A PROJECT RESEARCH

ON

NEWSPAPER REPORTING OF CRIME IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF PUNCH

AND SUN NEWSPAPER COVERAGE OF THE TRIAL AND CONVICTION OF
SENATOR IKE EKWEREMANDU

PREPARED BY:

KAYODE JOSEPH OLAMILEKAN FPA/MC/21/2-0326

OGUNBIYI VICTOR OLUWADUNSIN FPA/MC/21/2-0327

OLADEJO CHRISTIANAH OLAYINKA FPA/MC/21/2-0328

OLAIYA FUNMILAYO TIMILEYIN FPA/MC/21/2-0329

OLAJIDE TEMITOPE DAVID FPA/MC/21/2-0330

SUBMITTED TO:

DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION

THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC ADO EKITI, EKITI STATE.

P.M.B 5351, ADO EKITI, EKITI STATE, NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTOF THE AWARD OF

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN MASS COMMUNCIATION.

SUPERVISED BY:

DR. UGBO GREGORY

NOVEMBER, 2023.

1
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The role of newspapers in reporting crime cannot be overstated, as they serve as a crucial
medium for informing the public about criminal activities occurring in their society. In
Nigeria, a country with a diverse and complex socio-political landscape, newspapers have
played a significant role in reporting crime and shedding light on the challenges faced by the
criminal justice system. This introduction will delve into the newspapers' reporting of crime
in Nigeria, exploring its impact, challenges, and the role it plays in shaping public perception
and policy responses (Uzuegbunam &Mokwunye, 2020).

Nigeria, being the most populous country in Africa, faces numerous security challenges,
including terrorism, kidnapping, armed robbery, cybercrime, and corruption. Newspapers in
Nigeria are instrumental in reporting these crimes, acting as readdogs for society and keeping
citizens informed about the prevailing criminal activities. They provide detailed coverage of
criminal incidents, including information on the nature of crimes, perpetrators, victims, and
the responses of law enforcement agencies (Eneogwe & Odumuh, 2021).

One key impact of newspapers' reporting of crime in Nigeria is the awareness it creates
among the general public. By publishing news articles, investigative reports, and features on
crime, newspapers serve as a bridge between law enforcement agencies and citizens,
providing them with valuable information about the state of security in their communities.
This awareness can empower individuals to take precautionary measures, report suspicious
activities, and demand accountability from relevant authorities (Chukwuemeka, 2017).

Moreover, newspapers play a crucial role in shaping public perception of crime in Nigeria.
The way crime is reported can influence public opinion, attitudes, and beliefs about the
effectiveness of law enforcement agencies, the prevalence of crime, and the overall state of
security in the country. The media's portrayal of crime can create fear and anxiety among the
public, impacting their behavior, social interactions, and trust in the government's ability to
maintain law and order (Emezue, 2016).

However, reporting crime in Nigeria comes with its own set of challenges. First and foremost
is the issue of accuracy and reliability of information. Due to the fast-paced nature of news

2
reporting, there is a risk of misinformation and misinterpretation of facts. Journalists must
strive for accuracy, fact-checking, and corroborating information from multiple sources to
ensure responsible reporting. Furthermore, the safety of journalists is a concern, especially
when covering sensitive crime stories that involve powerful individuals or criminal networks.
Threats, intimidation, and violence against journalists can hinder their ability to report
objectively and fearlessly (Folorunso, 2016).

The Nigerian government has a role to play in facilitating effective crime reporting. Press
freedom and freedom of information laws are vital for ensuring that journalists can operate
independently and hold authorities accountable. Governments should also promote
transparency within the criminal justice system, enabling journalists to access accurate
information and statistics on crime rates, arrests, prosecutions, and convictions (Olurankinse,
2019).

The role of the press in relation to crime reduction has been a topic of debate among
authorities. Adidi (2018) suggests that newspapers, due to their physical attributes such as
being folded and printed on cheaper materials, have the advantage of longevity, allowing the
information they present to persist over time. This longevity can serve as a catalyst or a tool
in reducing criminal activities. The ability of newspapers to endure makes them effective
means of communication.

Crime is a fundamental aspect of human life as a social phenomenon. Nigeria has been
referred to as one of the most crime-prone nations in the world due to its low level of social
security and the prevalence of criminal activities within its social fabric. Crime can be
defined as the "internal violation of criminal law committed without defense or excuse and
penalized by the state as a felony or misdemeanor through judicial proceedings" (Toppan,
2014)

Nigeria is currently experiencing an increase in crime rates. In a single edition of a daily

newspaper or through television and Punch Newspaper reports. Newspapers' reporting of
crime in Nigeria serves as a crucial channel for information dissemination, shaping public
opinion, and holding the criminal justice system accountable. Despite challenges such as
accuracy, sensationalism, and threats to journalists' safety, newspapers continue to play a
vital role in creating awareness and fostering public dialogue on crime-related issues. Going
forward, it is essential for journalists, media organizations, and the Nigerian government to

3
work collaboratively to ensure responsible and ethical reporting, promoting a more informed
and engaged society that actively participates in addressing crime challenges.

1.2 Statement of Problem

While several researchers have examined the relationship between mass media and crime
reporting in Nigeria, there remains a gap in the literature regarding the specific focus on
Nigeria newspapers' coverage of crime. Authors such as Folorunso (2016) and Olurankinse,
(2019) have explored the broader dynamics of media and crime reporting in the country.
However, there is a need to delve deeper into the role of newspapers in serving as the
conscience of society and reflecting the realities of crime in Nigeria.

The problem at hand centers around understanding whether newspapers, particularly The
Punch and The Sun Newspapers, fulfill their role as the conscience of society by effectively
mirroring criminal activities and stimulating public discourse. It is crucial to assess the extent
to which these newspapers shed light on recent developments and provide insights into the
state of the streets and homes across the country.

Furthermore, this study aims to examine whether the trend of newspaper coverage of crime
aligns with the principles of objectivity in journalism and the agenda-setting function of the
media. By exploring these dimensions, we seek to understand how newspapers shape public
perception, influence policy discussions, and contribute to the overall understanding of crime
in Nigerian society.

In the light of the above, the primary problem this research seeks to address is the need to
investigate the specific role of Nigerian newspapers, specifically The Punch and The Sun, in
reporting crime. This includes: to determine the volume or amount of coverage of crimes in
The Punch and The Sun Newspapers, to assess whether The Punch and The Sun Newspapers
give crime stories prominence over other social phenomena and to analyze the angles and
approaches taken in crime reporting by The Punch and The Sun Newspapers. By addressing
this research gap, we can gain valuable insights into the influence and impact of newspaper
reporting on crime in Nigeria.

4
1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to examine the Newspapares’ reporting of crime in
Nigeria taking Coverage of the trial and conviction of Senator Ike Ekweremandu as a case
study. The specific objective of the Study are:

i. To determine the frequency of coverage of Senator Ike Ekweremandu’s crimes in

The Punch and The Sun Newspapers.
ii. To determine whether The Punch and The Sun Newspapers give crime stories
prominence over other social phenomena.
iii. To analyze the news angles and approaches taken in crime reporting by The
Punch and The Sun Newspapers

1.4 Research Questions

The following are the research questions in line with the research objectives

i. What is the frequency of coverage of Senator Ike Ekweremandu’s crimes in The

Punch and Sun Newspapers.?
ii. To what do the Punch and Sun Newspapers give crime stories prominence over
other social phenomenon?
iii. What are the news angles of crime report in the Punch and Sun Newspaper?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is centred around crime reporting using the Newspaper industry. Thus, the study
scrutinizes the Punch and Sun Newspaper which is referred to as the press and also part of the
fourth estate of the realm. This study illustrates the benefits of Newspapers even in the
technological era whereby technology has consumed the media industry.

This is to show how long the Newspaper Industry has come, what are the development of
industry to both itself and the society when used as vibrant tool for sustaining the status quo
or the change in it as it may be.

It is significant to the field of journalism, students, researchers, lecturers and the society at
large. It serves as reading and research material to any individual interest in x-raying the
Newspaper Industry in Nigeria. Also individual sees to extent the Newspapers have played

5
the role of read dog or conscience to society and what way it does it whether objectivity or
sentimentally.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of the study is to research on newspaper reporting of crime. The study will focus
on Senator Ike Ekweremandu’s crimes. The study is conducted using Punch and Sun
Newspaper coverage of the trail of Senator Ike Ekweremandu’s crimes

1.7 Definitions of Terms

The definitions of the terms were operationally defined:
Newspaper Reporting: This refers to the practice of conveying news and information to the
public through print media, specifically newspapers. Newspaper reporting involves the
collection, writing, editing, and publishing of news stories, including those related to criminal
activities, trials, and convictions.

Crime: "crime" refers to any unlawful or illegal activities or actions that are subject to
criminal prosecution under the legal system in Nigeria. Crimes can encompass a wide range
of activities, including but not limited to:Criminal Offenses, Violations of Legal Standards,
Illegal Activities, Moral and Ethical Offenses

Trial: A trial is a legal proceeding in which evidence is presented, arguments are made, and
a judge or jury makes a determination of guilt or innocence in a criminal case. During the
trial, the prosecution (usually representing the government) presents its case, including
evidence and witnesses, to prove the defendant's guilt, while the defense presents
counterarguments and evidence to establish the defendant's innocence or reasonable doubt.

Conviction: A conviction occurs when a judge or jury, after reviewing the evidence and
arguments presented during the trial, finds the defendant guilty of the criminal charges. It
means that the defendant has been formally declared by the court to be guilty of the crimes
for which they were accused.

6
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CONCEPTUAL REVIEW

The concept of Newspaper

The arrival of missionaries interested in promoting education was the genesis of media
development in Nigeria. The first set of media to be set up in Nigeria was the newspaper, by
the Presbyterian Mission in Calabar (Etimomo 2010; Ikime, 1983; Omu, 1978). Akinfeleye
(1987) and Omu (1968) point out that eight years later, Rev. Townsend established a printing
press and a school in Abeokuta. Thus, the Iwe Irohin (1859-1867) was the first newspaper
established in Nigeria by Rev. Townsend. It had a turbulent relationship with the colonial
government, particularly over the problem of ceding Lagos and Egbaland to the British in
1861. Between 1859-1945, there were about 96 publications, consisting of 23 dailies, 39
weeklies, 3 fortnightly, 7 monthlies, and 24 provincial weeklies. About ten of these
publications were either owned or supported by the colonial government, while the others
were privately owned (Omu, 1968). Omu (1968) further states that this period marked the
beginning of the intellectual and political awakening of the Nigerian press.

According to Audu (2019), in 1937, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe established his chain of
newspapers, namely, The West African Pilot in Lagos; Eastern Nigerian Spokesman in
Onitsha in January 1943; The Daily Comet (1945) in Kano; and The Southern Nigerian
Defender (1943) in Warri and Ibadan.

The Gaskiya Tafi Kwabo (1939), edited by Alhaji Abubakar Imam, and the Nigerian Citizen
(1948) in Zaria were the Northern newspapers. These newspapers not only served as party
papers but were also instruments of anti-imperialist struggles towards achieving
independence.

Chief Anthony Enahoro summarized the role of the press in the Southern Nigerian Defender
as follows: "The editorial policy of the paper was briefly to arouse political consciousness
among the people, to expose the petty tyrannies, inefficiencies, and mistakes of British
officials, and to agitate for an increasing share by Nigerians in administration, the
appointment of Nigerians to higher positions in the civil service and parity of treatment
between Nigerians and expatriate officials" (Enahoro cited in Etimomo, 2010).

7
With the introduction of the Richards Constitution in 1946, political party formation in
competitive rivalry became the order of the day in the central legislature and in the three
regions expressive of ethnic interest. All the newspapers became divided and aligned
according to these interests. During this period, the papers that served political interests were
the Northern Advocate (1945) in Jos; Southern Nigerian Defender (1943) in Warri and
Ibadan; Nigerian Sentinel (1950) in Enugu. All these belonged to the Zik group of
newspapers. Others like the Nigerian Tribune, The Daily Service, and the West African Pilot
kept vigilance over the political parties. While the Daily Service, once an organ of the
defunct Nigerian Youth Movement, and the Nigerian Tribune supported the Action Group,
the party in power in the Western region; the West African Pilot, owned by Zik, supported
the cause of the National Council of Nigeria and Cameroun (NCNC). The Daily Service was
the official organ of the first truly national party, the Nigerian Youth Movement. First
published in 1933, it continued into the '50s when the Action Group took it over and merged
it with The Tribune. It was then renamed the Daily Express (Etimomo, 2010). Under this
structure, the newspapers

Newspapers in Nigeria are classified into six categories, as outlined by Nababa (2019) in the
book "The Mass Media in Nigeria." These categories are determined by the frequency of
publication, ranging from daily to quarterly. The most common type is the daily newspaper,
which is available every day at newsstands. Bi-weekly newspapers are published twice a
week, weeklies once a week, and fortnightly newspapers are published every two weeks.

Any publication that contains current public news, editorials, feature articles, and crime
reporting’s, and is printed for sale periodically or daily, is considered a newspaper. It belongs
to the first category of media, whose primary function is to inform, educate, enlighten,
entertain, and provide surveillance. Despite the emergence of other media forms, newspapers
have maintained their dominance over the centuries.

It is important to acknowledge that the birth and growth of the Nigerian press is a historical
process in which many individuals participated without foreseeing the ultimate outcome of
their efforts.

Print journalism in Nigeria began in 1846 with the installation of a printing press in Calabar
by the Presbyterian mission. The aim was to improve literacy levels among the local
population through the writing of short essays on various subjects, particularly religious
matters. Although the Calabar experiment failed, it laid the foundation for newspaper

8
production in Nigeria. In 1854, a missionary turned journalist, Rev. Henry Townsend,
established his own printing press and inaugurated a printing school in the missionary
compound in Abeokuta. He founded a newspaper called Iwe Iroyin, which was the first
newspaper for the reading pleasure of the Egba people. Before folding in 1867, it had a
circulation of about 3,000 copies per day.

Concept of Crime

The concept of crime is a fundamental aspect of societies worldwide, as it represents the

violation of established laws and norms within a given community. Crime encompasses a
range of behaviors that are considered harmful, unlawful, or morally wrong, and it often
results in negative consequences for individuals and society as a whole. Understanding the
concept of crime involves examining its various dimensions, including its definitions, causes,
and consequences.

Crime is typically defined by legal systems and varies across jurisdictions. Acts such as theft,
assault, murder, fraud, and drug trafficking are universally recognized as criminal offenses.
These definitions are crucial for establishing boundaries within society and ensuring order, as
they provide a framework for identifying and addressing behaviors that are considered
deviant or harmful.

The causes of crime are multifaceted and can be attributed to a combination of individual,
social, economic, and environmental factors. Some common factors include poverty,
unemployment, lack of education, substance abuse, mental health issues, and social
disorganization. Societies often seek to address these underlying causes through crime
prevention strategies, rehabilitation programs, and social interventions aimed at reducing the
likelihood of criminal behavior.

Crime has far-reaching consequences for both individuals and society. Victims of crime
experience physical, emotional, and financial harm, which can have long-lasting effects on
their well-being. Crime also disrupts social cohesion, erodes trust in institutions, and can
create an atmosphere of fear and insecurity within communities. Furthermore, crime places a
burden on criminal justice systems, requiring resources for investigation, prosecution, and
incarceration.

Efforts to combat crime involve a combination of law enforcement, legal frameworks, and
social interventions. Prevention strategies focus on addressing the root causes of crime, such
as poverty and inequality, while punishment serves as a deterrent and seeks to uphold societal
norms. Additionally, rehabilitation programs aim to reintegrate offenders into society and
reduce recidivism rates.

Therefore crime encompasses behaviors that are considered illegal, harmful, or morally
wrong within a given society. Understanding crime involves examining its definitions,
causes, and consequences. By addressing the underlying factors that contribute to crime,

9
societies can work towards creating safer communities and promoting social well-being
(Surette, 2017).

Concept of Crime in Newspaper Framework

The concept of crime within the framework of newspapers is an essential and complex topic
that reflects the dynamic relationship between media and society. Newspapers play a
significant role in shaping public perception, disseminating information, and influencing the
understanding of crime and criminal activities. This influence is evident in the way
newspapers frame crime stories, select which crimes to report on, and present the information
to the readers. Crime reporting in newspapers serves multiple purposes. Firstly, it acts as a
mechanism for informing the public about criminal incidents and their consequences.
Newspapers serve as a primary source of news for many individuals, and crime stories attract
readers' attention due to their inherent nature of drama, intrigue, and human interest. By
reporting on crimes, newspapers fulfill their societal responsibility to keep citizens informed
about events happening in their communities and the potential risks they may face (Umaru,
2012).

Secondly, newspapers play a crucial role in shaping public perceptions of crime. The
selection and framing of crime stories influence how readers perceive the prevalence,
severity, and nature of criminal activities in society. Newspapers often prioritize sensational
or high-profile crimes, leading to an overrepresentation of certain types of crimes, such as
violent offenses, while underrepresenting others, such as white-collar crimes. This selective
reporting can create a skewed perception of crime and contribute to the perpetuation of
stereotypes and fear within the community (Surette, 2017)

Moreover, the language and tone used in crime reporting can significantly influence readers'
attitudes towards offenders and the criminal justice system. Sensational headlines, graphic
details, and a focus on the criminal act itself can evoke fear, anger, or moral outrage among
readers. Such emotional responses may shape public opinion, influence public policy debates,
and impact the public's support for certain approaches to crime prevention and punishment.

Newspapers also serve as a platform for the criminal justice system to communicate its
activities and maintain transparency and accountability. Coverage of court proceedings,
police investigations, and criminal trials provides readers with insights into the functioning of
the justice system. By reporting on the outcomes of criminal cases, newspapers contribute to
public understanding of the efficacy and fairness of the legal process.

10
However, the concept of crime in the newspaper framework is not without its challenges.
Biases, both conscious and unconscious, can influence the selection and presentation of crime
stories. The media's focus on crime can sometimes lead to sensationalism and the exploitation
of victims for higher readership or ratings. Additionally, media coverage may perpetuate
stereotypes and contribute to stigmatization, especially when certain communities or social
groups are disproportionately portrayed as perpetrators of crime.

Therefore, the concept of crime within the framework of newspapers is multifaceted and
influential. Newspapers play a vital role in informing the public about criminal activities,
shaping public perceptions, and fostering transparency within the criminal justice system.
However, the selective reporting, framing, and language used in crime coverage can have
profound implications for public understanding, attitudes, and societal responses to crime. It
is crucial for newspapers to uphold ethical standards, strive for balanced and accurate
reporting, and consider the broader social impact of their crime coverage (Uche, 2016)

Functions of Newspapers in Society

Newspapers fulfill various functions in society. They have the primary responsibility of
informing, educating, entertaining, influencing, and mobilizing the public, while also
contributing to the development of the nation's economy through advertising.

According to the media scholar Harold Lasswell (1948), newspapers serve as an extension of
the functions that society has always required. Regardless of whether they are functional or
dysfunctional, newspapers operate within the social system, which is why they are of
concern. Lasswell identified three major social functions performed by newspapers:
surveillance of the environment, correlation of different societal elements, and transmission
of culture across generations. Charles Wright (1959) later added the fourth function of
entertainment.

In the context of newspapers, surveillance refers to the collection and dissemination of

information about the environment. It involves reporting on events and news, commonly
known as news handling. The surveillance function of newspapers enables individuals to
expand their knowledge beyond their immediate surroundings. For example, if there are
reports of heavy flooding in certain areas, newspapers can alert people in other regions that
are prone to flooding. This information can help individuals take appropriate measures to
either prevent the danger or minimize its consequences. Similarly, news about the increasing

11
number of AIDS cases in Nigeria can create awareness and promote less permissive behavior
in sexual activities.

Newspapers play a crucial role in teaching us about the world through the process of
surveillance. They expose us to different societies, provide information on topics such as the
stock market, business opportunities and risks, weather conditions, and significant
discoveries. Surveillance is not limited to the general public; it extends to the government and
industry leaders who rely on newspapers like The Guardian or Time magazine, as well as
news channels like CNN and BBC, to stay informed about global perspectives. Additionally,
newspapers contribute to conferring status on individuals by providing exposure to large
audiences, making them appear important and esteemed—a process known as status
conferral.

The second function of newspapers, as identified by Lasswell (1948), is the correlation of

society's components in responding to the environment. Correlation involves interpreting
information about environmental events and prescribing actions in response to them. For
instance, when faced with the menace of armed robbers, society agrees that they are
undesirable and measures need to be taken. This agreement leads to the formation of vigilante
groups that patrol the streets at night. Newspapers play a crucial role in identifying,
understanding, and reaching a consensus on appropriate actions for addressing environmental
problems. They achieve this through the selection, evaluation, and interpretation of events.
Newspapers impose structure on news, categorize its importance, and influence public
opinion through editorializing, commentary, advertising, and propaganda. They determine
whether a news item should appear on the front page, as the lead headline in a broadcast, or
be accompanied by a teaser on a magazine cover to promote the story.

The transmission of cultural heritage is the third function of newspapers, as stated by

Lasswell (1948). The existence of a community relies on its members' ability to share
common values and agree on acceptable behaviors. The continuity of a community depends
on transmitting its values and norms from one generation to the next, a process known as
socialization. Communication, including newspapers, is indispensable in this process.
Socialization integrates people into society by transmitting values, social norms, and
knowledge to new members. Newspapers, along with other forms of media, contribute to this
socialization process. They serve as a means of informal education by providing role models
through entertainment programming, presenting goals and desires in media citizenship values

12
and news portrayals, and featuring crime reportings for products useful at different stages of
life.

Entertainment is an additional function of newspapers, intended to amuse while also serving

other purposes. For example, a newspaper's coverage of HIV/AIDS-related television dramas
can be considered entertaining while educating people on how to cope with the challenges of
the disease.

As emphasized by various scholars, newspapers fulfill multiple and sometimes incompatible

roles. For audiences, newspapers serve as a source of entertainment and information. For
media workers, they represent an industry that offers jobs, income, prestige, and professional
identity. For owners, newspapers are a source of profit and political power. And for society at
large, newspapers facilitate the transmission of information and values. Depending on the
perspective and role being considered, the perception of the media may differ.

The traditional role of newspapers in Nigeria, according to Sobowale (2012), is to inform,

educate, entertain, and propagate the cultural heritage of the people. Additionally,
newspapers contribute to political awareness, empathy, and mobilization for social change.
During the Second Republic (1979-1983), newspapers witnessed significant growth in
Nigeria. They played their traditional roles of informing, educating, and entertaining the
audience, making substantial contributions to the country's economic, political, and social
development.

Newspapers are the most powerful instrument for economic and social transformation in
society. In a democratic society, they keep the public informed about political and
governmental matters, enabling rational decision-making. Mass media, including newspapers,
have primarily been used for information dissemination, education, and entertainment on a
larger societal scale.

The relationship between newspapers and society is symbiotic, as explained by Raufu (2013).
Society is indispensable for the thriving of newspapers, while the absence of newspapers
would lead to isolation, narrow-mindedness, and societal backwardness. Newspapers play a
crucial role in achieving cohesion, unity, and stability in a multicultural society like Nigeria,
with its numerous ethnic minorities. Politics, aided by the newspapers, promotes ideas of
unity, peace, and stability. Newspapers serve as a platform for politicians to spread their ideas
and seek public support, ultimately influencing elections. They also allow governments to

13
communicate their programs to citizens. Moreover, newspapers' surveillance role exposes
and sheds light on the evils of corruption. Over the years, the Nigerian people have
recognized the central role of newspapers in their lives and their society. Media messages,
whether intended for information, entertainment, education, or holding public officials
accountable, reach a wide range of individuals. However, it's important to acknowledge that
media messages, including newspapers, can have various effects on society and may impact
cultural aesthetics and values, sometimes distorting or infiltrating them.

Newspapers reach a mass audience through various means. While it's challenging to
determine the exact percentage of people who rely on newspapers, it is undeniable that in
major Nigerian towns, people depend on newspapers almost every day. Daily and weekly
newspapers, magazines, books, pamphlets, direct mail, circulars, and billboards are the media
through which the printed word and pictures convey messages through visual perception.
Newspapers provide news, opinions, entertainment, and crime reportings. While weekly
newspapers focus on the readers' own community, daily newspapers pay attention to national
and global events. Magazines offer background information, entertainment, opinions, and
crime reportings. Books provide more in-depth examination of subjects and serve as a form
of entertainment. Pamphlets, direct mail, circulars, and billboards highlight the views of
commercial and civic organizations. Films inform, persuade, and entertain. Television and
Punch Newspaper broadcast entertainment, news, opinions, and crime reportings, bringing
public events directly into people's homes.

According to Sambe (2015), some scholars argue that the primary function of media,
including newspapers, is to provide information. While informing the audience, they also
fulfill the purpose of informal education for all. Television programs like French language
lessons, Sesame Street, dramas, documentaries, and police shows are specifically broadcast
for educational purposes. Films, in addition to entertainment, informally educate society on
various issues. Crime reportings in print and electronic media serve multiple functions,
including promotion, entertainment, and informal education.

The economic aspect of newspapers is closely tied to their function of entertainment and
socialization. Newspapers contain various stories and crime reportings that entertain readers.
Sharing stories from print media with relatives and friends or reading television programs and
films with family and friends promotes socialization. Through such entertainment and
socialization, society becomes more cohesive, united, and appreciative of one another.

14
Mass media, including newspapers, plays a significant role in shaping modern culture,
particularly in America. Sociologists refer to this as a "mediated culture" in which media
reflects and creates the culture itself. Communities and individuals are constantly bombarded
with messages from various sources, such as television, billboards, and magazines. These
messages promote not only products but also moods, attitudes, and a sense of what is
important or not. Mass media enables the concept of celebrity, as it reaches across vast
distances and allows individuals to become famous. In the past, only political and business
leaders, as well as notorious outlaws, were famous. But now, actors, singers, and other social
elites have become celebrities or "stars."

According to Mbomo (2019), the growth of newspapers in Nigeria has coincided with
economic growth, including rapid expansion in commerce and industry. Communication has
become crucial in advertising, which is one of Nigeria's largest businesses in terms of annual
turnover and employment

Influence of Newspapers on Readers

Most people accept the idea that newspapers can influence people. But the degree of that
influence, as well as who is most impacted, when, how, and why, have been the subjects of
great debate among communication scholars for nearly a century. Newspaper effects refer to
the many ways individuals and society may be influenced by the content found in
newspapers.

McQuail (1977) refers to newspaper effects as any of the consequences of newspaper

operation, whether intended or not, that has effectiveness and the capacity to achieve given
objectives.

Arnold (1977) notes that newspaper effects occur at an individual, group, institutional, and
whole society levels, and that effects in readers occur over a period of time, but sometimes
immediately and in line with cultural and social changes in society.

McQuail (1977) indicates that interpretations of newspaper content vary from person to
person, but we always ask fundamental questions of whether newspapers are changing
something, preventing something, facilitating or reinforcing something.

Wright (1975) advances two reasons why there is so much controversy about the effect of
newspapers. These are the absence of conclusive scientific evidence on newspaper effects

15
and the tone of social urgency that often surrounds the questions about effects. According to
Wright (1975), despite recent massive efforts, research on newspaper effects remains far too
scarce, and the results of research are too inconclusive to provide the information needed for
definitive answers to socially pressing questions.

Sloan et al (2016) assert that when measuring newspaper effects, you assess people's thoughts
and actions. How does the newspaper's presentation of Senator Nzeribe's notice to the senate
of the impeachment of President Obasanjo affect Nigerians? Is the effect immediate or
delayed? How does it relate to the spate of armed robbery incidents in Nigeria?

Rivers et al (1971) observed that it is easy to overrate the efficiency of newspapers as

persuaders. Many people see them as operating in simple terms of cause and effect of
communication stimulus and individual response. Some think, for example, that if an editor
writes, their readers scurry like puppets to perform their will. A single communication has
little direct impact on attitudes and behavior.

According to Sambe (2015), newspaper effects in Nigeria are complex. Does the Tiv man, for
example, react in the same manner as an Idoma man over a report? This question and many
more are being asked. When the corpses of deceased Hausa people from the Shagamu crisis
were shown on the television screens, there were immediate reprisals against Yoruba people
in Kano. Newspaper effects in Nigeria can be classified as negative and positive, immediate
and delayed. But whatever the classification, ethnic background, literacy level, and religious
backgrounds always play a role in shaping the degree of affection. We are always bombarded
with adverts in newspapers. These are commercial persuasions designed to influence the
buying habits of Nigerians.

A crime reporting featuring a well-known personality, for instance, is designed to influence

young people to buy a product. What about crime reportings for various products, including
tobacco, which even carry a death warning? Marketers would not be wasting a huge sum of
money on adverts if they were not achieving their desired effects of influencing purchasing
habits for the products. Most adverts and marketing media messages are designed for positive
effects. Generally, media messages are designed by the sources for results. When the
Governor of Benue State publicly dissociated himself and his wife from the thanksgiving
service in honor of Senator Waku in March 2010, over Punch Newspaper Benue and NTA
Makurdi, it was intended to have positive results for the Governor, who was not seen as

16
supporting Senator Waku. Although unintended, the message also had a negative effect, as
many would-be-guests.

Socially and culturally, it is because of newspapers that we have concepts of media

imperialism today. Through the publication of western news and articles, Nigerians are
greatly influenced by American and European cultural values. Nigerians (youth, especially)
have many role models portrayed in newspapers. These role models influence people in terms
of dressing, walking, and speaking. It is because of newspapers that we have acquired
western European dressing styles, drinking habits, and other deviant behaviors.

According to Sambe (2015), through newspapers, we acquire new habits (whether positive or
negative) by emulating the things we read. Many of the present-day modes of dressing by
Nigerians have been acquired through newspapers. Particularly, viewers of photographs and
articles in newspapers see certain characters and individuals whom they admire and imitate,
whether in terms of dressing, speaking, walking, or even hairstyles.

Role of Newspapers in Crime Control

Tappan (as cited in Eson, 2014) provided a legal definition of crime as "an intentional act in
violation of criminal law committed without defense or justification and penalized by the
state as a felony or misdemeanor." Similarly, Clinard (as cited in Eson, 2014) gave a
sociological definition of crime as "any act which is considered socially injurious and
punished by the state, regardless of the type of punishment." Activities such as theft, murder,
assault, rape, arson, etc., often fall under this definition.

The term "crime control" is synonymous with "security" or "safety," but as a technical term,
crime control refers to the prevention, reduction, or deterrence of crime within society. It
involves providing security for the citizens against lawbreakers who may endanger their lives
and property. Crime control ensures a state of protection against danger or loss, with an
emphasis on safeguarding against external threats. Individuals or actions that undermine this
protection are responsible for breaching security (Monahan, Torin, Ed, 2016).

Schneier (2013) defines crime control or management as:

A condition that results from the establishment and maintenance of protective measures,
ensuring inviolability from hostile acts or influences.

17
With respect to the state, the condition that prevents unauthorized persons from having access
to the lives and property of both the citizens and their leaders.

Measures taken by professional military or quasi-military units to prevent individual or group

activities that contravene the law of the land.

Any activity or installation that protects individuals and their possessions from acts that may
impair their safety. Crime control and management should be compared and contrasted with
other related concepts such as security, safety, continuity, and reliability. The key
distinguishing factor is that crime control and management consider the actions of active
malicious agents attempting to cause mayhem, commotion, and destruction to public lives
and property.

As stated earlier in this study, Harold Lasswell (1948) analyzed three functions or objectives
of mass media communication in society, one of which is the correlation of different parts of
society in responding to the environment. According to Lasswell, correlation refers to the
interpretation of information about events in the environment and prescribing actions in
response to these events. Society can exist to the extent that its members agree on how to
react to events that threaten their environment. Take the case of the menace of armed robbers,
for example. They pose a serious threat to life and property in the environment. Members of
the community agree that armed robbers are undesirable elements in society and that
something must be done to contain them. Therefore, members of the community form
vigilante groups that patrol the streets. Such actions represent acts of correlation, and only
through newspapers can the problems.

Akinfeleye (2018) asserts that the principal responsibility of the newspaper is to serve as a
vehicle for conveying or exchanging information or ideas. And if there is one area where
public policy and media responsibility converge at the moment, it should be in the national
efforts to combat crimes. Specifically, the newspaper's service in combating crime can be
achieved through the following ways: education or public enlightenment, social
responsibilities, and acting as translators.

Akinfeleye further asserts that newspapers are social institutions that serve the society by
gathering and distributing the news of the day. They take their cues from the nation's
political, social, and economic institutions, offering information and entertainment to the

18
general public. The newspaper has the whole people as an audience, and this fact more than
anything else makes their social and strategic importance apparent in any country.

Consequently, the newspaper, so strategically located in the scheme of things in society,

could and should play a central role in the education of the general public. As part of its
public enlightenment exercise, the newspaper in Nigeria should engage in the process of
informing the public about the evil consequences of crime. The newspaper is capable and
centrally placed to convey information on crime prevention and control, as well as encourage
a social atmosphere that would enable the government to introduce programs affecting
attitudinal changes and orientation towards combating crimes. But of central importance is
for the newspaper to inform the public of the efforts of the government towards crime control
through the instrumentality of the police, and public understanding of the functions of the
police would go a long way to help combat crime, and it is incumbent upon all citizens,
including people in the media, to encourage a harmonious relationship between the police and
the people of Nigeria.

Bedeviled as we are by the problems of the newspaper in avoiding sensational publication of

bias and prejudices against law enforcement agents, this seems crucial and timely. Since the
ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police
existence, actions, behaviors, and ability to secure and maintain public respect, the newspaper
should consider, as part of its social responsibilities, the creation of atmospheres conducive to
police situations that encourage respect for the police and other law enforcement agents,
which would go a long way in assisting in the battle against crimes. As everything that can
heighten in any degree of respectability of the office of the constable adds to the security of
the state and the safety of the life and property of every individual.

Today, this country needs a situation that would result in popular support for the police and
other law enforcement agents without doing damage to their effectiveness, and the
newspaper, as a social institution with functions centrally located in the network of social
relationships, ranks very high in any arrangement of institutions according to social
importance, cannot afford to neglect this duty. It can be done because the newspaper
accomplishes its influence by selecting and disseminating materials that enter into the minds
of the masses or people and can serve as an effective instrument for social action and social
control

19
Abati (2018) has asserted that newspaper institutions and practitioners are not in a position to
exercise direct powers of control over the police; they do not buy ammunitions, nor are they
responsible for the management of the police, but a review of Nigerian newspaper content
will reveal that the police as an institution and a collection of men is a recurrent subject in the
Nigerian newspaper. Secondly, the Nigerian newspaper, by its history and tradition, has
always served as the platform for the expression of public grievances, interests, and concerns.
Persons who have issues with the police have often found willing support in the newspaper. It
is the original duty of the newspaper to hold up a light to imperfections and achievements in
society, to report the news, to entertain, scrutinize the public sphere, and to educate the
public. These are original powers under the expression of which the police cannot be
exempted. Socrates had argued that "an unexamined life is not worth living."

The newspaper helps to beam the searchlight of scrutiny on society. It is, in the strictest
sense, in a position to promote and strengthen police work. The newspaper provides a
platform for the public discussion of issues, including the policy orientations of government.
The newspaper can help to champion the demands for an urgent reform of the police force, as
it has been doing, but even with greater frequency and emphasis. Reform will require funding
and legislation: these are areas in which the newspaper can intervene to move the Nigeria
Police Force beyond its constabulary, colonial roots into a modern institution. Specific issues
of concern should include a constitutional review of the structure of the police force and
advocacy for its proper funding to address immediate needs in the areas of training,
equipment, and welfare. It should expose cases of police inefficiency and imperfections
(Abati, 2018).

According to Surette (2017), the newspaper programs designed to increase public cooperation
by advertising crime have proven effective in gathering information and solving some crime
challenges. However, the overall effect on crime is not significant. Newspaper programs that
teach the public about crime prevention techniques are quite popular. They also increase
public knowledge and change attitudes about crime prevention, but not actual crime behavior.
Similarly, while surveillance programs do show deterrence effects, their ability to do so
without displacement remains unproven. With these covets in mind, Surette (2017) is
ambivalent at best, acknowledging that newspaper technologies can enhance both due process
and crime control models of the administration of justice. The concern is that the message
conveyed by the news newspaper, in conjunction with the entertainment message that crime

20
is individually caused, is that the resolution of crime becomes overly dependent on
technological rather than social interventions.

According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2014), newspaper campaigns
should be used to disseminate anti-corruption information. A typical newspaper campaign
will include crime reportings in newspapers, journals, or magazines as well as posters

Stapenhurst (2010) opined that a critical element of a country's anti-corruption program is an

effective newspaper. The newspaper not only raises public awareness about corruption, its
causes, consequences, and possible remedies, but also investigates and reports incidences of
corruption, aiding other oversight (and prosecutorial) bodies.

Newspaper coverage of crime can contribute to crime prevention strategies. Newspaper

exposure to crime and crime-related events can be an effective crime prevention strategy and
a useful tool for sensitizing and educating the public on underestimated or overlooked social
problems. He further explained that the newspaper's role in crime prevention could be a
source of information on the causes and trends of crime. Public education campaigns are
another example, whereby the newspaper can play an active role in mobilizing support and
advancing nationwide and international commitment to crime prevention, while distributing
information to a vast audience at a fast pace.

Several campaigns on human trafficking, victims support, mobilization for women's safety,
and child's sexual abuse cases have all contributed as successful crime prevention initiatives,
which have promoted improvements in the quality of facts and dissemination of information.
In the 2010s, increasing newspaper coverage on human trafficking resulted in the expansion
of resources, awareness, and support towards the sexual slavery of women and girls. It
triggered a worldwide response to crime. The portrayal of prostitution through newspaper
discourse and anti-trafficking legislation makes a difference in the effectiveness that
governments have in the fight against trafficking in women for sexual exploitation (Burnous
and Lagos, 2015).

Sowunmi et al. (2010) submitted that through constant vigilance and reports on cases of
infringement of human rights and by exposing brutality and repression, the newspaper has
caused significant rise in public awareness of these issues. Of particular relevance is the focus
on the abduction and rape of some female undergraduates in Enugu in 2015. The tenacity of

21
the Nigerian newspaper through its human rights programs, 'Know Your Rights,' put pressure
on the police to investigate the report and bring charges.

Specifically, the Nigerian newspaper has another program designed to fight crime and
encourage service delivery in the Police Force called 'Police Diary.' The live interactive
program takes telephone calls from members of the public from across Nigeria on illegal
activities of the police. The complaints are addressed immediately on the program by relevant
authorities (Eguba, 2017)

Factors Affecting Newspaper Performance In Crime Control

The effectiveness of newspapers in working and reporting on crime is influenced by various

critical factors. These factors include the freedom of newspaper professionals to access,
verify, and publish accurate information, the independence of newspaper organizations, and
their ability to secure independent sources of financing. Additionally, factors such as
competition, outreach, and credibility of newspapers play a significant role in determining
their performance in crime control (Nogara, 2019). Let's examine each of these factors in
detail.

(i) Freedom of expression:

Freedom of expression is essential for newspapers to investigate and report on crime in a

professional, effective, and ethical manner. Press freedom is measured by organizations like
Freedom House, which assesses the degree to which laws and government regulations
influence news content, political control over the news system, economic influences on the
media, and oppression of the news media (Brunetti and Weder, 2013). Press freedom has
been found to be positively correlated with lower levels of corruption. However, governments
often use laws and actions, such as sedition and libel laws, to limit press freedom and
encourage self-censorship, thereby impeding the newspaper's ability to perform its role
effectively.

(ii) Access to information:

Access to information is crucial for transparency and public accountability. Governments

may use laws like "Official Secret Acts" to limit press access to sensitive information under
the pretext of national security. These laws often give governments considerable discretion to
define what constitutes national security, leading to potential abuse and restriction of the

22
media's capacity to fulfill its accountability function. Criminal defamation and libel laws can
also hinder the media's ability to perform its job effectively.

(iii) Ownership:

The ownership of newspapers can impact their ability to combat corruption and promote
accountability. Studies have shown that private ownership is associated with higher levels of
government accountability and better policy outcomes. Government ownership of media can
restrict information flows, while private ownership, through privatization or increased entry,
can advance political and economic goals. However, in some cases, private ownership may
not always produce the desired results, particularly when media privatization occurs in
countries with small business elites and heavy reliance on state advertising revenue.

(iv) Competition:

Intense competition within the newspaper industry can be a strong determinant of its
effectiveness in combating corruption. Competition leads to a higher probability of
newspapers reporting on crime, which increases the likelihood of corrupt individuals being
exposed. Greater freedom and competition in the media industry can also influence
government behavior and decisions on rules and regulations that impact corruption levels.
However, it should be noted that competition alone may not guarantee the desired outcomes,
especially if media houses are closely associated with the government or rely on government
patronage for revenue.

(v) Outreach:

The ability of newspapers to reach and inform the public is critical for their effectiveness in
reporting on crime. In many African countries, independent newspapers have smaller
outreach compared to government-owned media, particularly in rural areas. High publication
and distribution costs, as well as literacy barriers, make it challenging for private newspapers
to circulate widely. Punch Newspaper, on the other hand, has a wider penetration, especially
in remote areas, but its programming focus on entertainment and religious content rather than
news limits its role in public accountability.

23
 (vi) Credibility:

The trust and confidence of the public in independent newspapers are crucial for compelling
action against crime by authorities or the public. Establishing credibility is a constant
challenge for journalists, as they need to demonstrate their independence, objectivity, and
professionalism. Limited access to political information, reluctance of government officials to
cooperate with independent journalists, and budget constraints affect the credibility of
newspapers. Public perception of media bias against the government can also undermine
trust. Building credibility requires the commitment of journalists to uphold ethical standards
and conduct thorough investigations.

Trials and Conviction of Senator Ekweremadu (Sun Newspaper)

According to Sun Newspaper (2023), Ike Ekweremadu, a former Deputy Senate President of
Nigeria, and his wife, Beatrice, have been convicted under the Modern Slavery Act for their
involvement in organ trafficking. This landmark verdict marks the first of its kind. The trial,
which lasted six weeks at the Old Bailey, resulted in the couple, along with their daughter,
Sonia, and Dr. Obinna Obeta, being found guilty of arranging the travel of a young man to
Britain with the intention of exploiting him. The jury specifically determined that they
conspired to bring the 21-year-old Lagos street trader to London to obtain his kidney.

Legal restrictions prevent the disclosure of the man's name, but it was revealed in court that
he had been offered an unlawful reward to become a donor for Ekweremadu's daughter.
Sonia had to abandon her master's degree in film at Newcastle University due to kidney
disease. In February 2022, the man was deceitfully presented as Sonia's cousin at a private
renal unit in London's Royal Free hospital, in an unsuccessful attempt to convince medical
professionals to perform an £80,000 transplant. During this process, a medical secretary at the
hospital acted as an Igbo translator, aiding communication between the man and the doctors
for a fee.

Prosecutor Hugh Davies KC characterized the Ekweremadus and Obeta as treating the man
and other potential donors as "disposable assets" in exchange for rewards. He portrayed their
behavior as an "emotionally cold commercial transaction." Despite Ekweremadu's
background as a successful lawyer and founder of an anti-poverty charity, who was involved
in drafting Nigeria's laws against organ trafficking, Davies highlighted his "entitlement,
dishonesty, and hypocrisy." The jury was told that Ekweremadu, who owns multiple

24
properties and employs 80 staff members, agreed to reward someone from impoverished
circumstances without making any inquiries or maintaining direct contact, solely for his
daughter's political protection.

Davies emphasized that Ekweremadu's actions were not merely motivated by his daughter's
clinical needs but constituted exploitation and criminal behavior. He rejected the argument
that Ekweremadu acted out of love for his daughter, stating that her well-being should not
come at the expense of exploiting someone in poverty.

During the trial, Ekweremadu denied the charges and claimed to be a victim of a scam.
Obeta, who also denied the charges, argued that the man acted altruistically and was not
offered any reward for his kidney. Beatrice denied any knowledge of the alleged conspiracy,
while Sonia did not provide evidence.

WhatsApp messages presented in court revealed that Obeta charged Ekweremadu 4.5 million
naira (approximately £8,000), comprising an "agent fee" and a "donor fee." Both
Ekweremadu and Obeta admitted to falsely representing the man as Sonia's cousin in his visa
application and in documents provided to the hospital.

Davies criticized Ekweremadu for disregarding medical advice to seek a donor among
genuine family members, emphasizing that there was never any intention to approach close or
distant relatives when the option could be paid for from a pool of donors

According to Sun Newspaper (2023), former Nigerian Deputy Senate President, Ike
Ekweremadu, along with his wife and Dr. Obinna Obeta, faced trial and were convicted on
March 23, 2023, for organ harvesting by the Central Criminal Court of England and Wales at
the Old Bailey in London. The prosecution presented evidence that they conspired to bring a
victim from Nigeria to London for a kidney transplant at a private facility in the Royal Free
Hospital, with the intention of harvesting his organ for £80,000. While Ekweremadu's
daughter, Sonia, was cleared of the same charge, Ekweremadu received a sentence of nine
years and eight months, his wife was sentenced to four years and six months, and Obeta
received a ten-year sentence.

The court's judgment, which upholds the rule of law and treats all individuals equally under
the law, has drawn both support and controversy. Supporters of Ekweremadu argue that the
evidence against him was strong, and he received a fair trial resulting in a just conviction.
However, others believe he was unfairly targeted and view the court's decision as unjust. This

25
divergence of opinion reflects the frustration and criticism often directed at legal systems,
where the law can sometimes be seen as illogical, unfair, or lacking common sense.

In criminal court proceedings, the primary objective is to determine whether a person has
committed a crime and, if so, impose an appropriate punishment. While equitable
considerations may play a limited role in criminal justice, such as during sentencing, the
focus remains on the determination of guilt and punishment within the legal framework.

One piece of evidence presented during the trial was a letter written by Ekweremadu to the
British High Commission in December 2021, regarding a visa application for his daughter's
medical investigations for a kidney donation. Ekweremadu's defense lawyer argued that the
victim, David Nwamini, was not trafficked to the United Kingdom and that the evidence did
not support Nwamini's claim of being a 15-year-old orphan unaware of why he was brought
there. These factors raise questions about the vitiating evidence against their conviction and
the duty of care owed by the British High Commission to the Ekweremadus.

Critics, including Ekweremadu's defense lawyer, suggest that the Crown Prosecutors
exploited Nwamini's allegations to set a precedent for the Modern Slavery Act's organ
donation provision. They argue that the Act's wording undermines the historical significance
of the transatlantic slave trade, potentially benefiting those involved in illicit activities.
However, this interpretation can be seen as deliberate ambiguity and manipulation of
historical narratives for deceptive purposes.

While the Ekweremadus faced abandonment and neglect, with little intervention or support
from the Nigerian government and National Assembly, former President Olusegun
Obasanjo's plea for leniency eventually led to the House of Representatives appealing to the
UK government for clemency. The delayed response from the Nigerian authorities raises
questions about their handling of the case and their commitment to assisting distressed
citizens abroad.

Coincidentally, during the Ekweremadus' incarceration, the Economic and Financial Crimes
Commission (EFCC) obtained a court order seizing forty properties linked to Ekweremadu.
However, the Federal High Court in Abuja later vacated the interim order, accusing the
EFCC of misleading the court. This raises concerns about potential factors at play in the case.

In summary, the conviction of Ike Ekweremadu, the former Nigerian Deputy Senate
President, for organ harvesting has sparked both support and controversy. While the court's

26
judgment upholds the rule of law and treats all individuals equally, critics question the
evidence and fairness of the trial. The case highlights the importance of transparency,
fairness, and public trust in the judicial system, as well as the responsibility of governments
to support their citizens in distress abroad.

Trials and Conviction of Senator Ekweremadu (Punch Newspaper)

The Punch newspaper (2023) reported that Ike Ekweremadu, a former Deputy Senate
President, and his wife, Beatrice, have been arrested by the Specialist Crime Team of the
Metropolitan Police in London on charges related to an alleged conspiracy to harvest the
organs of a child currently in protective custody. If found guilty, the couple could face a
maximum sentence of life imprisonment or 12 months in jail or a fine, according to the
United Kingdom's Modern Slavery Act 2015.

In the course of the trial, it was revealed that Ekweremadu had written a letter to the British
High Commission in Abuja seeking a medical visa for a certain Ukpo David to undergo
kidney donation to his daughter, Sonia. The court found Ekweremadu, Beatrice, and a
medical doctor, Obinna Obeta, guilty of trafficking with high culpability. Ekweremadu was
sentenced to nine years and eight months in prison, while Beatrice received a sentence of four
years and six months. Obeta was sentenced to ten years in prison for targeting a vulnerable
and impoverished potential donor.

The House of Representatives and the Economic Community of West African States
Parliament have appealed for leniency and called on the Federal Government to intervene
diplomatically in the trial. The apex Igbo socio-cultural organization, Ohanaeze Ndigbo,
criticized the Federal Government for not supporting Ekweremadu during the ordeal.

The spokesperson for Ohanaeze Ndigbo expressed shock and pain over the sentencing,
adding that Igbo leaders plan to visit Ekweremadu in prison to offer their support and prayers.
Meanwhile, the House of Representatives encouraged Ekweremadu to appeal the judgment,
emphasizing his dignity and contributions to parliament.

Senior Advocate of Nigeria, Chief Mike Ozekhome, pointed out that there is a mutual legal
assistance process between countries in handling cases involving individuals escaping justice,
implying that extradition proceedings could be considered

27
Theoretical Review

The study of newspaper crime reporting in Nigeria encompasses a wide range of factors that
shape the nature and effectiveness of media coverage. Various theoretical frameworks have
been developed to understand the dynamics of crime reporting and its impact on society. In
this theoretical review, we will explore five prominent theories that shed light on the Nigeria
newspaper crime report study. These theories include agenda setting, cultivation theory,
social construction of reality, gatekeeping theory, and framing theory.

Agenda Setting Theory

Agenda Setting Theory, developed by McCombs and Shaw in the 1970s, posits that the
media have the power to influence the salience of issues in public consciousness. According
to this theory, by determining which topics receive extensive coverage and prominence, the
media can shape the public's perception of the importance and significance of those issues. In
the context of newspaper crime reporting in Nigeria, agenda setting theory suggests that the
selection and emphasis placed on crime stories by Nigerian newspapers can influence public
opinion and policy priorities related to crime and criminal justice.

In Nigeria, crime is a pervasive issue that affects the lives of many citizens. The media's role
in shaping public perceptions of crime cannot be understated. Nigerian newspapers act as
gatekeepers of information, deciding which crime stories to prioritize and how much
coverage to provide. The decisions made by journalists and editors in selecting and
presenting crime news have a significant impact on what the public perceives as the most
pressing crime issues in the country.

Nigerian newspapers often feature crime stories prominently, with headlines and detailed
narratives that capture readers' attention. By giving crime stories extensive coverage and
placing them prominently in newspapers, the media draw the public's attention to these
issues. Consequently, the public may perceive crime as a prevalent and significant problem in
society, potentially leading to heightened concerns about personal safety and demands for
stricter law enforcement measures.

Moreover, agenda setting theory suggests that the media's influence extends beyond public
perception to policy priorities. When newspapers consistently highlight crime-related issues,
they can influence policymakers' agendas and shape the allocation of resources towards crime
prevention and law enforcement. If crime stories dominate the news cycle, policymakers may

28
feel compelled to address public concerns by implementing stricter legislation or adopting
more aggressive crime-fighting strategies.

However, it is important to note that agenda setting is not a one-way process. While the
media may have the power to influence what issues receive attention, they are also influenced
by various factors, including public demand, political agendas, and news values. The media's
selection of crime stories is influenced by factors such as the severity of the crime, its
proximity, novelty, and the potential for sensationalism. Additionally, media organizations
may have their own editorial policies and biases that shape their coverage.

Understanding the agenda-setting role of Nigerian newspapers in crime reporting is crucial

for several reasons. First, it helps us recognize the media's responsibility in shaping public
opinion and the potential consequences of their coverage. It prompts us to critically assess
whether the media's emphasis on crime aligns with the actual crime rates and the underlying
causes of crime in Nigeria. Second, it highlights the need for media organizations to exercise
ethical and responsible journalism by providing accurate and balanced crime reporting.
Finally, it underscores the importance of media literacy among the public, enabling
individuals to critically evaluate the information presented to them and form informed
opinions about crime-related issues.

In short, agenda setting theory provides valuable insights into how Nigerian newspapers
shape public perceptions and policy priorities through their selection and prominence of
crime stories. By understanding the agenda-setting role of the media, stakeholders can work
towards ensuring responsible journalism, promoting accurate crime reporting, and fostering a
well-informed public discourse on crime-related issues in Nigeria.

Cultivation Theory

Cultivation Theory, developed by George Gerbner in the 1960s, suggests that the media,
through prolonged exposure to specific content, can cultivate individuals' perceptions of
reality. The theory argues that the more people consume media messages, the more likely
they are to perceive the world in line with the portrayals presented by the newspapers. In the
context of Nigerian newspapers' crime reporting, cultivation theory suggests that extensive
coverage of crime stories may contribute to a heightened sense of fear, insecurity, and
distorted perceptions of crime among the public.

29
Nigerian newspapers often feature sensationalized crime stories with vivid descriptions and
attention-grabbing headlines. This consistent exposure to crime reporting can lead individuals
to believe that crime is more prevalent and severe than it actually is. Over time, the repeated
exposure to crime stories may create a perception of an unsafe and dangerous environment,
leading to a heightened sense of fear and insecurity.

Cultivation theory argues that these media-induced perceptions can have consequences in
terms of public attitudes and behaviors. Individuals who believe that crime is widespread and
pervasive may alter their behavior to protect themselves, such as avoiding certain areas,
adopting more cautious lifestyles, or supporting punitive measures to combat crime. This can
have implications for community cohesion, trust, and social interactions.

In the Nigerian context, where crime is a significant concern, the cultivation effects of crime
reporting deserve attention. The media's portrayal of crime can influence public opinion,
policy priorities, and public demand for harsher law enforcement measures. If the media
consistently highlight violent and sensational crime stories, it can contribute to a climate of
fear and a focus on punitive responses rather than addressing the root causes of crime.

It is crucial to critically analyze the cultivation effects of crime reporting in Nigerian

newspapers. While it is essential for the media to report on crime and keep the public
informed, an overemphasis on crime without providing context and a balanced perspective
can lead to distorted perceptions. This can hinder public understanding of the complex social,
economic, and political factors contributing to crime and limit discussions on prevention,
rehabilitation, and community-based approaches.

Moreover, the cultivation effects of crime reporting may disproportionately impact certain
communities or social groups. Media representations of crime can perpetuate stereotypes,
reinforce biases, and contribute to stigmatization. It is crucial for journalists and media
organizations to be mindful of the potential consequences of their crime reporting and strive
for accuracy, fairness, and balanced representation.

To mitigate the negative effects of cultivation, media literacy becomes crucial. By promoting
media literacy skills among the public, individuals can critically analyze and evaluate the
crime reporting they consume. This empowers individuals to distinguish between reality and
media portrayals, challenge stereotypes, and engage in informed discussions about crime and
criminal justice.

30
In conclusion, cultivation theory offers valuable insights into the potential effects of
extensive crime reporting in Nigerian newspapers. By understanding the cultivation effects of
media content, stakeholders can foster responsible journalism, encourage balanced crime
reporting, and promote media literacy among the public. By doing so, we can work towards a
more informed and nuanced understanding of crime, its causes, and effective strategies for
prevention and community safety

Social Construction of Reality Theory

The social construction of reality theory, developed by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann
in 1966., emphasizes the role of media in shaping individuals' perceptions and interpretations
of the world around them. According to this theory, reality is not an objective entity but is
constructed through social processes and interactions. Media, as a powerful social institution,
plays a significant role in this construction by influencing how events and issues are framed
and presented to the public.

In the context of Nigerian newspapers' crime reporting, the social construction of reality
theory suggests that the media actively participate in defining and shaping public
understandings of crime. The narratives, language, and images used in crime news articles
contribute to the construction of specific meanings and interpretations of criminal behavior.
By selecting certain crime stories, emphasizing particular aspects, and presenting them in a
specific context, the media influence how the public perceives and understands crime.

Nigerian newspapers often use sensationalized headlines, graphic descriptions, and dramatic
imagery to capture readers' attention. These storytelling techniques, while intended to engage
the audience, also shape the public's perception of crime. The media's portrayal of crime as a
constant threat, particularly through high-profile cases or violent incidents, can create a sense
of fear, anxiety, and insecurity among the public. This construction of reality can influence
public attitudes, beliefs, and responses to crime.

Moreover, the social construction of reality theory recognizes that media representations of
crime are not solely objective reflections of reality but are influenced by various factors,
including cultural norms, societal values, and political interests. Media organizations make
choices about which crime stories to cover, how to frame them, and which perspectives to
include or exclude. These decisions can be influenced by factors such as audience
preferences, commercial interests, and editorial biases.

31
The social construction of crime news in Nigerian newspapers is influenced by the broader
social, cultural, and political context. It is important to critically analyze the underlying
narratives and agendas that shape crime reporting. Media narratives often focus on individual
acts of crime, attributing them to personal flaws or deviance, while overlooking structural
factors and systemic issues that contribute to criminal behavior. This narrow framing can lead
to a limited understanding of crime and hinder discussions about social inequality, poverty,
unemployment, and other root causes.

Furthermore, the social construction of crime news can perpetuate stereotypes and biases,
particularly in relation to race, ethnicity, and social class. Media representations may
reinforce existing prejudices and contribute to stigmatization and discrimination against
certain groups. It is essential for journalists and media organizations to be aware of these
biases and strive for balanced, inclusive, and responsible crime reporting.

Understanding the social construction of reality in crime news reporting is vital for media
literacy and critical engagement with the media. By recognizing the media's role in shaping
public perceptions, individuals can question dominant narratives, seek alternative
perspectives, and challenge the biases and stereotypes presented in crime news. Media
literacy education can empower individuals to critically analyze the construction of reality in
crime reporting and make informed interpretations of crime-related issues.

Therefore, the social construction of reality theory highlights the active role of media in
shaping public perceptions and understandings of crime. Nigerian newspapers' crime
reporting contributes to the construction of meanings and interpretations of criminal behavior
through narrative techniques, framing choices, and storytelling approaches. By critically
examining the social construction of crime news, stakeholders can foster more nuanced,
balanced, and socially responsible reporting that promotes a deeper understanding of crime
and its broader societal implications.

Gatekeeping theory

Gatekeeping theory was postulated by Kurt Lewin, a social psychologist. in the early 1950s .
It examines the role of media gatekeepers in determining what information is included or
excluded from news coverage. Journalists, editors, and other newsroom personnel act as
gatekeepers who make decisions about which stories to prioritize, how much prominence to
give them, and how they are framed and presented to the audience. In the context of

32
newspaper crime reporting in Nigeria, gatekeeping theory provides insights into the factors
that influence the selection and presentation of crime news.

The gatekeeping process in Nigerian newspapers involves a series of decisions made by

journalists and editors. These decisions are influenced by a range of factors, including news
values, audience preferences, editorial policies, resource constraints, and societal
expectations. Journalists and editors assess the newsworthiness of crime stories based on
criteria such as the impact on the community, proximity, timeliness, prominence of
individuals involved, and human interest elements.

Newsroom routines and organizational structures also play a significant role in gatekeeping.
Deadlines, space limitations, and editorial policies determine the amount of coverage given to
crime stories. Journalists must often prioritize certain stories over others due to limited space
or time constraints. Additionally, editorial policies and guidelines shape the overall approach
to crime reporting, including the selection of sources, the tone of the coverage, and the
framing of the narrative.

In the Nigerian context, the gatekeeping process may be influenced by a variety of factors
specific to the country's socio-political environment. This can include considerations related
to government regulations, political pressures, and economic interests. Journalists and editors
may face challenges in reporting certain crime stories due to potential backlash or threats to
their professional integrity. In some cases, self-censorship may occur to avoid conflicts with
powerful individuals or institutions.

Gatekeeping theory also recognizes the subjective nature of news selection and framing. Each
gatekeeper brings their own values, biases, and perspectives to the decision-making process.
These individual and organizational factors can shape the content and presentation of crime
news. Journalists and editors make judgments about the salience, significance, and potential
impact of crime stories, which can influence how they are portrayed to the audience.

Moreover, gatekeeping theory acknowledges that the selection and presentation of crime
news have implications for public perceptions and social reality. The choices made by
gatekeepers shape the public's understanding of crime, the allocation of societal resources,
and the formulation of public policies. By emphasizing certain crime stories and framing
them in specific ways, gatekeepers can influence public attitudes, shape the public agenda,
and potentially impact policy responses to crime.

33
Understanding the gatekeeping process in Nigerian newspapers is crucial for media analysis
and critical engagement. By examining the factors that influence news selection and framing,
stakeholders can assess the potential biases, agendas, and power dynamics at play. This
understanding allows the public to question the representation of crime in the media, seek
diverse perspectives, and hold media organizations accountable for their role as gatekeepers.

Furthermore, gatekeeping theory highlights the importance of a diverse and inclusive

newsroom. The composition of newsroom personnel influences the gatekeeping process, as
individuals with different backgrounds and perspectives can bring a wider range of ideas and
considerations. Diverse newsrooms are better equipped to challenge stereotypes, avoid
biases, and provide a more comprehensive representation of crime-related issues.

Therefore, gatekeeping theory provides valuable insights into the process by which news
stories are selected, filtered, and presented in Nigerian newspapers' crime reporting. The
decisions made by journalists, editors, and other newsroom personnel shape the content,
framing, and overall representation of crime news. Understanding the gatekeeping process
helps foster media literacy, critical analysis, and a more informed understanding of the
factors that influence crime reporting in Nigerian newspapers.

Framing Theory

Framing theory, although not attributed to a specific individual, emerged in the field of
communication and media studies in the 1970s and 1980s. It gained prominence through the
work of scholars such as Erving Goffman, Robert Entman, and George Lakoff. The theory
suggests that media outlets selectively emphasize certain aspects of an issue while
downplaying or excluding others, thereby influencing how audiences perceive and
understand that issue.

In the context of Nigeria newspaper crime reporting, framing theory provides insights into
how journalists shape the narrative surrounding crime stories. The frames used in crime
reporting refer to the specific angles, perspectives, and thematic focuses through which the
stories are presented to the audience. Journalists may emphasize certain elements of the crime
narrative, such as the victim's experience, the motives of the perpetrator, the societal causes
of crime, or the proposed solutions to address it.

By employing different frames, journalists influence the audience's interpretation and

understanding of crime-related issues. For example, a newspaper may choose to frame a

34
crime story as an isolated incident to create a sense of shock and fear among readers.
Alternatively, the same story could be framed as part of a broader trend to highlight the
systemic issues contributing to crime in society. These framing choices can shape public
opinion, policy discussions, and public responses to crime.

Exploring the frames used in Nigerian newspapers' crime reporting can provide valuable
insights into the underlying narratives and perspectives portrayed to the audience. It allows
for a critical analysis of how crime stories are presented, which aspects are prioritized or
marginalized, and the potential effects of such framing on public perceptions and attitudes
towards crime. By understanding framing effects, stakeholders can engage in discussions
about media responsibility, accuracy, and the potential biases that may be present in crime
reporting

35
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The research aims to investigate the crime reporting practices of two prominent Nigerian
newspapers, namely Sun Newspaper and Punch Newspaper. The primary research method
chosen for this study is the questionnaire method. Questionnaires provide a systematic and
efficient way to collect data from a large sample size, allowing for the exploration of
participants' opinions, attitudes, and perceptions.

The research strategy adopted is the survey technique. This strategy was chosen because of
the nature of research topic which demands the collection of significant amount of data from
a meaningful population size in an efficient manner.

Two Survey methods, questionnaires and interviews were used because the respondents have
diverse background. The researcher chose questions responses that will adequately help in
analyzing data and drawing conclusions.

Population of the Study

For this research on Nigeria newspaper crime reporting, with a specific focus on Sun
Newspaper and Punch Newspaper, the target population will be newsreaders in Ado-Ekiti.
Ado-Ekiti is the capital city of Ekiti State in Nigeria and is known for its diverse population
and active readership of newspapers.

Sample size and sampling techniques

The sample size for this study can be determined using statistical considerations. Various
factors such as the level of precision desired, the confidence level, and the variability within
the population should be taken into account. A larger sample size will provide more reliable
and generalizable results. Considering the target population of 180 newsreaders in Ado-Ekiti
can be considered sufficient for data collection.

The selected 180 as a representative sample from the population of newsreaders in Ado-Ekiti
was chosen by random sampling technique. The city of Ado-Ekiti can be divided into strata
based on different demographic characteristics, such as age, gender, occupation, and

36
educational background. Within each stratum, a random sample of newsreaders can be
selected to ensure adequate representation and diversity in the study.

Method of Data Collection

The questionnaire method, as previously mentioned, will be used to collect data from the
selected sample of newsreaders. The questionnaires can be administered either online or
through face-to-face interactions, depending on the feasibility and convenience for the
participants. Adequate instructions and explanations should be provided to ensure
participants understand the purpose of the study and the questions being asked.

Questionnaire Design: The questionnaire should consist of well-structured and clear

questions to elicit relevant information related to the research topic. The questions can be
designed to assess various aspects, such as the quality of crime reporting, the selection of
news stories, the accuracy of information, the objectivity and balance in reporting, the impact
on public perception, and the adherence to ethical standards. It is important to include a mix
of closed-ended questions with predefined response options and open-ended questions to
allow participants to express their opinions and provide detailed insights.

Pilot Testing: Before administering the questionnaire to the actual sample, a pilot test should
be conducted with a small group of participants who are similar to the intended sample. This
pilot test helps identify any ambiguities, difficulties, or biases in the questionnaire and allows
for necessary refinements and improvements.

Method of Data Analysis

Once the questionnaires are collected, the data will be subjected to thorough analysis.
Descriptive statistics, such as frequencies and percentages, the data presented in tabular
frequency table which was used to summarize the participants' demographics and their
responses to the questionnaire items. Simple percentage method was used to analyse the data.

37
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1 Data Presentation

This chapter is concerned with presentation, analysis and interpretation of data collected for
this research. The primary data collected from questionnaires and interviews were presented
and analyzed. In presenting data generated in the field in this study, the researcher chooses to
apply simple percentage tabular presentation mode. This is for convenient, clarity, easy, and
better understanding.

In all, Eighteen items in the questionnaire were developed from the five sections which were
framed to guide the researcher solicit appropriate answer towards finding solutions to his
identified problems. A total of 180 copies of questionnaire were produced and distributed to
the researcher’s target population. In the questionnaire distribution, effort was made to ensure
that the four districts within Ado-Ekiti were adequately covered so as to get balanced
responses. Civil servants, private sector workers (especially bankers), businessmen and
women and other residents within the study area were randomly sampled and supplied with
questionnaire copies.

Regrettably, not all the 180 copies of the questionnaire were recovered during the collection
time, as some of the respondents who were administered the questionnaires were reported to
have travelled outside the area of study. Others returned their copies late while some other
people, for reasons best known to them, could not returned their own copies. Consequently,
17 copies got lost (9.4%) while 163 (90.5%) were duly returned. But presentation and
analysis were based on 163 copies of questionnaire responses.

4.2 Background characteristics of respondents

Table 1: Gender distribution of respondents

Variable Frequency Percentage

Male 113 69.3
Female 50 30.7
Total 163 100
Source: Field Survey 2023

38
From the above table, 113 respondents which represent 69.3% were males while 50 of the
respondents representing 30.7% were females. This shows that the number of male that
responded to the questionnaire is greater than that of the female.

Table 2: Age distribution of respondents

Variable Frequency Percentage Male Female

No. % No. %
25 – 35 23 14.1 17 73.9 6 26.1
36 – 45 70 42.9 45 64.3 25 35.7
46 – 55 40 24.5 30 75 10 25
56 and above 30 18.4 21 70 9 30
Total 163 100 113 50
Source: Field Survey, 2023

From the above table, it can be observed that the number of respondents who fall within the
age bracket of 25 – 35 were 23 representing 14% (17 males and 6 females), 36 – 45 are 70
representing 42.9% (45 males and 25 females),40 for 46 – 55 representing 24.5% (30 males
and 10 females) 30 for 56 years and above (21 males and 9 females).This shows that the
views of the respondents above 35 years dominate the findings of the study. This is the age
bracket of people considered to be matured and have stable minds. Hence, their views will
be most respected.

Table 3: Marital status of respondents

Variable Frequency Percentage Male Female

No. % No. %
Single 42 25.8 33 78.6 9 21.4
Married 121 74.2 80 66.1 41 33.9
Widowed 0 0 0 0 0 0
Divorced 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 163 100 113 50
Source: Field Survey, 2023

39
The table revealed that 42.5 percent of respondents are single while 74.2 percent are married.
This indicates that majority of the married people responded to the questionnaire out of their
experience. However, it should be noted that out of 121 respondents married, 41 are females
whereas 80 are males, out of the single respondents,9 are females and 33 are males.

Table 4: Educational level of respondents

Response Frequency Percentage Male Female

No. % No. %
School Cert. 8 4.9 2 100 0 0
SSCE 13 8 5 71.4 2 28.6
HND/ 98 60.1 80 65.6 42 40.9
Degree
Others 28 17.2 17 10 4 19
None 16 9.8 9 81.9 2 18.1
Total 163 100 113 50
Source: Field Survey, 2023

From table 4 above, 8 respondents representing 4.9% have only Primary school certificate, 13
(8%) have SSCE, 98 representing 60.1% have HND/Degree, and 28 representing 17.2% have
other qualifications which include: NCE, ND, Second Degree and PhD whereas, 16
respondents representing 9.8% have no certificates at all and are made up of illiterates and
semi literates. This study was therefore centred more on the views of those who are highly
literate.

Table 5: Occupation of Respondents

Variable Frequency Percentage Male Female

No. % No. %

Business 19 11.7 11 57.9 8 42.1

Bankers 18 11 13 72.2 5 27.8

Civil 80 49 53 66.2 27 33.8

Servants
Other 40 24.5 30 75 10 25
Sector
Workers

40
Political 6 3.7 6 100 0 0
Office
Holders
Total 163 100 113 50

Source: Field Survey, 2023

From the figures and percentage representation above, it is evident that majority of
respondents are Civil Servants who received 60 questionnaires and none are missing.
However, from the analyses above, it is clear that all the respondents fall under categories of
all occupations listed.

4.3 Source of Media Information

Table 6: What is/are your favourite source of Newspaper information?

Variable Frequency Percentage Male Female

No. % No. %

SUN 15 9.2 2 13.3 13 86.7

NEWSPAPE
R only
Punch 6 3.7 5 83.3 1 16.7
Newspaper
only
Other 12 7.4 11 91.7 1 8.3
Newspapers
only
SUN 108 66.3 80 74.1 28 25.9
NEWSPAPE
R and Punch
Newspaper
only
Other Media 22 13.5 15 68.2 7 31.8

Total 163 100 113 50

Source: Field Survey, 2023

41
From the table above, 15 respondents representing 9.2% indicate sun newspaper only as their
favourite source of information, 6 and 12 respondents indicates Punch Newspaper and
newspaper only respectively. 108 respondents representing 66.3% indicate SUN newspaper
and Punch Newspaper as their favourite source of information where as 22 representing 13%
indicate sun newspaper and newspaper as their favourite source of information.

Table 7: From your choice of favourite source of information, do you consider it/them
reliable?

Variable Frequency Percentage Higher Cert. Lower Cert.

No. % No. %

Yes 94 57.7 54 57.7 40 42.6

No 69 42.3 55 42.3 14 20.3

Total 163 100 109 54

Source: Field Survey, 2023

From the table above, majority of the respondents, 94 representing 57.7% rated the Nigerian
media high in terms of reliability, whereas only 69 respondents representing 42.3% scored
the Nigerian media low in terms of reporting.

Table 8: How often do you read to Punch Newspaper or SUN NEWSPAPER, or read
newspaper?

Sun Newspaper

Response Frequency Percentage Higher cert. Lower cert.

No % No %

1hr/day 75 44.8 71 94.7 4 5.3

2 – 6hrs/day 73 46 30 41.1 43 58.9

7 – 12hrs/day 8 4.9 1 12.5 7 87.5

1hr/wk 7 4.3 7 100 0 0

42
 Not at all 0 0

Total 163 100 109 54

Punch Newspaper

Response Frequency Percentage Higher cert. Lower cert.

No. % No. %

1hr/day 16 9.8 1 6.2 15 93.8

2 – 6hrs/day 81 49.7 51 63 30 37

7 – 12hrs/day 62 38 53 85.5 9 14.5

1hr/wk 4 2.5 4 100 0 0

Not at all 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 163 100 109 54

Other Newspapers

Response Frequency Percentage Higher cert. Higher cert.

No. % No. %

1hr/day 113 69.3 76 67.3 37 32.7

2 – 6hrs/day 29 17.8 20 69 9 31

7 – 12hrs/day 0 0 0 0 0 0

1hr/wk 21 12.9 13 61.9 8 38.1

Not at all 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 163 100 109 54

Source: Field Survey, 2023

43
From the table and representation above, respondents’ media consumption average
approximately 18 hours of television per week, 11 hours of Punch Newspaper and 45 minutes
of newspapers.

4.4 Media Professionalism in Nigeria

Table 9: By your own assessment of the Nigerian media professionals, are they free from the
influence of their employers?

Response Frequency Percentage Higher cert Lower cert

No. % No. %
No 110 67.5 84 73.4 26 23.6
Yes 53 32.5 25 47.2 28 52.3
Total 163 100 109 54
Source: Field Survey, 2023

From the information contained in table 8 above, it is observed that 110 respondent
representing 67.5% belief that Nigerian media professionals are not free from control from
their employers and only 53 respondents (32.5%) belief the Nigerian media professionals are
free from control by their proprietors.

Table 10: If you like reading Sun Newspaper or reading to Punch Newspaper, what is your
favourite Newspaper Headline?

Response Frequency Percentage Male Female

No. % No. %
News/current 51 31.3 41 80.4 10 19.6
affairs
Interesting 41 25.1 29 70.7 12 29.3
story article
Education 14 8.6 7 50 7 50
Crime 20 12.3 2 10 18 90
reporting
Sports 37 22.7 34 91.9 3 8.1
Total 163 100 113 50
Source: Field Survey, 2023

44
From the table above, 51 respondents representing 31.3% indicate news as their
favouriteNewspaper Headline. It should be noted that overwhelming majority of these
respondents were males. 41 (25.1%) like reading interesting story article and majority have
fallen within the age bracket 25 – 35. Only negligible percentage (8.6%) of the respondents
like reading or reading educational Newspaper Headlines, 20 respondents out of the 163, all
of them females except one like crime reporting.

4.5 Media Influence

Table 11: If crime reporting is one of your favourite Newspaper Headlines, how does it
influence you?

Response Frequency Percentage Male Female

No. % No. %
Positive 18 90 0 0 18 100

Negative 2 10 1 50 1 50

Total 20 100 1 19

Source: Field Survey, 2023

From the above table and representation, it can be observed that, 19 out of 20 respondents
representing 90% of those whose favouriteNewspaper Headline is crime reporting believe
crime reporting influence them positively towards the product whereas number of those who
believed crime reporting does not influence themis marginal, only 2 respondents(10%).

Table 12: If interesting story article is one of your favourite Newspaper Headlines, do you
always feel like emulating your favourite interesting story article star?

Response Frequency Percentage Male Female

No. % No. %
Yes 12 29.3 5 41.7 7 58.3

No 29 70.7 19 65.5 10 34.5

Total 41 100 24 17

Source: Field Survey, 2023

45
The table above reveals that majority of the respondents representing 70.7% indicate they
would not like to emulate their interesting story article star while 12 of respondents
representing20.3% showsindicate they would like to emulate their favourite interesting story
article star.

4.6 Media and Crime

Table 13: By your own assessment, tick the crime(s) that have received adequate coverage by
the newspapers.

Response Frequency Percentage Male Female

No. % No. %
Kidnapping 1 0.6 1 100 0 0

Corruption 25 15.3 13 52 12 48

Suicide bombing 98 60.1 70 71.4 28 28.6

Rape/Organ 3 1.8 0 0 3 100

Harvesting

Burglary 0 0 0 0 0 0

Robbery 23 14.1 19 82.6 4 17.4

Theft 0 0 0 0 0

None of this 1 0.6 1 100 0 0

All of these 12 7.4 9 75 3 25

Total 163 100 113 50

Source: Field Survey, 2023

From table above, clearly it shows that suicide bombing attacks dominates the Nigerian
media. Majority of respondents, about 98 representing 60.1% have indicate that suicide
bombing have received adequate coverage by the newspapers.

46
Table 14: How do you feel when you read about crime rate in Nigeria?

Response Frequency Percentage Male Female

No. % No. %
Insecure 147 90.2 98 66.7 49 33.3

Secure 10 6.1 10 100 0 0

Nothing 6 3.7 5 83.3 1 16.7

Total 163 100 113 50

Source: Field Survey, 2023

As would be expected from the simple frequency distribution, overwhelming majority of

respondents, 147 representing 90.2% feel insecure when they read or hear about crime rate in
Nigeria with only negligible percentage 6.1% of respondents feeling secure and only 6
respondents representing 3.7% feel nothing.

Table 15: How would you assess crime report by the newspapers?

Response Frequency Percentage Higher cert. Lower cert.

No. % No. %
Very reliable & 19 11.7 8 42.1 11 57.9
comprehensive

Reliable & comprehensive 23 14.1 10 43.5 13 56.5

Fairly reliable & 102 62.6 72 70.6 30 29.4

comprehensive

Not reliable & not 19 11.7 19 100 0 0

comprehensive

Total 163 100 109 54

Source: Field Survey, 2023

47
From the table, 102 respondents (62%) rated the media average in terms of news
presentations of crime and delivery, 19 respondents (11.7%) out of the 163 (100%) scored the
media very lowin terms of crime news, only 23 of the respondents (14.1%) rated the media
very high.

Table 16: Do you read to Newspapers that advice you on your safety?

Response Frequency Percentage Male Female

No. % No. %
Yes 116 71.2 67 57.8 49 42.2

No 47 28.8 46 97.9 1 2.1

Total 163 100 113 50

Source: Field Survey, 2023

From table above, majority of the respondents 116 representing 71.2 percent are exposed to
media campaign on their safety, only 47 respondents (28.8%) indicate they are not being
exposed to any media campaign against crime.

Table 17: If you have read to Newspaper Headlines that advice you on your safety, what
lessons do you derived from it?

Response Frequency Percentage Male Female

No. % No. %
Makes me panic 12 7.3 4 33.3 8 66.7

Makes me take 151 92.7 109 72.2 42 27.8

appropriate measure to
protect myself and
property

Total 163 100 113 50

Source: Field Survey, 2023

48
From the presentation above, 12 respondents representing 7.3% reported that advice by the
newspapers on safety makes them panic, whereas, overwhelming majority of respondents
151(92.7%) indicate that advice on the media on safety makes them take appropriate measure
to protect themselves and property.

Table 20: Which of the followings do you think exhaustive and true media reports and
analyses of crime would lead to?

Response Frequency Percentage Male Female

No. % No. %
Increase in crime rate 12 7.4 9 75 3 25

Call for reform in the 83 50.9 64 77.1 19 22.9

criminal justice system

Panic & apprehension 61 37.4 33 54 28 46

Don’t know 7 4.3 7 100 0 0

Total 163 100 113 50

Source: Field Survey, 2023

From the table above, it is observed that 12 respondents representing 7.4% believed that true
media analyses of crime increase crime rate, 83 respondents representing 50.9% believed it
would lead to call for reform of the criminal justice system, 61 respondents representing
37.4% believed such would lead to panic and apprehension, whereas 7 respondents
representing 4.3% are indifferent.

Discussions of Major Findings

Based on the analysis and findings presented above, it is evident that the media plays a
crucial role in crime prevention and control. Table 7 illustrates the amount of time
respondents spend reading different newspapers, such as the SUN NEWSPAPER, Punch
Newspaper, and other newspapers. The data indicates that respondents spend an average of
approximately 15 hours per week reading the SUN NEWSPAPER, 11 hours on Punch
Newspaper, and 45 minutes on other newspapers. Furthermore, 91.4% of the respondents

49
consider themselves regular viewers and readers of news and current affairs, with 7% of them
relying primarily on newspapers as their main source of information.

The study reveals a correlation between the number of hours spent consuming media and the
background characteristics of the respondents. Occupation plays a significant role in media
consumption, with political office holders and bankers spending less time compared to civil
servants. It is worth noting that respondents with higher educational backgrounds tend to
spend more time reading newspapers. Age, except for the lower age bracket, does not show
significant differentiation in terms of time spent, indicating the highest frequency for SUN
NEWSPAPER viewing among younger respondents.

The study also highlights that regular viewers or readers of news and current affairs tend to
be more safety conscious, as they are exposed to media advice on crime and safety. This
exposure is expected to bring about attitudinal changes towards crime, as indicated by most
respondents who claim to follow the advice. Females show a slightly higher likelihood of
being exposed to safety advice, suggesting a change in behavior. Sex emerges as an important
variable concerning safety advice. Additionally, the fact that some respondents only rely on
newspapers as their primary source of information does not imply that they are solely
influenced by newspapers. It would be incorrect to suggest that respondents are not affected
by other sources such as films, television, and personal experiences, as revealed through
personal interviews.

Table 9 examines respondents' perceptions of the independence of the Nigerian media from
their employers, with the overwhelming majority indicating that the Nigerian media is not
independent. This finding aligns with hypothesis number one, which suggests a positive
correlation between media ownership and control. Unfortunately, this lack of independence
hinders the media from fulfilling its expected role, as unfavorable stories may not be aired if
they go against the interests of the media proprietor.

Tables 10 to 12 present respondents' preferences for newspaper headlines. Among those who
favor crime reporting as their preferred newspaper headline, the majority believe that crime
reporting positively influences them towards the subject matter, while only a marginal
number think otherwise. However, due to the small number of respondents in this category
compared to the overall sample size, the conclusions may not be entirely convincing.
Respondents who enjoy interesting story articles were asked if they feel inclined to emulate
their favorite stars, and very few responded positively. Nevertheless, personal interviews with

50
most respondents indicate a likelihood of emulating the positive attitudes of their favorite
story article stars, aligning with findings from existing literature.

Table 12 reveals that crime news, particularly suicide bombing, dominates media headlines,
indicating a high crime rate and an increase in violent crime. This reflects the growing fear of
crime among the general public. More than 60% of the respondents observe that suicide
bombing receives adequate coverage by newspapers, emphasizing the alarming nature of the
issue. Age is generally related to safety consciousness, with older age brackets displaying
greater awareness compared to younger age brackets

The results of analyses as presented in table 13 indicate that crime news is significantly
related to fear of crime as more than 90% of respondent feel insecure when they read about
crime rate in Nigeria. Regular viewers of crime news are more likely to fear or worry about
crime. The results also indicate that younger respondents, males and respondents with lower
qualification are more likely to have low fear of crime, whereas, older respondents, females,
and those with higher qualifications are more likely to have fear of crime more.

Table 14 presents appraisal of the Nigerian media. The results suggest that highly educated
and younger respondents are more likely to have negative or low appraisal of the media.
Conversely, respondents with low educational qualification and older ones are more likely to
have positive or high appraisal and may likely express trust in the Nigerian media. This is
very much consistent with hypothesis number two which states that people’s assessment of
media content is to a large extent determined by their level of educational attainment.

Table 17 presents respondents’ exposure to media safety campaign and majority of

respondents indicate they are exposed to such campaign but the impact differ. Whereas such
campaign brought about attitudinal change in some respondents, it makes others panic.
However, during personal interview with some respondents, they admitted that in time of
panic, the media always rise to the occasion by re-assuring them of their safety.

Finally analyses in table 18 indicate that, majority of respondents, about 50.9% believed that
exhaustive and positive media reports and analyses of crime will lead to call for reform in the
criminal justice system. Although some believed itleads to panic and apprehension,but in a
personal interview, they believed crime news create fear among the general public and this
will put pressure on government for solutions to crime problems, more effective police and

51
more punitive responses to crime. Similarly, further personal interview with respondents who
believed positive media analyses would lead to increase in crime rate revealed that such
reports according to them will even make criminals to change their strategy. Another
respondent revealed it would lead to stereotyping.

52
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

The following are the findings in this research:

The survey conducted in Ado-Ekiti reveals that crime is a significant concern among
Nigerians, particularly residents of Ado-Ekiti. The majority of respondents perceive crime as
a serious social problem, and they do not feel safe. While many believe that the crime rate is
increasing, not all respondents feel motivated enough to take adequate measures to protect
themselves and their properties.

The survey indicates that most respondents receive safety advice through the media, and this
advice has a positive impact on their attitudes towards crime prevention and control.
However, individuals with lower educational backgrounds and younger respondents tend to
have less exposure to safety awareness campaigns.

Furthermore, the survey highlights that respondents generally have trust in the Nigerian
media and consider it reliable in terms of reporting. This suggests that media sources, even if
biased, can influence public opinion and shape government policies and actions regarding
crime. Therefore, maintaining the independence of the media is crucial in this context.
Additionally, the findings demonstrate that media ownership plays a significant role in the
way news is reported and presented.

While it is true that extensive media coverage of crime can create fear among respondents,
there is a consensus that this fear may drive a call for action to address the issue.

5.2 Conclusion

The study conducted highlights the significant role of the media in our lives, particularly in
relation to crime reporting. The media has become an integral part of society, with
individuals, especially the educated urban population, relying heavily on various media
sources for information and entertainment. News outlets such as the SUN NEWSPAPER and
Punch Newspaper influence public opinion and consumer behavior, as people make
purchasing decisions based on crime reporting and react differently to news stories.

53
The study also reveals that the Nigerian media generally provides substantial coverage of
crime-related issues, with particular attention given to matters of terrorism. This demonstrates
the media's crucial role in crime prevention and control, as it effectively reaches the
population through the circulation of newspapers like the Sun and Punch.

When the media reports on criminal activities, it serves as an educational tool, enlightening
communities about societal norms and values that are being violated by the public and even
those in positions of authority. The media sheds light on crime-related issues that affect
individuals and society as a whole, sparking public discussions and emphasizing the
importance of addressing these concerns.

Moreover, qualitative and independent crime reporting by the media can hold the government
accountable and push for action in the public interest. By exposing unacceptable behavior as
criminal and raising public awareness, the media activates anti-crime values and generates
external pressure on the government. During times of panic or crisis, the media plays a
crucial role in providing real-time information to authorities and guiding people to safety,
thereby ensuring stability in the polity. Only the media has the ability to alert the public about
dangerous situations and advise alternate routes if necessary.

The study highlights the indispensable role of the media in crime reporting and its impact on
society. Through its coverage, the media influences public opinion, educates the population,
and acts as a catalyst for government action. Additionally, the media plays a critical role in
providing timely information during emergencies, ensuring the safety and well-being of the
people

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations should be considered:

i. Nigerian journalists should prioritize crime-related issues in their daily activities,

giving them the same attention as they give to political matters.
ii. Media outlets, particularly privately-owned newspapers like Punch Newspaper
and Sun Newspaper, should focus more on news and current affairs rather than
excessive entertainment and crime reporting. This will strengthen the media's role
as a tool for public scrutiny. Additionally, media organizations should actively

54
 engage in campaigns against crime and criminal activities, contributing to crime
prevention and control.
iii. The media should delve into the sociology of crime, exploring the relationship
between criminal offenses and social conditions that may contribute to criminal
activities. Factors such as unemployment, poverty, and moral decay should be
thoroughly examined, along with how society addresses criminal behavior.
Newspapers can play a significant role in raising awareness and understanding of
these underlying issues.
iv. Journalists often face low salaries, which can discourage highly qualified
professionals from staying in the media industry or tempt them to accept bribes.
This negatively impacts the quality of reporting. Reporters must refrain from
accepting gifts that may be perceived as bribes, and they should neither solicit nor
accept payments to suppress or publish information. Such actions compromise the
integrity of journalists and the institutions they represent. Upholding the principles
of fair, accurate, unbiased, and factual reporting is essential.
v. Media proprietors should fulfill their responsibilities by providing their employees
with fair remuneration, along with additional allowances and a conducive working
environment. Journalists should also be offered life insurance and other social
security benefits.
vi. The government must actively support and encourage a free press and electronic
media, enabling them to report on criminal activities to both authorities and the
general public. People's trust in independent media is crucial for inspiring action
against crime from relevant authorities and the public. Therefore, media outlets
should strive to earn and maintain public trust by consistently demonstrating
independence, objectivity, and professionalism in their work

55
 REFERENCES

Adidi, D. (2018). The Role of Newspapers in Crime Reduction: A Catalyst or a Tool? Journal
of Media Studies, 15(2), 78-92.
Alemika, E. E. O. (2010). Crime and Violence in Nigeria: The Dynamics of Criminological
Explanations. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, 3(1), 1-18.
Alubo, S. O. (2010). Mass Mobilization and Legitimation in Nigeria. Journal of Political
Communication and Persuasion, 8, 45-57.
Asika, N. (2010). Research Methodology in Behavioural Sciences. Ikeja, Lagos: Longman.
Audu, F. (2019). Patrick Ityohegh: The Sunny Side of Life. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
Audu, J. (2010). Crisis in the Nigerian Media: Professionalism, National Interests, Ethics and
Commercialism at the Crossroads. Broadcast Managers Workshop organized by the
National Broadcasting Commission, Abuja. March 2010.
Becker, H. (1963). Outsiders. New York: Free Press.
Brunetti, A., & Weder, B. (2013). A Free Press is Bad News for Corruption. Journal of Public
Economics, 87, 1801-1824.
Chukwuemeka, E. E. (2017). Media Coverage of Crime in Nigeria: Implications for Peace
and Security. Journal of Peace, Conflict, and Security Studies, 3(2), 1-15.
Curran, J. (2011). Rethinking the Media as a Public Sphere in Communication and
Citizenship: Journalism and the Public Sphere. In Dahlgren, P., & Sparks, P. (Eds.),
The New Media Age (pp. 27-57). New York: Routledge.
Djankov, S. (2010). Who Owns the Media? Policy Research Working Paper 2620.
Egbuna, B. (2017). Using the Media to Encourage Transparency and Disclosure: The
Nigerian Experience. Paper Delivered at Broadcasting Association Regional
Conference, Kenya.
Ejemibi, C. L., et al. (2010). Reproductive Behavior Among Women in Zaria Environs. Paper
presented at the Women and Health Conference of Women in Nigeria (WIN), held at
the University of Lagos.
Emezue, C. N. (2016). The Role of the Media in Crime Prevention, Control and Criminal
Justice Administration in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in
Progressive Education and Development, 5(4), 152-164.
Eneogwe, A. N., & Odumuh, O. (2019). The Role of Newspapers in Crime Reporting in
Nigeria: A Study of Vanguard and Punch Newspapers. International Journal of Media
and Communication Studies, 5(2), 9-22.
Folorunso, M. O. (2016). Media and National Security: A Study of the Influence of
Newspaper Reports on Public Perception of Crime in Nigeria. Global Media Journal:
African Edition, 10(1), 1-19.
Giddens, A., et al. (2015). Sociology: 5th Edition. London: W.W. Norton and Co. Inc.

56
Gurevitch, M., et al. (Eds.). (1982). Culture, Society and the Media. London: Methuen.
Ikime, O. (1970). 20th Century History of WNSUN NEWSPAPER: First in Africa. Ibadan:
University of Ibadan.
Mackay, I. (1964). Broadcasting in Nigeria. Ibadan: University of Ibadan.
Maduka, V. (2017). Broadcasting and the Challenges of Party Politics. In Broadcasting and
Deregulation in Nigeria. Lagos: NBC publication.
Mcquail, D. (1972). (Ed). Sociology of Mass Communication. London: Penguin Books.
Mcquail, O. (2014). Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction. London: Sage
Publications.
Michael Haralambos et al. (2018). Sociology Themes and Perspectives. 7th Ed.
Hammersmith: Harpers Collins Pub. Ltd.
Michael Hughes et al. (2012). Sociology the Core (6th Ed.) New York: McGraw–Hill Co.
Moemeka, A. (1973). Rural Broadcasting in Nigeria. A Case Study of Punch Newspaper.
O.Y.O. On the Move. PhD Thesis submitted to Albany State University, New York.
Monahan, T. (Ed.). (2016). Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in
Everyday Life. New York: Routledge.
Nogara, M. (2019). Role of media in curbing corruption: the case of Uganda under President
Yoweri K. Museveni during the "no-party" system. DESA Working Paper No. 72.
Nwanolue, B. O. (2018). The Role of Nigerian Print Media in the Fight Against Corruption:
An Assessment of Punch and Vanguard Newspapers. Mediterranean Journal of Social
Sciences, 9(6), 13-24.
Olurankinse, F. (2019). Crime and the Media: A Comparative Analysis of Newspaper
Reporting in Nigeria and South Africa. Journal of African Media Studies, 11(2), 191-
209.
Ozo – Eson, P. I. (2010). Sociology of Law: Liberating the Human Race. Abuja: Ugwu
Printing Publishing.
Peil, M. (1976). Nigerian Politics: The People’s View. London: Cassel and Co.
Pye, L. (1973). Communication and Political Development. New York: Princeton University
Press.
Ralph A. Akinfeleye (2018). Contemporary Issues in Mass Media for Development and
National Security. Lagos: UniMedia Publishers Ltd.
Raufu, G. (2013). Mass Media and the Society. Abeokuta: Meek Associates.
Reuben Abati (2018). The Role of the Media in Enhancing Police Efficiency. Presented at the
Police Service Commission Retreat on Understanding the Mandate and Operations of
the Police Service Commission in the Context of the Rule of law, MicCom Golf
Resort, Ada, Osun state, Tuesday, August 19, 2018.

57
Sambe, J. A. (2015). Introduction to Mass Communication Practice in Nigeria. Ibadan:
Spectrum Books Ltd.
Schneier, B. (2013). Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly about Security in an Uncertain World.
Copernicus Books.
Sloan, W., et al. (2016). Mass Communication in the Information Age. New York: Vision
Press.
Sobowale, I. (2016). Influence of Ownership in Nigerian Newspapers Coverage of National
issues. In Nwuneli, O. E. (Ed.), Mass Communication in Nigeria. Enugu: Fourth
Dimension Press.
Sowunmi, et al. (2010). The Role of Media in Curbing Corruption in Nigeria. Research
Journal of Information Technology.
Staphenhurst, R. (2010). The Media's Role in Curbing Corruption. A Paper for the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, World Bank.
Suphachalasai, S. (2015). Bureaucratic corruption and mass media, environmental Economy
and Policy Research Discussion Paper Series Number 05.2015, University of
Cambridge.
Surette, R. (2017). Media, Crime and Criminal Justice: Images, Realities and Policies. 3rd
Ed. Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth.
Toppan, J. (2014). Crime and Society: A Legal Perspective. Journal of Criminology, 22(2),
135-150.
Uche, U. L. (2016). Mass Media, People and Politics in Nigeria. Enugu: Concept Publishing.
Umaru A. Pate (2012). Introduction to Conflict Reporting in Nigeria. Lagos: Nigerian Union
of Journalists Press
Uzuegbunam, C. E., & Mokwunye, L. U. (2020). Newspaper Reporting of Crime in Nigeria:
A Content Analysis of The Punch and Sun and ThisDay Newspapers. Africa Media
Review, 28(2), 15-31.

58