GUARDIANS BONAFIDE for HOPE FOUNDATION INC.

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Blk 3 Lot 33 – 34 Adelina 3 Phase 2, Brgy, Sto. Tomas, Biñan City, Laguna 4024
Email: gbh.foundation@yahoo.com | gbhficollege@gmail.com | gbhfifaculty@gmail.com

Assessing the Effectiveness of Closed-Circuit Television Camera in

Reducing Theft Crimes at Barangay, Tubigan City of Biñan, Laguna

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of The College of Criminology, GBHFI

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Bornea,Brandon D.
Gaciles, James Aron P.
Marcellana, Marian Claire L.
Paje, Christian John M.
Sales, Justin Adam

2023
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter contained the introduction of the study, objectives of the study,

statement of the problem, scope and delimitation of the study, statement of the problem,

significance of the study and definition of terms which would help in understanding the

concept of study at hand.

INTRODUCTION

In the Philippines, one of the priorities of the law enforcement is the decrease

and avoidance in crime rate as stated in the Philippine National Development Plan 2017 –

2022, national security and public order are vital elements in building the foundation for inclusive

growth, a high trust and resilient society, and a globally competitive knowledge economy. PNP

has cleared the crime tagging as an index and non-index crimes. Index crimes involve crimes

against persons such as murder, homicide, physical injury and rape,and crimes against property

such as robbery, theft, carnapping/carjacking and, cattle rustling while non-index crimes are

violations of unusual and private laws such as local ordinance (Asor et al., 2020).

According to Argosino (2023), PNP chief Gen. Benjamin Acorda Jr. mentioned

that focus crimes such as theft, robbery, and carnapping decreased by 10.66 percent

from January to May this year compared to the same period last 2022. This continuing

decrease of incidents is attributed to the effective and usage of monitoring systems

specifically the Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV). The of CCTV systems has become

increasingly popular as a strategy for reducing theft crimes in various settings, including

residential areas, commercial establishments, and public spaces. The combination of

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these technologies offers enhanced visibility, improved surveillance, and a deterrent

effect on potential criminals. Moreover, the presence of visible cameras can discourage

individuals from attempting theft crimes due to the fear of being caught on tape and the

subsequent consequences.

The Effectiveness of CCTV in reducing theft crimes extends beyond their

immediate benefits. The implementation of these technologies can foster a sense of

security and peace of mind among residents, business owners, and the general public.

As a result, community members may feel more comfortable and confident in their

surroundings, leading to increased social engagement and economic activities.

Additionally, the perception of an area being well-lit and monitored can deter potential

criminals from targeting it in the first place.

The efficiency of CCTV in decreasing crime, even while some types of crime

were reduced, particularly in residential areas, and efficiency was strongly correlated

with an area's base rate of crime. In cases where there was a drop in crime following

the use of CCTV, WDQ analysis revealed that dispersion of benefits happened

considerably more frequently than displacement (Lim & Wilcox, 2017).

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of CCTV in reducing theft crimes at

Brgy. Tubigan by examining its benefits, crime rate changes, and impact to the

respondents of the study.

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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

According to a news article by William Balasa in hagupit.ph, PNP or the Philippine

National Police said that Laguna is one of the places in the country that has a very high

crime rate. Sr. Supt. Gilbert Cruz, Provincial Director ng PNP-Laguna mentioned the

different towns in Laguna that have the highest crime rate. These cities are San Pedro,

Binan, San Pedro, Binan, Cabuyao, Calamba City, San Pablo, Los Banos and Sta.

Cruz.

Biñan really does have a high rate of crime. In line with the development and

urbanization of the city, crime rates have also increased. Even if the police force is

doing its best to prevent or lessen these crimes, it seems that their actions taken aren’t

enough to sustain the safety and order in town. (Villarica et al., 2020).

Based upon Numbeo, as of October 2022 the latest update of crime index in Binan

is 83.24 very high and their safety index is 16.76, this crime index increased in the past

3 years. Problem property such as vandalism and theft has 75.00 high (Numbeo, 2020).

Barangay Tubigan is a small community located in a rural area with limited

infrastructure and resources. Like many other communities, Brgy. Tubigan has been

grappling with increasing incidents of theft crimes, causing significant distress and

economic losses for its residents. To address this issue, the barangay council has

proposed the CCTV systems as a potential solution to reduce theft crimes and enhance

the safety and security of the community.

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 Additionally, the CCTV systems in Barangay Tubigan aims to provide a

surveillance mechanism that can assist in deterring theft crimes and aiding in the

identification and apprehension of criminals. The visual presence of CCTV cameras can

act as a deterrent, as potential perpetrators will be aware that their activities are being

monitored and recorded. This increased level of vigilance can discourage criminals from

targeting the barangay and contribute to a safer environment for its residents.

The implementation of CCTV systems in Barangay Tubigan has the potential to

address the unique security challenges faced by the community. However, it is essential

to assess the actual impact of these technologies on reducing theft crimes and

improving the overall safety of the barangay. By conducting a comprehensive study, the

barangay council can evaluate the effectiveness of these measures, identify any

limitations or areas for improvement, and make informed decisions regarding their

implementation.

This study aims to assess the impact of CCTV on reducing theft crimes in

Barangay Tubigan. By examining crime statistics, conducting surveys and interviews

with community members, and analyzing before-and-after data, the study will provide

valuable insights into the effectiveness of these technologies in combating theft crimes.

The findings will inform decision-making processes, helping the barangay council

allocate resources effectively and implement targeted security measures to create a

safer environment for the residents of Tubigan.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

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 This research used Rational Choice Theory of Cesar Beccaria and Cornish &

Clarke, Self-Control Theory of Travis Hirschi & Michael Gottfredson and Social Learning

Theory of Albert Bandura

According to Cesar Beccaria late 18th century, Rational Choice theory has been

expanded upon and extended to include other perspectives, such as deterrence,

situational crime prevention, and routine activity theory. The rational choice perspective

has been applied to a wide range of crimes, including robbery, drug use, vandalism, and

white-collar crime. In addition, neuropsychological literature shows that there are

neurobiological mechanisms involved in our “rational choices.” Also, based on Cornish

and Clarke 1986, this theory adopts a utilitarian belief that humans are reasoning actors

who weigh means and ends, costs and benefits, in order to make a rational choice. This

method was designed by Cornish and Clarke to assist in thinking about situational crime

prevention.

Additionally, Social Learning Theory developed by Psychologist Albert Bandura

(1977).Individuals often model or imitate the behavior of others, especially if it is

someone that individual looks up to or admires. For example, an individual who

witnesses someone they respect committing a crime, who is then reinforced for that

crime, is then more likely to commit a crime themselves.

Furthermore, Self-control Theory of Hirschi and Gottfredson (1990). Self-control

Theory of crime proposes that individuals with low self-control are more prone to commit

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crimes, as they are less capable of restraining themselves from impulses and

immediate gratifications, despite potential negative consequences.

In this study, the researchers used Rational Choice Theory, Social Learning

Theory and Self- control Theory. As it provides the frameworks for understanding of

how theft offenders will be conscious if they are fully aware that they are being under

monitored in their wrongdoings and the assertion that crime is the result of calculated

decision making,imitated the behaviors of others and self-control are more prone to

commit a crime. This theories would support this study to know the potential human-

behavior, choices and self-control of individuals who are possible theft offenders in the

community and how it will affect their motive of committing the crime.

Also, this theory explores the impact of psychosocial factors of any personnel

development and securing the facility of Brgy. Tubigan. The theft crime has affected the

lifestyle, business, works and it is anticipated that attitudes within any personnel will

change and adopt or commit the theft crime to his situation. CCTV surveillance is based

on the criminology idea that asserts criminals are less likely to commit a crime if they

think they are being monitored or face a higher danger of getting caught.

CCTV is also based on situational crime prevention strategy, which contends that

opportunities to commit crimes can be decreased by changing a number of

mechanisms, including raising the risk of being caught, making it more difficult to

commit crimes, reducing the rewards for doing so, and minimizing provocations that

create criminal opportunities. This means that in order for the further surveillance to

have the desired effect, the person being monitored must be aware of it.

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In this study, the researchers aim to determine the effectiveness of CCTV on

reducing theft crimes in Brgy. Tubigan.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender ;

1.3 Brgy personnel;

1.4 Residents

2. What is the number of CCTV cameras installed in Brgy. Tubigan?

3. What is the difference in terms of the crime rate of theft before and after installing

CCTV at Brgy. Tubigan?

4. What is the level of effectiveness of CCTV cameras in preventing theft crime at

Brgy. Tubigan?

HYPOTHESIS

Null (H) o))

Ho: The CCTV Cameras are not effective in preventing theft crimes in Brgy.

Tubigan.

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 H1: The CCTV Cameras are not effective in preventing theft crimes in Brgy.

Tubigan.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of CCTV in decreasing theft

crimes within Brgy. Tubigan. The analysis centers on changes in theft incidents before

and after CCTV implementation, shifts in crime patterns, and perspectives of residents

and local law enforcement. However, limitations encompass the study's confined

geographic scope to Brgy. Tubigan, a specific timeframe for evaluation, potential

oversight of broader crime types, and the absence of extensive exploration of technical

and human behavioral aspects.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to the assess the effectiveness of CCTV cameras in

reducing theft crimes at Brgy. Tubigan. This will benefit the following individuals as

stated below.

Barangay Personnel- This study aims to help Brgy. Personnel understand the impact

of CCTV in promptly catching theft offenders and the importance of thorough monitoring

of CCTV in reducing the crime rate within the barangay.

Barangay Tubigan- The findings of this study would be great assistance to them by

implementing rules/regulations that will lessen theft crime cases.

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Business sector – This study aims to help the business owners to the awareness of

theft and the effectiveness of CCTV for monitoring.

Future Researchers - This served as a guide and basis for future researchers in

making their initial research in the near future. The ideas that the researchers presented

may be used as a reference when they conduct their own research.

Researchers - Should perform a study on theft because it helps them secure their

investments, maintain the continuity of their research, address ethical issues, work with

colleagues, shape policy development, preserve their reputations, and adhere to legal

and regulatory requirements. Researchers can confidently concentrate on their core

work and promote knowledge and science by proactively tackling theft-related concerns.

Residents of Brgy. Tubigan- The study on theft holds significant importance for

Barangay residents as it raises awareness, enables preventive measures, promotes

community cooperation, mitigates economic impact, enhances quality of life, empowers

residents, builds trust in local institutions, and ensures personal safety. By actively

engaging in the study and implementing its recommendations, barangay residents can

foster a secure and thriving community.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

For better understanding of the study, the following words are defined for

familiarization.

Barangay. This term refers the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is

the native Filipino term for a village, district, or ward.

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Close Circuit Television. This refers to be known as video surveillance, which is the

use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of

monitors.

Crimes. This term refers to the international commission of an act usually deemed

socially harmful or dangerous and specifically define prohibited and punishable under

criminal law.

Crime rate. The ratio between the number of felonies and misdemeanors recorded by

the police and gendarmerie and the population in question.

Theft. This term refers to a criminal act and is defined as taking the personal property or

money of another without their permission. A theft offense may be prosecuted as a

felony or misdemeanor.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents a different review of related literature and studies from

both local and foreign studies which have a significance to the present study of the

researchers. This will be the basis of the researcher to make this study possible and

feasible.

Conceptual Literature

This method shows relevant news, interviews with experts in the fields, journals

and articles related to researcher's work. The aim is to make this research accessible

and relevant.

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Local

This study aimed to determine the relationship between weather conditions as to

wet and dry as recorded in the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

“Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAG-

ASA) Weather Forecast Station and the crimes committed in Pagadian City in calendar

years 2014-2018. Weather conditions as to wet and dry were correlated to crimes

against person and property that was committed in Pagadian City. It employed a

quantitative descriptive correlational method of research using the data of crime

occurrences recorded in the Philippine National Police Pagadian City Station and the

rainfall data from Department of Science and Technology (DOST) “Philippine

Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)

Weather Forecast Station in the city statistically treated using frequency count, mean,

paired sample t-test, and chi-square test. Findings of the study revealed that physical

injuries were profiled the highest in crimes against persons, followed by murder,

homicide, and rape. At the same time, theft cases were dominantly registered for crimes

against properties, followed by robbery, carnapping, and cattle rustling.

The average distribution of murder, homicide, and physical injuries during the wet

season outnumbered the cases during the dry season, except for rape cases that were

higher during the dry season. Likewise, robbery, theft, carnapping, and cattle rustling

were higher during the wet season than the dry season. The average distribution

differences of crimes committed between the wet and the dry seasons tested at a 0.05

level of significance were not significant. The relationship between crimes against

persons and the weather conditions was not significant. The relationship between

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crimes against properties and the weather conditions was also not significant.

Moreover, crimes against persons and properties in the city do not depend on weather

conditions. Murder, homicide, physical injuries, rape, robbery, theft, carnapping, cattle

rustling, and the like could happen in the city regardless of whether it is wet or dry

weather conditions, and there is a need to implement the crime prevention programs

designed by the researcher (Mangubat et al., 2022).

Based on The Borgen Project, with conditions so troublesome, people often

resort to crime and thievery to survive. Research found that one of the overwhelming

reasons to steal is due to difficulties caused by poverty. Without proper employment,

people turn to stealing, especially since family sizes are rather large, and there are a lot

of people to provide for. There are too many people and not enough resources. And

with such conditions, people become desperate and practice drastic measures to

provide for themselves and their families.

Even with later statistics found in 2015, 21.6 percent of the population lived

below the poverty line. Conditions do not seem to be improving, but there is always the

hope for new development. As a result, it is important to understand the effects of

poverty in the Philippines because it is a country in need of assistance (Robison, 2018).

Based on Southeast Asian Studies, using panel data gathered from 16 regions

of the Philippines for the period 2009-11, this paper investigates the relationship

between tourism and crime. The findings of the study show that the relation between

tourism and crime may largely depend on the characteristics of visitors and the types of

crime. For all types of crime and their aggregate, no significant correlation between the

crime rate (defined as the number of crime cases divided by population) and total tourist

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arrivals is found. However, a statistically significant positive relation is found between

foreign tourism and robbery and theft cases as well as between overseas Filipino

tourism and robbery. On the other hand, domestic tourism is not significantly correlated

with any of the four types of crimes. These results, together with a strong evidence of

the negative relationship between crime and the crime clearance efficiency, present

much opportunity for policy intervention in order to minimize the crime externality of the

country's tourism-led development strategy (Garces & Tan, 2015).

Foreign

Based on data from eight Polish cities, we tested if closed-circuit television

(CCTV) monitoring systems are effective in crime reduction and if the CCTV monitoring

effects are durable. In a quasi-experimental method, we applied police data about four

types of crime incidents in 2005–2014 as well as camera location. A preventive effect

appeared in 10 of 17 of analysed paired treatment/comparison areas. The overall mean

effect appears modest. In two of four cases, the preventive effects were durable. The

analysis proves that CCTV cameras in the Polish cities had a crime reduction effect and

the effect is sensitive for the category of crime. The influence of CCTV on the fall in

crime in Poland is unlikely (Matczak et al., 2023).

The widespread use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems has

necessitated the implementation of policies and other regulations to limit their potential

for abuse and privacy and civil rights violations. However, little information exists on

whether such regulations influence CCTV use and outcomes. Therefore, this study

investigated whether CCTV policies moderated the relationship between CCTV use and

police operations outcomes in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was informed by

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Rational Choice Theory and Routine Activity Theory. It used both a cross-sectional

design and a phenomenological design. The study participants comprised police officers

attached to the CCTV command center and police stations in Nairobi County. They

were sampled using cluster and purposive sampling. A questionnaire, a key informant

interview guide, and a focus group guide were used to collect data. The findings

revealed that CCTV policies greatly influenced CCTV use. They did, however, have a

statistically insignificant moderated effect on the relationship between CCTV use and

police operations outcomes (b=. 001, 95% CI [-. 410,. 408], p=. 996). The study

concluded that CCTV policies influence CCTV use but do not moderate the relationship

between CCTV use and police operations outcomes. It recommended that CCTV

policies be published and regularly reviewed, and that police officers be sensitized

about them (Muiya, 2023).

The components of the wrongdoing of burglary with brutality are referenced in

Article 365 of the Lawbreaker Code which should be met, for example in paragraph (1)

"followed by violence to facilitate theft", paragraph (2) 1st "the theft was carried out at

night", paragraph (2) 2nd "the theft is committed by two or more people together",

paragraph (2) 3rd "by breaking or climbing, using fake keys, fake orders, or fake

positions", paragraph ( 2) 4th "theft which caused another person to be seriously

injured", paragraph (3) "caused death", paragraph (4) "caused another person to be

seriously injured or died which was committed by two or more people together".

Application of Law and Criminal Accountability Against Violent Theft Offenders in the

Central Java Region. As made sense of in the clarification of the Lawbreaker Code

(KUHPidana) in regards to the wrongdoing of robbery, it is recognized by different

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capabilities, incorporating as specified in Article 365 of the Crook Code, in particular

burglary forcibly. Burglary with viciousness is a wrongdoing against property. The

savagery committed in the robbery has the motivation behind getting ready or working

with burglary or on the other hand assuming got there is a chance for the culprit to

escape so the taken thing stays in the possession of the culprit. In law and criminal

responsibility to perpetrators of theft with violence in the Central Java region. When

analyzed by the formulation of offenses contained in the Criminal Code, the above

crimes are included in Article 365 of the Criminal Code. It is because there is no definite

understanding in the Criminal Code or other laws regarding what robbery, theft and

mugging are, but these three forms of crime fulfill the formulation in Article 365 of the

Criminal Code, namely theft by force (Patrama, 2023).

There has been limited empirical attention to the date on the effectiveness of

mechanical surveillance and natural surveillance, both individually and in combination,

on burglaries at residential properties, particularly in non-Western contexts. Moreover,

few studies examine natural and/or mechanical surveillance as multi-dimensional

concepts in residential settings. Hence, the present study sought to measure natural

surveillance provided by physical elements of the houses—including windows view,

entrance visibility, courtyard visibility, and landscape visibility—and mechanical

surveillance devices such as CCTV camera and house lighting, in burglarized and non-

burglarized houses. 456 detached houses from a medium-high socio-economic housing

estate located in residential burglary hotspots in Penang Island, Malaysia, were

surveyed and observed. PLS-SEM analysis using Warp-PLS software was used to

analyse the collected data. The findings showed that the architectural and landscape

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elements of the houses have a greater impact on reducing residential burglary than

CCTV systems. However, lighting installations as a form of mechanical surveillance had

a very high impact in reducing burglaries. The study concludes that natural surveillance

is generally more effective in reducing burglaries than mechanical surveillance when

examined as independent, multi-dimensional concepts. In the future built environment

professionals can use the validated model in this study to estimate the impact of their

design on house break-ins in similar contexts. Moreover, these findings suggest

national policy changes are required to strengthen and expand the use of natural

surveillance among residential planners and developers ( Abdullah et al.,2023).

The survey shows that by preventing theft, dishonest losses, and missing

objects, libraries deemed CCTV to be helpful for security. It also aided in reducing

vandalism and mutilation, obtaining rare materials using cutting-edge camera

technology and night vision capture, and enhancing both staff and patron service

effectiveness. In order to evaluate how each university/institution designed,

implemented, and integrated CCTV policies relating to protecting video data, protecting

privacy, and preventing the possibility of unethical use of surveillance cameras, the

quantitative study polled security professionals. A written CCTV policy was present at

more than 50% of the participating universities and institutions, according to an

examination of survey results. Additionally, according to library professionals, a CCTV

system is the future of libraries, thus the price should be reduced to increase return on

investment through widespread use of this technology in poor nations like India (Gupta

and Margam, 2021).

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 According to Circo & McGarrell found that property crimes and disturbance

offences fell more rapidly in locations with CCTV cameras than in matched controls over

time. Property crimes involve the theft or destruction of a victim’s property without the

use or threat of force against the victim. Meanwhile, disturbing the peace, alternatively

referred to as a breach of the peace, is a criminal offence that happens when a person

participates in disorderly public behaviour. This involves boisterous partying, public

intoxication, and shouting obscenities.

Additionally, it was discovered that integrated CCTV programs could boost the

reporting of previously unreported minor offences. In a study conducted by Armitage

(2002), CCTV appears to have no effect on violent crimes but has a noticeable

influence on vehicle crimes and is most successful when used in parking lots.

Additionally, it was stated that CCTV could be highly effective when used with other

crime-fighting tactics and customised to the local environment (Circo & McGarell, 2021).

Another article entitled Rural Crime Prevention, crime is often considered to be

absent in idyllic and idealized rural communities. Rural communities, too, are often

perceived as having static and close-knit community bonds that facilitate social control

and explain the perceived absence of crime. They are, in essence, place-based

communities. Even when invoked symbolically, they are still tied to the geographical

particularities of the ‘the rural’. This chapter argues that the image of rural spaces as

home to tight-knit, closely bound communities perhaps explain the comparative lack of

research regarding social media use in rural communities. If rural communities are

‘traditional’ communities that prioritize face-to-face communication, it is easy to see how

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social media might be easily dismissed as irrelevant to their social fabric. However, rural

communities have always existed in networks with other places. This chapter discusses

the existing literature on social media in rural communities and on crime prevention in

rural communities and argues that engagement on and through social media may have

positive results for crime prevention (Naomi, 2020).

This study aims to identify and describe law enforcement against minor theft

crimes based on Perma No. 2 of 2012. This study uses a normative juridical approach,

which is descriptive and analytical in nature. The data used is secondary data obtained

through library research, which is then analyzed qualitatively. The result of this research

is that law enforcement against minor theft crimes based on Perma No.2 of 2012 is

carried out by judges by imposing fines from the general minimum limit to the specific

maximum that has been adjusted, depending on the judge's discretion to consider the

ability of the defendant and the economic conditions of the local community. There is an

adjustment in the amount of the fine, then the problem of the value of the criminal

penalty which is felt to be too low will be resolved, and the punishable fines that are

threatened will be more in accordance with the development of the community.

Imposing a fine for the perpetrator of minor theft will be more beneficial, both for the

perpetrator, the community and the state itself, while for the victim, they will also receive

justice (Faisol, 2020).

Based on KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, as Koreans’ interest in safety and

security increases and the desire to live a life without fear of crime grows, the building of

safe cities has become a national priority. To effectively prevent urban crime, it is

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necessary to comprehensively consider the daily living patterns of urban residents and

the geographic characteristics of each area. However, Korea’s crime prevention policies

have often been determined based on the preferences of policy makers and the

demands of residents, without consideration of accurate data. In addition, most

preceding research on crime has focused on the distribution of crime based on

administrative neighborhoods. There have been few studies that linked analysis on

population flow patterns using mobile big data and safety vulnerable zones. Therefore,

this study intends to investigate the problems with the location of Closed Circuit

Television (CCTV) cameras, a representative defense mechanism in the CPTED (Crime

Prevention Through Environmental Design) strategy, and suggests improvement

measures based on the findings of analyses on the relationship between mobile big

data-based population flow patterns and safety vulnerable zones. It also aims to

suggest directions for building successful smart safe cities in the future based on the

study results (Lee et al., 2019).

This study addresses the conditional nature of the effectiveness of open-street

CCTV (closed circuit television) by examining the differences in the effects (1) between

daytime and nighttime crime, (2) between weekday and weekend crime, (3) across

specific-crime offenses, and (4) depending on CCTV site characteristics, including

location type (e.g. downtown, business district, school/university, or residential area)

and the site’s base rate of crime. This study used HLM (hierarchical linear modeling)

with 84 repeated measures across 34 camera locations in Cincinnati, Ohio, while also

accounting for overlapping camera areas. Overall, the findings provided minimal

evidence of the effectiveness of CCTV in reducing crime, though some types of crime

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were reduced in residential areas especially, and effectiveness was clearly

interdependent with an area’s base rate of crime. Finally, WDQ analyses showed that

diffusion of benefits occurred much more often than displacement in cases where there

was a crime reduction, post-CCTV (Hyungjin & Wilcox, 2017).

This research examines the crime prevention effects of open-street closed circuit

televisions (CCTVs), installed in the city of Chuncheon, South Korea on serious crimes

and disorder crimes. After controlling for the length of the month, season and temporal

trend, we applied a mixed linear model for repeated measurements. We also used a

Weighted Displacement Quotient (WDQ) to analyze the crime-reduction effects of each

open-street CCTV location. The results of a mixed linear model showed that, on

average, open-street CCTV did not show a statistically significant effect on the reduction

of serious crimes or disorder crimes. However, the analysis of a WDQ showed that the

crime-reduction effect of open-street CCTV location depends on the characteristics of

the locations. The results also showed that the effects of a diffusion of benefits were

higher in serious crimes than in disorder crimes. Results are similar to findings in

European and North-American context ( Hyungjin et al., 2016).

Research Literature

This method includes related studies that are relevant to the researcher's study.

There are good sources, methods, conclusion and recommendation for ideas,

completed studies that help generalize the information needed for research.

Local Literature

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 In support of a proposed bill in the Philippines, the Recoverable System Loss

Act, which aims to reduce the system losses cap thus making electricity cheaper, the

objective of this project is to help the distribution utility and the consumer in decreasing

the incidences of power theft. An electric meter which features theft detection and

notification, and an internet-based energy consumption monitoring system were

designed to alleviate the problem.

Crimes are ordinary social problem touching the quality of life and the economic

development of a society. It is considered as a necessary factor to determine whether

people move to a new city and what places should be avoided when they travel. With

these crimes, law enforcement agencies are enduring to insist to acquire advanced

geographic information systems and innovative data mining approaches to enhance

crime analytics and improved protecting their communities. One of the significant

causes of insecurity and fear is crime and violence, particularly in urban areas. Most of

the place committed high percent of crime are happening in Cities, Townhall, and in a

popular locality that causes different people offense in our law. A main effect of the

rising poverty and inequality found in urban areas has been the rising level of crime,

especially violent crime. In the Philippines, many factors that contribute to higher the

crime rate in the Philippines urban centers, these are Rapid Urbanization,

Industrialization, and migration to the cities.

These factors are the effect of unplanned urbanization inequalities in resources.

So that there are numbers of crimes directly associated to urbanization that pose

serious concern for the government and civil society, leading of these are street crimes,

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illegal drug trafficking, robbery and theft, aggressive crimes against women and

children, and terrorism (Asor & Sapin, 2020).

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems increase the risk of apprehension for

those who partake in crime. CCTV systems may have active monitoring such that an

individual watches the CCTV images and contacts security or the police if a violation is

in progress; passive monitoring systems do not have an individual to call security or the

police, but store evidence (the image and video fi les) for subsequent apprehension and

prosecution purposes (Maroma & Pangilinan, 2019).

Crime is one of the many forms of socio-cultural problems in the world. It is a

significant concern not only in urban areas but also in rural areas throughout the

Philippines. Crime occurs when someone breaks the law by an overt act, omission or

neglect that can result in punishment. A person who has violated a law, or has breached

a rule, is said to have committed a criminal offense. Typical crime includes pick

pocketing, acquaintance scams in some cases, credit card fraud, carjacking,

kidnappings, robberies, and violent assaults. Theft, physical assault, and robbery were

the most common crimes reported to local authorities in 2016, according to the

Philippine National Police Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management.

Based on the Philippines in Figures 2017, there are 139, 459 reported index

crimes and 445, 274 non-index crimes in 2016. Looking at the data from 2014 to 2016,

there was a decrease in these numbers. However, these are still alarming numbers as it

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places almost 566 crimes to occur per 100,000 population in the country.The province

of Nueva Vizcaya is not exempted in experiencing crimes. Its capital, the municipality of

Bayombong, a first-class municipality consisting of 25 barangays have recorded crime

incidents. Crime this decade is becoming abundant, specific locations differ in crime

rates while police have spent decades trying to perfect techniques for distributing

resources efficiently to cope with these crime hotspots (Taclay, 2018).

Crimes involving theft, physical assault, and robbery were the top three most

common crimes reported to local authorities in 2013. Typical criminal acts include:

pickpocketing, confidence schemes, acquaintance scams, and credit card fraud. It is

essential that the police should shift its mindset from its traditional policing function of

law enforcement to a more substantial role of being law enforcer and community leader.

The police should go beyond the scope of their traditional duties and become

increasingly conscious of the role they can play in the solution of the major problems of

society, with particular reference to those raised by the potential threat brought about by

the escalation of crime. The police should not merely be instruments of crime control or

suppression (Patalinhug, 2017).

Foreign Literature

The closed-circuit television system is the set of hardware and software

combined to record the videos, transmit the recorded signals to the video management

system and monitor the footage with the intention of providing protection and

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surveillance. CCTV is now known to be an important part of every person's life, whether

at home, office or the roads connecting them. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the

present scenario of how CCTV works and suggest effective changes that can be

implemented for more successful and impactful outcomes from it. The targeted

experimented group included the individuals employed for CCTV monitoring and

handling, in one of the cities of Gujarat. The survey using a questionnaire was

conducted, which gave an explicit result about the effectiveness of CCTV towards the

prevention, detection and investigation of crimes along with the current scenario about

the awareness of CCTV and its use among individuals marked as subjects in the

current study. The study was funded by the National Forensic Sciences University in

collaboration with the Bureau of Research and Development in order to gauge and

assess the value of CCTV architecture in the security of the smart city ( Mathur & Sood,

2023).

The ambient population has been regarded as an important indicator for

analyzing or predicting thefts. However, the literature has taken it as a homogenous

group and seldom explored the varied impacts of different kinds of ambient populations

on thefts. To fill this gap, supported by mobile phone trajectory data, this research

investigated the relationship between ambient populations of different social groups and

theft in a major city in China. With the control variables of motivated offenders and

guardianship, spatial-lag negative binominal models were built to explore the effects of

the ambient populations of different social groups on the distribution of theft. The results

found that the influences of ambient populations of different social groups on the spatial

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distribution of theft are different. Accounting for the difference in the “risk–benefit”

characteristics among different activity groups to the offenders, individuals from the

migrant population are the most likely to be potential victims, followed by suburban and

middle-income groups, while college, affluent, and affordable housing populations are

the least likely. The local elderly population had no significant impact. This research has

further enriched the studies of time geography and deepened routine activity theory. It

suggests that the focus of crime prevention and control strategies developed by police

departments should shift from the residential space to the activity space ( Song et al.,

2022).

This study analyzed the reduction in five major crimes (murder, robbery, theft,

violence, and sexual violence) owing to the effects of crime prevention CCTVs. The

data used for the analysis were statistics of crime prevention CCTV data and five major

crimes reported in local governments for 5 years (2015–2019). The effect was verified

by correlation analysis and variance analysis method.According to the analysis results,

first, the reduction effect differed for each type of crime. This was high in the order of

violence < robbery < five major crimes < theft. However, the result of sexual violence

was not significant (Shin et al., 2022).

One of the most pressing queries asked by CCTV's "internationalization" is

whether it has a good impact on crime rates in the many public and private settings

where it can be used (Thomas et al., 2021). City and town centers,public housing,

populated areas, public transportation, parking lots, hospitals, and retail outlets are

some of these areas (Thomas et al., 2021).

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 Urbanization has been speeding up social and economic transformations in

urban communities, the smallest social units in a city. However, urbanization brings

challenges to urban management and security. Therefore, a system of risk prediction of

crimes may be essential to crime prevention and control in urban communities and its

system improvement. To tackle crime-related problems in urban communities, this

paper proposes a model of daily crime prediction by combining Long Short-Term

Memory Network (LSTM) and Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Network (ST-

GCN) to automatically and effectively detect the high-risk areas in a city. Topological

maps of urban communities carry the dataset in the model, which mainly includes two

modules — spatial-temporal features extraction module and temporal feature extraction

module — to extract the factors of theft crimes collectively. We have performed the

experimental evaluation of the existing crime data from Chicago, America. The results

show that the integrated model demonstrates positive performance in predicting the

number of crimes within the sliding time range ( Han et al., 2020).

The impact of CCTV cameras on crime varies depending on a variety of

circumstances, including the geographical setting, the type of crime, the camera

monitoring technique, who is doing the monitoring, the usage of other interventions, and

even the nation of origin (Piza et al., 2019).

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 Many ecological factors have been associated with crime. Those factors can be

social, economic, or physical. From the perspective of social disorganization theory,

some studies have examined associations of social and economic neighborhood status

with crime. Neighborhood socioeconomic status, family disruption, racial or ethnic

heterogeneity and residential instability were well-established social and economic

environmental predictors of crime ( Jang, 2018).

Progressively, the use of public space CCTV cameras has become a “normal

feature of public life” with the daily blanket surveillance of the movement of persons in

public spaces (Duncan, 2018). In South Africa, where the police daily fight a deadly war

against crime, surveillance technology is increasingly being used by local municipalities

to augment an understaffed and under-resourced police force. Increasingly, these

cameras are being loaded with „smart‟ capabilities, such as Automatic Number Plate

Recognition (ANPR) and facial recognition software. The addition of video analysis tools

to CCTV surveillance systems has provided additional and refined analysis of collected

video footage (Alexandrie & Duncan, 2018).

Over the past two decades, there has been a growing consensus among

researchers that hot spots policing is an effective strategy to prevent crime. Although

strong evidence exists that hot spots policing will reduce crime at hot spots without

immediate spatial displacement, we know little about its possible jurisdictional or large-

area impacts. We cannot isolate such effects in previous experiments because they

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(appropriately) compare treatment and control hot spots within large urban

communities, thus, confounding estimates of area-wide impacts. An agent-based model

is used to estimate area-wide impacts of hot spots policing on street robbery. We test

two implementations of hot spots policing (representing different levels of resource

allocation) in a simulated borough of a city, and we compare them with two control

conditions, one model with constant random patrol and another with no police officers.

Our models estimate the short- and long-term impacts on large-area robbery levels of

these different schemes of policing resources. These experiments reveal statistically

significant effects for hot spots policing beyond both a random patrol model and a

landscape without police. These simulations suggest that wider application of hot spots

policing can have significant impacts on overall levels of crime in urban areas (Weisburd

et al., 2017).

Research on the effectiveness of surveillance cameras in reducing crime suffers

from potential threats to causal validity. This paper reviews seven studies that address

some of these problems using the rigorous research designs of randomized and natural

experiments. Included studies that reported changes in total crime found crime

reductions ranging from 24 to 28% in public streets and urban subway stations, but no

desirable effects in parking facilities or suburban subway stations. Moreover,

surveillance cameras may help reduce unruly behaviour in football stadiums and theft in

supermarkets/mass merchant stores. These findings indicate that video surveillance

can reduce crime in several settings ( Alexandrie, 2017).

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 We examined the effects of CCTV upon fear of crime through a multi-level

analysis, using the Seoul Survey. We examined factors such as the number of CCTV

cameras, crime rates, and disorder according to community and resident demographics.

The results showed that the number of CCTV cameras was negatively associated with

the fear of crime, but no significant effect was observed on the perceived risk of crime.

In addition, the effects of CCTV differed by gender. The number of CCTV cameras was

found to affect men's fear of crime but not women's fear of crime. Crime rates and

disorder as regional-level factors were found to increase both fear of crime and the

perceived risk of crime. The current findings emphasize the importance of scientific and

systematic of CCTV cameras, active responses from police and related organizations to

reduce crime and disorder, and the establishment of additional security measures for

females ( Cho & Park 2017).

This study measures the effect of CCTV in Newark, NJ across three separate

crime categories: auto theft, theft from auto, and violent crime. CCTV viewsheds,

denoting camera line-of-sight, were units of analysis. Viewsheds for treatment units

were created by digitizing live CCTV footage within a geographic information system

(GIS). Control viewsheds were created with GIS tools and aerial imagery from Google

maps. Treatment cases were matched with control cases via propensity score matching

(PSM) to ensure statistical equivalency between groups. Effect was measured via odds

ratios and average treatment on the treated statistics. Findings offer modest support for

CCTV as a deterrent against auto theft while demonstrating no effect on the other crime

types. These results suggest that CCTV appears to be a viable option for jurisdictions

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wishing to target auto theft. Agencies suffering from other street-level crime problems

may not benefit from CCTV and may need to deploy CCTV alongside other evidence-

based strategies, rather than as a stand-alone tactic, in order to achieve crime control

benefits (Piza, 2016).

Synthesis of Review of Related Literature

There is a ton of relevant literature, research news, and articles from both

domestic and foreign sources. The collected material advances the discussion of

determining how well CCTV reduces theft crimes.

Chapter 3
Research Methodology

This chapter explains the method to be adopted by this research. This chapter

discusses every component involved in conducting this research from population,

population frame and sampling techniques to be used for the survey questionnaire.

Finally, this chapter provides a detailed explanation of the selected mode of analysis

used and data collection method.

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Research Design

The design of this study will be quantitative specifically descriptive research base

of analyzing the effectiveness of CCTV by means of determining the respondent’s

perception of CCTV and analyzing graphs and data provided by the Barangay for the

CCTV count and the Theft rate in its vicinity.

Perception based research aligned with the Likert scale will allow the researcher

to quantify the response based on perception or opinion by using a pointing allocation

system with corresponding values to each answers. This will pave the way for the

researcher to analyze the respondent’s perception by the use of numbers and statistical

treatment in determining Weighed Mean, Standard deviation and frequency of the

indicators provided that will become the basis for measuring Effectiveness.

Research Locale

Brgy. Tubigan is a barangay in the City of Biñan, in the province of Laguna. The

study was conducted at Brgy. Tubigan Biñan City, Laguna. This place was selected for

knowing the efficiency of the said study among the residents of Brgy. Tubigan. The

respondents answer the survey questionnaires by means of likert scale and the

researchers give the respondents the option of selecting a location where they feel at

ease, so that they can answer the questions confidently.

Population, Sample Size and Sampling Technique

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 The researchers selected Brgy. Tubigan as the research locale to conduct this

study. Brgy. Tubigan is one of the barangays in the City of Biñan Laguna. This

barangay manifested a usage of CCTV to help prevent and detect crime that will

reassure the public about community safety. There are 8,767 population in Brgy.

Tubigan and the research will have sample size is calculated using the Slovin’s

formula. This study will use a simple random technique.

Slovin’s Formula:

Is used to calculate the sample size “n” given the population size “N” and a

margin of error “e” it also constantly have a confidence coefficient of 95% with a

margine of erro +/-5% or 0.05.

Description of the Respondents

The research uses a simple random technique to establish a sample population.

The selected participants of this study are the Barangay Personnel and residents of

Brgy. Tubigan. They will be selected by the researchers to be their participants for this

study for the quantitative research as they will provide a significant and relevant

information that will greatly help to the success of this research. This study will cater 70

of the Brgy. Personnel and 285 of residents of Brgy. Tubigan.

Research Instrument

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 The researchers will use Likert scale by means of a survey questionnaire to

obtain data directly from the sample population as respondents. Self-modified

questionnaires will be developed so that respondents will be able to answer the

questions easily. Furthermore, it will be easy for the researchers to consolidate the

answers from the structured questionnaire.

Likert Scale is used as an assessment for effectiveness of CCTV to easily

operate the personality or situation of the respondents. In this way, the instrument is

allowed to obtain 4 valid responses of sample population. There are only one (1)

possible answer in the 4 given responses. The given scale was used to interpret the

result of the data gathered: 3.25 – 4.00=Highly Effective; 2.50 – 3.24= Effective; 1.75 –

2.49= Less Effective; 1.00 – 1.74= Not Effective

Table 2: Likert Scale for Effectiveness of CCTV

Numerical Rating Scale Verbal Interpretation

Value
4 3.25 – 4.00 Highly Effective
3 2.50 – 3.24 Effective
2 1.75 – 2.49 Less Effective
1 1.00 – 1.74 Not Effective

Data Gathering Procedures

First, the data gathering procedure takes place by the approval of the research

instruments to the research instructor followed by its validation. After the approval, the

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group researchers will look for the research respondents that are suitable and can

answer the research questions through self-administered questionnaires. The target

respondents will be identified by comprehensive investigation by the researchers in

Brgy. Tubigan. The respondents should be voluntarily and undergo first by getting their

permission and agree with the informed- consent. Once the respondents confirm their

voluntarily cooperation, they will sign the informed- consent and will be asked by the

research guide questions. The data of the respondents will be gathered, examined and

will undergo a process of interpretation using statistical treatment once all the necessary

data have been collected. To accumulate primary data, the respondents need to answer

the questionnaire which is given by the researchers. The researchers used

questionnaires as main instrument for this study. Before the researchers collect the

data, the researchers will have to get the permission of the potential respondents,

respecting their decisions should they decline to participate in the study.

Reliability and Validity

To assess the reliability and validity of this study, the researchers will give the

most reliable questionnaires to the respondents. The researchers will make sure that

the questionnaires are simple and easy to understand and easy to answer. The

researchers will consult grammar teachers and research teachers in the preparation of

the questionnaire and they will ask for assistance of a statistician to validate

consolidated data and conclusions.

Statistical Treatment

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 The data to be gathered will subject to the following statistical treatments:

T-Test

T-Test is a form of statistical treatment mainly by comparing 2 groups. The researcher

will use to compare group 1, which will be made by composting an average value by

connection of Crime rate of Theft over the number of CCTV installed for a particular

year to compare with Group 2 which will are sets of data base on the latest Year. A P-

value (Probability Value) of 0.05 is the probability that the null hypothesis is true. 1

minus the P value is the probability that the alternative hypothesis is true. A statistically

significant test result (P ≤ 0.05) means that the test hypothesis is false or should be

rejected

Weighted Mean

This statistical method will be used to describe the respondent’s perceptions on the

effectiveness of CCTV to deter crime of theft at Brgy. Tubigan. The researcher used this

to consider some data values to be more specific to other data values.

Weighted Mean

Numerical Value Rating Scale Verbal

Interpretation

4 3.25 – 4.00 Highly Effective

3 2.50 – 3.24 Effective

2 1.75 – 2.49 Less Effective

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 1 1.00 – 1.74 Not Effective

Frequency and Percentage

A frequency and percentage distribution are a display of data that specifies the

percentage of observations that exist for each data point or grouping of data. The

researchers will use statistical treatment of data to make use of the data in the right

form. For the researchers to determine the level of effectiveness of CCTV to prevent

theft crime at barangay tubigan.

Formula: % = F/N ×100

Where: % = percentage

F = frequency

N = number of cases

100 is a constant value

Ethical Consideration

The information gathered from the respondents will be kept private and confidential

especially if it contains sensitive responses or information of the participants to prevent

the use of misinformation. The researchers will also ensure that all data will be

requested to be approved by the authority. And this study will only be conducted with

approved permission letters that will allow the researchers to gather data and

information. The researchers will value all available data as far as possible and be

responsible if any misinformation is spread. The retrieval or collection of information will

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be performed promptly but safely, with respect, and professionally. The choice of

respondents will be impartial, and this will be done honestly. The researchers ensure

that the data obtained from the respondents will be used only in this research and study.

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