length, see Clause
Clause 4.5.
DEFLECTION OF
4.9.11 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
BEAMS
General
(1) General
The deflection of prestressed concrete
The concrete beams
beams under normal combinations
combinations of working loads,loads,
consideration creep
taking into consideration creep and shrinkage of the
the concrete,
concrete, should not be sufficient
sufficient to impair
impair
the strength or efficiency
the efficiency of
of the structure,
structure, or to produce
produce cracks in finishes or superstructures, etc.
etc.

55
 (2) Upward deflection
deflection of
of beams
The upward deflection
The deflection of
of beams
beams caused
caused by a prestressing
prestressing force may be calculated
calculated by using the
normal laws ofof mechanics, assuming that the force
force creates a moment which, however, may be
variable because
because the tendons have
have a variable eccentricity.
eccentricity. When permanently applied loads are
deflection may tend ttoo increase due to the effects
small, the upward deflection effects of creep of the concrete, and
appropriate allowance should bebe made
made in the calculation.
calculation. This is of particular importance for roof
members, where additional upward deflection
deflection may result from thermal effects.
effects.
For aa beam of
For of uniform cross-
cross-section
section with aa constant eccentricity
eccentricity of the tendons and for
for which
which the
stresses due to dead load are negligible,
stresses negligible, the upward deflection
deflection immediately
immediately after transfer
transfer is given
equation:
by equation:
P;eJ- 2
8EciI
effects of creep
Due to the effects creep of
of the concrete
concrete this deflection
deflection may be expected to increase over a period
period
of time to aa value given
given by equation:
P 2 e s L2 ,
Ve5F ( 1 + 0 )
PIi is the prestressing
Where P prestressing force after transfer,
?2
P 2 isis the prestressing
prestressing force after the period considered,
eess is the eccentricity of of the tendons relative
relative to the
the centroid of
of the concrete section,
section,
Ecci is the modulus of elasticity
E elasticity of the concrete corresponding to the cube strength at at
transfer (See
(See Table
Table' 2.1),
2.1),
ECc 2 is thethe modulus of of elasticity
elasticity of the concrete corresponding to the cube strength after
after
the period
period ofof time considered
considered (See Table
Table 2. 1),
1),
00 is the creep
creep factor
factor (see
(see Clause 4.3.5);
4.3.5);
I1 isis the
the second
second moment
moment of of area
area of
of the
the whole
whole concrete
concrete section.
section.
If finishes
finishes are to to be applied
applied to the prestressed beams, the total upward deflection
prestressed concrete beams, deflection
in general, exceed
should not, in exceed -— .
* 300
Where uniformity
uniformity of camber
camber of adjacent
adjacent units can
can be
be ensured however,
however, a greater upward
deflection may be permissible.
deflection permissible.
4.9.12 COMPOSITE
4.9.12 COMPOSITE BEAMS
General
(1) Genera!
Prestressed concrete
Prestressed concrete units may be deemed
deemed to act
act in conjunction with added
added concrete
concrete where
provision is made for
for the horizontal shear at the surface of contact
contact by the use of
of adequate shear
roughening or irregularities of
connectors or suitable roughening of the surface of
of the concrete.
concrete.
IInn general, the analysis
analysis and design
design of of composite
composite concrete structures
structures and members comprising
comprising
precast
precast prestressed concrete units should be
prestressed concrete be in accordance
accordance with this Section. Particular attention
attention
should be given
given in the
the design
design ofof both the component parts and the composite composite section to the effect,
effect,
on stresses
stresses and deflections,
deflections, ofof the
the method of of construction and whether oorr not props are used. used.
When precast
When precast prestressed
prestressed units, having pre-tensioned
pre-tensioned tendons, are designeddesigned as as continuous
members
members and continuity is obtained with reinforced concrete cast cast in situ over
over the supports the
compressive stresses
compressive stresses due to prestress in the ends of of the units may be be ignored over the transmission
length for
length for the tendons in assessing
assessing the strength of sections.
sections.
Where an in-situ slab is cast on aa prestressed
Where prestressed concrete beam,beam, the effective width ooff the slab should
accordance wth Clause
be in accordance Clause 4.9,9.
4.9.9.
Compression in the concrete
(2) Compression
The
The compressive
compressive stress
stress in the prestressed
prestressed concrete
concrete unit at the interface
interface with the added
added concrete
may be be increased
increased above
above the values given given in Clause 4.2.2
4.2.2 by not more
more than 50% provided
provided the
ultimate failure
failure of
of the composite
composite beam would be due to excessive
beam would excessive elongation
elongation of of the steel.
(3) Tension
(3) Tension in the concrete
concrete
When the the composite
composite member
member considered
considered in design
design comprises
comprises precast prestressed concrete units
precast prestressed units
and in-situ
in-situ concrete
concrete and flexural
flexural tensile
tensile stresses
stresses are induced in the in-situ
in-situ concrete
concrete by imposed
imposed
service loading,
service loading, the tensile
tensile stresses
stresses in the in-situ concrete
concrete at the contact surface
surface should be limited
to the values
values given
given in Table 4.1 4. 11.1 .These
Thesevalues
valuesmay,
may,however,
however,bebeincreased
increasedby by50%
50%provided
providedthethe
permissible tensile
permissible stress in the
tensile stress the prestressed concrete unit see
prestressed concrete see Clause
Clause 4.2.2 is reduced
reduced byby the same
numerical amount.
numerical amount. When the in-situ concrete is not in direct direct contact
contact with aa precast
precast prestressed
prestressed
unit,
unit, the
the flexural
flexural tensile stresses
stresses in the in-situ
in-situ concrete
concrete should be limited
limited by
by cracking
cracking considerations.
considerations,

56
 Where continuity
continuity is obtained with reinforced
reinforced concrete cast
cast in-situ over the supports, the flexural
tensile stresses and the hypothetical
hypothetical tensile stresses in the precast prestressed units at the supports
should normally be limited in accordance with Clause 4.2.2.

Table 4.11
Table 4.11 Permissible bending tensile stresses
Permissible stresses in
In added concrete
concrete

Specified grade strength of added

Specified added concrete 1 25 30 40
stress MPa
Maximum tensile stress ■ 3.2 3.6 4.4

(4) Shear
composite sections resisting vertical shear due to ultimate
The analysis of composite ultimate loads should be carried
carried
accordance with Clause
out in accordance Clause 4.9.5. However, when in-situ concrete
concrete is placed between precast
prestressed units and the composite concrete section
prestressed section is used in design, the principal
principal tensile stress
should not exceed 0.294
should 0.294yu^
/u anywhere in the prestressed
prestressed units; this stress should be calculated
calculated by
for the construction sequence.
making due allowance for
stress due to the design service loads
The horizontal shear stress loads at
at the contract surface
surface of the precast
precast
and in-situ components at any point along the length of the member is given by equation:

vh =
Ibe
Where vv^ is the horizontal shear stress at the contact surface,
V<j is the total
Vj total vertical
vertical shear at the point considered
considered due to the design service load,
SScc is
is the first moment of the concrete
concrete to one side
side of
of the
the contact
contact surface,
surface, about the
the neutral
axis of the transformed composite section,
second moment of area of the composite section;
I is the second section;
bee is the width of the contact surface.
surface.
The shear
The shear stresses along
along the
the contact
contact surface under maximum shear conditions calculated as as above
should not exceed the values
should 4.12
values given in Table 4. for beam and slab construction and for
12 for for the three
types of surface
surface considered.
considered. The
The types of surface
surface are defined as follows:
(a) Type
(h) Type 1.1. Where
Where links are not provided and the contact
contact surface has been prepared in the
following manner. When the concrete
concrete in the precast member has set
precast member set but not hardened, the
surface which will subsequently receive concrete should be sprayed with
receive the in-situ concrete with a fine
spray of water or brushed
brushed with a stiff brush, just sufficient
sufficient to remove the outer mortar
mortar skin
expose the
and expose the larger
larger aggregate
aggregate without disturbing it.
(b) Type
(i) Type 2. Where the contact surface
surface is not
not as described in (a) and where links are provided
provided
having aa minimum cross-sectional
cross-sectional area
area 0.15% of the contact area. The spacing of links
should not be excessive; for
for composite T-beams
T-beams with an in-situ flange, the spacing should not
exceed 4 times the minimum thickness of the in-situ concrete
concrete nor 600
600 mm.
(c) Type
(c) Type 3. Where the contact
contact surface has been prepared
prepared as described in (a) (or
(or where this
treatment proved impracticable and the surface skin and laitence
laitence has been removed by sand
blasting or the use of a needle gun and not by hacking)
hacking) and minimum as described in (b)
minimum links as (b}
are provided.
provided. When links areare provided
provided in excess of the minimum, the allowable
allowable shear
shear stresses
Table 4.12 for
given in Table for this type of surface may be increased
increased by 0.5 MPa
MPa for each additional
additional
area of links equal to 11%
area %ofofthe
thecontact
contact area.
area.

Table 4.12
Table 4.12 Horizontal shear stresses
Horizontal shear stresses for
for composite
composite beam
beam and
and slab
slab sections
sections

Specified grade
Specified grade strength of concrete
concrete MPa
MPa
25 30 40
MPa MPa MPa
Surface Type
Surface Type 1 0.38 0.45 0.54
Surface Type
Surface Type 2 0.36 0.38 0.42
Surface Type
Surface Type 3 1.22 1.25
1.25 1.32
1.32

Shear reinforcement
reinforcement provided
provided in the
the composite
composite section to
to resist vertical shear
shear should extend into
the in-situ slab
the slab and can
can be deemed to resist horizontal shear
shear at
at the precast/in-situ interface.

57
 In composite slabs when links are not provided, the horizontal shear stresses may be limited as
follows:
follows;
(i) for surface Type 1 the stress should not
not exceed 1.2
1.2 times the appropriate
appropriate value given in
Table 4.12.
(ii) where the top surface of the precast
precast concrete unit has not been so treated, the stress should
be limited to 0.8 times the appropriate
appropriate value given in Table 4.12 for surface Type
Type 2.
(5) Differential shrinkage
difference between the age and quality of the concrete in the
Where there is an appreciable difference
components, differential shrinkage may lead to increased stresses in the composite section and
these should be investigated.
In computing thethe tensile stresses due to differential shrinkage, a value will be required for the
coefficient (the difference
differential shrinkage coefficient difference in total free
free strain between the two components
components of
composite member), the magnitude of which can be obtained from Clause
the composite Clause'4.3.4.
4.3.4.
effects of differentia!
The effects differential shrinkage
shrinkage will be reduced by creep and the reduction coefficient
coefficient is given
equation:
by equation:
11 -- ee~-0
g
0 ’
Where 00 is the creep factor (see Clause 4.3.5.);
the base of Napierian logarithms.
e is the
(6) Continuity in composite construction
When continuity is obtained in composite construction by providing reinforcement over the
supports, consideration
supports, consideration should be given to the secondary effects
effects of
of differential shrinkage and
creep on the moments in continuous beams and on the reactions at at the supports. The hogging
restraint moment, Mcs,
restraint Mcs, at an internal support of a continuous composite beam and slab section
differential shrinkage is given by equation:
due to differential equation:
(1 — ee ~0)
-0)
Mcsc
M = EdiffEcfAcfScent
=
-
0

£&# is the differentia]

Where eaiff differential shrinkage strain,
Ecf is the modulus of elasticity
elasticity of
of the flange concrete,
Acf is the area
Act area of the effective
effective concrete
concrete flange,
aacent distance of the centroid
nt is the distance centroid of the
the concrete flange
flange from the centroid of
of the
section,
composite section,
the creep
0 is the creep factor (see Clause 4,3.5);
4.3.5);
e is the base ofof Napierian logarithms.
logarithms.
The restraint moment, M Mcscs, will modified with time
will be modified time.by
by creep due to dead load
load and creep due to
the prestress in the precast units. The restraint
precast units. restraint moment due to prestres may be taken as as the
would have been set up if the composite section
restraint moment which would section as a whole
whole had been
prestressed, multiplied by
by aa reduction coefficient
coefficient equal to (1 - e --00).
(1 — ).
information given in Clause
The information Clause 4.9.12(5) on differential shrinkage should be used in assessing a
for the differential shrinkage strain.
value for
4.10 COMPRESSION
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
MEMBERS
4.10.1
4.10.1 GENERAL
A concrete member acting
acting in compression is sometimes
sometimes given aa prestress to resist bending arising
either from continuity, eccentricity of load or other cause.
that the tendons are fixed relative to the compression member at
Provided that at a sufficient
sufficient number of
points, the
the compression
compression member will not buckle under the prestressing forces forces since the compression
compression
member and the the line of action
action of the forces
forces deflect together.
together. However, aa prestressed concrete
concrete member
requires
requires examination
examination for stability under external loadingloading in a similar
similar manner to other formsforms of
construction.
construction.
For
For the purpose
purpose ofof this
this Code,
Code, a compression
compression member is only
only considered
considered to be prestressed when the
prestress in the concrete
mean prestress concrete section imposed
imposed by the tendons
tendons exceeds 2.7 MPa.
MPa.

58
 OF DESIGN OF COMPRESSION
4.10.2 BASIS OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
When the ratio of the effective
effective length to the least lateral dimension is less than 15,
15, the design of
prestressed
prestressed concrete
concrete compression members should conform with the requirements that the computed
stresses in the concrete and in the steel should not exceed the permissible
permissible stresses given in Clause 4.2
for normal combinations of loading during transfer, handling
handling and construction
construction and under working
loads.
loads.
When a compression
compression member
member is subjected
subjected to aa combination
combination of axial loading
loading and bending due to dead
dead
loads and the stress
and live loads stress in the concrete due to axial loading is less than 25% of the maximum
concrete due to bending under this loading, then the permissible
stress in the concrete permissible compressive stress
stress in the
concrete may be taken as that given for bending in Clause
Clause 4.2.2(1).
4.2.2(1). When the ratio of stress due to axial
loading to maximum stress
loading stress due to bending is greater than 11/4,
/4, the permissible compressive
compressive stress in the
concrete should be that given for
concrete for direct
direct compression in Clause 4.2.2(1).
4.2. 2(1).
Computation of the stresses in the materials should be based on the assumptions given in Clause 4.9.3.
Computation
When the ratio of the effective
When effective length
length of the least lateral dimension is greater
greater than 15, the stability
stability of
compression member should be considered. For
the compression For guidance, the reduction
reduction coefficients
coefficients for
for the
permissible loads
loads on long columns given in Section
Section 3 may be used.
No recommendations are made for the the calculation of the ultimate strength of compression
compression members,
but the disposition
disposition of the tendons and of any additional steel reinforcement should
should be favourable to
the development of an adequate
adequate margin of security against failure.
4.10.3 REINFORCEMENT IN COMPRESSIONCOMPRESSION MEMBERS MEMBERS
provision of reinforcement
The provision reinforcement in compression members should, in general, conform with the
recommendations given for
recommendations for beams in Clause 4.9.7. In addition where a compression
compression member has
reinforcement, it should also have transverse
longitudinal reinforcement, transverse or helical reinforcement so disposed
disposed as to
provide
provide all necessary restraint against
against the buckling of each of the longitudinal reinforcements. Every
bar in a column near the face should be properly The ends of such
properly linked. The such transverse reinforcement
should be properly
should properly anchored.
anchored.
The pitch
The pitch of transverse
transverse reinforcement should be not more than the least of the three following
three following
distances:
distances:
least lateral dimension
(1) The least dimension of the members;
members;
12 times the diameter
(2) 12 diameter of the
the smallest
smallest longitudinal reinforcement in the member;
member;
300mm.
(3) 300 mm.
Where, however, the longitudinal reinforcement is provided provided only forfor the purpose of holding the
prestressing position and the diameter of such reinforcement does not exceed 10
prestressing steel in position 10 mm nominal
links will in general
general be satisfactory.
satisfactory.
4.111 OTHER STRUCTURES
4.1 STRUCTURES
4.11.1 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
In calculations for working loadsloads of systems which are are statically indeterminate account should
should be
taken only of the applied and dead
taken not only dead loads,
loads, but also of the strains in the structure caused by the
application of the prestress
application prestress and also of the subsequent creep and shrinkage in the concrete after after
prestressing: this is particularly important when restraints are added during or after the initial
prestressing.
SPECIAL STRUCTURES
4.11.2 SPECIAL
Some special structures cannot
Some cannot easily be analysed
analysed as regards
regards the stresses in the members duringduring
transfer, handling
transfer, handling and construction
construction and under working
working loads,
loads, or as
as regards
regards their ultimate
ultimate strength.
The strength
The strength requirements of this Code may be deemed to be satisfied for such structures
structures if it can be
established by test that they behave satisfactorily
established satisfactorily as working loads and have an adequate ultimate
strength. For
strength. For beams and other members
members in bending, the ultimate
ultimate strength should be shown to satisfy
satisfy
second requirement
the second requirement of Clause
Clause 4.9.1.
5.
5. DESIGN
DESIGN ANDAND DETAILING:
DETAILING: PRECAST CONCRETE
PRECAST CONCRETE
5.1 GENERAL
GENERAL
SCOPE
5.1.1 SCOPE
The Section is concerned with the additional considerations
The considerations which arise in design and detailing
detailing when
precast concrete
precast concrete members or precast concrete components
precast concrete components are incorporated
incorporated into a structure.
structure. It does
the use of plain
not cover the plain concrete
concrete for
for walls, large panels, construction or when a structure
panels, composite construction structure
entirety is of
in its entirety of precast
precast concrete
concrete construction.

59
 5.1.2 BASIS OF DESIGN
The design philosophy set
set out in Section 2 applies equally to precast
precast and in-situ construction and
therefore, in general, the recommended methods of design and detailing given in Section 3 for
reinforced concrete and those for prestressed concrete given in Section 4 apply also to precast concrete
specifically worded for in-situ
construction. Clauses in Section 3 and 4 which do not apply are either specifically
construction or are modified by this section.
HANDLING STRESSES
5.1.3 HANDLING STRESSES
Precast units should be designed to resist without permanent damage
damage all stresses induced by handling,
storage, transport
transport and erection. When necessary the positions of lifting and supporting points should
be specified.
specified. Consultation
Consultation at the design stage
stage with those responsible for handling is an advantage. The
design should take account
account of the effect
effect of snatch-
snatch-lifting
lifting and placing on to supports.
supports.
5.1.4 CONNECTIONS
CONNECTIONS AND JOINTS
JOINTS
connections is of fundamental importance in precast concrete construction and must be
The design of connections
carefully considered.
considered. The
The overall stability of the structure as well
well as the compatibility of the design and
details of parts and components
components should be ascertained. Joints to allow for movements due to
thermal effects
shrinkage, thermal effects and possible differential settlement of foundations are of as great
importance in precast as as in-situ construction.
construction. The number and spacingspacing of such joints should be
determined at an early stage in the design. In the design of beam and slab slab ends on corbels
corbels and nibs
particular care should be taken to provide overlap and anchorage of all reinforcement adjacent ot the
contact faces, full regard being paid to constructional tolerances.
contact
BEARINGS FOR PRECAST CONCRETE
5.2 BEARINGS CONCRETE MEMBERS
MEMBERS
5.2.1 CONCRETE CORBELS
A corbel is a short cantilever beam in which the principal load is applied such that the distance between
the line of action of the load and the face of the supporting member is less than 0.6d and the depth at
outer edge of the bearing is not
the outer not less
less than 1/2 of the depth at
at the
the face
face of the
the supporting
supporting member.
member.
The depth at the face of the supporting member should be determined from shear conditions in
The
accordance with Clause 3.2.
accordance 3.2.7(1).
7(1).
The main tension reinforcement
reinforcement in a corbel should be designed and the strength of the corbel checked,
on the assumption that it behaves as a simple strut and tie system. The reinforcement so obtained
should be not less than 0.4% of the section at the face of the supporting member and should be
adequately anchored. At the front
front face
face of the corbel, the reinforcement
reinforcement should be anchored either by
welding to a transverse bar of equal strength or by bending back the bars
bars to form aa loop; in the latter
the bearing area of the load should not project beyond
case, the beyond the straight portion of the bars forming
the main tension reinforcement.
When the corbel is designed to resist a stated
stated horizontal force, additional reinforcement
reinforcement should
should be
provided to transmit this force in its entirety; the reinforcement
reinforcement should be welded to the bearing plate
and should be adequately
adequately anchored within the supporting member.
reinforcement should be provided
Shear reinforcement provided in the form
form of horizontal links distributed in the upper 2/3 of
effective depth of
the effective of the corbel at the column face; this reinforcement
reinforcement should not be less than 11/2
/ 2 of
the area
area of the main tension reinforcement and should be adequately anchored.
anchored.
5.2.2 CONTINUOUS CONCRETE NIBS
Where continuous nib less than 300 mm deep provides aa bearing as on a boot
boot lintel, the nib should
normally be designed as a short cantilever slab in accordance
accordance with the following
following provisions
provisions and
definitions:
definitions:
(1) the projection the nib should be sufficient
projection of the sufficient to provide
provide an adequate width of bearing
bearing for
for the type
of member to be supported see Clause 5.2.3. The reinforcement
reinforcement in the nib and any reinforcement
in the supported
supported member
member should
should have a minimum nominal overlap on plan of 60 60 mm;
(2) The line of action of the load should be assumed
assumed to occur at the outer edge
edge of the loaded area,
area, i.e.
at the front edge of the nib, at the beginning of the chambered
chambered edge, or at the outer edge of the
bearing pad as
as appropriate;
appropriate;
The maximum bending moment in the nib should be taken as
(3) The as the
the product
product of the load supported
supported
distance from its line of
and the distance of action to the nearest vertical leg of the links (see (6)
(6))) in the beam.
The tension reinforcement in the nib
nib should
should not be less than that required
required by Clause 3.2. 3.2.1(3)
1(3) and
should be adequately
adequately anchored;
anchored;
;
'. ' • ' - • - . . - • :' ' - . . ' ' " ' ' • • ' ' ' • • '-60-'
60 .-• "" ' : : • ' • • ' • " . - • ' • ' - - . - • : . ••• • -
 (4) the tension reinforcement
reinforcement should extend as near to the front face of the nib as considerations of
adequate cover will allow and be anchored there, either by welding to a transverse bar
barofequa!
of equal
strength or by bending the bars through 1180°
80° to form loops in the horizontal
horizontal or vertical plane.
Vertical loops should be of bar size not greater than 12
12 mm;
(5) the shear resistance
resistance of the nib should be checked in accordance with Clause 3,2.7.
3.2.7.
(6) links capable of transmitting, in addition to any other forces which they resist, the load from the
compression zone of the main beam should be provided in the main beam
nib to the compression beam.
OF BEARINGS
5.2.3 WIDTH OF BEARINGS FOR PRECAST
PRECAST CONCRETE
CONCRETE UNITS
The width of bearing of precast
precast units should be sufficient
sufficient to ensure proper anchorage of tension
reinforcement see Clause 3.1,10.
reinforcement 3.1.10. Precast
Precast concrete units should have a bearing of at least 100
100 mm on
masonry or brickwork supports and of at least 75 mm on steel or concrete;concrete; this bearing may be
reduced by taking into account
account relevant factors such as tolerances, loading, span, height of support
provision of continuity reinforcement. Nevertheless, when reduced bearings are used,
and the provision used, the
minimum anchorage lengths of reinforcement required by 3.1.10 must be provided and precautions
must be taken to ensure that collapse
collapse of the unit cannot occur due to accidental displacement
displacement during
during
erection.
erection.
BEARING STRESSES
5.2.4 BEARING STRESSES
contact surfaces
The contact surfaces should not contain
contain excessive irregularities and when adequate intermediate
padding
padding is not provided, the compressive
compressive stress
stress in the contact area
area should not normally
normally exceed 0.25 uww
loads. When the members are made of concretes of different strength, the lower
under the working loads.
concrete strength is applicable.
concrete applicable. Higher bearing stresses may be used where suitable measures are
are taken
to prevent splitting or spalling of the concrete at the interface, such as the provision of well-defined
well-defined
bearing areas
areas and additional binding reinforcement in the ends of the members. Stresses in excess of
0.5 uww due to working loads,
loads, should only be used where justified by tests. Direct bearing connections
should not be used for column/column or wall/wall
wall/wall connections
connections either with or without flexible
flexible
padding.
padding.
5.2.5 HORIZONTAL FORCES BEARING
FORCES OR ROTATING IN BEARING
The presence of horizontal
horizontal forces
forces at a bearing
bearing can reduce the load-carrying capacity of the supporting
causing pre-mature splitting or shearing.
member considerably by causing shearing. These forces may be due to creep,
creep,
shrinkage and temperature
shrinkage temperature effects
effects or result
result from misalignment, lack of plumb or other causes. When
they are likely to be significant,
significant, these forces
forces should be allowed
allowed for
for in designing and detailing the
the
connection by providing either:
connection
(1) sliding bearings; or
suitable lateral reinforcement
(2) suitable reinforcement in the top of the supporting
supporting member; and
reinforcement to tie together
(3) continuity reinforcement together the ends of the supported
supported members.
owing to large spans or other reasons,
Where owing reasons, large rotations are likely to occur at the end supports of
flexural members, suitable bearings capable of accommodating
accommodating these rotations should be used.
5.3 JOINTS
JOINTS BETWEEN
BETWEEN PRECAST CONCRETE
CONCRETE MEMBERS
MEMBERS
GENERAL
5.3.1 GENERAL
The critical
critical sections
sections of members
members close to joints should be designed toto resist the worst combinations of
bending caused by the vertical and horizontal
shear, axial force and bending horizontal forces. When the design of thethe
precast
precast members is based on the assumption
assumption that the joint between them is not capable
capable of transmitting
moment, suitable precautions
precautions should
should be taken to ensure that if any
any cracking develops it will not be
and will not excessively
unsightly and excessively reduce the
the member's axial force.
member’s resistance to shear or axial
Where a space is left
Where left between two or more precast concrete
concrete units, which is to be filled later with in-situ
in-situ
concrete or mortar, the space
concrete space should
should be large enough
enough for
for the filling material to be placed easily and
compacted sufficiently
compacted sufficiently to completely fill the gap, without the need for abnormally high standards
standards of
workmanship
workmanship or supervision. The The assembly instructions should contain definite information as as to the
the
stage during construction
stage construction when the gapgap should be filled.
filled.
The majority
The of joints will incorporate
majority of incorporate a structural connection
connection and this should be considered
considered in the
of the joint.
design of joint.
5.3.2 HALVING
HALVING JOINT
For the
For the type of
of joint shown in Fig. 5,1,
5J, the maximum vertical working load,
load, FFvv, should not exceed
that given by equation:
Fy
Fv ——
= 2p
2pvvbd
bdo0

61
 Where b is the breadth of the beam,
ppv is the permissible stress (see Table 3.1);
permissible shear stress
dd00 is the depth to additional reinforcement to resist horizontal forces.
When determining the value of FFvv consideration should be given to the the method of erection and the
forces involved.
involved.

Inclined links

Additional reinforcement
Additional reinforcement
to resist horizontal
horizontal forces

Main tension reinforcement

tension reinforcement

Note. This figure is diagrammatic.

Note. This
Fig. 5.1 Halving joint
joint

The joint should be reinforced

reinforced by inclined links so that the vertical component
component of force
force in the link is
equal to FFvv, as given in equation:
FFvv == AAsv psvsv cos
svp cos 45°
45° for
for link at 45°
Where A svsv is the cross-sectional
cross-sectional area of the
the inclined links;
psv
sv is the permissible stress of the inclined links.

The links must intersect

intersect the line of action
action of
of Fv.
In the compression face of the beam the links should be anchored in accordance accordance with Clause 3. 3.1.10.
1.10. In
the tension face of of the
the beam, the horizontal component, F^, Fh, which for
for 45° links is equal to FFvv, should
be transferred
transferred to the main reinforcement.
reinforcement. If
If the main reinforcement
reinforcement is continued straight on without
hooks or bends the
hooks the links may be considered
considered anchored if:

— <Pba
< Pba (see Table 3.1)
So llsbsb
2 So
Where SoEo is the perimeter
perimeter of the main reinforcement;
l s b is the length of the straight reinforcement
reinforcement beyond the intersection with the the link.
reinforcement is hooked
If the main reinforcement hooked or bent vertically,
vertically, the inclined links should
should be anchored by
bending them parallel to the main reinforcement;
reinforcement; in this case, or if inclined links areare replaced by
bent-up bars,
bars, the bearing stress inside the bends should not exceed the value given in Clause 3.1.10(6).
If there is a possibility of a horizontal load being applied to the joint, horizontalhorizontal links should be
provided to carry the load load as shown in Fig. 5.1; such links should also be providedprovided if there is a
possibility of the inclined links being displaced so that they do not intersect the line of action of FFvv .
The joint may alternatively be reinforced
reinforced with vertical links, designed in accordance
accordance with Clause 3.2.7
provided thethe links are adequately
adequately anchored.
anchored.
5.3.3 SIDE JOINT
5.3.3 JOINT
secondary member is supported within the span
When a secondary span of a primary
primary beam, attention should be paid,
in designing the connection
connection between them,them, to the
the conditions
conditions during construction
construction as
as well as those
those due
to the design working loads.
loads. The
The possibility ofof torsion should be considered.
considered. When the joint is formed
when the
the secondary
secondary beam penetrating
penetrating into aa pocket
pocket formed
formed in the side of the primary beam, the
reduced section of the latter should
should be used in design for conditions
conditions before the grout
grout in the pocket has
reached its characteristic
characteristic strength,
strength, unless the
the main beam is propped
propped during construction.
construction.
The recommendations
The recommendations of Clause 5.2. 5.2.11 and 5.2.2 apply where the joint is formed
formed outside the limits
limits of
the normal cross-section of the main beam.

- . - .- . - - . -.: • • " . . . 62
62 - - .-. ••-. . • .--'•' •
6.
6. LOAD TESTING
LOAD TESTING
structures should be carried out in accordance with
Load testing of components and structures or parts of structures
9.5 and 9.6 of the British
Sections 9.5 British Standard Code of Practice BS 88110: Part 2.
110; Part 2.
7.
7. ALTERNATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS
ALTERNATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS
The recommendations of BS 8110, or BS 5400 as modified Engineering Manual, Volume 5,
modified by the Civil Engineering
Chapter 4, as
Chapter as appropriate
appropriate to the type of structure, may be used as
as an
an, alternative
alternative to recommendations of this
Code. In such cases the following specific requirements
Code. requirements shall apply—
characteristic dead load, imposed
(1) The characteristic imposed load and wind load should
should be taken as the dead load, imposed
load and wind load calculated in accordance with the provisions of the Building (Construction)
Regulations;
characteristic strength of concrete should be taken as the specified
(2) The characteristic specified grade strength given in the
Building (Construction) Regulations;
(3) The
The characteristic strength of concrete used for design should
should, not exceed 45 MPa;
(4) The characteristic
characteristic strength of concrete used for
for design should not be increased in respect of age at
loading;
loading;
(5) The short-term modulus
(5). mjxiu^^of elasticity, creep, shrinkage
shrinkage and other
pjther jgragerties
properties of concrete should be taken
' from this Code
Code instead
insteacfof from the British Standards;
of from Standards;
Table 7.
(6) In ultimate strength design each of the combinations of loading given in Table 7.11 should be considered,
instead of the load combinations given in BS 8110, or in addition to the load combinations given in
instead
BS 5400, as appropriate to the type of structure.
characteristic strength of grade 460/425 reinforcement, f y, should not to exceed—
(7) Specified characteristic
MPa—6
460 MPa— 6 mm dia up to and including 16 16 mm dia
MPa—Over
425 MPa —Over 16 16 mm dia
dia
Concrete material
(8) Concrete material specification
specification and construction Clauses 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 6.
6.11
11 of
BS 8110 are not suitable and should not be used.

Table 7.1
Table 7.1 Load combinations
Load combinations

Load type
Load
Load combination Dead Imposed
ImposedEarth and
Water Wind
Adverse Beneficial Beneficial Pressure
Beneficial Adverse Beneficial Pressure
1. Dead
1. and imposed
Dead and imposed (and earth
earth
water pressure)
and water pressure) 1.5
1.5 1.0
1.0 1.7
1.7 0 1.5
1.5 —
-—
2. Dead
Dead and wind (and earth and
and
water pressure)
water pressure) 1.5
1.5 1.0
1.0 —
— —
— 1.5
1.5 1.5
1.5
3, Dead
3. Dead and wind and imposed
(and earth and water pressure)
(and pressure) 1.3
1.3 1.0 1.3
1.3 0 1.3
1.3 1.3
1.3

(9) Immediately
(9) Immediately after compaction
compaction and finishing concrete
concrete should be protected against harmful effects
protected against effects of
weather, running water and drying out. The The protection
protection should be applied by using one of the following
methods—
•(a) For non-liquid
(a) For non-liquid retaining structures
structures
for surfaces
(i) Except for surfaces against
against which concrete
concrete or applied
applied finishes have subsequently to be placed,
placed,
the concrete should
the should be cured by application
application' of an approved
approved liquid curing membrane.
membrane.
Application should
Application should be by a low-pressure
low-pressure spray at the rate recommended
recommended by the manufacturer.
On horizontal surfaces the membrane should be applied
horizontal surfaces applied immediately after finishing the the
concrete, and on vertical surfaces
concrete, surfaces immediately
immediately after removing
removing the formwork.
(ii) After thoroughly wetting,
wetting, the
the concrete
concrete should be covered
covered with aa layer of approved water-proof
paper
paper or plastic membrane
membrane until the the concrete
concrete has
has reached the age of 4 days.
(iii) The
(fii) The concrete
concrete should be completely
completely covered with aa layer of of fine aggregate at
at least 25 mm thick,
hessian, sacking, canvas
canvas or similar
similar absorbent material.
material. Such covering layer should be kept
constantly wet until the
constantly the concrete
concrete has reached days.
reached the age of 4 days.

63
(b) For
(b) For liquid-retaining structures
After completion of the finishing process, all exposed surfaces
(i) After surfaces shall be covered with a layer of
approved plastic sheeting until such time as the concrete has hardened sufficiently
approved sufficiently to permit
curing. Water curing shall be effected
water curing. effected whenever
whenever possible by the continuous spraying of
cool water for a period of 2 days. Particular
Particular care shall be taken to avoid thermal shock at the
surface of the concrete caused by the intermittent
intermittent application of large quantities of cold water.
(ii) Curing method as detailed in sub-clause (h)(i)
(ii) (b)(i) should continue or be substituted by the method
detailed in sub-clause
detailed sub-clause (a)(ii) until the concrete
concrete has reached the age of 7 days.
(iii) Formwork to concrete
(iii) concrete walls and columns should be kept cool by water sprays as soon soon as the
concrete has hardened sufficiently
concrete sufficiently and until the formwork is removed, then one of the curing
methods as
as detailed
detailed in sub-clauses (u)(ii)
(a)(ii) and (a)(iii) should be adopted until the concrete has
reached the age of 7 days.

£ ite SSB4 *

64
xcmisoas
xmiieoas

PP 624.1834
624.1834 C66
C66
Code of
Code of practice
practice for
for the
the
structural use
structural use of
of concrete,
concrete,
1987.
1987.
[Hong Kong
[Hong Kong :: Building
Building

Date Due
Date Due
-4 Jhw

•t
 P59330002E4
$48

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