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    2.3 Genes and Variations

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    2.3 Genes and Variations

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    2.3 Genes and Variations

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    10 views13 pages

    2.3 Genes and Variations

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    abdulazizwildrift

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    2.

    3 Genes and Variation


    Learning Objectives
    § 2.3.1 Define evolution in genetic forms (Include: gene pool and
    allele frequency)
    § 2.3.2 Describe how natural selection affects genotypes by
    acting on phenotypes
    § 2.3.3 Identify the sources of genetic variation
    § 2.3.4 Differentiate between single-gene traits and polygenic
    traits
    2.3.1 Define evolution in genetic forms (Include: gene pool and allele frequency)

    § Species - group of organisms so similar that they can


    breed to produce fertile offspring
    § Population- a group of the same species living in an area
    where no two individuals are exactly alike due to
    variations that have led the fittest individuals to survive
    and pass on these traits
    § Allele- An allele is an alternative form of a gene.
    Organisms typically have two alleles for a single trait, one
    being inherited from each parent.
    For Example “T” for tall and “t” for dwarf
    § Allele Frequency- measure of how common an allele is in
    a population
    § Gene Pool- all of the alleles of all species in a population.
    Genetics Joins Evolutionary Theory
    Genotype: particular combination of alleles
    TT, Tt , tt etc..
    Phenotype: physical, physiological, and behavioral
    characteristics
    Tall, dwarf
    Note:
    Natural selection acts on an organism’s characteristics, not
    on its alleles.
    Genetic variation in a population increases the chance that
    some individuals will survive.
    • Phenotype-a trait produced by 1 or more genes which
    provides variation in the gene pool.
    vExamples: body size- tall or thin; feather patterns-
    ruffled or smooth
    • Genetic variation leads to phenotype variation.
    • Phenotype variation is necessary for natural selection.
    • Genetic variation is stored in a population’s gene pool.
    – Gene pool is made up of all alleles in a population
    – New allele combinations form when organisms have
    offspring
    Allele Frequency
    Number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool, as a percentage
    of the total occurrence of all alleles

    In 50 alleles: In 100 alleles:

    40
    20 alleles are B (black) are B (black)

    60
    30 alleles are b (brown) are b (brown)
    – measures how common allele is in population
    – can be calculated for each allele in gene pool

    • The members of a population interbreed with one another, they share


    a common group of genes called a gene pool.
    • A gene pool consists of all genes, including all alleles for each gene,
    that are present in a population.
    • The allele frequency of an allele has nothing to do with whether the
    allele is dominant or recessive.
    Genetic Variation
    Three evolutionary mechanisms
    that generate genetic variation:
    • mutation
    • genetic recombination
    • lateral gene transfer
    • Hybridization is the crossing of two different species.
    – occurs when individuals can’t find mate of own species
    – topic of current scientific research
    Single-Gene Traits
    Traits controlled by only one gene

    Without bands

    With bands
    Single-Gene Traits
    Phenotypic ratios are determined by the frequency of alleles and
    by whether the alleles are dominant or recessive.
    Polygenic Traits
    Traits controlled by two or more genes
    Polygenic Traits
    Height in humans is an example of a polygenic trait.

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