THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON PROJECT OUTCOME IN CONSTRUCTION

INDUSTRIES. A CASE STUDY OF NATIONAL HOUSING CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

BY

A PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF BUSSINESS AND MANAGEMENT IN

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A
………………….. IN MANAGEMENT STUDIES (PROJECT PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT) OF UGANDA MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE

MAY, 2024

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Abbreviations

NHCC- National Housing and Construction Company

BIM- Building Information Modeling

ASCE- American Society of Civil Engineers

UAVs -unmanned aerial vehicles

VR- Virtual Reality

AR -Augmented Reality

IFR- International Federation of Robotics

SPSS- Statistical Package for Social Science

CVI -Content Validity Index

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 APPROVAL
This thesis entitled” Institutional factors contributing to poor project implementation in non-
governmental organizations” prepared and submitted by …………….. in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the ………………. Project Planning and Management has been examined
and approved by the panel on oral examination.

Supervisor’s Name:…………………………………

Date:………………………………………….

Signature:…………………………………………

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 DEDICATION
This dissertation is dedicated to my father ……………………………

Brother……………………. and all my sisters

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to put on record the help of all those that devoted their time to make this work take
shape.

I acknowledge the moral and financial support from my father ……., my family, brothers and
sisters and all my friends are equally thanked.

I am extremely grateful to Prof……………………and ……….. for their valuable comments and

guidance.

Also thanked is Dr…….., and all those who helped me finish this work more especially my
husband

I would like to thank my respondents who helped me to collect data for this research

Lastly I thank my colleagues most especially ………………………………….

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION..........................................................................................................................................i

APPROVAL................................................................................................................................................ii

DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................................iv

List of Tables..............................................................................................................................................vi

List of Figure.............................................................................................................................................vii

CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................1

1.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................1

1.1. Background to the study.......................................................................................................................1

1.1.1 Historical background.........................................................................................................................1

1.1.2 Theoretical background......................................................................................................................2

1.1.3 Conceptual background......................................................................................................................2

1.1.4 Contextual Background......................................................................................................................3

1.2. Statement of the problem......................................................................................................................4

1.3 Objectives of the study..........................................................................................................................5

1.3.1 General objective or purpose of the study...........................................................................................5

1.3.2 Specific Objectives.............................................................................................................................5

1.4 Research Questions...............................................................................................................................5

1.5 Research Hypotheses.............................................................................................................................5

1.6 Justification...........................................................................................................................................6

1.7 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................................................6

1.8 Scope of the Study.................................................................................................................................7

1.8.1 Geographical scope.............................................................................................................................7

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1.8.2 Time scope.........................................................................................................................................7

1.8.3 Conceptual scope................................................................................................................................7

CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................8

LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................................8

2.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................8

2.1 Theoretical review.................................................................................................................................8

2.2 To assess the usage and adoption of project management tools and software in the construction
industry........................................................................................................................................................9

2.3. To determine the impact of project management tools and software on project outcomes including
cost, schedule, and quality in the construction industry...............................................................................9

2.3.1 Definition of key terms.....................................................................................................................10

2.3.1.1 Cost...............................................................................................................................................10

2.3.1.2 Schedule........................................................................................................................................10

2.3.1.3 Quality...........................................................................................................................................11

2.4 To identify the key challenges and benefits of using project management tools and software in the
construction industry.................................................................................................................................11

2.5 Summary of the literature review........................................................................................................11

CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................13

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................13

3.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................13

3.2 Research Design..................................................................................................................................13

3.3 Study Population.................................................................................................................................13

3.3.1 Target population..............................................................................................................................13

3.4 Sample size determination...................................................................................................................14

3.5 Sampling techniques and procedure 3.4 Sampling techniques.............................................................14

3.4.1 Simple Random Sampling................................................................................................................14

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3.4.2 Purposive Sampling..........................................................................................................................15

3.5 Data collection methods and tools.......................................................................................................15

3.5.1 Data collection methods...................................................................................................................15

3.5.1.1 Survey Questionnaire method........................................................................................................15

3.5.1.2 Interview method...........................................................................................................................15

3.5.2 Data collection tools.........................................................................................................................16

3.5.2.1 Questionnaire.................................................................................................................................16

3.5.2.2 Interview........................................................................................................................................16

3.6 Research Procedure.............................................................................................................................16

3.7 Data Quality control............................................................................................................................17

3.7.1 Processing.........................................................................................................................................17

3.7.2 Data Analysis and presentation.........................................................................................................17

3.7.2.1 Quantitative Data...........................................................................................................................17

3.7.2.2 Qualitative Data.............................................................................................................................17

3.8 Validity and reliability of instruments.................................................................................................18

3.8.1 Validity of Research Instruments......................................................................................................18

3.8.2 Reliability of Research Instruments..................................................................................................18

3.11 Ethical Clearance...............................................................................................................................18

3.12 Summary...........................................................................................................................................19

References.................................................................................................................................................20

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 List of Tables
Table 3. 1 Proportionate Number of Respondents (Units of Analysis)
…………………………...33

viii
 List of Figure
Figure 1: Conceptual framework showing the relationship between delegation and job
satisfaction……………………………………………………………………………………….14

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
This chapter will cover the background to the study, the statement of the problem, the purpose or
general objectives, the objectives of the study, the research questions, the hypotheses, the scope
of the study, the significance, justification and operational definition of terms and concepts.

1.1 Introduction to the study

The construction industry is constantly evolving, with new technologies playing a significant
role in shaping project outcomes. In recent years, the adoption of technology in construction has
become increasingly important for improving efficiency, productivity, and overall project
success. This study aims to explore the impact of technology on project outcomes in the
construction industry, with a specific focus on the National Housing Construction Company.
According to Zavadskas, E.K., Turskis, Z., & Vilutiene, T. (2010).

The use of technology in the construction industry has seen significant advancements in recent
years. From Building Information Modeling (BIM) to drones and robotics, new technologies are
being used to streamline processes, improve accuracy, and enhance collaboration among project
stakeholders. Despite these advancements, there is a need to understand the specific impact of
technology on project outcomes in the context of the National Housing Construction Company.
According Reinhart, William and Harrison, Mitchell (2013).

While previous research has examined the general impact of technology on construction projects,
there is a lack of specific studies focusing on the National Housing Construction Company. This
study aims to fill this gap by exploring how technology is utilized within the company and the
resulting impact on project outcomes. By doing so, we hope to provide valuable insights that can
inform future decision-making and strategy within the organization. According Rasappan, K.,
Ahmad, R., & Yaacob, H. (2017).

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1.2. Background to the study
1.2.1 Historical background
Historically, the construction industry has always been a labor-intensive and time-consuming
sector, with projects often facing delays, cost overruns, and quality issues. However, with the
advancement of technology, particularly in the last few decades, there has been a significant shift
in the way construction projects are planned, managed, and executed. According to Akintoye, A.
S., and MacLeod, M. J (2020).

The introduction of technologies such as building information modeling (BIM), drones, robotics,
and virtual reality has revolutionized the construction industry by streamlining processes,
improving communication, enhancing collaboration, and increasing productivity. These
technologies have the potential to improve project outcomes by reducing errors, minimizing
waste, accelerating project schedules, and enhancing the overall quality of construction projects.
According to Succar, Bilal (2009)

The use of technology adoption in the construction industry can provide an understanding of the
challenges and opportunities that construction companies, like the National Housing
Construction Company, have faced in integrating technology into their projects. It can shed light
on the factors that have influenced the adoption of technology, such as regulatory requirements,
industry standards, market demands, and organizational culture.

1.2.2 Theoretical background

Technology has the potential to revolutionize the way construction projects are planned,
managed, and executed, ultimately leading to improved project outcomes such as cost savings,
increased efficiency, and higher quality results. The theoretical framework that underpins this
research is based on the concept of digital transformation in construction, which involves the
integration of technology into all aspects of the construction process to improve productivity and
performance (Kolios et al., 2020).

According to the theoretical framework, the adoption of technology in construction projects can
lead to several benefits. One of the key benefits is the use of Building Information Modeling
(BIM) software, which allows for the creation of detailed 3D models of construction projects to
improve coordination and communication among project stakeholders (Hulse et al., 2018). BIM

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can also help to identify potential clashes or conflicts in the design phase, leading to fewer
rework and change orders during construction, ultimately improving project outcomes.

The use of project management software to streamline project planning, scheduling, and
monitoring processes. Project management software can help project managers to track progress,
communicate with team members, and make informed decisions based on real-time data (Alaloul
et al., 2018). This can lead to more efficient project delivery, reduced delays, and improved
overall project outcomes.

Furthermore, the importance of advanced construction technologies such as drones, robotics, and
3D printing in improving construction project outcomes. These technologies can help to increase
the speed and accuracy of construction processes, reduce labor costs, and enhance safety on
construction sites (Teizer et al., 2019). By incorporating these advanced technologies into
construction projects, companies like the National Housing Construction Company can achieve
better project outcomes and gain a competitive edge in the market.

1.2.3 Conceptual background

Technology in the construction industry refers to the tools, methods, and systems used to plan,
design, construct, and manage projects. This can include software applications, building
information modeling (BIM), drones, virtual reality, and other innovative technologies that have
transformed the construction process in recent years.

Project outcome, on the other hand, refers to the results or objectives that are achieved during
and after the completion of a construction project. This can include factors such as cost, time,
quality, safety, and stakeholder satisfaction, all of which can be influenced by the use of
technology in the construction process.

The key concepts under the variable of the impact of technology on project outcomes in the
construction industry include the role of leadership and organizational culture in driving
technological innovation, the need for training and up skilling of employees to adapt to new
technologies, and the potential challenges and barriers that may arise when implementing new
technologies in construction projects.

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In Africa, there is pressure on organizations to achieve a minimum level of success and growth
in a very competitive market is high. In this regards, this research studies the direct relationship
between the usage of those appropriate project management techniques (practices) and the
success of projects taking into account the media houses. The study concludes that the project
managers and the organization should be aware of the project success criteria, determine the
appropriate technologies and techniques for it, and then have them imbedded into the project
documents/specifications and requirements, whether these documents were internal or external to
the organization.

In Uganda, the effective project management technologies are essential for the successful
execution of projects, as it helps in ensuring that projects are completed on time, within budget,
and according to specifications. The use of project management technologies on Project
Outcome in Construction Industries has become increasingly common in the management of
projects, as they offer various functionalities that aid in planning, tracking, and executing project
activities. According to Project Management Software Providers.

1.2.4 Contextual Background

The construction industry is known for its complexity and reliance on various elements for
successful completion of projects. One of the key factors that has transformed the industry in
recent years is the rapid advancement of technology. From Building Information Modeling
(BIM) to drones and augmented reality, technology has become an integral part of the
construction process, enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and safety. As a result, the impact of
technology on project outcomes in the construction industry has become a significant area of
interest for researchers and practitioners alike.

According to Al-Ghassani, Al-Harbi, and Al-Mujib (2018), it was found that the use of BIM
technology in construction projects led to improved coordination among project stakeholders,
reduced errors, and increased productivity. The National Housing Construction Company
(NHCC) has also recognized the potential benefits of technology in their projects and has begun
integrating various tools and software into their construction processes. This highlights the
importance of considering the specific context of the NHCC when examining the impact of
technology on project outcomes.

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Furthermore, technology has also been shown to have a direct impact on cost and time savings in
construction projects. According to Fernández-Sánchez et al. (2020), it was found that the use of
drones for project monitoring and progress tracking resulted in significant time savings and
improved decision-making processes. This is particularly relevant for the NHCC, as cost and
schedule overruns are common challenges in the construction industry. By understanding how
technology can mitigate these risks, the NHCC can better harness its potential for improved
project outcomes.

National Housing and Construction Company (NHCC) is a leading construction company in

Uganda, specializing in residential, commercial, and infrastructure projects. NHCC has adopted
project management technologies to streamline its project management processes. The company
uses technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), Drones, Virtual and
Augmented Reality and 3D printing to manage its projects.

1.3 Statement of the problem

The construction industry is one of the largest industries globally, contributing significantly to
economic growth and development. With the advancement of technology, many construction
companies have adopted new technologies to improve project outcomes and increase efficiency.
However, the impact of technology on project outcomes in construction industries, particularly in
the context of the National Housing Construction Company, remains unclear. According to a
study by McKinsey & Company, the construction industry lags behind other industries in terms
of technology adoption, with only 25% of construction companies considered advanced
technology users (McKinsey Global Institute, 2016). This raises concerns about the potential
impact of technology on project outcomes within the National Housing Construction Company
and the industry as a whole.

The use of technology in construction has the potential to improve project outcomes in various
ways, such as reducing project timelines, reducing costs, improving safety, and enhancing
quality. For example, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been shown to significantly
reduce project costs and improve project coordination by providing a digital representation of the
building process (Tezel et al., 2010). Additionally, the use of drones in construction projects can
improve safety and efficiency by providing real-time data on project progress and identifying

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potential hazards (Teizer et al., 2017). Despite the potential benefits of technology adoption,
there is limited research on how technology impacts project outcomes in construction industries,
particularly within the National Housing Construction Company.

1.4 Objective of the study

1.4.1 General objective of the study

The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of technology on project outcomes in
construction industries, with a focus on the National Housing Construction Company. This study
aims to explore the relationship between the uses of technology in construction projects “the
impact of technology and the resulting project outcomes project outcome” in construction
industries. According to American Society of Civil Engineers. (2015). By examining how
technology influences project success, this research seeks to provide insights that can help
improve efficiency and effectiveness in construction processes.
1.4.2 Specific Objectives
The following specific objectives shall guide the study;
i. To establish the relationship between technology and project outcome in the construction
industry
ii. To determine the impact of technology on project outcome on the construction industry.
iii. To identify the challenges faced when using technology in construction industry.
1.5 Research Questions

i. How does the integration of technology in the construction industry influence project
outcomes?
ii. What specific technologies have the most significant impact on project outcomes in the
construction industry?
iii. What are the main challenges that construction companies face when implementing
technology into their projects?

1.6 Hypothesis

i. H1: There is a positive correlation between the use of technology in construction projects
and the overall project outcome, as measured by factors such as cost efficiency, timeline
adherence, and quality of work.
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 ii. H2: The adoption of advanced technology in construction projects leads to a significant
improvement in project outcome, as evidenced by increased productivity, reduced
rework, and improved communication among project stakeholders.
iii. H3: The challenges faced in implementing technology in the construction industry, such
as issues related to cost, training, and compatibility with existing systems, have a
negative impact on project outcome, resulting in delays, cost overruns, and decreased
overall quality of work.

1.7 Justification of the study

Improved efficiency: The use of technology in construction projects can streamline processes,
improve communication, and enhance collaboration among project stakeholders. This can lead to
increased productivity, reduced waste, and faster project delivery.

Enhanced quality: Technology tools such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and virtual
reality can help construction companies to create more accurate designs, identify potential issues
early in the project lifecycle, and reduce errors and rework. This ultimately results in a higher
quality finished product.

Cost savings: Technology can help construction companies to reduce costs by optimizing
resource utilization, minimizing material waste, and improving project scheduling. This can lead
to improved project profitability and competitive advantage in the market.

Improved safety: Technology in construction can help to improve worksite safety by

monitoring hazardous conditions, providing training simulations, and enhancing project planning
to reduce the risk of accidents. This can lead to a safer working environment for construction
workers and lower liability costs for the company.

Stakeholder satisfaction: The use of technology in construction projects can lead to better
communication and collaboration with project stakeholders, including clients, subcontractors,
and regulatory bodies. This can improve overall satisfaction with the project outcome and lead to
repeat business and positive referrals for the construction company.

Adaptability to changing requirements: Technology tools such as project management

software and mobile applications can help construction companies to quickly adapt to changing
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project requirements, unforeseen challenges, and shifting market demands. This can improve the
company's ability to stay competitive and meet client expectations.

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1.8 Significance of the Study

Increased efficiency: Technology can streamline processes, reduce errors, and automate tasks,
ultimately leading to increased efficiency in project delivery. This can result in cost savings,
reduced project durations, and enhanced productivity.

Improved communication and collaboration: Technology tools, such as project management

software and collaboration platforms, can facilitate communication among team members,
stakeholders, and vendors. This can help ensure that everyone is on the same page, minimize
misunderstandings, and enhance project coordination.

Enhanced project planning and execution: Technology enables construction companies to use
digital tools for effective project planning, scheduling, and monitoring. This can help project
managers make better decisions, optimize resource allocation, and identify and mitigate potential
risks.

Quality control and project monitoring: Technology allows for real-time monitoring of
construction progress, quality control, and adherence to project specifications. This can help
identify issues early on, make adjustments as needed, and ultimately improve the quality of the
final project outcome.

Safety and risk management: Technology can help construction companies implement safety
protocols, monitor compliance with safety regulations, and identify potential risks on the job site.
This can help reduce accidents, minimize project delays, and ensure a safe working environment
for employees.

Competitive advantage: Embracing technology in construction projects can help companies

stay ahead of the competition by demonstrating innovation, efficiency, and commitment to
delivering high-quality projects. This can lead to increased customer satisfaction, repeat
business, and a strong reputation in the industry.

1.9 Scope of the Study.

The study's scope consists of geographical, time and Conceptual scope.

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1.9.1 Geographical scope

The study will focus on the National Housing and Construction Company.

1.9.2 Time scope.

The time frame for this study will run from 2023 to 2025, will provide ample opportunity for
carrying out fieldwork, fostering community engagement, gathering data, and analyzing the
information.

1.9.3 Conceptual scope.

The study will investigate the relationship between two variables; Effectiveness of Project
Management technologies and Improvement of Project Outcomes.

1.10 Operational definition of terms and concepts.

Technology, refers to the tools, equipment, and software used in the construction industry to
improve efficiency, accuracy, and productivity.

Project Outcome, refers to the overall success or failure of a construction project, including
factors such as meeting deadlines, staying within budget, and meeting quality standards.

Construction Industries, refers to the sector of the economy that involves the designing,
building, and maintaining of physical structures such as buildings, roads, bridges, and dams.

Impact, refers to the effect or influence that technology has on project outcomes in the
construction industry. This can include positive impacts such as increased efficiency and cost
savings, as well as negative impacts such as disruptions and delays.

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1.11 Conceptual framework

Independent variable Dependent variable

The impact of technology

Project outcome in construction
industries  Increased efficiency and

 Timeliness productivity
 Access to information and
 Cost effectiveness
communication
 Quality of construction
 Innovation and creativity
 Safety record
 Changes in consumer behavior
 Client satisfaction

Intervening variables
 Employee training and skill
level
 Organizational culture and
leadership
 Resource allocation and
project management
practices

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Explanation of the Conceptual framework

Regulatory environment: The regulatory environment in which National Housing Construction

Company operates can also influence how technology impacts project outcomes. Compliance
with industry regulations and standards related to technology use can affect the company's ability
to fully leverage technology to improve project outcomes. Market trends and competition:
Market trends and competition in the construction industry can drive the adoption and utilization
of technology at National Housing Construction Company. Keeping abreast of technological
advancements and competitor practices can help the company stay competitive and innovative in
their projects. Supplier and partner collaboration: Collaboration with suppliers and partners who
also utilize technology in their operations can enhance the impact of technology on project
outcomes. Working with tech-savvy suppliers and partners can lead to more efficient and
effective project delivery. Government policies and incentives: Government policies and
incentives related to technology adoption in the construction industry can also influence how
technology impacts project outcomes at National Housing Construction Company. Taking
advantage of government support and incentives for technology use can help drive positive
project outcomes. External factors: External factors such as economic conditions, market
demand, and technological advancements in the industry can all impact how technology affects
project outcomes at National Housing Construction Company. Being aware of and adaptable to
these external factors can help the company maximize the benefits of technology in their
projects.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the relevant literature for this study. The first part presents theoretical
literature, the second part presents empirical literature that revolves around the three objectives
developed in chapter one.

2.2 Theoretical review.

Project management technologies have become essential in the construction industry to improve
project outcomes by enhancing efficiency, communication, and collaboration among
stakeholders. This theoretical review focuses on the effectiveness of project management
technologies in the National Housing construction companies.

National Housing and Construction Company is a leading construction company in Uganda with
a strong reputation for delivering high-quality projects on time and within budget. The company
has embraced project management tools and software to streamline its project management
processes and enhance collaboration among its team members.

Technology has had a significant impact on the construction industry in recent years, with
various tools and technologies being implemented to improve project outcomes. In this
theoretical review, we will explore how technology has influenced project outcomes in the
construction industry and the potential benefits and challenges associated with its use.

Technology in the construction industry is its ability to improve efficiency and productivity.
With the use of tools such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and computer-aided design
(CAD), project teams can streamline the design process, automate tasks, and reduce errors and
rework. This can ultimately lead to faster project delivery times and cost savings for construction
companies.

Additionally, technology has also enabled better communication and collaboration among
project stakeholders. By using project management technologies, software and cloud-based
platforms, project teams can easily share information, track progress, and coordinate tasks in
real-time. This level of transparency and communication can help prevent delays, improve
decision-making, and ensure that projects are completed on time and within budget.
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According to Turner, R. J., & Müller, R. (2005), highlights the effectiveness of project
management technologies and software in improving project outcomes in the construction
industry. By adopting modern project management technologies, tools and software, construction
companies can enhance their project delivery capabilities, reduce risks, and increase client
satisfaction. National Housing and Construction Company, ROkO Construction Company, and
BMK Construction Company serve as examples of how the strategic use of project management
tools and software can lead to successful project outcomes in the construction industry.

2.3 Empirical review

2.3.1 To establish the relationship between technology and project outcome in the
construction industry.
According to Alinaitwe et al. (2019) examined the adoption of Building Information Modeling
(BIM) technology in construction projects and its impact on project outcomes. The study found
that projects utilizing BIM technology saw improvements in project efficiency, coordination, and
communication, leading to better overall project outcomes compared to traditional project
management approaches. This highlights the significant role that technology can play in
enhancing project success in the construction industry.
Another study by Hwang and Ng (2013) investigated the relationship between the use of mobile
technologies in construction project management and project performance. The study found that
the adoption of mobile technologies, such as smartphones and tablets, improved communication,
information sharing, and decision-making processes on construction sites. This resulted in
increased project productivity, cost management, and overall project success. These findings
further emphasize the positive impact of technology on project outcomes in the construction
industry.
Additionally, Kasim et al. (2017) analyzed the role of technology in improving construction
project management processes and outcomes. The study highlighted the importance of utilizing
project management software, such as scheduling and budgeting tools, in enhancing project
monitoring and control. By integrating technology into project management practices,
construction firms were able to streamline processes, reduce errors, and improve project delivery
time and quality. This research underscores the significant benefits of technology
implementation in construction projects for achieving successful outcomes.

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Overall, the literature demonstrates a clear relationship between technology and project outcome
in the construction industry. From the adoption of BIM and mobile technologies to the utilization
of project management software, technology plays a crucial role in improving efficiency,
communication, and decision-making processes, ultimately leading to better project performance
and success. As technology continues to advance, further research is needed to explore the
potential benefits and challenges of integrating new technologies into construction project
practices to drive innovation and improve overall project outcomes.
2.3.1.1 Types of technology and project outcome in the construction industry
2.2.1.1 Building Information Modeling (BIM)

This is a process that involves the creation and management of digital representations of physical
and functional characteristics of places. These digital representations are used in the design,
construction, and operation of buildings and other structures. BIM allows architects, engineers,
and construction professionals to collaborate more effectively and efficiently by sharing
information and coordinating their work in a single digital model. According to
https://www.autodesk.com/solutions/bim/overview.

BIM is that it allows for the visualization and simulation of a project before it is built, which can
help identify potential issues and reduce the risk of errors during construction. Additionally, BIM
can improve communication and coordination between project team members, leading to better
outcomes and more efficient project delivery. According to Eastman, C. M., Teicholz, P., Sacks,
R., & Liston, K. (2011).

BIM allows for the creation of digital representations of a building's physical and functional
characteristics, facilitating better collaboration among architects, engineers, and contractors. It
helps in detecting clashes and errors before construction begins, leading to cost savings and
improved productivity. According to Zou, P. X., Yiu, K. T. W., Tse, R. Y. C., & Wang, S. Q.
(2015).

2.2.1.2 Drones

Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are aircrafts that are operated without
a human pilot on board. These aircrafts are controlled either autonomously by computers or by
15
remote control from the ground. Drones are used for a variety of purposes, including military
operations, surveillance, photography, and recreational activities.

According to Techopedia, "A drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle that can be remotely
controlled or fly autonomously through software-controlled flight plans in their embedded
systems working in conjunction with GPS."
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/10427/drone]

Drones have become increasingly popular in recent years due to advancements in technology
that have made them more affordable and easier to operate. However, there are also concerns
about privacy and safety when it comes to the use of drones, especially in densely populated
areas.

Drones are used to survey construction sites, monitor progress, and inspect hard-to-reach areas.
They provide real-time data that can help in making informed decisions and ensuring safety on
site.

2.2.1.3 Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)

Virtual Reality (VR) is a technology that uses computer-generated simulations to create a

completely immersive, three-dimensional environment that users can interact with in a realistic
way. The user is able to feel as if they are actually inside the virtual world, able to move around
and manipulate objects within it.

Augmented Reality (AR), on the other hand, overlays computer-generated images onto the real
world, enhancing the user's perception of their surroundings. This allows users to interact with
both the physical and digital worlds simultaneously, often using a smartphone or other device to
view and interact with the augmented content.

The difference between VR and AR is the level of immersion - VR completely immerses the user
in a digital environment, while AR overlays digital content onto the real world. Both
technologies. According to https://www.lifewire.com/virtual-reality-vs-augmented-reality-
2483281

16
VR and AR technologies are being used to visualize projects in 3D, allowing stakeholders to
experience a virtual walkthrough of the building before construction begins. This helps in
identifying potential design flaws and making necessary modifications.

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2.2.4 Mobile apps

Mobile apps are software applications designed to run on mobile devices such as smartphones or
tablets. These apps are developed specifically for mobile operating systems and are typically
available for download from app stores like the Apple App Store or Google Play Store.

According to Techopedia, mobile apps are "applications developed for handheld devices, such as
smartphones and tablets. Mobile apps are developed for various operating systems such as
Android, iOS, Windows, and others."

Mobile apps can serve a wide range of purposes, from entertainment and social networking to
productivity and health tracking. They have become an essential part of everyday life for many
people, allowing them to access information, communicate with others, and perform tasks on the
go.

Construction companies are using mobile apps to manage projects, track progress, and
communicate with stakeholders in real-time. These apps streamline project management
processes and improve collaboration among team members.

2.2.5 Robotics and automation

Robotics refers to the field of engineering and technology that involves the design, construction,
operation, and application of robots. Robots are automated machines that can carry out tasks
autonomously or with minimal human intervention. Automation, on the other hand, refers to the
use of various control systems to operate equipment and machinery with minimal human
intervention.

Robotics and automation comes from the International Federation of Robotics (IFR), which
states that "robotics is the science and technology of designing, manufacturing, and applying
robots, while automation refers to controlling the operation of machines and systems with
minimal human intervention."

In the context of industrial applications, robotics and automation are often used together to
improve efficiency, productivity, and safety. Robots can perform repetitive and dangerous tasks

18
with precision and consistency, while automation allows for the streamlining of processes and
the optimization of resources.

Robotics and automation are being used in construction for tasks such as bricklaying, concrete
pouring, and site cleanup. These technologies help in improving efficiency, reducing labor costs,
and enhancing safety on site.

2.2.6 3D printing

3D printing is revolutionizing the construction industry by enabling the rapid prototyping of

building components. This technology can help in reducing waste, speeding up construction
timelines, and creating complex geometries that are difficult to achieve using traditional
construction methods.

2.3.2 To determine the impact of technology on project outcome on the construction

industry

2.3.1 Revolutionizing Project Management

Effective project management is crucial in construction. Businesses can significantly enhance

project delivery by integrating sophisticated software solutions. Such tools facilitate seamless
communication, real-time data access, and efficient resource management. To harness these
benefits, companies should prioritize selecting software that aligns with their specific project
needs and training staff to optimize its use. Emphasizing cloud-based platforms enables real-time
updates and collaboration, keeping all stakeholders informed and involved. Investing in
customizable solutions also ensures scalability and adaptability to various project sizes and
complexities. According to Project Management Institute. (2017).

2.3.2 Enhancing Design and Planning Through Digital Tools

Building Information Modelling (BIM) and similar digital tools have transformed planning and
design in construction. Businesses should capitalize on these tools by training their teams in BIM
software, fostering a collaborative environment where architects, engineers, and contractors
work in unison. Adopting BIM enhances design accuracy and facilitates pre-emptive
identification of potential issues, saving time and resources. Additionally, virtual, and augmented

19
reality for client presentations can provide immersive previews of the final product, enhancing
client engagement and satisfaction. According to Barison, M. B., & Santos, E. T. (2010).

2.3.3 Advancing On-Site Efficiency with Automation and Robotics

Automation and robotics are redefining on-site construction processes. To integrate these
technologies, companies should start by identifying repetitive, labor-intensive tasks that can be
automated. Investing in drones for aerial surveys or robotic arms for precise material handling
can significantly speed up construction while reducing human error. Training staff to work
alongside these technologies ensures a harmonious blend of human expertise and automated
efficiency. Regular maintenance and updates of these systems are also essential to maximize
their lifespan and effectiveness. According to Robotics Business Review. (2020).

2.3.4 Improving Safety with Advanced Technology

Incorporating advanced technology is key to enhancing safety on construction sites. Wearable

devices monitoring workers’ health indicators and environmental conditions can prevent
accidents and health issues. Similarly, using drones for site inspections in hazardous areas
reduces the risk to personnel. To implement these technologies effectively, companies should
conduct thorough training sessions on their usage and regularly update safety protocols to
integrate technological solutions. Establishing a culture of safety that embraces technology can
significantly reduce workplace accidents and enhance overall site safety. According to Saee,
Vaidehi. (2021).

2.3.5 Embracing IT Services and Support in Construction

Robust IT services and support are crucial for effectively integrating technology in construction.
Construction companies should invest in comprehensive data management systems and robust
cyber security measures to fully harness the potential of IT services. Equipping staff with regular
training on new software and IT protocols is key to ensuring smooth operation and minimizing
downtime. Partnering with experienced IT service providers who understand the specific needs
of the construction industry is also vital. Companies like Thriveon IT Services, known for their
expertise in the field, can provide customized solutions that ensure the seamless integration of
technology into daily operations. Their support can be instrumental in navigating the

20
complexities of technology adoption in construction, offering a significant advantage in this
technologically evolving sector. According to Hu et al (2020).

2.3.6 Driving Sustainable Practices through Technological Innovation

According to Raheem, R. (2020), Technology plays a crucial role in promoting sustainability in

construction. Companies keen on adopting eco-friendly practices should explore new materials
and energy-efficient technologies. Implementing software for resource management helps
minimize waste and optimize material usage. Encouraging innovation and staying abreast of
emerging sustainable technologies can position a company as a leader in eco-friendly
construction practices.

2.3.7 The Cost-Benefit Analysis of Tech Adoption

While the initial technological investment can be substantial, the long-term benefits outweigh the
costs. Companies should conduct thorough cost-benefit analyses to understand the financial
implications of tech adoption. Focusing on technologies with proven ROI, like project
management software and BIM, ensures cost-effective investment. Regular reviews and updates
of technological tools also ensure they remain efficient and relevant, maximizing their value over
time.

2.3.1 Definition of key terms

2.3.1.1 Cost
This refers to the amount of money, resources, or time required to produce or acquire a good or
service. It encompasses both direct costs, such as raw materials and labor, as well as indirect
costs, such as overhead expenses and marketing. Costs can be fixed or variable depending on
how they change with fluctuations in production levels. Understanding and accurately
calculating costs is essential for businesses to determine pricing strategies, profitability, and
efficiency.

Various studies have shown that the use of project management tools and software can lead to
cost savings in construction projects. Ng et al. (2018) found that using project management
software reduced project costs by improving project efficiency and reducing rework. Baškarada

21
et al. (2016) found that the use of project management tools improved cost estimation accuracy,
leading to better cost control throughout the project lifecycle.

2.3.1.2 Schedule
This refers to a detailed plan that outlines the specific tasks, activities, and milestones that need
to be completed in order to successfully complete a project. The schedule typically includes
information such as start and end dates for each task, dependencies between tasks, resource
assignments, and deadlines.

The schedule acts as a roadmap for the project team, providing a clear timeline for when each
task should be completed and how they all fit together to achieve the overall project goals. It
helps project managers track progress, allocate resources effectively, and identify potential risks
or delays that may impact the project timeline.

Project management tools and software often include features that allow users to create and
manage schedules, update them as needed, and view them in various formats such as Gantt
charts or calendars. This helps project teams stay organized and on track throughout the course
of the project.

Project management tools and software have also been shown to have a positive impact on
project schedules. A study by Assaf and Al-Hejji (2006) found that the use of project
management software improved scheduling accuracy and enabled project managers to better
anticipate and mitigate delays. Furthermore, a study by Pinto and Slevin (1988) found that
project management tools helped project managers identify critical path activities and allocate
resources more effectively, leading to improved project scheduling.

2.3.1.3 Quality
In terms of project quality, project management tools and software can help ensure that projects
meet quality standards and specifications. A study by Arayici et al. (2010) found that the use of
Building Information Modeling (BIM) software improved collaboration among project team
members, leading to better coordination and fewer errors in construction projects. Additionally, a
study by Chan et al. (2013) found that project management tools improved quality control
processes by enabling project managers to track and monitor project progress more effectively.

22
23
2.3.4 Challenges faced when using technology in construction industry.
According to Terrier et al. (2016), found that many construction professionals are reluctant to
adopt new technologies due to concerns about their complexity, implementation costs, and
potential disruptions to existing workflows.

There is lack of knowledge and technical skills among construction professionals. Research by
Yong et al. (2019) showed that many construction professionals lack the necessary training and
expertise to effectively use project management tools and software, leading to underutilization
and limited benefits.

According to Alwi et al. (2017) found that the majority of construction companies are using
project management software to improve project planning, communication, and collaboration.
Kashiwagi et al. (2018) highlighted the increasing use of Building Information Modeling (BIM)
software in construction projects to improve design coordination and project scheduling.

2.4.1 Adoption of new technologies

This is one of the major challenges in the construction industry which has slow led to adoption of
new technologies. Construction companies are often hesitant to invest in new technologies due to
the high costs involved and the perceived risks associated with implementing them. According to
a report by McKinsey, only 1% of construction companies are investing in technology, compared
to 3.5% in the manufacturing industry.

2.4.2 Lack of skilled labor

Using technology in the construction industry is the lack of skilled labor to operate and maintain
these technologies. Many construction workers may not have the necessary technical skills to
operate sophisticated technologies, leading to a gap in the workforce. This can hinder the
implementation of technology in construction projects.

2.4.3 Integration of multiple systems

Construction projects involve the use of various technologies and systems, such as building
information modeling (BIM), project management software, and drones. Integrating these
systems and ensuring they work together seamlessly can be a challenge for construction

24
companies. Lack of interoperability between different technologies can lead to inefficiencies and
delays in project delivery.

2.4.4 Data security and privacy concerns

The use of technology in construction projects involves the collection and storage of large
amounts of data, including sensitive information about the project, clients, and employees.
Ensuring the security and privacy of this data can be a challenging task for construction
companies, especially with the increasing threat of cyber-attacks. According to a report by
Verizon, 34% of data breaches in the construction industry are due to human error.

2.4.5 Resistance to change

Resistance to change is a common challenge in many industries, including construction. Some

construction professionals may be resistant to adopting new technologies due to fear of job loss,
lack of training, or skepticism about the benefits of technology. Overcoming this resistance and
convincing stakeholders about the value of technology in construction can be a significant
challenge for companies.

2.5 Summary of the literature review

This literature review indicates that the adoption of project management tools and software is
becoming increasingly common in the construction industry. While there are still challenges
associated with their adoption, the benefits of using these technologies such as improved
communication, collaboration, and project efficiency-outweigh the challenges. Future research
should focus on addressing the barriers to adoption, providing training and support for
construction professionals, and evaluating the long-term Impact of Technology on Project
Outcome in Construction Industries on construction projects.

25
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the techniques and procedures that will be employed while carrying out the
study. It includes description of the study, area of Study, the research design, population of the
study, sampling techniques, data collection methods and tool, data collection methods and tools,
research procedures, data quality control, validity and reliability of instruments, limitations and
delimitations of the study and ethical considerations.

3.2 Research Design

A research design, is defined as an in-depth investigation of an individual group or phenomenon,
(Mugenda & Mugenda, 2009).

The research design will employ a cross sectional design. This type of design will involve the
collection of data from different people at ago and covers a short period of time or duration as
recommended by Amin (2005). The research design will allow one to collect information or data
over a small period of time hence saves time and financial constraints as one covers a big
population within the minimum possible time, Amin (2005). In addition, the research design will
be supplemented by the use of both qualitative and quantitative approaches which support data
collection and analysis of data. As explained by Saratako, (2005), a mixed design allows the
study of both qualitative and quantitative parameters allowing both detailed descriptions of
meanings as well as facilitating numerical and statistical measurements.

3.3 Study Population

3.3.1 Target population
The target population refers to the specific group of people or elements that a researcher is
interested in studying or generalizing findings to. This population is defined based on certain
characteristics or criteria that are relevant to the research question.

The target population in this study will helps the researcher ensure that the findings are
applicable and relevant to the group of interest.

26
The target population of study will comprise of Project Managers from National Housing
Construction Company.

3.4 Sample size determination

In the study area, the National Housing construction company will be selected for data
collection, and in this construction company, 44 managers and 108 workers will be selected
purposively to fill questionnaires. 14 managing directors of this company together with 10
assistant managers will be selected randomly. The population comprised of both sexes regardless
of age and literacy levels. The total number of respondents’ was176 from a total target
population of 225. The sample size was determined using Morgan and Krejcie Table as given by
Amin, (2005) as shown in table 3.1 bellow.

Table 3.1: respondents’ distribution

SN Type of respondents Target population Sample size Sampling techniques

1 Managing Directors 10 10 Simple random sampling

2 Managers 15 14 Simple random sampling

3 workers 50 44 Purposive sampling

4 Assistant managers 150 108 Purposive sampling

Total 225 176

Source; Morgan and Krejcie Table as given by Amin, (2005)

3.5 Sampling techniques and procedure

3.4 Sampling techniques
Simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques will be used to determine the
respondents that formed the samples that will participate in the collection of data.

3.4.1 Simple Random Sampling

Simple random sampling is the probability sampling technique that will be used in a situation
where each respondent will have an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study
(Adam & Kamuzora, 2008). The technique that will be involved is the use of varying containers

27
each having papers with numbers written on them. The procedure will involve the researcher to
select all even numbers randomly from the containers and these formed the sample. In this case,
the accessible population will be named on a piece of paper, put in ballot box and randomly
selected. The reason for this technique will be preferred because the researcher will want to
collect unbiased information from the respondents and each respondent will have a chance of
being chosen (Amin, 2005).

3.4.2 Purposive Sampling

Purposive sampling technique will be employed to obtain the research subjects and determine
the sample size for questionnaires for Managing Directors and workers. The purposive sampling
technique will be used because it gives a chance to collect data from a respondent who is
assumed to have the right information on the study. It will be used as it is the best to be used
when it is difficult to get respondents and on sensitive topics as supported by (Sarantakos, 2005).

3.5 Data collection methods and tools

3.5.1 Data collection methods
This study will use survey Questionnaire method and interview method as a way of collecting
data from the population.

3.5.1.1 Survey Questionnaire method

The researcher will use questionnaire method to collect quantitative data from both workers and
managers. The questionnaires will be designed in accordance with the objectives and will be
administered by the researcher to the stated respondents.

3.5.1.2 Interview method

Interview method will be selected because of its convenience in enabling the researcher to gather
tangible data within a short period of time by enabling the respondents to express their views
freely and precisely, hence helping the researcher to get their perceptions on the Effectiveness of
Technology on Project Outcome in Construction Industries in National Housing Construction
Company.

28
3.5.2 Data collection tools
Research instrument is a tool designed to measure the variable(s), characteristic(s), or
information of interest, often a behavioral or psychological characteristic. In this study,
questionnaire, and Interview checklist will be used.

3.5.2.1 Questionnaire
The study will involve the use of questionnaire with both open ended and close ended questions.
Quantitative data will be collected from managers and workers. Self-administered questionnaire
will be used where by the respondent was required to read and answer the questions given, while
at a given condition i.e. inability to read due to blindness, the researcher will ask a respondent a
series of questions enclosed in the questionnaire. The researcher will use questionnaire because
they help in collecting data from a relatively large number of respondents from their natural
setting they are cheap and saves time.

3.5.2.2 Interview
According to Abawi (2013) interview guide has a set of questions that guide research. An
interview is a conversation between two people (the interviewer and the interviewee) where
questions are posed by an interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee to get more
information concerning the particular study (Rampur, 2010). In this study the interview guide
will be constructed to capture supplementary information and for triangulating information will
be obtained from respondents.

3.6 Research Procedure

The researcher will then acquire an introductory letter from UMI after passing in proposal
writing. This will help to clarify her status and purpose of the study to avoided chances of
respondents asking for logistics. This letter also will serve as evidence that the research will be
carrying out the researcher for academic purposes. The researcher will take the letter to officials
of this construction company.

The sample areas will be visited and this will help the researcher to establish a working
relationship with them. Questionnaires will be administered to a small sample of the population
to be studied to test their reliability and applicability. The researcher then distributed the

29
questionnaires and arranged for interviews with his respondents. The questionnaires will then be
collected from managing directors and workers for editing that facilitated data entry and analysis.

3.7 Data Quality control

3.7.1 Processing
In this study, data will be verified, compiled, coded and summarized prior to analysis. Univariate
analysis will be used to determine the distributions and magnitude of individual variables among
respondents which includes percentages and frequencies. Percentages under multiple responses
will be established in open ended questions to describe various issues on the subject matter. The
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer program will be used. Descriptive
statistics (including percentages, frequencies, figures etc) will be determined where the
implication of its results will led to conclusion and recommendation in this study.

3.7.2 Data Analysis and presentation

3.7.2.1 Quantitative Data
Quantitative data will be collected from questionnaires will be quantitatively analyzed. It will
then to be subjected to statistical analysis where it will first be coded and thereafter entered into
SPSS version 20; this will help The Effectiveness of Impact of Technology on Project Outcome
in the National Housing Construction Company through presentation of descriptive and
inferential statistics. The descriptive results will be summarized in form of frequencies,
percentages, means and standard deviations will be presented in tabular and graphical formats.

3.7.2.2 Qualitative Data

Qualitative data will be collected from in depth interviews and documentary review will
thereafter be analyzed basing on the content analysis technique. The analysis technique exercise
will involve reading through the collected information, identifying errors and inconsistencies.
The responses will be obtained and thereafter typed using Microsoft word and summarized into
emerging themes or narrative statements basing on the study objectives. The researcher will be
able to capture any emerging patterns that rose from the content being analyzed. Detailed
information will be collected, analyzed and presented inform of paraphrases or quoted up on the
subject matter. The responses will be summarized in a narrative form as a representation of the
major findings of the study.

30
3.8 Validity and reliability of instruments
The quality of the study will be tested using the data validity and reliability techniques as
presented here under;

3.8.1 Validity of Research Instruments

In order to check for validity of the tools for this research, the researcher will construct the
validity of the instruments by using expert judgment method. The instruments (questionnaires)
will be refined basing on experts’ advice.

The following formula was used to test validity.

CVI = No. of items regarded relevant by judges

Total No. of items in the instrument.

Where CVI stands for Content Validity Index

3.8.2 Reliability of Research Instruments

Reliability is the extent to which a measurement instrument or procedure yields the same results
on repeated trials (Carmines, 1979). Therefore in this study the developed tools for data
collection, questionnaires and interview guides will be checked by using the same tools to
different respondents in different companies. This helped to triangulate the truthfulness of data.

3.11 Ethical Clearance

The research will be conducted in accordance with all ethical guidelines and principles, including
ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of all participants involved in the study. Informed
consent will be obtained from all participants, and their identities will be kept confidential. Any
personal information collected will only be used for research purposes and will not be disclosed
to any third party without consent.

The research aims to contribute to the existing knowledge on the Impact of Technology on
Project Outcome in the construction industry. The findings of the study will be used to provide
recommendations for the National Housing and construction companies involved in the case
study, as well as other construction companies looking to improve their project management
practices.

31
Any questions or concerns about the research can be directed to the principal investigator. Thank
you for your cooperation in this research project.

3.12 Summary
This chapter included among others the research design, description of the study area, population
and sampling procedures, data collection procedure and tools, data analysis, ethical
considerations, validity and reliability of data.

32
References
Amy, C. M. Y., & Pulatov, B. (2008). International differences in project planning and

organizational project planning support in Sweden, Japan, Israel, and Malaysia.

Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet.

Artto, K., Martinsuo, M., Gemünden, H. G., & Murtoaro, J. (2009).

Foundations of program management: A bibliometric view. International journal of project
management, 27(1), 1-18.

Boakye, L. G., & Liu, L. (2014, December). The Time Has Never Been Right
to Investigate the Underlying Reasons Why International Development Projects Fail. In World
Business, Finance and Management Conference, Auckland, New Zealand. JOURNAL
PUBLICATION (Vol. 1, pp. 54-61).

Crawford, L. (2005). Senior management perceptions of project management

competence. International journal of project management, 23(1), 7-16.

Hyväri, I. (2007). Project management effectiveness in different organizational

conditions. Helsinki School of Economics.

Rwelamila, P. D., & Ssegawa, J. K. (2014). The African project failure

syndrome: The conundrum of project management knowledge base—The case of SADC. Journal
of African Business, 15(3), 211-224.

Rwelamila, P. D., & Ssegawa, J. K. (2014). The African project failure

syndrome: The conundrum of project management knowledge base—The case of SADC. Journal
of African Business, 15(3), 211-224.

Turner, J. R., & Müller, R. (2005). The project manager's leadership style as a
success factor on projects: A literature review. Project management journal, 36(2), 49-61.

White, D., & Fortune, J. (2002). Current practice in project management—An

empirical study. International journal of project management, 20(1), 1-11.

33
APPENDIX 1: DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE (S) FROM A GIVEN POPULATION (N)
N S N S N S N S N S
10 10 100 80 280 162 800 260 2800 338
15 14 110 86 290 165 850 265 3000 341
20 19 120 92 300 169 900 269 3500 346
25 24 130 97 320 175 950 274 4000 351
30 28 140 103 340 181 1000 278 4500 354
35 36 150 108 360 186 1100 285 5000 357
40 40 160 113 380 191 1200 291 6000 361
45 40 170 118 400 196 1300 297 700 364
50 44 180 123 420 201 1400 302 8000 367
55 48 190 127 440 205 1500 306 9000 368
60 52 200 132 460 210 1600 310 10000 370
65 56 210 136 480 214 1700 313 15000 375
70 56 220 140 500 217 1800 317 20000 377
75 63 230 144 550 226 1900 320 30000 379
80 66 240 148 600 234 2000 322 40000 380
85 70 250 152 650 242 2200 327 50000 381
90 73 260 155 700 248 2400 331 750000 382
95 76 270 159 750 254 2600 335 100000 384

Source: Krejcie and Morgan, (1970).

34
2.0 APPENDICES

2.1 Budget for the project.

S/N ITEM AMOUNT (UGX)

1 Transport and meals 500,000

2 Computer services and stationaries 300,000

3 Communication & co-ordination 200,000

4 Data collection and analysis 800,000

5 Miscellaneous 300,000

TOTAL 2,100,000

2.2 Proposed work plan

Activity March May 2024 June 2024 August 2024 Dec 2024
2024

Proposal
submission and

presentation

Communication L
& Co-ordination

Data collection

Data analysis

Report writing and

presentation

35