Magnetism

Magnets and Magnetic Fields
Magnets have two

ends – poles – called
north and south.
Like poles repel;
unlike poles attract.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

However, if you cut a magnet in half, you don’t

get a north pole and a south pole – you get two
smaller magnets.

Magnetic fields can be visualized using

magnetic field lines, which are always closed
loops.

A uniform magnetic field is constant in

magnitude and direction.
The field between

these two wide poles
is nearly uniform.

Electric Currents Produce Magnetic
Fields
Experiment shows that an electric current
produces a magnetic field. The direction of the
field is given by a right-hand rule.

Electric Currents Produce Magnetic
Fields
Here we see the

field due to a
current loop;
the direction is
again given by
a right-hand
rule.

Force on an Electric Current in a
Magnetic Field; Definition of BB
A magnet exerts a
force on a current-
carrying wire. The
direction of the force
is given by a right-
hand rule.

The force on the wire depends on the
current, the length of the wire, the magnetic
field, and its orientation:
This equation defines the magnetic field B

B.
In vector notation:

Magnetic Field; Definition of B
Unit of B: the tesla, T:

1 T = 1 N/A·m.
Another unit sometimes used: the gauss (G):
1 G = 10-4 T.

Example 27-1: Magnetic Force
on a current-carrying wire.
A wire carrying a 30-A
current has a length l = 12
cm between the pole
faces of a magnet at an
angle θ = 60°, as shown.
The magnetic field is
approximately uniform at
0.90 T. We ignore the field
beyond the pole pieces.
What is the magnitude of
the force on the wire?
Example 27-2: Measuring a magnetic
field.
A rectangular loop of wire hangs vertically as
shown. A magnetic field B is directed
horizontally, perpendicular to the wire, and
points out of the page at all points. The
magnetic field is very nearly uniform along
the horizontal portion of wire ab (length l =
10.0 cm) which is near the center of the gap
of a large magnet producing the field. The top
portion of the wire loop is free of the field.
The loop hangs from a balance which
measures a downward magnetic force (in
addition to the gravitational force) of F = 3.48
x 10-2 N when the wire carries a current I =
0.245 A. What is the magnitude of the
magnetic field B?
Force on a Wire, equation
• The magnetic force is

exerted on each
moving charge in the
wire
–F  qvd  B
• The total force is the
product of the force
on one charge and
the number of
charges

–F  qvd  B nAL 
Force on a Wire, (4)
• In terms of the current, this becomes

FB  IL  B
– I is the current
–L is a vector that points in the direction of the
current
• Its magnitude is the length L of the segment
B
– is the magnetic field
– Iav = n q vd A : Iav is average current

Force on an Electric Charge Moving
in a Magnetic Field
The force on a moving charge is related to
the force on a current:
Once again, the

direction is given by
a right-hand rule.

in a Magnetic Field
Conceptual Example 27-4: Negative

charge near a magnet.
A negative charge -Q is placed at rest
near a magnet. Will the charge begin
to move? Will it feel a force? What if
the charge were positive, +Q?

in a Magnetic Field
Example 27-5: Magnetic force on a proton.
A magnetic field exerts a force of 8.0 x 10-14 N toward the
west on a proton moving vertically upward at a speed of
5.0 x 106 m/s (a). When moving horizontally in a
northerly direction, the force on the proton is zero (b).
Determine the magnitude and direction of the magnetic
field in this region. (The charge on a proton is q = +e =
1.6 x 10-19 C.)

in a Magnetic Field
Example 27-6: Magnetic force on ions

during a nerve pulse.
Estimate the magnetic force due to the
Earth’s magnetic field on ions crossing
a cell membrane during an action
potential. Assume the speed of the ions
is 10-2 m/s, B = 10-4 T and q = 10-19 C

in a Magnetic Field
If a charged particle is
moving perpendicular
to a uniform magnetic
field, its path will be a
circle.

Force on a Charged Particle
• Equating the magnetic and centripetal

forces:
2
mv
FB  qvB 
r
• Solving for r:
mv
r
qB
– r is directly proportional to the linear
momentum of the particle and inversely
proportional to the magnetic field
More About Motion of Charged Particle
• The angular speed of the particle is

v qB
ω 
r m
– The angular speed, w, is also referred to as
the cyclotron frequency
• The period of the motion is
2πr 2π 2πm
T  
v ω qB

Bending of an Electron Beam
• Electrons are
accelerated from rest
through a potential
difference V
• The electrons travel in
a curved path
• Conservation of energy
will give v
• K + U = 0
• ½ mev2 = -qV
• Other parameters can
be found: B, w, r

in a Magnetic Field
Example 27-7: Electron’s path in a

uniform magnetic field.
An electron travels at 2.0 x 107 m/s in a
plane perpendicular to a uniform
0.010-T magnetic field. Describe its
path quantitatively.

in a Magnetic Field
Helical path:
If the velocity of the particle has a component parallel o
B, the particle will move in a helical path about the
direction of the field B.
B B
v pitch
•v// = component parallel to the field

•v┴ = component perpendicular to the field
v// = Vcos θ v┴ = Vsinθ

in a Magnetic Field
The component of V parallel to the field

determines the pitch of the helix (the distance
between turns). The component of V
perpendicular to the field is responsible for the
circular motion
Therefore: pitch, p  V// T  V cos   T
OR 2mV cos 
p
qB

in a Magnetic Field

in a Magnetic Field
Conceptual Example 27-10:
Velocity selector, or filter: crossed
E and B fields.
Some electronic devices and experiments
need a beam of charged particles all
moving at nearly the same velocity. This
can be achieved using both a uniform
electric field and a uniform magnetic field,
arranged so they are at right angles to
each other. Particles of charge q pass
through slit S1 and enter the region where
B points into the page and E points down
from the positive plate toward the
negative plate. If the particles enter with
different velocities, show how this device
“selects” a particular velocity, and
determine what this velocity is.
Charged Particles Moving in Electric
and Magnetic Fields
• In many applications, charged particles will
move in the presence of both magnetic
and electric fields
• In that case, the total force is the sum of
the forces due to the individual fields
• In general:
F  qE  qv  B
This is Lorentz force

Differences Between Electric and
Magnetic Fields
• Direction of force
– The electric force acts along the direction of
the electric field
– The magnetic force acts perpendicular to the
magnetic field
• Motion
– The electric force acts on a charged particle
regardless of whether the particle is moving
– The magnetic force acts on a charged particle
only when the particle is in motion

More Differences Between Electric
and Magnetic Fields
• Work
– The electric force does work in displacing a
charged particle
– The magnetic force associated with a steady
magnetic field does no work when a particle is
displaced
• This is because the force is perpendicular
to the displacement : cos(90)=0.
• W= F  d = Fd cos : [ Dot product]

Vector Notation Notes
• When vectors are

perpendicular to the
page, dots and crosses
are used
– The dots represent the
arrows coming out of the
page
– The crosses represent
the arrows going into the
page

Unit vector cross products
ii=jj=kk=0
i  j = -j  i = k
j  k = -k  j = i
k  i = -i  k = j
 i  k = -j

Additional examples
1. An electron travelling with velocity v = 2x105 m/s enters a
region with a magnetic field of intensity B = 2.5 T feels a
force of F = 4 x 10-14 N.
(a) Determine the angle between the field and the velocity.
(b) If the electron entered the region perpendicular to the field
lines, compute
(i) the new force.
(ii) the cyclotron radius.
(iii) the cyclotron frequency.
(iv) the period.
2. A proton travelling in the x-direction with initial velocity

u=600 m/s enters a region with magnetic field with
components B = (0,5,6) T {5j+6k}T. Calculate the
resulting magnetic force.

Additional examples
3. An electron moves through a uniform magnetic field given
by B=(Bxi + Byj)T = (Boi + 3Boj) T. At a particular instant,
the electron has a velocity given by v = (2i + 4j) m/s and
the magnetic force on the electron is
F = -6.4x10-19 Nk. Calculate Bo.
4. An electron moving in a homogeneous magnetic field of

intensity B = 1T feels a centripetal acceleration of a =
3.512 x 1016 m/s2 due to the field. The electron revolves at
a distance of r = 1.139 μm about some axis parallel to the
field. Given that the angle between the field and the
velocity of the electron is θ = 20°, determine the pitch.

B for a Long, Straight Conductor,
• The field around the conductor

at a radial distance a is given
by:
μo I
B
2πa

B for a Long, Straight Conductor,
Direction
• The magnetic field lines are
circles concentric with the
wire
• The field lines lie in planes
perpendicular to to wire
• The magnitude of the field
is constant on any circle of
radius a
• The Right-Hand Rule for
determining the direction of
the field is shown

B for a Curved Wire Segment
• Find the field at point O

due to the wire
segment
• I and R are constants
μo I
B θ
4πR
  will be in radians
– a  R (radius)
●  radians =180

B for a Circular Loop of Wire
• Consider the previous result, with a full

circle
  = 2:
μo I μo I μo I
B θ 2π 
4πa 4πa 2a
• This is the field at the center of the

(circular) loop

Magnetic Force Between Two
Parallel Conductors
 B2 exerts a force on wire 1 of

F1 = I1ℓ B2
μo I1 I 2
 F1 
2πa
• attractive force: currents in
the same direction
• Repulsive force : currents in
opposite directions

Magnetic Force Between Two
Parallel Conductors, final
• The result is often expressed as the

magnetic force between the two wires, FB
• This can also be given as the force per
unit length:
FB μo I1 I 2

2πa

Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
• A solenoid is a long
wire wound in the form
of a helix
• A reasonably uniform
magnetic field can be
produced in the space
surrounded by the turns
of the wire
– The interior of the
solenoid

Magnetic Field of a Solenoid,
Description
• The field lines in the interior are
– nearly parallel to each other
– uniformly distributed
– close together
• This indicates the field is strong and almost
uniform
• e.g: practical set up of solenoid: a coil
wound on a steel rod and connected to a
battery
Magnetic Field of a Tightly
Wound Solenoid
• The field distribution is
similar to that of a bar
magnet
• As the length of the
solenoid increases
– the interior field
becomes more uniform
– the exterior field
becomes weaker

Ideal Solenoid – Characteristics
• An ideal solenoid is
approached when:
– the turns are closely
spaced
– the length is much
greater than the radius
of the turns

Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
• The magnetic field is :
N
B  μo I  μo n I
n = N / ℓ is the number of turns per unit length
• This is valid only at points near the

center of a very long solenoid
 the direction of the magnetic field

deduced by applying the right hand
rule

Example Problems
Q1. Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic
field at a point 100 cm from a long,
thin conductor carrying a current of 1.00 A.
--------------------------------------------------------------
• Solution:
0 I 4 10 1.00 A 7

7
B   2.00 10 T
2r 2 1.00m 

Example Problems
Q2. (b) What if the conductor is formed into a single circular turn
and carries the same current, what is the value of the magnetic
field at the centre?
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution.:
 For a single circular turn 4l  2R

with
B
0 I

0I

4 2 7

x10 10.0
 24.7 x106 T  24.7 T
2R 4l 40.400
Direction : Using Right Hand

Rule: B is IN at the center
Example Problems
Q3. The segment of wire carries a current of
I = 5.00 A, where the radius of the circular arc
is R = 3.00 cm. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the magnetic field at the origin.
-----------------------------------------------------------
Soln. :
For straight sections: ds x r = 0 :  = 0 or ds
180
I
i.e B at O is due to the quarter circle only r ds
R
B = (1/4) { 0 I /2R } = 0 I /8R : R = 0.0300 m O
 B = 26.2  10-6 T ; into the paper (BIN)

Example Problems
Q4. Two long parallel conductors carry currents I1 = 3.0 A
and I2 = 3.0 A, both directed into the page. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant B at point P.
-----------------------------------------------------------
I1 X
5.0cm
13.0cm
12.0cm
I 2
X

Example Problems : Q4 cont…
Solution:
Magnitudes
B1 =(2.0 x10-7 x 3.00) / 0.050 = 12.0 T
B2 =(2.0 x10-7 x 3.00) / 0.120 = 5.0 T +y
B = B1 + B2 I1 X
5.0cm
67.4
= (12.0 T) (-i cos 67.4 – j sin 67.4)
+ (5.0 T) (i cos 22.6 – j sin 22.6) -x
67.4 deg
P
22.6 deg.
+x
13.0cm
= (-11.1 T) j – (1.92 T) j
B1 B2
12.0cm
22.6
 B = (-13.0 T) j
I X
2 -y

Example Problems
Q5. Two long, parallel wires are attracted to each other by a
Force per unit length of 320 N/m ; separated by a vertical
distance of 0.500m. Current in the upper wire is 20.0 A to the right.
Determine the location of the line in the plane of the two wires
along which Btotal is zero.
-----------------------------------------------------------
Soln. :
• attraction: F = I2 L B1 sin 90 = I2 L (0I1/ 2a)
• currents in the same direction
•  I2 = (F/L)(2a/ 0I1) = 40.0 A : I1 = 20 A ; a = 0.500 m
• Let y: distance of zero B point below upper wire
 0 = (0/ 2)  { 20/ y + 40/ (0.5 m – y) }

  20 (0.5 m – y) = 40 y  y = 0.167 m below the upper wire

Example Problems
Q6. What current is required in the windings of a long

solenoid that has 1,000 turns uniformly distributed over a
length of 0.400 m, to produce a magnetic field of
1.00 x 10-4 T?
-----------------------------------------------------------
Soln.: B = 0 (N/L) I ;
so I 
B

 
1.00 10 4 T 0.400m
0 n (4 10 7 T  m / A)1000
 I = 31.5 x 10-3 A

Example Problems
Q7. A wire carrying a current I is bent into the shape

of an equilateral triangle of side L [i.e a triangular
conductor].Show that the magnitude of the magnetic
field at the center of the triangle is:
Btotal = 18  10-7 (I/ L) Tesla ,
and hence for I = 20 A, L = 1.5 m; Btotal = 24 T
 determine direction of Btotal if I flows in anti-clockwise

direction.

Additional examples
1. An electron travelling with velocity v = 2x105 m/s enters a
region with a magnetic field of intensity B = 2.5 T feels a
force of F = 4 x 10-14 N.
(a) Determine the angle between the field and the velocity.
(b) If the electron entered the region perpendicular to the field
lines, compute
(i) the new force.
(ii) the cyclotron radius.
(iii) the cyclotron frequency.
(iv) the period.
2. A proton travelling in the x-direction with initial velocity

u=600 m/s enters a region with magnetic field with
components B = (0,5,6) T {5j+6k}T. Calculate the
resulting magnetic force.

Additional examples
3. An electron moves through a uniform magnetic field given
by B=(Bxi + Byj)T = (Boi + 3Boj) T. At a particular instant,
the electron has a velocity given by v = (2i + 4j) m/s and
the magnetic force on the electron is
F = -6.4x10-19 Nk. Calculate Bo.
4. An electron moving in a homogeneous magnetic field of

intensity B = 1T feels a centripetal acceleration of a =
3.512 x 1016 m/s2 due to the field. The electron revolves at
a distance of r = 1.139 μm about some axis parallel to the
field. Given that the angle between the field and the
velocity of the electron is θ = 20°, determine the pitch.

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Magnets and Magnetic Fields

Magnets have two

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

However, if you cut a magnet in half, you don’t

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Magnetic fields can be visualized using

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

A uniform magnetic field is constant in

The field between

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Here we see the

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

This equation defines the magnetic field B

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Unit of B: the tesla, T:

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

• The magnetic force is

• In terms of the current, this becomes

– Iav = n q vd A : Iav is average current

Once again, the

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Conceptual Example 27-4: Negative

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example 27-6: Magnetic force on ions

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Equating the magnetic and centripetal

• The angular speed of the particle is

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example 27-7: Electron’s path in a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

•v// = component parallel to the field

v// = Vcos θ v┴ = Vsinθ

The component of V parallel to the field

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

• When vectors are

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. A proton travelling in the x-direction with initial velocity

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. An electron moving in a homogeneous magnetic field of

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

• The field around the conductor

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Find the field at point O

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Consider the previous result, with a full

• This is the field at the center of the

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

 B2 exerts a force on wire 1 of