OIS MUN 2023

unCCC
uniteD nations CONTINUOUS
CRISIS COMMITtEE
contents
contents
contents
Content Page

Message from Directors 3

About UNCCC 4

History of the Crisis 5

Side Conflicts 7

Potential Consequences 12

Timeline of Events 17

Key Players 22

Conclusion 26
 Message
from the
directors
Greetings,

On behalf of the secretariat аnd the organising committee, it

gives us immense pleаsure to welcome you to the Constant Crisis
Committee at OIS JVLR MUN. We hope that this guide serves
as a tool to help you аdequаtely prepаre for the 2 dаys of intense
debate that lie аheаd. At the conference, you аre required to have
sufficient knowledge of the proceedings in your аllocated country
with respect to the council and its foreign аffаirs. Be аwаre of
your country’s stаnce on a particular agenda that will be cruciаl
when you prepаre your аrguments. The аgendа for the CCC is
“World War 3: A Masterclass in Catastrophe”. This аgendа wаs
picked keeping in mind its relevаnce to our current times аnd its
implicаtions on today’s world. The consequences of the solutions
you wish to bring аbout to solve this problem will be severe in
mаgnitude, therefore we request you to be thoroughly reseаrched
аnd well-versed with the agenda, and always remember to use
credible and reliable sources.

Best Regards,
The Directors
ABOUT
UNCCC

A Crisis committee is a body that has more power than a

traditional committee. Whilst General Assemblies recommend and
build consensus, focusing on creating resolutions, for the nations
involved, to agree upon, crisis committees produce direct action
upon the agenda. Crisis is also more dynamic and fast-paced than
traditional committees, so each delegate is incredibly influential. In
your preparation, it will be helpful to understand the committee’s
basic history and scope of power, as found in this study guide.

A delegate’s general goal for the conference should be to change

the world to fit his/her agenda. This can be done in a number of
ways. Overt directives depend on the entire committee, and
produce stable, long-lasting change. You can also independently
create change on a smaller scale by using personal powers, done
through note writing. Over time, personal powers can grow and
become as influential as the directives from committee.
the history
of the crisis
The conflict between Russia and Ukraine are long standing and have
their roots in the Soviet Union. While they have history all the way
back in the 10th century, pertaining to the committee , the relevant
history begins in the 1900s. Between 1917 and 1921, there was an
internal war in Ukraine, between Ukrainian Bolsheviks and the
national government of Ukraine. The Bolsheviks won and they joined
Russia to form the Soviet Union.

Ukraine became an integral part of the USSR,

supplying large quantities of food as its land was
suited to agriculture. In return for this the Soviet
Union helped industrialise Ukraine. Furthermore,
in 1954, the territory of Crimea was handed over
to Ukraine. This territory became the ground of
many modern conflicts to come.

In the 1990s, as the Soviet Union began to fall apart, there were
massive movements across Ukraine for the state to leave the Soviet
Union. So, in 1991, the Soviet Union left the USSR. During this time,
Ukraine inherited a large stockpile of nuclear weapons, and it was
believed to be the 3rd largest in the world, at the time. However, in
1994, Ukraine agreed to destroy these weapons and join the Non-
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). On December 5, 1994,
Ukraine, Russia, Britain and the US signed the Budapest
Memorandum. Under the terms of the memorandum, Ukraine was
promised security assurances in connection with its accession to the
NPT as a non-nuclear weapon state.
As we move into the 21st century the conflict
continues to escalate. In 2004, the Orange
revolution took place which was a series of
political protests to the election of Viktor
Yanukovych who was a candidate backed by
the Russian president Vladimir Putin. People
claimed that the elections were rigged and
called for the votes to be cast again. However,
Yanukovych still won with 52% of the votes.
In 2013, Yanukovych suspended signing the EU association
agreement and decided to strengthen ties with Russia.This led to
mass protests against corruption, abuse of power and a lack of
human rights. This led to a revolution which overthrew the
Ukrainian government.

In 2014, Russian troops took over government buildings in Crimea

and were able to establish a pro Russian government there allowing
for Crimea to be incorporated into Russia as a federal subject.
Tensions continued to escalate, and in 2021 Russian troops built up
on the Ukrainian borders. On the 24th of February 2022, they
invaded Ukraine.
side conflicts
China-Taiwan Relations:
In accordance with historical records, the island of Taiwan was first
fully governed by China in the 17th century, after the Qing dynasty
conquered the area. Upon losing the first Sino-Japanese war, they
later leased the island to Japan in 1895. After Japan lost the Second
World War, China seized the island once more in 1945. However, a
civil war broke out in mainland China between Mao Zedong's
Communist Party and Chiang Kai-shek's nationalist government
forces.
In 1949, the communists triumphed, seizing
power in Beijing. Chiang Kai-shek and the
Kuomintang, the remnants of the nationalist
party, retreated to Taiwan, where they
dominated for the following several decades. In
order to prove that Taiwan was formerly a
Chinese province, China references this history.
However, the Taiwanese claim that they were
never a part of either the People's Republic of
China, which was founded under Mao in 1949,
or the modern Chinese state, which was initially
constituted following the revolution in 1911.

Some Western analysts believe that Taiwan may, at most, attempt to

delay a Chinese assault, try to block an onshore landing by Chinese
marine troops, and launch guerrilla attacks while awaiting foreign
assistance in an open fight.
Three of the six threat zones around Taiwan, which China targeted
with a series of military drills that included launching nuclear-powered
missiles, crossed over the island's territorial seas.Taiwan said the action
compromised its right to sovereignty and constituted to a blockade
since it caused ships and aircraft to find alternate paths through
certain regions. China and Taiwan have already been experiencing
rising tensions. A self-declared zone where foreign aircraft are
identified, monitored, and controlled for national security purposes,
Taiwan's Air Defence Zone was entered by Chinese military aircraft in
2021, giving the appearance that China was stepping up pressure.

The US, which supplies armaments to Taiwan, may provide that

assistance. As a result of Washington's "strategic ambiguity" doctrine
up to this point, it has been intentionally unclear if or how the US
would protect Taiwan in the case of an assault.

In terms of diplomacy, the US still adheres to the "One-China" policy,

which sees Beijing as the only legitimate home of the Chinese
government and favours formal relations with China over Taiwan.
However, US President Joe Biden seemed to tighten Washington's
stance in May 2022. Mr. Biden confirmed: the US would militarily
defend Taiwan in case of national emergency. 100 AGM-88B HARM
missiles that can destroy land-based radar sites and 200 anti-aircraft
Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missiles (AMRAAM) have been
cleared for sale to Taiwan by the U.S. State Department.
If a presidential candidate from a Taiwan opposition party is
assassinated by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the election loses
credibility and the nation descends into anarchy. Prior to the 2004
election, former Taiwan President Chen Shui-bian () was shot, and
during the 2010 elections, Sean Lien, the son of former Vice President
Lien Chan, was shot in the face while campaigning for the KMT. The
Chinese Communist Party's potential participation in both incidents
was apparent. The CCP will use this strategy to shake up Taiwan's
political stalemate. President Tsai Ing-wen's administration would
continue in office in the event of such an assassination, but the nation
may devolve into rebellion, which is what the CCP wants.

USA and Afghanistan:

The main terrorist threat facing the United States today is best
understood as coming from all political viewpoints. The power of
online communication and social media, along with other factors such
as the prevalence of firearms and political polarisation, have created a
complex and varied terrorist threat that wounds across ideologies and
is largely disassociated from conventional notions of terrorist
organisations.
There has only been one instance of a jihadist
international terrorist organisation leading or
organising a lethal assault within the United
States after 9/11, or of an assassinating jihadist
attacker getting backing or training from
organisations overseas. This is almost two
decades after 9/11. The incident in question is
the shooting death of three individuals by
Mohammed Al-Shamrani on December 6,
2019, at the Naval Air Station Pensacola.
According to the FBI, evidence from Al-Shamrani's phone shows he
was in contact with an AQAP militant prior to entering the United
States and continued to do so throughout the attack. It also shows that
the will depicted in the AQAP video claim was sent to them by Al-
Shamrani. Hidden are the precise nature and extent of Al-Shamrani's
interactions with AQAP.

Jihadists have murdered 107 individuals on American soil since 9/11.

This number of fatalities is comparable to the 122 fatalities caused by
far-right terrorism, which includes anti-government, militia, white
supremacist, and anti-abortion violence. Additionally, attacks
motivated by black separatist/nationalist philosophy and ideological
sexism have occurred in the United States in recent years. Twelve and
seventeen individuals, respectively, have been slain by persons driven
by these ideas, while one person has been killed by someone holding
Far-Left views. Today's terrorist issue in America is a domestic one
that is not specific to any single group or point of view.

Although jihadist-inspired individuals and groups have carried out a

number of devastating assaults in the United States, the country is still
a prime target for international terrorist groups. This is the outcome of
a complex system of defences that includes information from the
public, members of the local community, and informants who are
frequently used.

Despite being an appealing pursuit, there have been targeted assaults

that were unable to kill Americans. For instance, Umar Farouk
Abdulmuttalab's 2009 Christmas Day bomb plot—which he was
trained for and orchestrated under the direction of Al Qaeda on the
Arabian Peninsula—failed simply because the explosive was defective.
Another example is the 2010 Times Square
bomb operation by Faisal Shahzad, who, after
receiving instruction from the Pakistani
Taliban, was able to plant a vehicle explosive
in Times Square, undetected. Fortunately, the
explosive did not explode as anticipated.
potential
consequences
Environmental breakdown:

Nuclear Weapons:
The use of nuclear weapons during a global conflict would have
severe environmental consequences. Nuclear explosions would
release massive amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere,
contaminating air, water, and soil. This radiation would have long-
lasting effects, causing genetic mutations, increased cancer rates, and
environmental degradation. The destruction of urban centres and
military targets by nuclear strikes would also lead to fires, releasing
toxic smoke and pollutants into the air.

Chemical and Biological Weapons:

Chemical and biological weapons are designed to cause harm to
humans, but they can also have detrimental effects on the
environment. Chemical agents, such as nerve agents or toxic gases,
can contaminate soil, water bodies, and ecosystems, leading to
widespread pollution and the loss of biodiversity. Biological
weapons, including engineered pathogens, could have similar
consequences, affecting both human and animal populations and
disrupting ecosystems

Industrial and Infrastructure Damage:

World War III would involve extensive bombing campaigns,
targeting industrial facilities, infrastructure, and transportation
networks. The destruction of factories, power plants, refineries,
and other industrial sites could result in the release of hazardous
substances, including toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and pollutants,
into the environment. This contamination would have long-term
consequences for ecosystems, water sources, and human health.

Oil Spills and Marine Pollution:

Maritime conflicts could lead to deliberate or accidental oil spills and
other forms of marine pollution. Attacking oil tankers, offshore
platforms, or coastal infrastructure could result in large-scale oil
spills, which would devastate marine ecosystems, damage coastlines,
and impact fisheries. The discharge of other pollutants, such as
heavy metals or chemicals, from damaged ships or industrial
facilities would further exacerbate marine pollution.

Deforestation and Habitat Destruction:

In times of war, military forces often resort to scorched-earth tactics,
deliberately destroying forests and natural habitats to deprive the
enemy of resources and cover. Widespread deforestation would lead
to the loss of biodiversity, disrupt ecosystems, and contribute to
climate change. Additionally, the use of explosive weapons and
heavy machinery in conflict zones would result in habitat destruction
and further degrade natural environments.

Disruption of Environmental Governance:

World War III would disrupt international and national
environmental governance structures. Environmental agreements,
treaties, and institutions may falter or collapse during times of
conflict, making it difficult to address and manage environmental
issues effectively. This lack of environmental regulation and
oversight would exacerbate the environmental breakdown caused by
the war.
potential
consequences
public health :

Direct Impact of Weapons:

The use of weapons, including nuclear, chemical, and biological
weapons, would have immediate and devastating effects on public
health. Nuclear explosions would cause immense casualties from
blast injuries, burns, and radiation exposure. Chemical and
biological agents could result in mass casualties, illness, and the
spread of infectious diseases. The destruction of healthcare
infrastructure would further exacerbate the challenges of providing
medical care.

Healthcare System Overwhelm:

During a world war, the demand for medical services would
skyrocket due to the high number of casualties and injuries.
Hospitals, clinics, and medical personnel would be overwhelmed,
leading to a strain on resources and limited access to essential
healthcare services. The lack of medical supplies, medications, and
equipment would further hinder the ability to provide adequate care,
increasing the risk of preventable deaths.

Disruption of Public Health Infrastructure:

The infrastructure necessary to support public health, including
water and sanitation systems, waste management, and disease
surveillance, would likely be disrupted during a global conflict. The
destruction of critical infrastructure
would lead to a breakdown in sanitation and hygiene, increasing the
risk of waterborne diseases, food contamination, and the spread of
infectious diseases.

Displacement and Refugees:

World War III would result in massive population displacement,
with millions of people becoming refugees. Displaced populations
often face overcrowded living conditions, lack of access to clean
water, sanitation, and healthcare services. This creates fertile
grounds for the outbreak and rapid spread of diseases, including
respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, and vector-borne illnesses.

Malnutrition and Famine:

A global conflict would disrupt agricultural systems, resulting in
food shortages and increased malnutrition. Destruction of crops,
livestock, and infrastructure necessary for food production and
distribution would lead to a decline in food availability. Famine
could result from the destruction of farmland, the displacement of
farmers, and the interruption of supply chains, further compromising
public health, particularly among vulnerable populations such as
children and the elderly.

Mental Health Crisis:

The horrors of war, loss of loved ones, displacement, and prolonged
stress can have severe psychological impacts on individuals and
communities. World War III would likely trigger a mental health
crisis, with an increase in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders. The demand
for mental health services would overwhelm the already strained
healthcare systems, leading to a lack of resources and support for
those in need.
 Infectious Disease Outbreaks:
In times of conflict, the breakdown of public health infrastructure,
population displacement, and overcrowded living conditions can
facilitate the spread of infectious diseases. Disrupted vaccination
campaigns, inadequate access to healthcare, and compromised
hygiene practices would create favourable conditions for the
outbreak and rapid transmission of diseases such as measles, cholera,
typhoid, and respiratory infections.
 TIMELINE
OF EVENTS
2014
Claiming parts of Ukraine to be its own, Russia annexed Crimea, a
part of Ukraine, in 2014. While this was deemed illegal by the UN,
and Russia was demanded to leave the country, Russia simply vetoed
this.

2015
In 2015 Russia and Ukraine signed the Minsk treaty, which aimed to
stop the fighting but the agreement was never properly implemented.
This conflict settled into a violent but static with brief ceasefires but
no resolution was reached and the peace was often short lived.

2021
In 2021 Russia built up an extremely large military presence along its
border with Ukraine as well as Belarus's border with Ukraine.
Validmir Putin claimed that they had no plans of invading Ukraine.
However Putin criticised Ukraine’s plans to join NATO and insisted
that Ukraine be banned from ever joining NATO as having NATO
troops so close to the Russian border was a huge threat to their
sovereignty.

February 2022
On 22nd February 2022 Russia invaded Ukraine. Putin claimed that
he wanted to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine and not control it
by force. He also wanted to prevent Ukraine joining NATO and
claimed that Ukrainians and Russians were one people.

February 2023
Following a gruelling year of conflict, foreign intervention and
tensions have continued to rise. Multiple countries have been
providing aid, the US being the largest. However, up until this point,
the weapons have been short ranged and aimed at self defence.
However recently, the US has increased its aid, providing F-16
fighter jets, tanks and more sophisticated weapons. This allowed
Ukraine to further fend off Russian forces and now,
with longer-range
weapons,
potentially
attacking the
Russian mainland.
This further
angered Russia,
who were already

unhappy with the foreign intervention, which then caused them to

restart development of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear
weapons (CBRN). This violated multiple international treaties,
however it is important to note that these weapons have not been
deployed but rather only developed and mobilised. The treaties
violated are mentioned as follows:

1. Nuclear and Radiological Weapons:

a. Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): A treaty signed by 191
countries that aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons
and promote disarmament
 1. Biological Weapons
a. Biological Weapons Convention (BWC): A treaty signed by
183 countries that prohibits the development, production,
and stockpiling of biological weapons

1. Chemical Weapons
a. Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC): A treaty signed by
193 countries that prohibits the development, production,
stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons
b. NATO's Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear
(CBRN) Defence Policy: A policy established by NATO that
aims to understand, plan, and respond to CBRN threats
c. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540: A
resolution that requires all UN member states to prevent the
proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons to
non-state actors

March 2023
As the war worsened President Zelensky continued to push for
NATO membership, however NATO still did not make Ukraine a
member state fearing Russian retaliation. However, NATO increased
its aid to Ukraine, further supplying them with weapons and artillery
to hold off Russian forces.

The fast paced timeline of these events also caused the pace of
military development to significantly increase in tandem to the
conflicts taking place in the world. This called for a new age of
espionage to begin.
April 2023
On 14th April 2023, Edward Snowden, the original whistleblower,
was extradited back to the USA, with his actual role in the conflict
being revealed as a sleeper agent, being undercover in Russia for the
past 10 years. Snowden provided critical information about the
Russian government and discovered vulnerabilities within the
Russian airspace and detection technology, allowing for the US
military to send surveillance devices such as inflatable devices.

However, the conflict turns tables quickly. Through the co-operation

of intellectual resources in Russia and China, moths that have been
injected with biological sensors and markers for chemical products of
explosives and chemical weapons have been developed and are
currently collecting data within the USA.

May 2023
On the 1st of May 2023, the age of espionage would become victim
to exposé by agencies within the USA and Russia, with both
countries launching countermeasures against these tools, with a
nationwide pest purge occurring in the USA and mass destruction of
surveillance equipment in Russian airspace. The nationwide pest
purge in the USA has also caused damage to agricultural yield in the
southern states, putting immense strain on the US food system. On
the other hand, the air quality in Russia drops exponentially due to
consistent aircraft presence and machine weaponry being fired,
impacting citizen health.

August 2023
As the US and NATO got further and further involved the conflict
continued to escalate. Finally, on the 27th of August, NATO
formally inducted Ukraine, making it a member state. Collective
defence is a core principle of NATO and article 5 of the Washington
treaty states that an attack on one ally is an attack on all. This set the
stage for the next great war. All weapons primed and ready to fire,
the verticality of this conflict reaches its peak in August with troops
ready to be mobilised from both sides of the globe and humanity.
Once again, humanity reaches the brink of the war to end all wars.
KEY PLAYERS
Russia:
The roots of this conflict were planted in 2013, when Moscow
convinced the pro-Russian government of Ukraine to abandon a
planned agreement with the European Union (EU). This sparked
protests that eventually toppled the leader and paved the way for
Russia to annex Crimea and stage a land grab in the east. The
president of Ukraine was the most unlikely person—a former
comedian who had only been elected a few years earlier—and his
country was significantly outgunned. Despite not being the worldwide
force it once was, Russia was a significant military power.

Following Russia's command to send soldiers into the Donetsk and

Luhansk "republics," many countries had already imposed sanctions
on Moscow. Sanctions, however, will ultimately undermine both
strategies. In addition to being a major player in the oil and gas
industry, Russia is also heavily involved in a variety of other resources
and minerals. Even if they might come from somewhere else, prices
may increase and there might be scarcity.

The Russian invasion is opposed by each and every founding member

of NATO. Twelve of NATO's thirty members were among the
organisation's original members, and all of them have expressed
support for Ukraine.
Up to 150 members of the Canadian Armed Forces will be dispatched
to Poland on a humanitarian mission to aid Ukrainian refugees,
according to Canadian Defence Minister Anita Anand. Poland,
Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonian leaders paid visits to Ukraine to
demonstrate their solidarity. Australia increased its sanctions against
Russian state-owned enterprises. Australia imposed sanctions on 14
state-owned Russian companies to limit their ability to support
Vladimir Putin's war. Ukraine has received unwavering backing from
the US and the UK. Ukraine is supported by NATO's European
members as well as by Japan, South Korea, Australia, and Canada.

Belarus, which is Russia's largest ally, has let Russian troops invade
Ukraine from its soil.
The battle with Ukraine is also being supported by Cuba, Nicaragua,
Venezuela, and Kyrgyzstan.

Indirectly, a few nations are either supporting the Russian invasion

directly or acting neutrally towards either Russia or Ukraine.

Syria has stated that it is in favour of Moscow recognising the eastern

Ukrainian republics.
Iran has defended Russian invasion actions by claiming that NATO
provocations are to blame. Saudi Arabia and the UAE have declined
to denounce Russian actions. They are behaving impartially. While
staying out of the public eye, Kazakhstan did not support Russia and
decided not to send soldiers for a combined military operation. Despite
voting against Russia's expulsion from the Council of Europe,
Armenia has maintained a low profile over the invasion. In its
diplomatic actions, India gets mutually beneficial relationships with
both nations. While they express compassion for Ukraine, they remain
silent about the proceedings of the Russian invasion.

USA:
The United States has supported Ukraine in its reaction to the
protracted Russian invasion of that country, which started in 2022.
President Biden denounced the invasion, sent military and
humanitarian help to Ukraine, and imposed sanctions on Belarus and
Russia, two nations that had a significant role in the invasion.

From the Javelins that stopped Russian tanks from attacking Kyiv to
the air defence systems that stopped Russian attacks on Ukraine's vital
infrastructure to the armoured vehicles that Ukraine needs for the
conflict's upcoming phase, the US has been a global leader in
providing security assistance.

Belarus:
Belarus served as a peacemaker and mediator during the 2014
Ukrainian crisis, remaining impartial regarding Russia's annexation of
Crimea and enhancing its own reputation as "a donor of security and
stability" in the area. However, the Belarusian political crisis of 2020
made Aliaksandr Lukashenka more reliant on the Russian
government, and he ended up playing a key role as Russia's ally in the
February 2022 invasion of Ukraine. There are growing worries that
Belarus will become more actively engaged in the Ukrainian conflict as
anti-Western rhetoric from the Lukashenka dictatorship intensifies
and military action on the Belarusian-Ukrainian border rises.
Belarus has found itself in the sights of the West alongside Russia as
the United States and its European allies work to cut off Russia from
international commerce and financial assistance due to its continuing
invasion of Ukraine.

The 9 million-person landlocked nation, which borders northern

Ukraine, was used as a staging area for Russian forces in the months
before the invasion. Russia and Ukraine have held diplomatic
discussions there as well.

In February of last year, Belarus acted as the starting point for

Russia's invasion of northern Ukraine. Since then, it has given Russia
military supplies and gear, let mobilised Russian conscripts to train
there, and used its territory as a launch pad for missile assaults on
Ukraine. Russian missiles have allegedly been launched against
Ukraine from Belarus more than 600 times, according to the
independent Belarusian monitoring organisation Hajun.
CONCLUSION :
To sum up the crisis, the Russia-Ukraine war has escalated further
with foreign involvement as well as espionage on both sides. It all
comes together as the world looks set to enter another great war with
Ukraine given membership into NATO and their collective defence
stance. The US has already been supplying weapons to Ukraine and
has increased supplies with higher tech equipment capable of attacking
the Russian mainland, this further angered Russia causing them to
restart the development of CBRN weapons. Tensions are rising all
around the world as countries are forced to pick sides and develop
defences. Could war outbreak? What would this mean for other
conflicts around the world?

It's up to you, delegates, to further the committee and prevent the

complete outbreak of a world war. NATO countries supporting
Ukraine, while the Russian allies support Russia in their invasion of
Ukraine. Apart from this, countries that choose to remain neutral are
imperative to serve as peacekeepers in efforts to reduce tensions
worldwide.

As the committee moves forward it is important that each delegate acts

in accordance with their countries foreign policy, please ensure you
research thoroughly on your countries global stance, their allies and
their treaties. Along with this when making decisions ensure that you
are considering the potential consequences outlined above and how
this could impact your country as well as its citizens.

We will begin committee with Ukraine joining NATO, and it will be

up to the delegates from each side to further the committee from this
point forward.
 Citations:
Cummings, Denis. “What Would Happen If World War 3 Started: A
Modern Analysis.” Findingdulcinea, 14 June 2023,
www.findingdulcinea.com/what-would-happen-if-world-war-3-
started/. Accessed 10 July 2023.

Hurd, Will. “Three Conflicts That Could Turn into World War 3.”
Will Hurd, 22 Feb. 2023, www.willbhurd.com/three-conflicts-that-
could-turn-into-world-war-
3/#:~:text=If%20World%20War%203%20were. Accessed 10 July
2023.

Myriam. “Countries Supporting Ukraine and Russia, Complete List

with Reasons.” SSA Tripura, 12 May 2022,
www.ssatripura.com/countries-supporting-ukraine-russia/.
The Times of India.

“Russia-Ukraine Relations: A Timeline of the History between

Russia and Ukraine.” The Times of India, 4 Mar. 2022,
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/data/russia-ukraine-history.

The White House. “FACT SHEET: One Year of Supporting

Ukraine.” The White House, 21 Feb. 2023,
www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-
releases/2023/02/21/fact-sheet-one-year-of-supporting-
ukraine/#:~:text=We%20have%20led%20the%20world.